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'{{for|the type of poetry|Dalit (poem)}} {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2011}} {{Infobox ethnic group| |group= Dalit |image= [[File:RettamalaiSrinivasan.JPG|79px]] [[File:Ayyankali Statue.jpg|50px]] [[File:Young Ambedkar.gif|79px]] |caption=[[Rettamalai Srinivasan]]{{·}}[[Ayyankali]]{{·}}[[B. R. Ambedkar]] |region1 = {{flagcountry|India}} |pop1 = ~ 166&nbsp;million<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/India_at_Glance/scst.aspx |title=Census of India – India at a Glance : Scheduled Castes & Scheduled Tribes Population |publisher=Census of India |accessdate=2010-08-12}}</ref> |region2 = {{flagcountry|Nepal}} |pop2 = ~ 4.5&nbsp;million (2005)<ref name=Nepal>{{Cite document | last = Damal | first = Swarnakumar | title = Dalits of Nepal: Who are Dalits in Nepal | publisher=International Nepal Solidarity Network | year = 2005 | url = http://insn.org/wp-content/DalitsNepalSuvashDarnal.pdf | postscript = <!--None--> }}</ref> |region3 = {{flagcountry|Pakistan}} |pop3 = ~ 2.0&nbsp;million (2005)<ref>{{cite web | last = Satyani | first = Prabhu | title = The Situation of the Untouchables in Pakistan| publisher=ASR Resource Center | year = 2005 | url =http://www.countercurrents.org/dalit-sikand230905.htm | accessdate = 2008-09-27}}</ref> |region4 = {{flagcountry|Sri Lanka}} |pop4 = Unknown (2008) |region5 = {{flagcountry|Bangladesh}} |pop5 = Unknown (2008) |langs = [[Languages of India]] |rels = [[Hinduism]]{{·}}[[Sikhism]]{{·}}Islam{{·}}[[Buddhism]]{{·}}Christianity |related = [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryan]], [[Dravidian peoples|Dravidian]], [[Munda people|Munda]] }} '''Dalit''' is a designation for a group of people traditionally regarded as [[Untouchability|untouchable]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Untouchable, Dalits in Modern India (Ed: S. M. Michael)|author=John Webster|isbn=978-1555876975|page=11-19|year=1999}}</ref> Dalits are a mixed population, consisting of numerous [[caste]]s from all over [[South Asia]]; they speak a variety of languages and practice a multitude of religions. There are many different names proposed for defining this group of people including ''Panchamas'' ("fifth" [[Varna (Hinduism)|varna]]), and ''Asprushya'' ("untouchables").{{cn|date=June 2012}} In 2001, the proportion of Dalit population was 16.2 percent of India's total population.<ref>{{cite web|title=Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes population: Census 2001|year=2004|publisher=Government of India|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/India_at_glance/scst.aspx}}</ref> The Dalit population is broadly distributed across Indian states and districts. In 2001, the state of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] had the highest proportion of its population as Dalit, at about 29 percent, and the state of [[Mizoram]] had the lowest at nearly zero. The government of India recognises and protects them as [[Scheduled Castes]]. The term Dalit has been interchangeably used with term Scheduled Castes, and these terms include all historically discriminated lowest castes of India such as [[Shudras]] and Untouchables.<ref>{{cite web|title=List of Schedule Castes|publisher=Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, Government of India|year=2011|url=http://socialjustice.nic.in/sclist.php}}</ref><ref name=s2008>{{cite book|title=Emancipation of Dalits and Freedom Struggle|author=Sadangi|year=2008|isbn=978-81-8205-481-3}}</ref><ref name=express2008a/> While discrimination based on [[Caste system in India|caste]] has been prohibited and untouchability abolished under the [[Constitution of India]],<ref>Art. 15 and 17, [[wikisource:Constitution of India/Part III|Constitution of India]],</ref> discrimination and [[prejudice]] against Dalits in South Asia remains.<ref name="Hidden Apartheid">{{cite web|url=http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cerd/docs/ngos/chrgj-hrw.pdf |title=Case Discrimination Against Dalits or So-Called Untouchables in India: Information for the Consideration of the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination in Reviewing India's Fifteenth to Nineteenth Periodic Reports |author=Center for Human Rights and Global Justice/[[Human Rights Watch]] |date=February 2007 |accessdate=May 31, 2012}}. Presented at the Seventieth Session of the [[Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination]].</ref><ref>Hillary Mayell, [http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/06/0602_030602_untouchables.html India's "Untouchables" Face Violence, Discrimination] (June 2, 2003). [[National Geographic News]].</ref><ref>P.V. Srividya, [http://www.hindu.com/2011/03/07/stories/2011030762870900.htm Discrimination against Dalits prevalent: study] (March 7, 2011). ''The Hindu''.</ref> Since 1947 - [[Indian Independence Act 1947|its independence]] - India has implemented a policy of positive discrimination, the scope of which was further expanded in 1974, to set aside and provide jobs and education opportunities to Dalits.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Partha Ghosh|title=Positive Discrimination in India: A Political Analysis|journal=Ethnic Studies Report|volume=XV|numer=2|date=July 1997|url=http://www.ices.lk/publications/esr/articles_jul97/Esr-Ghosh.PDF}}</ref> By 1995, of all jobs in India, 17.2 percent of the jobs were held by Dalits, greater than their proportion in Indian population.<ref name=scs1/> In 1997, India democratically elected [[K. R. Narayanan]], a Dalit, as the nation's President. Many social organisations too have proactively promoted better conditions for Dalits through improved education, health and employment. Dalits and similar groups are found in [[India]], [[Nepal]], [[Pakistan]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ambedkar.org/research/Dalitsof.htm |title= Dalits of Pakistan|author=Surendar Heman Valasai |publisher=ambedkar.org |accessdate=22 February 2012}}</ref> and [[Bangladesh]]. In addition, the [[Burakumin]] in Japan, [[Cagots]] and [[Romani people|Roma]] in Europe, [[Al-Akhdam]] in [[Yemen]],<ref>[http://idsn.org/country-information/yemen/ International Dalit Solidarity Network: Caste Discrimination in Yemen]</ref> [[Baekjeong]] in Korea and [[Midgan]] in [[Somalia]] are excluded from the surrounding community in much the same manner as the Dalit. ==Etymology== The word "Dalit" comes from the [[Sanskrit]], and means "ground", "suppressed", "crushed", or "broken to pieces". It was first used by [[Jyotirao Phule]] in the nineteenth century, in the context of the oppression faced by the erstwhile "untouchable" castes of the [[Dvija|twice-born]] Hindus.<ref>Oliver Mendelsohn, Marika Vicziany. ''The untouchables: subordination, poverty, and the state in modern India'', 1998: Cambridge University Press, p. 4 ISBN 0-521-55671-6, ISBN 978-0-521-55671-2</ref> According to [[Victor Premasagar]], the term expresses their "weakness, poverty and humiliation at the hands of the upper castes in the Indian society."