Penstemon deustus
| Penstemon deustus | |
|---|---|
| |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Asterids |
| Order: | Lamiales |
| Family: | Plantaginaceae |
| Genus: | Penstemon |
| Species: | P. deustus
|
| Binomial name | |
| Penstemon deustus | |
| Varieties[2] | |
| |
| Synonyms[2] | |
| |
Penstemon deustus is a species of penstemon known by the common names hotrock penstemon and scabland penstemon. It is native to much of the northwestern United States from the Pacific Northwest to Wyoming, where it grows in many types of forest and open plateau habitat, often on soils heavy in volcanic rock or on limestone outcrops.
Description
[edit]Penstemon deustus is a subshrub, a plant with a largely herbaceous character, but somewhat woody at its base.[3] Its stems grow from a woody caudex with many branches that may be as much as 1 centimeter thick. It may also have leafy shoots that do not produce flowers.[4] It stems range in size from 6 to 60 cm, but usually are taller than 15 cm. They may be nearly hairless, but are more often covered in small, stiff, backwards facing hairs and are never waxy.[3] The stems may lay down on the ground, grow outwards a short distance before curving to grow upwards, or grow straight upwards.[4]
The leaves can be hairless or covered in glandular hairs and have edges that are shallowly to deeply toothed.[4] All the leaves are cauline, attached to the stems rather than to the base of the plant, and are not leathery. Like the stems they may be hairless or retrorsely hairy and might be attached on opposite sides of the stems, nearly opposite, or arranged in whorls. Stems will usually have five to nine pairs of leaves, attached by petioles or directly to the stem.[3]
The inflorescence is 6 to 30 centimeters at the top of a stem and produces five to eleven groups of flowers. Each group will have a pair of bracts and two cymes, each with one to six flowers.[3] The tubular flowers have two lips with five-lobes. The glandular flower is cream in color with dark lining and reaches 1.5 cm in length.[5]
Taxonomy
[edit]The scientific description and name of Penstemon deustus was first published by David Douglas in 1830. It has four varieties according to Plants of the World Online.[2]
- Penstemon deustus var. deustus
- Penstemon deustus var. pedicellatus
- Penstemon deustus var. suffrutescens
- Penstemon deustus var. variabilis
It also has 9 synonyms of the species or one of its varieties.[2][6][7][8]
| Name | Year | Rank | Synonym of: | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Penstemon deustus subsp. heterander (Torr. & A.Gray) Pennell & D.D.Keck | 1940 | subspecies | var. pedicellatus | = het. |
| Penstemon deustus var. heterander (Torr. & A.Gray) M.Peck | 1941 | variety | var. pedicellatus | = het. |
| Penstemon deustus subsp. typicus D.D.Keck | 1940 | subspecies | P. deustus | ≡ hom. not validly publ. |
| Penstemon deustus subsp. variabilis (Suksd.) Pennell & D.D.Keck | 1940 | subspecies | var. variabilis | ≡ hom. |
| Penstemon deustus var. savagei L.F.Hend. | 1931 | variety | var. deustus | = het. |
| Penstemon heterander Torr. & A.Gray | 1857 | species | var. pedicellatus | = het. |
| Penstemon ilicifolius Nutt. ex Benth. | 1846 | species | var. deustus | = het. |
| Penstemon paniculatus Howell | 1901 | species | var. variabilis | = het. |
| Penstemon variabilis Suksd. | 1900 | species | var. variabilis | ≡ hom. |
| Notes: ≡ homotypic synonym ; = heterotypic synonym | ||||
Names
[edit]In English it is known by the common names scabland penstemon,[4] hotrock penstemon,[9] or scorched penstemon.[5]
Range and habitat
[edit]Penstemon deustus has a range that extends over parts or most of eight western US states. It grows in much of Eastern Washington and all but the northwest corner of Oregon.[10] It also grows in California to the north of San Francisco Bay in the North Coast Ranges into the Klamath Range and Cascades. They also may be found in the northern and central Sierra Nevada.[11] It is very widespread in Nevada, being recorded in every county except for Lincoln County. Similarly it is found in much of Idaho. However it is only known from two southwestern counties of Montana, three western counties in Wyoming, and just Box Elder County in northwest Utah.[10]
This species grows in dry rocky locations, very often on basalt rocks, but also sometimes on limestone.[4]
Conservation
[edit]In 1992 NatureServe evaluated Penstemon deustus and rated it secure (G5). At the state level they evaluated it as secure (S5) in Washington state and apparently secure (S4) in Nevada. They rated it vulnerable (S3) in Wyoming and critically imperiled (S1) in Utah, but did not evaluate it at the state level across the rest of its range.[1]
Uses
[edit]This plant is used in wilderness revegetation and landscaping projects in its native region. It is favored for its low water needs and its abundant flowers which attract pollinators, including honey bees, bumblebees, sweat bees, and leafcutter bees.[9]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ a b NatureServe (1 November 2024). "Penstemon deustus". NatureServe Explorer. Arlington, Virginia. Retrieved 21 November 2024.
- ^ a b c d "Penstemon deustus Douglas". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 20 November 2024.
- ^ a b c d Freeman, Craig C. (29 July 2020) [2019]. "Penstemon deustus". Flora of North America. p. 200. ISBN 978-0190868512. OCLC 1101573420. Archived from the original on 21 November 2024. Retrieved 21 November 2024.
- ^ a b c d e Cronquist, Arthur; Holmgren, Arthur H.; Holmgren, Noel H.; Reveal, James L.; Holmgren, Patricia K. Intermountain Flora : Vascular Plants of the Intermountain West, U.S.A.. Vol. 4. Subclass Asteridae (except Asteraceae) (First ed.). Bronx, New York: New York Botanical Garden. p. 388. ISBN 978-0-231-04120-1. OCLC 320442. Retrieved 21 November 2024.
- ^ a b Taylor, Ronald J. (1992). Sagebrush Country : A Wildflower Sanctuary (Revised ed.). Missoula, Montana: Mountain Press Publishing Company. p. 52. ISBN 978-0-87842-280-7. OCLC 25708726. Retrieved 21 November 2024.
- ^ "Penstemon deustus var. deustus". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 21 November 2024.
- ^ "Penstemon deustus var. pedicellatus". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 21 November 2024.
- ^ "Penstemon deustus var. variabilis". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 21 November 2024.
- ^ a b St. John, Loren; Ogle, Dan; Shaw, Nancy L. (2009). "Hotrock Penstemon (Penstemon deustus)" (PDF). Plant Guide. Aberdeen, Idaho: USDA-Natural Resources Conservation Service. Aberdeen Plant Materials Center. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 June 2021.
- ^ a b NRCS (21 November 2024), "Plants Database PEDE4", United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)
- ^ Wetherwax, Margriet; Holmgren, Noel H. (2012). "Penstemon deustus". Jepson eFlora. University of California, Berkley. Archived from the original on 5 July 2024. Retrieved 21 November 2024.