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{{About||the 2006 film|Smart City (film)|a list of smart cities|List of smart cities}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Copyedit|date=July 2024|for=cohesion, organization, and tone}}[[File:Clean mobility instead of dirty traffic.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|Possible scenario of smart and [[sustainable mobility]]]]
{{Government by algorithm}}
A '''smart city''' is an [[urban area]] that has been developed with a high level of technological advancement, utilising a variety of electronic methods and sensors to [[data collection|collect specific data]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=James |first1=Peggy |last2=Astoria |first2=Ross |last3=Castor |first3=Theresa |last4=Hudspeth |first4=Christopher |last5=Olstinske |first5=Denise |last6=Ward |first6=John |title=Handbook of Smart Cities |date=2020 |publisher=[[Springer International Publishing]] |isbn=978-3-030-15145-4 |pages=1–26 |chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-3-030-15145-4_2-1 |language=en |chapter=Smart Cities: Fundamental Concepts|doi=10.1007/978-3-030-15145-4_2-1 }}</ref> This data is then used to manage assets, resources and services in an efficient manner, with the understanding that this data will in turn be used to improve operations across the city.<ref name="Goldsmith">{{cite news |last1=Goldsmith |first1=Stephen |title=As the Chorus of Dumb City Advocates Increases, How Do We Define the Truly Smart City? |url=https://datasmart.ash.harvard.edu/chorus-dumb-city-advocates-increases-how-do-we-define-truly-smart-city |access-date=27 August 2022 |work=datasmart.ash.harvard.edu |date=September 16, 2021 }}</ref> This data can be collected from a number of sources, including citizens, devices, buildings and assets that is processed and analyzed in order to monitor and manage [[Transportation systems management|traffic and transportation systems]],<ref name="Fourtané">{{cite news |last1=Fourtané |first1=Susan |title=Connected Vehicles in Smart Cities: The Future of Transportation |url=https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/connected-vehicles-in-smart-cities-the-future-of-transportation |access-date=27 August 2022 |work=Interesting Engineering.com |date=16 November 2018}}</ref> [[Power station|power plants]], [[Public utility|utilities]], [[urban forestry]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=César de Lima Araújo |first1=Henrique |last2=Silva Martins |first2=Fellipe |last3=Tucunduva Philippi Cortese |first3=Tatiana |last4=Locosselli |first4=Giuliano Maselli |title=Artificial intelligence in urban forestry—A systematic review |journal=[[Urban Forestry and Urban Greening]] |date=2021 |volume=66 |pages=127410 |doi=10.1016/j.ufug.2021.127410|bibcode=2021UFUG...6627410C |s2cid=244416741 }}</ref> [[water supply network]]s, [[waste management|waste disposal]], [[criminal investigation]]s, [[information system]]s, [[school]]s, [[libraries]], [[hospital]]s, and other [[community service]]s.<ref>{{cite book|last1=McLaren|first1=Duncan|last2=Agyeman|first2=Julian|title=Sharing Cities: A Case for Truly Smart and Sustainable Cities|date=2015|publisher=MIT Press|isbn=9780262029728|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KhvLCgAAQBAJ&q=smart+cities+and+sustainability}}</ref><ref name="Musa">{{cite journal |last1=Musa |first1=Sam |title=Smart Cities-A Road Map for Development |journal=IEEE Potentials |date=March 2018 |volume=37 |issue=2 |pages=19–23 |doi=10.1109/MPOT.2016.2566099 |s2cid=3767125 |url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8307785 |access-date=27 August 2022 |issn=1558-1772}}</ref> The term 'smart city' is defined by two key aspects: the ways in which their [[local government]]s harness technology as well as in how they monitor, analyze, plan, and govern the city. In a smart city, the sharing of data is not confined to the [[Local government|municipal authority]] but extends to businesses, citizens and other third parties who can derive benefit from the utilisation of that data. The pooling of data from disparate systems and sectors creates opportunities for enhanced understanding and economic gain.<ref name="Paiho">{{cite journal | doi=10.1049/smc2.12044 | title=Opportunities of collected city data for smart cities | year=2022 | last1=Paiho | first1=Satu | last2=Tuominen | first2=Pekka | last3=Rökman | first3=Jyri | last4=Ylikerälä | first4=Markus | last5=Pajula | first5=Juha | last6=Siikavirta | first6=Hanne | journal=IET Smart Cities | volume=4 | issue=4 | pages=275–291 | s2cid=253467923 | doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kiran |first1=Dr Deepti |last2=Sharma |first2=Itisha |last3=Garg |first3=Illa |title=Industry 5.0 And Smart Cities: A Futuristic Approach |journal=European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine |date=2020 |volume=7 |issue=8 |pages=2750–2756 |url=https://www.ejmcm.com/article_4786.html |issn=2515-8260}}</ref>
The smart city concept integrates [[information and communication technology]] (ICT), and various physical devices connected to the [[Internet of things]] (IOT) network to optimize the efficiency of city operations and services and connect to citizens.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fastcompany.com/3047795/the-3-generations-of-smart-cities|title=The 3 Generations of Smart Cities|date=10 August 2015|access-date=17 October 2017|archive-date=9 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171009000012/https://www.fastcompany.com/3047795/the-3-generations-of-smart-cities|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Peris-Ortiz|first1=Marta|last2=Bennett|first2=Dag R.|last3=Yábar|first3=Diana Pérez-Bustamante|title=Sustainable Smart Cities: Creating Spaces for Technological, Social and Business Development|date=2016|publisher=Springer|isbn=9783319408958|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AtQ0DQAAQBAJ&q=smart+cities+and+sustainability|access-date=4 October 2020|archive-date=30 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030003828/https://books.google.com/books?id=AtQ0DQAAQBAJ&q=smart+cities+and+sustainability|url-status=live}}</ref> Smart city technology allows city officials to interact directly with both community and city infrastructure and to monitor what is happening in the city and how the city is evolving. ICT is used to enhance quality, performance and interactivity of urban services, to [[cost reduction|reduce costs]] and [[resource consumption]] and to increase contact between citizens and government.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www1.nyc.gov/site/forward/innovations/smartnyc.page|title=Building a Smart City, Equitable City – NYC Forward|access-date=4 December 2015|archive-date=4 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171204115315/http://www1.nyc.gov/site/forward/innovations/smartnyc.page|url-status=live}}</ref> Smart city applications are developed to manage urban flows and allow for real-time responses.