<ref>[[Victor Premasagar]] in ''[http://www.mergingcurrents.com/book.php?BookSKU=2928 Interpretive Diary of a Bishop: Indian Experience in Translation and Interpretation of Some Biblical Passages]'' (Chennai: Christian Literature Society, 2002), p. 108.</ref> [[Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi]] coined the word [[Harijan]], translated roughly as "Children of God", to identify the former Untouchables. The terms "[[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes]]" (SC/ST) are the official terms used in Indian government documents to identify former "untouchables" and tribes. However, in 2008 the National Commission for Scheduled Castes, noticing that "Dalit" was used interchangeably with the official term "scheduled castes", called the term "unconstitutional" and asked state governments to end its use. After the order, the [[Chhattisgarh]] government ended the official use of the word "Dalit".<ref name=express2008a>{{cite news | title = Dalit word un-constitutional says SC | publisher=[[Express India]] | date = 2008-01-18 | url = http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/Dalit-word-unconstitutional-says-SC-Commission/262903/ | accessdate = 2008-09-27}}</ref> "[[Adi Dravida]]", "Adi Karnataka","Adi Andhra" and "Adi-Dharmi" are words used in the states of [[Tamil Nadu]], Karnataka, [[Andhra Pradesh]] and Punjab respectively, to identify people of former "untouchable" castes in official documents. These words, particularly the prefix of "Adi", denote the aboriginal inhabitants of the land.<ref>{{Cite book | last = Leslie | first = Julia | title = shawn mikeAuthority and Meaning in Indian Religions | publisher=Ashgate Pub Ltd | year = 2004 | page = 46 | isbn =0-7546-3431-0 | postscript = <!--None--> }}</ref> ==Social status of Dalits== ;History [[File:Dharavi Slum.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Dharavi]] is a [[slum]] in [[Mumbai]]. While no statistics since 1986 are available, activists claim the majority of Dharavi population were Dalits, and they live together with other castes and tribes.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.urbantyphoon.com/dharavi.htm |title=Dharavi, by Katia Savchuk & Matias Echanove |publisher=Urban Typhoon |accessdate=2010-03-05}}</ref> Pictured is one of the entrances to Dharavi.]] In the context of traditional [[Hindu]] society, Dalit status has often been historically associated with occupations regarded as ritually impure, such as any involving leatherwork, butchering, or removal of rubbish, animal carcasses, and waste. Dalits worked as manual labourers cleaning streets, latrines, and sewers.<ref>{{cite web | title = Manual scavenging – the most indecent form of work | publisher=Anti-Slavery.org | date = 2002-05-27 | url = http://old.antislavery.org/archive/submission/submission2002-scavenging.htm | accessdate = 2010-06-10}}</ref> Engaging in these activities was considered to be polluting to the individual, and this pollution was considered contagious. As a result, Dalits were commonly segregated, and banned from full participation in Hindu social life. For example, they could not enter a temple nor a school, and were required to stay outside the village. Elaborate precautions were sometimes observed to prevent incidental contact between Dalits and other castes.<ref name=HA>{{cite web | title = India: "Hidden Apartheid" of Discrimination Against Dalits| publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]] | date = 2002-05-27 | url = http://hrw.org/english/docs/2007/02/13/india15303.htm| accessdate = 2008-09-27}}</ref> Discrimination against Dalits still exists in rural areas in the private sphere, in everyday matters such as access to eating places, schools, temples and water sources.<ref name=TheHindu>{{cite news | title = Untouchability still prevalent in rural Gujarat: survey|work=The Hindu |location=India | date = 2010-01-28 | url = http://beta.thehindu.com/news/national/article95821.ece| accessdate = 2010-04-01 | first=Manas | last=Dasgupta}}</ref> It has largely disappeared in urban areas and in the public sphere.<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/hinduism/living/caste.shtml ]{{Dead link|date=August 2010}}</ref> Some Dalits have successfully integrated into urban Indian society, where caste origins are less obvious and less important in public life. In rural India, however, caste origins are more readily apparent and Dalits often remain excluded from local religious life, though some qualitative evidence suggests that its severity is fast diminishing.<ref name="indianchristians.in">{{cite web|url=http://indianchristians.in/news/content/view/311/48/ |title=Hindus Support Dalit Candidates in Tamil Nadu |publisher=Indianchristians.in |date=15 October 2006 |accessdate=20 November 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=By Somini Sengupta |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/30/world/asia/30caste.html?pagewanted=2&ref=asia |title=Crusader Sees Wealth as Cute for Caste Bias |location=India |work=The New York Times |date=29 August 2008 |accessdate=20 November 2011}}</ref> ;Modern India Since 1950, India has enacted and implemented many laws and social initiatives to protect and improve the socio-economic conditions of its Dalit population.<ref name=C2011>{{cite web|title=Constitution of India|publisher=Ministry of Law, Government of India|accessdate=2012|url=http://lawmin.nic.in/olwing/coi/coi-english/coi-indexenglish.htm}}</ref> By 1995, of all jobs in India, 17.2 percent of the jobs were held by Dalits, greater than their proportion in Indian population.<ref name=scs1>{{cite web|title=Status of caste system in modern India|year=2004|publisher=Dr. B.R.Ambedkar and His People|url=http://www.ambedkar.org/News/reservationinindia.pdf}}</ref> Of the highest paying, senior most jobs in government agencies and government controlled enterprises, over 10 percent of all highest paying jobs were held by members of the Dalit community, a tenfold increase in 40 years. In 1997, India democratically elected [[K. R. Narayanan]], a Dalit, as the nation's President.<ref name=scs1/> In last 15 years, Indians born in historically discriminated minority castes have been elected to its highest judicial and political offices.<ref name=bbc1>{{cite news|title=Profile: Mayawati Kumari|date=16 July 2009|publisher=BBC News|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/1958378.stm}}</ref><ref name=meira>{{cite web|title=Meira Kumar, a Dalit leader is the new Lok Sabha Speaker|year=2009| publisher=NCHRO|url=http://www.nchro.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=6863:meira-kumar-a-dalit-leader-is-the-new-lok-sabha-speaker&catid=5:dalitsatribals&Itemid=14}}</ref> The quality of life of Dalit population in India, in 2001, in terms of metrics such as access to health care, life expectancy, education attainability, access to drinking water, housing, etc. was statistically similar to overall population of modern India.<ref name=wb1>{{cite web|title=What is the progress in elementary education participation in India during the last two decades?