<ref name="Komninos_ch">{{cite book |last1=Komninos |first1=Nicos |title=Smart Cities: Governing, Modelling and Analysing the Transition |chapter=What makes cities intelligent? |editor-last=Deakin | editor-first=Mark |publisher=Taylor and Francis |date=22 August 2013 |page=77 |isbn=978-1135124144 }}</ref> A smart city may therefore be more prepared to respond to challenges than one with a conventional "transactional" relationship with its citizens.<ref>{{harvp|Department for Business, Innovation and Skills|2013|p=7}} "As consumers of private goods and services we have been empowered by the Web and, as citizens, we expect the same quality from our public services. In turn, public authorities are seeking to reduce costs and raise performance by adopting similar approaches in the delivery of public services. However, the concept of a Smart City goes way beyond the transactional relationships between citizen and service provider. It is essentially enabling and encouraging the citizen to become a more active and participative member of the community"</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Chan|first1=Karin|title=What Is A 'Smart City'?|url=https://www.expatriatelifestyle.com/life-and-style/What-Is-A-Smart-City|access-date=23 January 2018|publisher=Expatriate Lifestyle|date=3 April 2017|archive-date=24 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180124135638/https://www.expatriatelifestyle.com/life-and-style/What-Is-A-Smart-City|url-status=live}}</ref> Yet, the term itself remains unclear in its specifics and therefore, open to many interpretations.<ref>{{Cite conference|url=http://sciforum.net/conference/wsf-4/paper/2454|title=Smart Cities: Contradicting Definitions and Unclear Measures|last1=Hunt|first1=Dexter|last2=Rogers|first2=Christopher|last3=Cavada|first3=Marianna|pages=f004|conference=4th World Sustainability Forum|publisher=MDPI|access-date=16 March 2016|doi=10.3390/wsf-4-f004|year=2014|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[List of Smart Cities|Many cities]] have already adopted some sort of smart city technology.
Smart city initiatives have been criticized as largely driven by unreliable corporations,<ref name="Hollands" /><ref name="Clark" /> poorly adapted to residents' needs,<ref name=":11" /><ref name=":15" /> as largely unsuccessful,{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}} and as a dangerous move toward totalitarian [[surveillance]].<ref name="Economist12">{{cite news |date=2013-09-07 |title=Clever cities: The multiplexed metropolis |url=https://www.economist.com/news/briefing/21585002-enthusiasts-think-data-services-can-change-cities-century-much-electricity?frsc=dg/a |access-date=2015-05-21 |newspaper=The Economist}}</ref>
== Background ==
{{Essay|section|date=July 2024}}
Historically, [[City|cities]] have functioned as centers of innovation, and the advent of the [[Information Age|digital era]] has presented new opportunities and challenges for urban development. As a result, cities are transitioning into "smart cities" with the aim of creating urban environments that are more efficient, [[Sustainable Development Goals and Australia|sustainable]], and livable.<ref name=":52">Albino, V., Berardi, U., & Dangelico, R. M. (2015). Smart cities: Definitions, dimensions, performance, and initiatives. Journal of Urban Technology. doi:10.1080/10630732.2014.942092</ref><ref>Bernardi, M., & Diamantini, D. (2018). Shaping the sharing city: An exploratory study on Seoul and Milan. Journal of Cleaner Production, 203. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.08.132</ref><ref>Caragliu, A., del Bo, C., & Nijkamp, P. (2011). Smart cities in Europe. Journal of Urban Technology, 18(2), 65–82. doi:10.1080/10630732.2011.601117</ref><ref name=":62">Vanolo, A. (2014). Smartmentality: The smart city as disciplinary strategy. Urban Studies, 51(5), 883–898. doi:10.1177/0042098013494427</ref>{{How|date=July 2024}}
This transformation involves the implementation of various technological solutions and data-driven approaches to urban management.<ref name=":72">{{Cite book |last=Marchesani |first=Filippo |url=https://www.emerald.com/insight/publication/doi/10.1108/9781837975754 |title=The Global Smart City |publisher=Emerald |year=2023 |isbn=978-1-83797-576-1 |publication-date=2023 |doi=10.1108/9781837975754}}</ref> The shift to smart cities has implications that extend beyond the urban sphere, encompassing significant social, cultural, and economic impacts. The process necessitates a comprehensive restructuring of both internal and external city management and operations, leading to a reevaluation of [[Governance|urban governance]] models, approaches to [[Participatory democracy|citizen participation]], and methods of public service delivery.<ref name=":62" />
The smart city concept emphasizes the importance of collaboration between various stakeholders, including [[Government|governmental bodies]], [[Private sector|private enterprises]], and [[Citizenship|citizens]], to jointly develop innovative solutions and address complex urban challenges. By adopting this approach, cities seek to not only upgrade their infrastructure and service delivery but also to promote social inclusion, technological adoption, and economic development. The utilization of digital technologies enables the improvement of residents' quality of life, the advancement of sustainability practices, and the stimulation of [[economic growth]] through the creation of new industries and employment opportunities.<ref name=":72" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Caragliu |first1=Andrea |last2=Del Bo |first2=Chiara |last3=Nijkamp |first3=Peter |date=April 2011 |title=Smart Cities in Europe |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10630732.2011.601117 |journal=Journal of Urban Technology |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=65–82 |doi=10.1080/10630732.2011.601117 |issn=1063-0732}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |last1=Linde |first1=Lina |last2=Sjödin |first2=David |last3=Parida |first3=Vinit |last4=Wincent |first4=Joakim |date=2021 |title=Dynamic capabilities for ecosystem orchestration A capability-based framework for smart city innovation initiatives |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.120614 |journal=Technological Forecasting and Social Change |volume=166 |pages=120614 |doi=10.1016/j.techfore.2021.120614 |issn=0040-1625}}</ref><ref name=":62" />
The transformation into a smart city involves internal modifications in urban planning, management, and operational processes, with the implementation of digital technologies serving as both a catalyst and an objective.<ref name=":82">{{Cite journal |last1=Pittaway |first1=Jeffrey J. |last2=Montazemi |first2=Ali Reza |date=October 2020 |title=Know-how to lead digital transformation: The case of local governments |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0740624X1830457X |journal=Government Information Quarterly |volume=37 |issue=4 |pages=101474 |doi=10.1016/j.giq.2020.101474}}</ref> Within the context of smart city development, there is a particular focus on the utilization of data to inform decision-making processes. Smart city technologies, for instance, enable the monitoring of various urban parameters such as [[traffic flow]], [[energy consumption]], and [[Air quality index|air quality]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-23784-8 |title=Empowering Organizations: Enabling Platforms and Artefacts |date=2016 |publisher=Springer International Publishing |isbn=978-3-319-23783-1 |editor-last=Torre |editor-first=Teresina |series=Lecture Notes in Information Systems and Organisation |volume=11 |location=Cham |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-23784-8 |editor-last2=Braccini |editor-first2=Alessio Maria |editor-last3=Spinelli |editor-first3=Riccardo}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last1=Benevolo |first1=Clara |title=Smart Mobility in Smart City: Action Taxonomy, ICT Intensity and Public Benefits |date=2016 |work=Empowering Organizations |volume=11 |pages=13–28 |editor-last=Torre |editor-first=Teresina |url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-23784-8_2 |access-date=2024-03-27 |place=Cham |publisher=Springer International Publishing |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-23784-8_2 |isbn=978-3-319-23783-1 |last2=Dameri |first2=Renata Paola |last3=D’Auria |first3=Beatrice |editor2-last=Braccini |editor2-first=Alessio Maria |editor3-last=Spinelli |editor3-first=Riccardo}}</ref> This data can subsequently be analyzed to identify areas for improvement and optimize urban services. Additionally, smart city technologies facilitate enhanced communication and collaboration among diverse municipal departments and stakeholders.
=== Information and communication technologies ===
The concept of smart cities emerged from global cities' recent adoption<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Batty |first1=M. |last2=Axhausen |first2=K. W. |last3=Giannotti |first3=F. |last4=Pozdnoukhov |first4=A. |last5=Bazzani |first5=A. |last6=Wachowicz |first6=M. |last7=Ouzounis |first7=G. |last8=Portugali |first8=Y. |date=2012 |title=Smart cities of the future |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1140/epjst/e2012-01703-3 |journal=The European Physical Journal Special Topics |language=en |volume=214 |issue=1 |pages=481–518 |bibcode=2012EPJST.214..481B |doi=10.1140/epjst/e2012-01703-3 |issn=1951-6355 |hdl-access=free |hdl=20.500.11850/61793}}</ref> of information and communications technologies for urban use, which can be used to improve efficiency, sustainability, and livability in urban environments.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last1=Lim |first1=Yirang |last2=Edelenbos |first2=Jurian |last3=Gianoli |first3=Alberto |date=2019 |title=Identifying the results of smart city development: Findings from systematic literature review |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0264275118314161 |journal=Cities |language=en |volume=95 |pages=102397 |doi=10.1016/j.cities.2019.102397}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last1=Marsal-Llacuna |first1=Maria-Lluïsa |last2=Colomer-Llinàs |first2=Joan |last3=Meléndez-Frigola |first3=Joaquim |date=2015 |title=Lessons in urban monitoring taken from sustainable and livable cities to better address the Smart Cities initiative |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0040162514000456 |journal=Technological Forecasting and Social Change |language=en |volume=90 |pages=611–622 |doi=10.1016/j.techfore.2014.01.012}}</ref> This usage is a central tenet of the smart city concept.{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}} Some examples include the use of sensors, data analytics techniques, and mobile applications to oversee and regulate urban systems, such as systems of [[transport]]ation, [[Electricity|energy]], and [[waste management]]. According to the concept, the real-time data generated thereby then empowers cities to make better-informed decisions and refine the services they offer.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Badii |first1=C. |last2=Bellini |first2=P. |last3=Cenni |first3=D. |last4=Difino |first4=A. |last5=Nesi |first5=P. |last6=Paolucci |first6=M. |date=2017 |title=Analysis and assessment of a knowledge based smart city architecture providing service APIs |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0167739X17302273 |journal=Future Generation Computer Systems |language=en |volume=75 |pages=14–29 |doi=10.1016/j.future.2017.05.001 |hdl-access=free |hdl=2158/1082566}}</ref><ref name=":72"/>
However, the integration of ICTs into cities also presents challenges. These financial limitations in implementation, technical obstacles, and concerns relating to [[Information privacy|privacy]] and security. ICTs are also not always uniformly accessible across communities, contributing to the [[digital divide]] in which certain groups are marginalized with respect to their access to technology.<ref name=":72" />
== Definition ==
While the term has gained widespread popularity, the concept of a "smart city" is amorphous and there is no shared understanding or commonly accepted definition of what the term encompasses.<ref name=":52"/><ref name=":04">{{Cite book |last=Hu |first=Richard |title=Reinventing the Chinese City |date=2023 |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |isbn=978-0-231-21101-7 |location=New York}}</ref>{{Rp|page=71}} This presents a paradox, as measuring the impact and outcomes of a concept without a clear definition proves challenging. The absence of a universally accepted definition of a smart city poses a significant challenge for [[policy]]makers, [[Urban planning|planners]], and researchers. Without a clear understanding of its parameters, evaluating the effectiveness and impact of smart city initiatives becomes difficult. It also hampers the ability to compare and derive insights from various smart city projects and identify best practices.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Boes |first1=Kim |title=Conceptualising Smart Tourism Destination Dimensions |date=2015 |work=Information and Communication Technologies in Tourism 2015 |pages=391–403 |editor-last=Tussyadiah |editor-first=Iis |url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-14343-9_29 |access-date=2024-03-27 |place=Cham |publisher=Springer International Publishing |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-14343-9_29 |isbn=978-3-319-14342-2 |last2=Buhalis |first2=Dimitrios |last3=Inversini |first3=Alessandro |editor2-last=Inversini |editor2-first=Alessandro}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Camboim |first1=Guilherme Freitas |last2=Zawislak |first2=Paulo Antônio |last3=Pufal |first3=Nathália Amarante |date=2019 |title=Driving elements to make cities smarter: Evidences from European projects |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0040162517318607 |journal=Technological Forecasting and Social Change |volume=142 |pages=154–167 |doi=10.1016/j.techfore.2018.09.014}}</ref><ref name=":82" />
Deakin and Al Waer list four factors that contribute to the definition of a smart city:<ref name="DeakinAl_jrnl">{{cite journal |year=2011 |title=From Intelligent to Smart Cities |url=http://researchrepository.napier.ac.uk/id/eprint/7295 |journal=Journal of Intelligent Buildings International: From Intelligent Cities to Smart Cities |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=140–152 |doi=10.1080/17508975.2011.586671 |s2cid=110580067 |editor-last1=Deakin |editor-first1=Mark |editor-last2=Al Waer |editor-first2=Husam}}</ref>