|author=Deepa Shankar|publisher=The World Bank|year=2007|url=http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTINDIA/2132853-1191444019328/21497941/SankarProgressinElementaryEducationusingNSS.pdf}}</ref><ref name=review1>{{cite journal|title=DEVELOPMENT OF SCHEDULED CASTES IN INDIA – A REVIEW|author=Darshan Singh|journal=Journal of Rural Development|volume=28|issue=4|pages=529–542|year=2009|url=http://www.nird.org.in/OctLevel%209.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Changing Educational Inequalities in India in the Context of Affirmative Action|author=Desai and Kulkarni|journal=Demography|date=May, 2008|volume=45|issue=2|pages=245–270|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2474466/pdf/dem-45-0245.pdf|pmc=2474466|pmid=18613480}}</ref> In 2010, international attention was drawn to the Dalits by an exhibition featuring portraits depicting the lives of Dalits by [[Marcus Perkins]]. In India's most populous state, [[Uttar Pradesh]], Dalits have revolutionised politics<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pai |first1=Sudha |year=1994 |title=Caste and Communal Mobilisation in the Electoral Politics of Uttar Pradesh |journal=Indian Journal of Political Science |volume=LV, No3 |issue= July September 1994 |pages=307–320 |publisher=Indian Political Science Association }}</ref> and have elected a popular Dalit chief minister named [[Mayawati]].[[Ambedkar controversial cartoon]] published by UPA govt in 2006 rocked the parliament of India in may,2012 is considered as the modern form of discrimination against Dalits by Congress. ==Genetic anthropology== {{See also|Indo-Aryan migration|Genetics and archaeogenetics of South Asia}} Most studies have found some association between caste status and Y-chromosomal genetic markers which seem to indicate that higher castes have greater West Eurasian ancestry than lower castes.<ref>[http://jorde-lab.genetics.utah.edu/elibrary/Bamshad_2001a.pdf Utah, America, "Genetic Evidence on the Origins of Indian Caste Populations"], 30 September 2006</ref><ref>[http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1855350 "Genetic affinities between endogamous and inbreeding populations of Uttar Pradesh"] (2007)</ref> For example, Basu et al. (2003) observe that: "In a recent study conducted on ranked caste populations sampled from one southern Indian State (Andhra Pradesh), Bamshad et al. (2001) have found that the genomic affinity to Europeans is proportionate to caste rank—the upper castes being most similar to Europeans, particularly East Europeans, whereas the lower castes are more similar to Asians. ... Populations of Central Asia and Pakistan show the lowest (0.017) coefficient of genetic differentiation with the north Indian populations, higher (0.042) with the south Indian populations, and the highest (0.047) with the northeast Indian populations. The Central Asian populations are genetically closer to the upper-caste populations than to the middle- or lower-caste populations, which is in agreement with Bamshad et al.'s (2001) findings."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://genome.cshlp.org/content/13/10/2277.full |title=Ethnic India: A Genomic View, With Special Reference to Peopling and Structure |publisher=Genome.cshlp.org |accessdate=20 November 2011}}</ref> ==Dalits and religion== The [[Sachar Committee]] report of 2006 revealed that scheduled castes and tribes of India are not limited to the religion of Hinduism. The 61st round Survey of the [[National Sample Survey Organisation|NSSO]] found that almost nine-tenths of the Buddhists, one-third of the Sikhs, and one-third of the Christians in India belonged to the notified scheduled castes or tribes of the Constitution. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Religion || Scheduled Caste || Scheduled Tribe |- | [[Buddhism]] || 89.50% || 7.40% |- | Christianity || 9.00% || 32.80% |- | [[Sikhism]] || 30.70% || 0.90% |- | [[Hinduism]] || 22.20% || 9.10% |- | [[Zoroastrianism]] || – || 15.90% |- | [[Jainism]] || – || 2.60% |}<ref>{{cite web | last = Sachar | first = Rajindar | title = Minority Report | publisher=Government of India | year = 2006 | url = http://www.mfsd.org/sachar/leafletEnglish.pdf | format = PDF | accessdate = 2008-09-27}}</ref> Note that most Scheduled Tribal societies have their own indigenous religions. Mundas have a Munda religion, for example. These indigenous or native religions are infused with elements of the local dominant religions, so that Munda religion contains many Hindu elements, some Christian elements, Jain or other elements. ===Hinduism=== {{see also|Dalit saints of Hinduism}} The large majority of the Dalits in India are [[Hindus]], although some in [[Maharashtra]] and other states have converted to [[Buddhism]], often called [[Neo-Buddhism]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bangladeshsociology.org/BEJS%203.2%20Das.pdf |title=Cultural Diversity, Religious Syncretism and People of India: An Anthropological Interpretation |format=PDF |accessdate=2010-08-12}}</ref> ====Historical attitudes==== {{Further|Indian caste system}} The term [[Chandala]] is used in the [[Manu Smriti]] (codes of caste segregation) in the [[Mahabharata]]. In later time it was synonymous with "[[Domba]]", originally representing a specific ethnic or tribal group but which became a general pejorative. In the early Vedic literature several of the names of castes that are referred to in the [[Smritis]] as Antyajas occur. The have ''[[Chamar|Carmanna]]'' (a tanner of hides) in the [[Rig Veda]] (VIII.8,38), the Chandala and Paulkasa occur in [[Vajasaneyi Samhita]]. ''Vepa'' or ''Vapta'' (barber) in the Rig Veda. Vidalakara or Bidalakar are present in the Vajasaneyi Samhita. ''Vasahpalpuli'' (washer woman) corresponding to the Rajakas of the [[Smritis]] in Vajasaneyi Samhita. [[Fa Xian]], a Chinese Buddhist pilgrim who recorded his visit to India in the early 4th century, noted that Chandalas were segregated from the mainstream society as untouchables. Traditionally, Dalits were considered to be beyond the pale of [[Varna (Hinduism)|Varna]] or caste system. They were originally considered as ''Panchama'' or the fifth group beyond the fourfold division of Indian people. They were not allowed to let their shadows fall upon a non-Dalit caste member and they were required to sweep the ground where they walked to remove the 'contamination' of their footfalls. Dalits were forbidden to worship in temples or draw water from the same wells as caste Hindus, and they usually lived in segregated neighbourhoods outside the main village. In the Indian countryside, the dalit villages are usually a separate enclave a kilometre or so outside the main village where the other Hindu castes reside. Some upper-caste [[Hinduism|Hindus]] did warm to Dalits and Hindu priests demoted to low-caste ranks. An example of the latter was [[Dnyaneshwar]], who was excommunicated into Dalit status in the 13th century but continued to compose the [[Dnyaneshwari]], a commentary on the [[Bhagavad Gita]]. [[Eknath]], another excommunicated [[Brahmin]], fought