# The application of a wide range of electronic and digital technologies to communities and cities.
# The use of ICT to transform life and working environments within the region.
# The embedding of such Information and Communications Technologies in government systems.
# The territorialisation of practices that brings ICT and people together to enhance the innovation and knowledge that they offer.
Deakin defines the smart city as one that utilizes ICT to meet the demands of the market (the citizens of the city), and states that community involvement in the process is necessary for a smart city.<ref name="DeakinIntro">{{cite book |last1=Deakin |first1=Mark |title=Smart Cities: Governing, Modelling and Analysing the Transition |date=22 August 2013 |publisher=Taylor and Francis |isbn=978-1135124144 |editor-last=Deakin |editor-first=Mark |page=15 |chapter=From intelligent to smart cities}}</ref> A smart city would thus be a city that not only possesses ICT technology in particular areas, but has also implemented this technology in a manner that positively impacts the local community.
=== Early definitions ===
Early examples of smart city definitions include:
* Caragliu et al. (2011): “A city is smart when investments in human and social capital and traditional (transport) and modern (ICT) communication infrastructure fuel sustainable economic growth and a high quality of life, with a wise management of natural resources, through participatory governance.”<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Caragliu |first1=Andrea |last2=Del Bo |first2=Chiara |last3=Nijkamp |first3=Peter |date=2011 |title=Smart Cities in Europe |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10630732.2011.601117 |journal=Journal of Urban Technology |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=65–82 |doi=10.1080/10630732.2011.601117 |issn=1063-0732}}</ref>
* Bakici, Almirall, & Wareham (2013): “Smart city as a high-tech intensive and advanced city that connects people, information, and city elements using new technologies in order to create a sustainable, greener city, competitive and innovative commerce, and an increased life quality.”<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bakıcı |first1=Tuba |last2=Almirall |first2=Esteve |last3=Wareham |first3=Jonathan |date=2013 |title=A Smart City Initiative: the Case of Barcelona |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s13132-012-0084-9 |journal=Journal of the Knowledge Economy |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=135–148 |doi=10.1007/s13132-012-0084-9 |issn=1868-7865}}</ref>
* Nam and Pardo (2011): “A smart city infuses information into its physical infrastructure to improve conveniences, facilitate mobility, add efficiencies, conserve energy, improve the quality of air and water, identify problems and fix them quickly, recover rapidly from disasters, collect data to make better decisions, deploy resources effectively, and share data to enable collaboration across entities and domains.”<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Nam |first1=Taewoo |last2=Pardo |first2=Theresa A. |chapter=Smart city as urban innovation: Focusing on management, policy, and context |date=2011-09-26 |title=Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Theory and Practice of Electronic Governance |chapter-url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/2072069.2072100 |publisher=ACM |pages=185–194 |doi=10.1145/2072069.2072100 |isbn=978-1-4503-0746-8}}</ref>
These definitions underscore the significance of employing technology and data to enhance urban services and foster [[Sustainability|sustainable]], liveable environments. They also stress the importance of citizen involvement and cross-sector collaboration. However, alongside these shared principles, there are notable disparities among the suggested definitions. For instance, while some definitions concentrate more on the [[Economic development|economic advantages]] of smart city endeavours, others prioritize environmental or [[Social well-being|social]] benefits. Additionally, certain definitions give precedence to specific technologies or sectors over others.<ref name=":72"/>
=== Research ===
The process of defining and conceptualizing smart city development is ongoing, resulting in a division within smart city research. Researchers are actively seeking interpretations that can unify and overcome the fragmentation created by the initial two decades of knowledge production in this field. The main issues surrounding early smart city debate the research include the following:<ref name=":03">{{Cite web |title=Untangling Smart Cities: From Utopian Dreams to Innovation Systems for a Technology-Enabled Urban Sustainability |url=https://www.everand.com/book/416393770/Untangling-Smart-Cities-From-Utopian-Dreams-to-Innovation-Systems-for-a-Technology-Enabled-Urban-Sustainability |access-date=2024-03-06 |website=Everand }}</ref>
* The absence of intellectual exchange among researchers in the smart city development domain, which is crucial for advancing ICT-driven urban sustainability initiatives.
* The inclination of smart city researchers to pursue subjective avenues of research in isolation from their peers.
* The resulting division within the scientific community due to this fragmented approach to knowledge production.