for the rights of untouchables during the Bhakti period. Historical examples of Dalit priests include [[Chokhamela]] in the 14th century, who was India's first recorded Dalit poet and [[Raidas]], born into a family of cobblers. The 15th-century saint [[Sri Ramananda Raya]] also accepted all castes, including untouchables, into his fold. Most of these saints subscribed to the [[Bhakti movements]] in [[Hinduism]] during the medieval period that rejected casteism. [[Nandanar]], a low-caste Hindu cleric, also rejected casteism and accepted Dalits. Due to isolation from the rest of the Hindu society, many Dalits continue to debate whether they are 'Hindu' or 'non-Hindu'. Traditionally, Hindu Dalits have been barred from many activities that were seen as central to [[Historical Vedic religion|Vedic religion]] and Hindu practices of orthodox sects. Among Hindus each community has followed its own variation of [[Hinduism]], and the wide variety of practices and beliefs observed in Hinduism makes any clear assessment difficult. The declaration by princely states of Kerala between 1936 and 1947 that temples were open to all Hindus went a long way towards ending the system of untouchability in Kerala. According to Kerala tradition the [[Dalits]] were forced to maintain a distance of 96 feet from [[Namboothiris]], 64 feet from [[Nairs]] and 48 feet from other upper castes (like Maarans and Arya Vysyas) as they were thought to pollute them.<ref>http://sih.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/9/2/187.pdf?ck=nck</ref> A Nair was expected to instantly cut down a [[Thiyya|Tiar]], or [[Mukkuvar|Mucua]], who presumed to defile him by touching his person; and a similar fate awaited a slave, who did not turn out of the road as a Nair passed.<ref name="thurston251">{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=FnB3k8fx5oEC&pg=PA291 |title=Castes and tribes of Southern India, Volume 7 By Edgar Thurston, K. Rangachari, p.251 |publisher=Google Books |date=15 November 2001 |accessdate=20 November 2011}}</ref> Historically other castes like Nayadis, Kanisans and Mukkuvans were forbidden within distance from [[Namboothiris]]. Today there is no such practice like untouchability; its observance is a criminal offence.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nairs.in/acha_a.htm |title=www.nairs.in |publisher=nairs.in |accessdate=2010-08-12}}</ref> However, educational opportunities to Dalits in Kerala remain limited.<ref>{{cite news | author=Aaliya Rushdi | title =In Kerala, Dalit students facing difficulties to get educated | url = http://www.twocircles.net/2010mar17/kerala_dalit_students_facing_difficulties_get_educated.html | accessdate = 25 March 2010 }}</ref> ====Reform movements==== The earliest known historical people to have rejected the caste system were [[Gautama Buddha]] and [[Mahavira]]. Their teachings eventually became independent religions called [[Buddhism]] and [[Jainism]]. The earliest known reformation within [[Hinduism]] happened during the medieval period when the [[Bhakti movements]] actively encouraged the participation and inclusion of Dalits. In the 19th century, the [[Brahmo Samaj]], [[Arya Samaj]] and the [[Ramakrishna Mission]] actively participated in the emancipation of Dalits. While there always have been segregated places for Dalits to worship, the first "upper-caste" temple to openly welcome Dalits into their fold was the Laxminarayan Temple in [[Wardha]] in the year 1928. It was followed by the [[Temple Entry Proclamation]] issued by the [[Chithira Thirunal Balarama Varma|last King of Travancore]] in the Indian state of [[Kerala]] in 1936. The [[Sikhism|Sikh]] reformist [[Satnami]] movement was founded by [[Guru Ghasidas]], born a Dalit. Other notable Guru [[Guru Ravidas]] was also a Dalit. Other reformers, such as [[Jyotirao Phule]], [[Ayyankali]] of Kerala and [[Iyothee Thass]] of Tamil Nadu worked for emancipation of Dalits. The 1930s saw key struggle between [[Mahatma Gandhi]] and [[B. R. Ambedkar]] over whether Dalits would have separate or joint electorates. Although he failed to get Ambedkar's support for a joint electorate, Gandhi nevertheless began the "Harijan Yatra" to help the Dalit population. [[Palwankar Baloo]], a Dalit politician and a cricketer, joined the [[Hindu Mahasabha]] in the fight for independence. Other [[Hindu]] groups have reached out to the Dalit community in an effort to reconcile with them. On August 2006, Dalit activist [[Namdeo Dhasal]] engaged in dialogue with the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] in an attempt to "bury the hatchet". Hindu temples are increasingly receptive to Dalit priests, a function formerly reserved for [[Brahmins]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hinduismtoday.com/hpi/2007/7/4.shtml#3 |title=Low-Caste Hindu Hired as Priest |publisher=Hinduismtoday.com |accessdate=20 November 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hvk.org/articles/1102/135.html |title=Dalits: Kanchi leads the way |publisher=Hvk.org |date=19 November 2002 |accessdate=20 November 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Ahmed |first=Farzand |url=http://indiatoday.digitaltoday.in/index.php?issueid=&id=1438&option=com_content&task=view&sectionid=21 |title=The new holy order |publisher=Indiatoday.digitaltoday.in |date=28 September 2007 |accessdate=20 November 2011}}</ref> Suryavanshi Das, for example, is the Dalit priest of a notable temple in [[Bihar]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindunet.com/forum/showthreaded.php?Number=23767 |title=Patna's Mahavira Temple Accepts Dalit Priest |publisher=Hindunet.com |accessdate=20 November 2011}}</ref> Anecdotal evidence suggests that discrimination against Hindu Dalits is on a slow but steady decline.<ref name="indianchristians.in" /><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/01/07/stories/2007010705080200.htm |title=`Kalyanamastu' breaks barriers |work=The Hindu |location=India |date=7 January 2007 |accessdate=20 November 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2008/jun/19dalits.htm |title=Tirupati temple reaches out to Dalits |publisher=Rediff.com |date=31 December 2004 |accessdate=20 November 2011}}</ref> For instance, an informal study by Dalit writer [[Chandrabhan Prasad]] and reported in the [[New York Times]]<ref name="nytimes.com">{{cite news|last=Sengupta |first=Somini |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/30/world/asia/30caste.html?ref=asia |title=Crusader Sees Wealth as Cure for Caste Bias |location=India |work=The New York Times |date=29 August 2008 |accessdate=20 November 2011}}</ref> states: "In rural [[Azamgarh]] District [in the state of [[Uttar Pradesh]]], for instance, nearly all Dalit households said their bridegrooms now rode in cars to their weddings, compared with 27 percent in 1990. In the past, Dalits would not have been allowed to ride even horses to meet their brides; that was considered an upper-caste privilege." Many Hindu Dalits have achieved affluence in society, although vast millions still remain poor. In particular, some Dalit intellectuals such as [[Chandrabhan Prasad]] have argued that the living standards of many Dalits have improved since the economic liberalisation in 1991 and have supported their claims through large qualitative surveys.