* The challenge faced by the community in establishing a shared understanding or common ground amidst the diverse knowledge generated by smart city research.<ref name=":03" />
== Motivations ==
=== Population growth ===
An important motivation for smart cities is the large projected population growth in the future, with the UN forecasting the global population to reach 9.6 to 13.2 billion by 2100, with cities absorbing 80% of this growth. The surge in population poses daunting challenges for cities, which already grapple with meeting the needs of a growing populace sustainably.{{Why|date=July 2024}} According to Mora and Deakin, novel approaches to urban sustainability, and leveraging digital technological advancements, are imperative in order to solve major inefficiencies caused by the growth of urban populations.<ref name=":06">{{Cite web |title=Untangling Smart Cities: From Utopian Dreams to Innovation Systems for a Technology-Enabled Urban Sustainability |url=https://www.everand.com/book/416393770/Untangling-Smart-Cities-From-Utopian-Dreams-to-Innovation-Systems-for-a-Technology-Enabled-Urban-Sustainability |access-date=2024-03-06 |website=Everand |language=en}}</ref>
=== Tragedy of the commons ===
An important goal of smart city initiatives is the use of information and communication technologies to address the problem of the [[tragedy of the commons]], a phenomenom which happens when each individual acting in their own self-interest leads to the depletion of a communal resource; for example as in overfishing. As individuals capitalize on [[Public service|public resources]] for personal gain, these resources diminish, intensifying competition for access to them and overuse. For example, while each individual driver in a city saves time and flexibility by driving, excessive driving causes [[traffic congestion]] and [[Environmental degradation|environmental issues]]. This leads to a tragedy of the commons situation which is often worsened by reductions to public transportation services due to the high use of personal vehicles.<ref name=":14">{{Cite book |last1=Gassmann |first1=Oliver |url=https://www.emerald.com/insight/publication/doi/10.1108/9781787696136 |title=Smart Cities: Introducing Digital Innovation to Cities |last2=Böhm |first2=Jonas |last3=Palmié |first3=Maximilian |date=2019 |publisher=Emerald Publishing Limited |isbn=978-1-78769-614-3 |doi=10.1108/9781787696136}}. Available at [https://books.google.com/books?id=gzKbDwAAQBAJ Google Books]</ref>{{Clarification needed|reason=How exactly can smart cities help with this?|date=July 2024}}
== History ==
Philosophical predecessors of the concept of smart cities can be found in utopian works such as [[New Atlantis]] in 1626.<ref name="Cugurullo 2021 p. 50">{{cite book |last=Cugurullo |first=F. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_VolEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT50 |title=Frankenstein Urbanism: Eco, Smart and Autonomous Cities, Artificial Intelligence and the End of the City |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2021 |isbn=978-1-317-31362-5 |page=50 |access-date=2023-03-12}}</ref> Another was, among other utopian works at the time. Ebenezer Howard's concept of [[Garden Cities of To-morrow|Garden Cities]] in 1898.<ref name=":03" /> These were high-density size-limited cities founded in cheap countryside by private collectives, combining the benefits of the city and the country.<ref name=":22">{{Cite web |title=Cities of Tomorrow by Peter Hall - AbeBooks |url=https://www.abebooks.co.uk/book-search/title/cities-of-tomorrow/author/peter-hall/ |access-date=2024-03-06 |website=www.abebooks.co.uk |language=en-GB}}</ref> A number of conceptions like this were created, including by [[Edward Bellamy]], [[Frank Lloyd Wright]], and [[Le Corbusier]], fueled by major problems plaguing Victorian cities.<ref name=":03" /><ref name=":22" /> Some critics of smart cities draw parallels between the weaknesses of these early utopian visions and the shortcomings of conceptions of smart cities today.<ref name=":03" />
The concept of smart cities emerged from global cities' recent adoption<ref name=":2" /> of information and communications technologies for urban use, which can be used to improve efficiency, sustainability, and livability in urban environments.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":5" /> The term "smart city" was a successor to other, earlier terms like "Wired Cities".<ref name=":8">{{Cite journal |last=Montes |first=Jose |date=2020 |title=A Historical View of Smart Cities: Definitions, Features and Tipping Points |url=https://www.ssrn.com/abstract=3637617 |journal=SSRN Electronic Journal |doi=10.2139/ssrn.3637617 |issn=1556-5068 |s2cid=238125868}}</ref> Some of the earliest cybernetic interventions in urban planning include the use of computational statistical analysis by the Community Analysis Bureau in [[Los Angeles]] in the late 1960',<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-06-16 |title=Uncovering the Early History of "Big Data" and the "Smart City" in Los Angeles |url=https://boomcalifornia.org/2015/06/16/uncovering-the-early-history-of-big-data-and-the-smart-city-in-la/ |access-date=2022-01-07 |website=Boom California}}</ref> and the establishment by [[Singapore]] of the National Computer Board in 1981.<ref name=":8" />
The concept of smart cities has gained increasing popularity over time, but it saw a major surge in adoption around 2005, particularly among technology companies. These companies sought to integrate smart city principles into urban infrastructures and services, creating sophisticated information systems to enhance operational efficiency within urban areas or cities.<ref name=":13">{{Cite book |last1=Oke |first1=Ayodeji Emmanuel |url=https://www.emerald.com/insight/publication/doi/10.1108/9781803824550 |title=Smart Cities: A Panacea for Sustainable Development |last2=Stephen |first2=Seyi Segun |last3=Aigbavboa |first3=Clinton Ohis |last4=Ogunsemi |first4=Deji Rufus |last5=Aje |first5=Isaac Olaniyi |date=2022-04-05 |publisher=Emerald Publishing Limited |isbn=978-1-80382-456-7 |doi=10.1108/9781803824550}}</ref><ref>Cisco. (2005). Dubai: The Smart City. Retrieved from <nowiki>http://www.cisco.com/</nowiki> web/learning/le34/downloads/689/nobel/2005/docs/Abdulhakim_Malik.pdf</ref><ref>IBM. (2009). IBM Offers Smarter City assessment tool to help cities. Prepare for challenges and opportunities of unprecedented urbanization. Retrieved from <nowiki>[https://www-03.ibm.com/press/us/en/pressrelease/27791 www-03.ibm.com]{{dead link|date=August 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</nowiki></ref><ref>Siemens. (2004). Stadt der Zukunft. Retrieved from <nowiki>http://www</nowiki>. siemens.com/innovation/de/publikationen/zeitschriften_pic_future/PoF_ Fruehjahr_2004/SmartCity.htm</ref> Smart cities have been criticized as being largely led by this corporate sector, rather than the visions of architects and planners.<ref name=":03" />
Recently, a global movement has emerged advocating the adoption of technological solutions and an approach based on smart cities approach towards urban sustainability.{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}} This movement is associated with a burgeoning technology market projected to experience exponential growth.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |date=2018-07-23 |title=IDC Forecasts Smart Cities Spending to Reach $158 Billion in 2022, with Singapore, Tokyo, and New York City Among Top Spenders |url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20180723005083/en/IDC-Forecasts-Smart-Cities-Spending-to-Reach-158-Billion-in-2022-with-Singapore-Tokyo-and-New-York-City-Among-Top-Spenders |access-date=2024-03-22 |website=www.businesswire.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Smart Cities Market: Growing New IT Markets Analysis Report |url=https://www.bccresearch.com/market-research/information-technology/smart-cities-growing-new-it-markets-report.html |access-date=2024-03-22 |website=www.bccresearch.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Frost & Sullivan |date=2018-04-04 |title=Frost & Sullivan Experts Announce Global Smart Cities to Raise a Market of Over $2 Trillion by 2025 |url=https://www.frost.com/news/press-releases/frost-sullivan-experts-announce-global-smart-cities-raise-market-over-2-trillion-2025/ |access-date=2024-03-22 |website=Frost & Sullivan |language=en-US}}</ref> The three largest sources of spending associated with smart cities as of 2022 are fixed visual surveillance, advanced public transit, and smart outdoor lighting.<ref name=":10" />
=== Timeline ===
[[IBM]] launched its “Smarter Cities” marketing initiative in 2008,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-11-29 |title=Smart city: smart story? |url=https://smartcityhub.com/governance-economy/smart-city-smart-story/ |access-date=2022-01-07 |website=Smart City Hub}}</ref> called [[Smarter Planet]], which included the IBM Smarter Cities Challenge. In 2010, [[Cisco Systems]], with $25 million from the Clinton Foundation, established its Connected Urban Development program in partnership with San Francisco, Amsterdam, and Seoul. In 2011, a Smart City Expo World Congress was held in Barcelona, in which 6000 people from 50 countries attended. The [[European Commission]] in 2012 established the Smart Cities Marketplace, a centralized hub for urban initiatives in the [[European Union]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Creating smart cities together |url=https://smart-cities-marketplace.ec.europa.eu/ |access-date=28 August 2022 |website=Smart Cities Marketplace}}</ref>
The 2015 Chancellor’s Budget for the United Kingdom proposed to invest £140 million in the development of smart cities and the Internet of Things (IoT).<ref name="Doe">{{cite web |last1=Doe |first1=Laurence |date=27 March 2015 |title=Budget 2015: IoT and smart cities set for investment |url=http://www.landmobile.co.uk/news/budget-2015-osborne-announces-40-million-investment-into-smart-cities-and-iot/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161124094213/http://www.landmobile.co.uk/news/budget-2015-osborne-announces-40-million-investment-into-smart-cities-and-iot |archive-date=24 November 2016 |access-date=27 March 2015 |website=Land Mobile}}</ref>
Other smart city competitions were launched in the 2010s by [[Bloomberg Philanthropies]], the [[Rockefeller Foundation]], and the [[United States Department of Transportation]] (the latter won by [[Columbus, Ohio]]).<ref name="Clark">{{cite magazine |author=Jennifer Clark |title=Solving for the city |url=https://www.technologyreview.com/2021/04/28/1023104/smart-cities-urban-technology-pandemic-covid/ |magazine=[[MIT Technology Review]] |pages=9–11 |volume=124 |issue=3, May/June 2021}}</ref> In 2016, [[AT&T]] launched an alliance with Cisco, [[Deloitte]], [[Ericsson]], [[General Electric]], IBM, [[Intel]], and [[Qualcomm]], with municipal partners [[Atlanta, Georgia]]; [[Chicago, Illinois]]; and [[Dallas, Texas]].<ref name="Clark" />
== Characteristics ==
Smart cities represent a [[paradigm shift]] in urban development, integrating advanced technologies and data-driven approaches to address the challenges of rapid [[urbanization]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Gracias |first1=Jose Sanchez |last2=Parnell |first2=Gregory S. |last3=Specking |first3=Eric |last4=Pohl |first4=Edward A. |last5=Buchanan |first5=Randy |date=2023-07-11 |title=Smart Cities—A Structured Literature Review |journal=Smart Cities |language=en |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=1719–1743 |doi=10.3390/smartcities6040080 |doi-access=free |issn=2624-6511}}</ref> This section outlines several key characteristics that define these innovative urban environments.
# '''Connectivity''': Smart cities rely on extensive [[Internet of things|Internet of Things (IoT)]] networks to collect and transmit data from various sensors and devices throughout the urban environment.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Albino |first1=Vito |last2=Berardi |first2=Umberto |last3=Dangelico |first3=Rosa Maria |date=2015-01-02 |title=Smart Cities: Definitions, Dimensions, Performance, and Initiatives |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10630732.2014.942092 |journal=Journal of Urban Technology |language=en |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=3–21 |doi=10.1080/10630732.2014.942092 |issn=1063-0732}}</ref>
# '''Data-driven decision making''': City administrators use advanced analytics and artificial intelligence to process large volumes of data, enabling more informed and responsive governance.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Shahat Osman |first1=Ahmed M. |last2=Elragal |first2=Ahmed |date=2021-02-28 |title=Smart Cities and Big Data Analytics: A Data-Driven Decision-Making Use Case |journal=Smart Cities |language=en |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=286–313 |doi=10.3390/smartcities4010018 |doi-access=free |issn=2624-6511}}</ref>
# '''Sustainable infrastructure''': Smart cities prioritize energy-efficient buildings, renewable energy sources, and intelligent transportation systems to reduce their environmental impact.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Smart and Sustainable Cities: What Does It Mean? |url=https://www.beesmart.city/en/smart-city-blog/smart-and-sustainable-cities-what-does-it-mean |access-date=2024-08-07 |website=www.beesmart.city |language=en}}</ref>
# '''Urban Optimization''': Smart cities leverage [[state of the art]] technologies to minimize resource usage, reduce ecological footprints, and enhance living standards for their inhabitants. This approach focuses on creating more livable, environmentally responsible urban spaces.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Smart Cities - Fabled Sky Research |url=https://fabledsky.com/knowledge-base/smart-cities/ |access-date=2024-08-07 |language=en-US}}</ref>
# '''Citizen engagement''': Digital platforms and mobile applications facilitate communication between residents and local government, promoting participation in urban planning and decision-making processes.