<ref name="nytimes.com" /><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/08/30/AR2008083002299.html |title=In an Indian Village, Signs of the Loosening Grip of Caste |work=The Washington Post |accessdate=20 November 2011 |first=Emily |last=Wax |date=31 August 2008}}</ref> Recent episodes of [[Caste-related violence in India]] have adversely affected the Dalit community. In urban India, discrimination against Dalits in the public sphere is greatly reduced, but rural Dalits are struggling to elevate themselves.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/business/displaystory.cfm?story_id=9909319 |title=Business and Caste in India |work=The Economist |accessdate=20 November 2011 |date=4 October 2007}}</ref> Government organisations and NGO's work to emancipate them from discrimination, and many Hindu organisations have spoken in their favour.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/238039.cms |title=RSS for Dalit head priests in temples |work=The Times of India |date=30 October 2006 |accessdate=20 November 2011}}</ref><ref>[http://www.hinduamericanfoundation.org/media_press_release_jagannath_harijan.htm Hindu American Foundation Denounces Temple Entry Ban on Harijans (Dalits) in Orissa]{{dead link|date=November 2011}}</ref> Some groups and Hindu religious leaders have also spoken out against the caste system in general.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.swamiagnivesh.com/back.htm |title=Back to the Vaidic Faith |publisher=Swamiagnivesh.com |accessdate=20 November 2011}}</ref><ref>[http://chennaionline.com/hotelsandtours/Placesofworship/2007/04temple156.asp TTD priests do seva in Dalit village]{{dead link|date=November 2011}}</ref> However, the fight for temple entry rights for Dalits is far from finished and continues to cause controversy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.htnext.in/news/181_1871219,000900030010.htm |title=Temple relents, bar on Dalit entry ends |publisher=Htnext.in |accessdate=20 November 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/2096083.cms |title=Temples of Unmodern India |work=The Times of India |accessdate=20 November 2011 |date=4 June 2007}}</ref> [[Brahmins]] like [[Subramania Bharati]] also passed Brahminhood onto a Dalit, while in Shivaji's [[Maratha Empire]] there were Dalit Hindu warriors (the [[Mahar Regiment]]). In modern times there are several [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] leaders like Ramachandra Veerappa and Dr. Suraj Bhan. (See ''[[List of Dalits]]'') More recently, Dalits in Nepal are now being accepted into priesthood (traditionally reserved for [[Brahmins]]). The Dalit priestly order is called "Pandaram"<ref>[http://www.hinduismtoday.com/archives/2005/10-12/18-29_nepal.shtml ]{{Dead link|date=August 2010}}</ref> ===Sikhism=== Although Sikhism clearly admonishes the idea of a caste system, going to the lengths of providing common surnames to abolish caste identities, many families generally do not marry among different castes. Dalits form a class among the [[Sikhs]] who stratify their society according to traditional casteism. [[Kanshi Ram]] himself was of Sikh background although converted because he found that Sikh society did not respect Dalits and so became a neo-Buddhist. ====Talhan Gurdwara Caste Conflict==== In 2003 the Talhan village [[Gurudwara]] saw what started out as a bitter dispute between [[Jatt Sikh]] and [[Chamar]]s<ref name="tehelka.com">http://www.tehelka.com/story_main16.asp?filename=Cr021806Talhan_scores.asp</ref> turn into a social war. The Chamars came out in force and confronted the Randhawa and Bains [[Jatt Sikh]] [[Landlords]]<ref name="tehelka.com"/> who refused to give the Chamars a share on the governing committee of a shrine dedicated to Shaheed Baba Nihal Singh.<ref name="tehelka.com"/> The shrine pulled an annual taking of 3-7 Crore Indian Rupees of which the [[Jatt Sikh]] [[Landlord]]s just "''gobbled up a substantial portion of the offerings''".<ref name="tehelka.com"/> Though the dalits form more than 60 percent of Talhan’s 5,000-strong population, local ‘traditions’ ensured that they were denied a share in the committee.<ref name="tehelka.com"/> The landlords, in league with radical Sikh organisations and the [[Shiromani Gurdwara Prabandhak Committee]],<ref name="tehelka.com"/> attempted to keep out the dalits by razing the Shrine overnight and constructing a gurdwara on it, but the dalit quest for a say in the governing committee could not be eliminated. Chanan Ram Pal ''President'' of the Talhan Dalit Action Committee stated, <blockquote>"''We fought a war for swabhimaan (self-respect). The teachings of [[Guru Ravidas]] and the access to modern education inculcated in us this desire. We are an economically independent community, many of our people are nris who send money from Dubai, the West, etc. Here, we do not work for landlords, we are self-employed. Like any other caste, we too are the offspring of Punjab. We drink its water, we live on its food. We are as good as anybody''"<ref name="tehelka.com"/></blockquote> The Village Sirpanch and active member of the Shrine committee Bhupinder Singh Bains admitted to the landlord corruption and stated, <blockquote>"''Every Sunday, the gulak was opened. Of the Rs 5-7 lakh in offerings, Rs 1-2 lakh was pilfered. The committee was against having [[Chamar]]s as members as it was an old tradition. It is wrong to think like that. The dalits got very upset when they asked for some money to celebrate their festivals and the committee dominated by us doled out just Rs 10,000-Rs 15,000. The dalits wanted to become part of the committee; they fought a four-year battle in court. Today, with the dalits around, everyone keeps a watch and corruption in the shrine has been curbed'',..."<ref name="tehelka.com"/></blockquote> Bhupinder Singh Bains continued, <blockquote>"''Those earlier notions of untouchability, which was a Brahmanical concept, no longer prevail. Earlier, poor Chamar families were dependent on us, for example, for taking the molasses’ waste. Now they stand equal to us, with many of their children becoming Class I officers earning fat salaries. While the sons of landlords refuse to work on the land, the children of the Chamars study and get good jobs. In contrast, our sons are getting hooked to drugs as they idle their time away'',..."<ref name="tehelka.com"/></blockquote> The Chamars fought a four year court battle with the Jatt Sikh Landlords and their allies including the [[Punjab Police (India)|Punjab Police]];<ref name="tehelka.com"/> whilst in that time there were several boycotts against the Chamars of the village. The Jatt Sikhs and their allies even cut of power supply to their homes resulting in them not being able to obtain water.