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Cardullo |first1=Paolo |last2=Kitchin |first2=Rob |date=2019-02-01 |title=Being a 'citizen' in the smart city: up and down the scaffold of smart citizen participation in Dublin, Ireland |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-018-9845-8 |journal=GeoJournal |language=en |volume=84 |issue=1 |pages=1–13 |doi=10.1007/s10708-018-9845-8 |bibcode=2019GeoJo..84....1C |issn=1572-9893}}</ref>
# '''Smart mobility''': [[Integrated design|Integrated]] transportation systems, including public transit, bike-sharing, and autonomous vehicles, aim to reduce congestion and improve accessibility.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Smart Mobility in the Smart Cities of Tomorrow |url=https://rideamigos.com/smart-mobility-in-smart-cities |access-date=2024-08-07 |website=RideAmigos |language=en-US}}</ref>
# '''Enhanced public services''': Smart cities utilize technology to improve the delivery of essential services such as healthcare, education, and waste management.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Nam |first1=Taewoo |last2=Pardo |first2=Theresa A. |chapter=Conceptualizing smart city with dimensions of technology, people, and institutions |date=2011-06-12 |title=Proceedings of the 12th Annual International Digital Government Research Conference: Digital Government Innovation in Challenging Times |chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.1145/2037556.2037602 |series=dg.o '11 |location=New York, NY, USA |publisher=Association for Computing Machinery |pages=282–291 |doi=10.1145/2037556.2037602 |isbn=978-1-4503-0762-8}}</ref>
These characteristics work in tandem to create more efficient, sustainable, and livable urban environments. However, it is important to note that the implementation of smart city initiatives also raises concerns about privacy, data security, and digital inclusion.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kitchin |first=Rob |date=2014-02-01 |title=The real-time city? Big data and smart urbanism |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-013-9516-8 |journal=GeoJournal |language=en |volume=79 |issue=1 |pages=1–14 |doi=10.1007/s10708-013-9516-8 |bibcode=2014GeoJo..79....1K |issn=1572-9893}}</ref>
== Methods ==
{{Copyedit|date=July 2024|section}}
=== Information and communications technologies ===
It has been suggested that a smart city (or other community) uses information technologies to:{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}
# Make more efficient use of physical infrastructure (roads, [[built environment]] and other physical assets) through [[artificial intelligence]] and [[data analytics]] in order to support a strong and healthy economic, social, cultural development.<ref name="Hollands">{{cite journal |last=Hollands |first=R. G |year=2008 |title=Will the real smart city please stand up? |url=https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/79888 |journal=City |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=303–320 |bibcode=2008City...12..303H |doi=10.1080/13604810802479126 |s2cid=143073956}}</ref>
# Engage effectively with local governance<ref name="Johns">{{cite journal |last1=Johns |first1=Fleur |date=13 October 2021 |title=Governance by Data |journal=Annual Review of Law and Social Science |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=53–71 |doi=10.1146/annurev-lawsocsci-120920-085138 |issn=1550-3585 |s2cid=235546816 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free |hdl=1959.4/unsworks_75698}}</ref> by use of [[open innovation]] processes and [[e-participation]], improving the collective intelligence of the city's institutions through [[e-governance]],<ref name="Komninos_ch" /> with emphasis placed on citizen participation and [[co-design]].<ref name="Deakin2007">{{cite journal |author=Deakin, M |year=2007 |title=From city of bits to e-topia: taking the thesis on digitally-inclusive regeneration full circle |url=http://markdeakin.cgpublisher.com/product/pub.85/prod.395 |url-status=dead |journal=Journal of Urban Technology |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=131–143 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160318212436/http://markdeakin.cgpublisher.com/product/pub.85/prod.395/ |archive-date=18 March 2016 |access-date=3 November 2014}}</ref><ref name="DeakinAllwinkle2007">{{cite journal |author=Deakin, M |author2=Allwinkle, S |year=2007 |title=Urban regeneration and sustainable communities: the role of networks, innovation and creativity in building successful partnerships |url=http://researchrepository.napier.ac.uk/id/eprint/1998 |journal=Journal of Urban Technology |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=77–91 |doi=10.1080/10630730701260118 |s2cid=153965022}}</ref>
# Learn, adapt and innovate and thereby respond more effectively and promptly to changing circumstances by improving the intelligence of the city.<ref name="Komninos_ch" /><ref>{{cite journal |last=Coe |first=A. |author2=Paquet, G. |author3=Roy, J. |year=2001 |title=E-governance and smart communities: a social learning challenge |url=http://www.gouvernance.ca/publications/00-53.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Social Science Computer Review |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=80–93 |doi=10.1177/089443930101900107 |s2cid=53380562 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303233136/http://www.gouvernance.ca/publications/00-53.pdf |archive-date=3 March 2016 |access-date=3 November 2014}}</ref>
They evolve towards a strong integration of all dimensions of [[Intelligence#Human intelligence|human intelligence]], [[collective intelligence]], and also [[artificial intelligence]] within the [[city]].<ref name="Komninos2008">{{cite book |last=Komninos |first=N. |title=Intelligent Cities and Globalisation of Innovation Networks |publisher=Routledge |year=2008 |isbn=9780415455923}}</ref>{{rp|112–113}}<ref>{{cite book |author1=Atlee, T. |url=http://www.evolutionarynexus.org/wiki/collective_intelligence_tom_atlee_and_george_p%C3%B3r |title=Evolutionary Nexus: connecting communities for emergence |author2=Pór, George |year=2006 |access-date=6 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019204929/http://www.evolutionarynexus.org/wiki/collective_intelligence_tom_atlee_and_george_p%C3%B3r |archive-date=19 October 2015 |url-status=live |name-list-style=amp}}</ref> According to Mitchell, the intelligence of cities "resides in the increasingly effective combination of digital [[telecommunication network]]s (the nerves), ubiquitously [[embedded intelligence]] (the brain), sensors and [[Smart label|tags]] (the sensory organs), and [[software]] (the knowledge and cognitive competence)".<ref>{{cite journal |author=Mitchell, W. |year=2007 |title=Intelligent cities |url=http://www.uoc.edu/uocpapers/5/dt/eng/mitchell.html |url-status=live |journal=e-Journal on the Knowledge Society |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170228194411/http://www.uoc.edu/uocpapers/5/dt/eng/mitchell.html |archive-date=28 February 2017 |access-date=1 February 2015}}</ref>