<ref name="tehelka.com"/> In addition to that, there were various scuffles and fights in which [[Chamar]] youths armed with Lathhis,<ref name="tehelka.com"/> rocks, bricks, soda bottles and anything they could find<ref name="tehelka.com"/> fought against [[Jatt Sikh]] landlords their youths and the [[Punjab Police (India)|Punjab Police]].<ref name="tehelka.com"/> Dalit youngsters painted their homes and motorcycles with the slogan, ''Putt Chamar De'' (''proud sons of Chamars'') in retaliation to the Jat slogan, ''Putt Jattan De''.<ref name="tehelka.com"/> ====Other incidents==== Recently, in a Punjabi village, some Dalit Sikhs were not allowed to enter the village Gurudwara. There are sects such as the Adi-Dharmis who have now abandoned Sikh Temples and the 5 Ks. They are like the Ravidasis and regard Ravidas as their guru. They are also clean shaven as opposed to the mainstream Sikhs. Sant Ram was from this community and a member of the Arya Samaj who tried to organise the Adi-Dharmis. Other Sikh groups include Bazigars, Rai Sikh (many of whom are Ravidasias.) Just as with Hindu Dalits, there has been violence against Sikh Dalits. ===Islam=== {{Main|Caste system among South Asian Muslims}} Muslim society in India can also be separated into several caste-like groups. In contradiction to the teachings of Islam,<ref>''O mankind! We created you from a single pair of a male and a female and made you into nations and tribes, that you might know each other [not that you might despise each other]. Verily the most honored among you in the sight of God is he who is the most righteous.''(Qur'an 49.13)</ref> descendants of indigenous lower-caste converts are discriminated against by "noble", or "ashraf", Muslims who can trace their descent to Arab, Iranian, or Central-Asian ancestors. There are several groups in India working to emancipate them from upper-caste Muslim discrimination.<ref name=dalitmuslims> {{cite web |url=http://www.indianet.nl/dalmusl.html |title=The 'Dalit Muslims' and the All-India Backward Muslim Morcha |publisher=indianet.nl |accessdate=2008-06-20 |last=Sikand |first=Yoginder }} </ref> ===Christianity=== {{Main|Caste system among Indian Christians}} Across India, many Christian communities in South India still follow the caste system. Sometimes the social stratification remains unchanged and in some cases such as among [[Goan Catholics|Goan]] and [[Mangalorean Catholics]], the stratification varies as compared to the Hindu system. A 1992 study<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianhope.free.fr/site_eng/article_5.php3 |title=India |publisher=Indianhope.free.fr |accessdate=2010-08-12}}</ref> of Catholics in [[Tamil Nadu]] found some [[Dalit Christian]]s faced segregated churches, cemeteries, services and even processions. A Christian Dalit activist with the pen name [[Bama (writer)|Bama Faustina]] has written books providing a firsthand account of discrimination by upper-caste nuns and priests in [[South India]]. ===Buddhism=== {{Main|Dalit Buddhist movement}} In [[Maharashtra]], Uttar Pradesh, [[Tamil Nadu]] and a few other regions, Dalits have come under the influence of the [[neo-Buddhist]] movement initiated by [[B. R. Ambedkar|Ambedkar]]. In the 1950s, Ambedkar turned his attention to Buddhism and travelled to Sri Lanka (then Ceylon) to attend a convention of Buddhist scholars and monks. While dedicating a new Buddhist vihara near Pune, Ambedkar announced that he was writing a book on Buddhism, and that as soon as it was finished, he planned to make a formal conversion to Buddhism.[10] Ambedkar twice visited Myanmar (then Burma) in 1954; the second time in order to attend the third conference of the World Fellowship of Buddhists in Rangoon. In 1955, he founded the Bharatiya Bauddha Mahasabha, or the Buddhist Society of India. He completed his final work, The Buddha and His Dhamma, in 1956. It was published posthumously. After meetings with the Sri Lankan Buddhist monk Hammalawa Saddhatissa,[11] Ambedkar organised a formal public ceremony for himself and his supporters in Nagpur on 14 October 1956. Accepting the Three Refuges and Five Precepts from a Buddhist monk in the traditional manner, Ambedkar completed his own conversion. He then proceeded to convert an estimated 500,000 of his supporters who were gathered around him.[10] Taking the 22 Vows, Ambedkar and his supporters explicitly condemned and rejected Hinduism and Hindu philosophy. He then traveled to Kathmandu in Nepal to attend the Fourth World Buddhist Conference. He completed his final manuscript, The Buddha or Karl Marx on 2 December 1956. In the formerly Hindu country of [[Nepal]], some Dalits and others are turning to [[Buddhism]] from [[Historical Vedic religion|Vedic]] Hinduism. Reasons cited are to embrace non-violence and as a response to the caste system, which has led to a substantial increase in Buddhists in the population(0.1% to 0.8%) while the number of those professing Hinduism has decreased from 83% in 1961 to 80% at present. ==The Prevention of Atrocities Act== {{Main|Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989}} [[Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989|The Prevention of Atrocities Act]] (POA) is a tacit acknowledgement by the Indian government that caste relations are defined by violence, both incidental and systemic.<ref name="note02">{{cite web|url=http://www.hrdc.net/sahrdc/hrfeatures/HRF83.htm |title=The Prevention of Atrocities Act: Unused Ammunition |publisher=Hrdc.net |date=31 August 2003 |accessdate=20 November 2011}}</ref> In 1989, the Government of India passed the Prevention of Atrocities Act (POA), which clarified specific crimes against Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (the Dalits) as “atrocities,” and created strategies and punishments to counter these acts. The purpose of The Act was to curb and punish violence against Dalits. Firstly, it clarified what the [[persecution of Dalits|atrocities]] were: both particular incidents of harm and humiliation, such as the forced consumption of noxious substances, and systemic violence still faced by many Dalits, especially in rural areas. Such systemic violence includes forced labour, denial of access to water and other public amenities, and sexual abuse of Dalit women. Secondly, the Act created Special Courts to try cases registered under the POA. Thirdly, the Act called on states with high levels of caste violence (said to be “atrocity-prone”) to appoint qualified officers to monitor and maintain law and order. The POA gave legal redress to Dalits, but only two states have created separate Special Courts in accordance with the law. In practice the Act has suffered from a near-complete failure in implementation. Policemen have displayed a consistent unwillingness to register offences under the act. This reluctance stems partially from ignorance and also from peer protection. According to a 1999 study, nearly a quarter of those government officials charged with enforcing the Act are unaware of its existence.<ref name="note02" /> <ref>[http://idsn.org/caste-discrimination/key-issues/non-implementation/ International Dalit Solidarity Network: Non-implemenation of Legislation]</ref> Khusro Khan was a Dalit (Parwari-Mahar) caste from Gujrat. He converted to Islam from Hinduism at the time of his capture.[9] He was a untouchable in his own religion, but became a first Hindu to sit on the throne of Delhi ==Dalits and contemporary Indian politics== While the Indian Constitution has duly made special provisions for the social and economic uplift of the Dalits, comprising the so-called scheduled castes and tribes in order to enable them to achieve upward social mobility, these concessions are limited to only those Dalits who remain Hindu. There is a demand among the Dalits who have converted to other religions that the statutory benefits should be extended to them as well, to "overcome" and bring closure to historical injustices.<ref name=dalitmuslims> {{cite web |url=http://www.indianet.nl/dalmusl.html |title=The 'Dalit Muslims' and the All-India Backward Muslim Morcha |publisher=indianet.nl |accessdate=2008-06-20 |last=Sikand |first=Yoginder }} </ref> Another major politically charged issue with the rise of [[Hindutva]]'s (Hindu nationalism) role in Indian politics is that of religious conversion. This political movement alleges that conversions of Dalits are due not to any social or theological motivation but to allurements like education and jobs. Critics{{Who|date=October 2009}} argue that the inverse is true due to laws banning conversion, and the limiting of social relief for these backward sections of Indian society being revoked for those who convert. [[Bangaru Laxman]], a Dalit politician, was a prominent member of the [[Hindutva]] movement. Another political issue is over the affirmative-action measures taken by the government towards the upliftment of Dalits through quotas in government jobs and university admissions. About 8% of the seats in the National and State Parliaments are reserved for Scheduled Caste and Tribe candidates, a measure sought by [[B. R. Ambedkar]] and other Dalit activists in order to ensure that Dalits would obtain a proportionate political voice. Anti-Dalit prejudices exist in fringe groups, such as the extremist militia [[Ranvir Sena]], largely run by upper-caste landlords in areas of the Indian state of [[Bihar]]. They oppose equal treatment of Dalits and have resorted to violent means to suppress the Dalits. The Ranvir Sena is considered a terrorist organisation by the government of India.<ref>[http://www.dnaindia.com/india/slideshow_explained-what-is-the-ranvir-sena-and-why-it-is-feared_1697737#top Ranvir Sena banned and declared as a Terrorist Group - Daily News & Analysis, June 3 2012]</ref> In 1997, [[K. R. Narayanan]] was elected as the first Dalit [[President of India|President]]. In 2007, [[Mayawati]], a Dalit, was elected as the Chief Minister of [[Uttar Pradesh]], the most populous state in India. Some reports claimed her 2007 election victory was due to her ability to win support from Dalits and the [[Brahmins]], the so-called upper most castes. However, surveys of voters on the eve of elections, indicated that caste loyalties were not necessarily the voters’ principal concern. Instead, inflation and other issues of social and economic development were the top priorities of the electorate regardless of caste.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/03/14/stories/2007031416590100.htm |title="Mayawati bets on Brahmin-Dalit card for U.P. polls" The Hindu, 14 March 2007 |work=The Hindu |location=India |date=14 March 2007 |accessdate=20 November 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Sengupta |first=Somini |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/12/world/asia/12india.html |title="Brahmin Vote Helps Party of Low Caste Win in India" The New York Times, 11 May 2007 |location=India |work=The New York Times |date=12 May 2007 |accessdate=20 November 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.co.in/news/2007/may/11flip.htm |title="The victory of caste arithmetic", Rediff News, 11 May 2007 |publisher=Rediff.co.in |date=11 May 2007 |accessdate=20 November 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2007/mar/28chandra.htm |title="Why Mayawati is wooing the Brahmins" Rediff News, 28 March 2007 |publisher=Rediff.com |accessdate=20 November 2011}}</ref> Mayawati's success in winning broad support across castes has led to speculations of her as a potential future [[Prime Minister of India]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Beckett |first=Paul |url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB121840401494128065.html?mod=googlenews_wsj |title="Mayawati Plans to Seek India's Premier Post", The Wall Street Journal, 11 August 2008 |work=The Wall Street Journal |date=11 August 2008 |accessdate=20 November 2011}}</ref> Some Dalits have been successful in business and politics of modern India. Indian law and constitution does not discriminate against Dalits.<ref name="Reilley et al.">{{cite book|author=Kevin Reilly, Stephen Kaufman, Angela Bodino|title=Racism: A Global Reader P21, M.E. Sharpe|year=2003|isbn=0-7656-1060-4}}</ref><ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/country_profiles/1154019.stm BBC profile], India</ref> Despite anti-discrimination laws, many Dalits still suffer from social stigma and discrimination. Ethnic tensions and caste-related violence between Dalit and non-Dalits have been witnessed. The cause of such tensions is claimed to be from economically rising Dalits and continued prejudices against Dalits. Dalits suffer discrimination in education, jobs and health care.<ref name="Washington Post">{{cite news|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/06/20/AR2007062002535.html |title=A 'Broken People' in Booming India |work=The Washington Post |accessdate=20 November 2011 |first=Emily |last=Wax |date=21 June 2007}}</ref><ref name="Wall Street Journal Article">{{cite news|last=Krich |first=John |url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB126703360108751027.html |title=Words That Touch India's Dalit writers come into their own |work=The Wall Street Journal |date=26 February 2010 |accessdate=20 November 2011}}</ref> A 2006 article in BBC News reported incidences of violence, disputes and claims of discrimination against the Dalits in [[Maharashtra]]. The article also noted that families belonging to non-Dalit castes living in the same village claim they do not treat Dalits differently. The interview quoted a carpenter caste person saying "We tell them anything and they tell us you are pointing fingers at us because of our caste; we all live together, and there are bound to be fights, but they think we target them."<ref name="BBC">{{cite news|last=Chadha |first=Monica |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6211532.stm |title=Despair of the discriminated Dalits |publisher=BBC News |date=5 December 2006 |accessdate=20 November 2011}}</ref> Kevin Reilly and others note that Dalits as well as tribal people have benefitted from broad and mandatory job reservations, school admission quotas, and affirmative action programmes since 1947. Dalits also have [[Reserved_political_positions_in_India#Scheduled_Castes_and_tribes|reserved seats in India's parliament and state assemblies]] and are enjoying greater political power.<ref name="Reilley et al."/> ==Dalits and international comparative sociology== William Darity and Jessica Nembhard have compared the economic disparities between Dalits and other castes in India, to economic disparities between ethnic/race/caste groups observed in other nations such as Australia, Belize, Brazil, Canada, Malaysia and South Africa. They claim their comparative inquiry across diverse countries refute several conventional wisdoms about intergroup disparity. They note that India has lower level of intergroup inequality than many other nations; however, given India's general poverty and lower gross per capita income, the average quality of life for Dalits and non-Dalits is lower than other countries.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Racial and Ethnic Economic Inequality: The International Record|author=William Darity, Jr. and Jessica Gordon Nembhard|journal=The American Economic Review|volume=90|number=2|date=May, 2000|page= 308-311|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/117241}}</ref> ==Dalit literature== {{Main|Dalit literature}} One of the foremost and earliest dalit scholar is Shri [[Valmiki]], author of the famous epic poem [[Ramayana]].<ref name="Dalit Freedom Fighters">{{cite book | title=Dalit Freedom Fighters | author=Naimiśarāya, Mohanadāsa | pages=37, 232}}</ref> Shri Valmiki is considered to be oldest and greatest poet in Indian history. He is called Maha Kavi or [[Adi Kavi]] in Sanskrit. [[Dalit literature]] forms an important and distinct part of [[Indian literature]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gowanusbooks.com/dalit.htm |title=Dalit literature |publisher=Gowanusbooks.com |accessdate=20 November 2011}}</ref><ref>[http://www.museindia.com/showconnew.asp?id=386 Brief Introduction to Dalit Literature]{{dead link|date=November 2011}}</ref> One of the first Dalit writers was Madara Chennaiah, an 11th-century cobbler-saint who lived in the reign of [[Western Chalukyas]] and who is also regarded by some scholars as the "father of [[Vachana]] poetry". Another early Dalit poet is Dohara Kakkaiah, a Dalit by birth, six of whose confessional poems survive.<ref>[[Western Chalukya literature in Kannada#Bhakti literature]].</ref> ===Modern Dalit literature=== In the modern era, Dalit literature was energised by the advent of leaders like [[Mahatma Phule]] and Ambedkar in [[Maharashtra]], who focused on the issues of Dalits through their works and writings; this started a new trend in Dalit writing and inspired many Dalits to come forth with writings in Marathi, Hindi, [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]].<ref>[http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030928/spectrum/book5.htm Dalit’s passage to consciousness] ''[[The Tribune]]'', 28 September 2003</ref> By the 1960s, Dalit literature saw a fresh crop of new writers like [[Baburao Bagul]], Bandhu Madhav<ref>[http://www.cscsarchive.org/MediaArchive/clippings.nsf/(docid)/D851E94A922C228E6525694200313C9C Dalit literature is not down and out any more] ''[[Times of India]]'', 7 July 1989</ref> and [[Shankar Rao Kharat]], though its formal form came into being with the [[Little magazine movement]].<ref>[http://www.sasnet.lu.se/EASASpapers/4JugalKishore.pdf A Critical study of Dalit Literature in India] Dr. Jugal Kishore Mishra</ref> In [[Sri Lanka]], Dalit writers like [[K.Daniel]]<ref>http://www.tamilvu.org/courses/degree/p101/p1014/html/p10144e.htm</ref> and [[Dominic Jeeva]] gained mainstream popularity in the late 1960. ==See also== *[[Caste-related violence in India]] *[[2006 Dalit protests in Maharashtra]] *[[Dalit Freedom Network]] *[[List of Arunthathiyar]] *[[Dhobi]] *[[Rajaka]] *[[Pallar]] *[[Paraiyar]] *[[Annabhau Sathe]] *[[Bant Singh]] *[[Rajesh Saraiya]] *[[Gadge Maharaj]] ==References== {{Reflist|2}} ==Further reading== * ''Dalit – The Black Untouchables of India'', by V.T. Rajshekhar. 2003 – 2nd print, Clarity Press, Inc. ISBN 0-932863-05-1. * ''Untouchable!: Voices of the Dalit Liberation Movement'', by Barbara R. Joshi, Zed Books, 1986. ISBN 0-86232-460-2, ISBN 978-0-86232-460-5. * ''An Anthology Of Dalit Literature'', by Mulk Raj Anand. 1992, Gyan Books. ISBN 81-212-0419-4, ISBN 978-81-212-0419-4. * ''Dalits and the Democratic Revolution – Dr. Ambedkar and the Dalit Movement in Colonial India'', by Gail Omvedt. 1994, Sage Publications. ISBN 81-7036-368-3. * ''The Untouchables: Subordination, Poverty and the State in Modern India'', by Oliver Mendelsohn, Marika Vicziany, Cambridge University Press, 1998, ISBN 0-521-55671-6, ISBN 978-0-521-55671-2. * ''Dalit Identity and Politics'', by Ranabira Samaddara, Ghanshyam Shah, Sage Publications, 2001. ISBN 0-7619-9508-0, ISBN 978-0-7619-9508-1. * ''Journeys to Freedom: Dalit Narratives'', by Fernando Franco, Jyotsna Macwan, Suguna Ramanathan. Popular Prakashan, 2004. ISBN 81-85604-65-7, ISBN 978-81-85604-65-7. * ''Towards an Aesthetic of Dalit Literature'', by Sharankumar Limbale. 2004, Orient Longman. ISBN 81-250-2656-8. * ''From Untouchable to Dalit – Essays on the Ambedkar Movement'', by Eleanor Zilliot. 2005, Manohar. ISBN 81-7304-143-1. * ''Dalit Politics and Literature'', by Pradeep K. Sharma. Shipra Publications, 2006. ISBN 81-7541-271-2, ISBN 978-81-7541-271-2. * ''Dalit Visions: The Anti-caste Movement and the Construction of an Indian Identity'', by Gail Omvedt. Orient Longman, 2006. ISBN 81-250-2895-1, ISBN 978-81-250-2895-6. * ''Dalits in Modern India – Vision and Values'', by S M Michael. 2007, Sage Publications. ISBN 978-0-7619-3571-1. * ''Dalit Literature : A Critical Exploration'', by Amar Nath Prasad & M.B. Gaijan. 2007. ISBN 81-7625-817-2. * [http://idsn.org/country-information/india/ Dalits in India] * [http://idsn.org/country-information/nepal/ Dalits in Nepal] * [http://idsn.org/country-information/pakistan/ Dalits in Pakistan] * [http://idsn.org/country-information/bangladesh/ Dalits in Bangladesh] * [http://idsn.org/country-information/sri-lanka/ Dalits in Sri Lanka] * [http://idsn.org/country-information/japan/ Dalits in Japan] * [http://idsn.org/country-information/yemen/ Dalits in Yemen] * [http://idsn.org/country-information/africa/ Dalits in Africa] * [http://idsn.org/country-information/uk/ Dalits in the UK] * [http://idsn.org/country-information/diaspora-communities/ Dalits in diaspora communities] {{Dalit}} {{Social issues in India}} [[Category:Dalit| ]] [[Category:Discrimination]] [[Category:Social groups of India|Dalit]] [[Category:Indian castes]] [[Category:Indian caste system]] [[Category:Hindu communities]] [[cs:Nedotknutelní]] [[da:Dalit]] [[de:Dalit]] [[es:Paria (casta)]] [[eo:Dalito]] [[fr:Intouchable (dalit)]] [[gu:દલિત]] [[ko:불가촉천민]] [[hi:दलित]] [[id:Dalit]] [[it:Paria]] [[lt:Neliečiamieji]] [[ml:ദലിതർ]] [[mr:दलित]] [[nl:Dalit]] [[ne:दलित]] [[ja:不可触民]] [[no:Dalit]] [[pl:Dalit]] [[pt:Dalit]] [[ru:Неприкасаемые (касты)]] [[simple:Dalit]] [[sh:Dalit]] [[fi:Dalit]] [[sv:Dalit]] [[ta:தலித்]] [[te:దళితులు]] [[tr:Dalit]] [[uk:Парія]] [[zh:贱民 (印度)]]'