The physical components of IT systems are crucial to early-stage smart city development. Wired infrastructure is required to support the IoT and wireless technologies central to more interconnected living.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Smart cities are about people |url=https://www.smartcitiesworld.net/news/news/smart-cities-are-about-people-2932 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629040256/https://www.smartcitiesworld.net/news/news/smart-cities-are-about-people-2932 |archive-date=29 June 2019 |access-date=2019-06-29 |website=Smart Cities World}}</ref> A wired city environment provides general access to continually updated digital and physical infrastructure. The latest in telecommunications, [[robotics]], IoT, and various connected technologies can then be deployed to support human capital and productivity.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Intelligent Cities: R&D offshoring, web 2.0 product development and globalization of innovation systems |url=http://www.urenio.org/wp-content/uploads/2008/11/Intelligent-Cities-Shenzhen-2009-Komninos-Sefertzi.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180516180354/http://www.urenio.org/wp-content/uploads/2008/11/Intelligent-Cities-Shenzhen-2009-Komninos-Sefertzi.pdf |archive-date=16 May 2018 |access-date=20 December 2016}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last1=Nam |first1=Taewoo |last2=Pardo |first2=Theresa A |title=Conceptualizing Smart City with Dimensions of Technology, People, and Institutions |url=https://www.ctg.albany.edu/media/pubs/pdfs/dgo_2011_smartcity.pdf |department=Center for Technology in Government University at Albany, State University of New York, U.S. |journal=The Proceedings of the 12th Annual International Conference on Digital Government Research}}</ref>
=== Forms of intelligence ===
[[File:Bletchley Park - Draco2008.jpg|thumbnail|right|Bletchley Park is often considered to be the first smart community.]]Intelligence in smart cities has been demonstrated in three ways:{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}
# '''Orchestration intelligence''':<ref name="Komninos_ch" /> Cities establish institutions and community-based problem solving and collaborations, such as in [[Bletchley Park]], where the Nazi Enigma cipher was decoded by a team led by [[Alan Turing]]. This has been referred to as the first example of a smart city or an intelligent community.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Deakin |first1=Mark |last2=Al Waer |first2=Husam |year=2011 |title=From intelligent to smart cities |journal=Journal of Intelligent Buildings International: From Intelligent Cities to Smart Cities |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=140–152 |doi=10.1080/17508975.2011.586671 |s2cid=110580067}}</ref>
# '''Empowerment intelligence''': Cities provide [[open platform]]s, experimental facilities and smart city infrastructure in order to cluster innovation in certain districts. These are seen in the Kista Science City in Stockholm and the Cyberport Zone in Hong Kong. Similar facilities have also been established in [[Melbourne]] and [[Kyiv]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Department of Sustainability and Environment |date=2005 |title=Melbourne 2030 |url=http://www.nre.vic.gov.au/melbourne2030online/content/implementation_plans/03b_actions.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530120605/http://www.nre.vic.gov.au/melbourne2030online/content/implementation_plans/03b_actions.html |archive-date=30 May 2015 |access-date=30 May 2015 |publisher=State Government of Victoria}}</ref>
# '''Instrumentation intelligence''': City infrastructure is made smart through [[real-time data]] collection, with analysis and [[predictive modelling]] across city districts. There is much controversy surrounding this, particularly with regards to [[surveillance issues in smart cities]].
Examples of instrumentation intelligence are those implemented in [[Amsterdam]].<ref name="Amsterdam">{{cite web |author=Amsterdam Smart City |title=Amsterdam Smart City ~ Projects |url=http://amsterdamsmartcity.com/projects |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120922030047/http://amsterdamsmartcity.com/projects |archive-date=22 September 2012 |access-date=30 May 2015}}</ref> This is realized through:<ref name="Komninos_ch" />
# A common [[Internet Protocol|IP]] infrastructure that is open to researchers to develop applications.
# Wireless meters and devices transmit information at the point in time.
# A number of homes being provided with [[smart energy meter]]s to become aware of energy consumption and reduce energy usage.
# [[Solar power]] [[garbage compactor]]s, [[Charging station|car recharging stations]] and [[energy saving lamp]]s.
===Energy usage===
Smart cities use data and technology to create efficiencies, improve sustainability, create economic development, and enhance quality of life factors for people living and working in the city.{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}} A variety of different datasets may need to be integrated to create a smart energy infrastructure.<ref name="Donti">{{cite journal |last1=Donti |first1=Priya L. |last2=Kolter |first2=J. Zico |date=18 October 2021 |title=Machine Learning for Sustainable Energy Systems |journal=Annual Review of Environment and Resources |volume=46 |issue=1 |pages=719–747 |doi=10.1146/annurev-environ-020220-061831 |issn=1543-5938 |s2cid=238321691 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Employment of smart technologies enables the more efficient application of integrated energy technologies in the city allowing the development of more self-sustaining areas or even [[Positive Energy District|positive energy district]]s that produce more energy than they consume.<ref name="Tuominen">{{cite news |last1=Tuominen |first1=Pekka |date=May 12, 2020 |title=Yes to positive energy districts |url=https://www.vttresearch.com/en/news-and-ideas/yes-positive-energy-districts-how-make-it-happen |access-date=28 August 2022 |work=VTT News - Beyond the Obvious |agency=VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland}}</ref>{{How|date=July 2024}}
A smart city is powered by "smart connections" for various items such as street lighting, [[Building automation|smart buildings]], [[Distributed generation|distributed energy resources]] (DER), [[Data analysis|data analytics]], and smart transportation. Amongst these things, energy is paramount; this is why utility companies play a key role in smart cities. Electric companies, working partnership with city officials, technology companies and a number of other institutions, are among the major players that helped accelerate the growth of America's smart cities.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Riley |first=Kim |date=15 June 2017 |title=Pittsburgh, San Diego city officials put utilities as major players in smart-city partnerships |url=https://dailyenergyinsider.com/featured/5836-pittsburgh-san-diego-city-officials-put-utilities-major-players-smart-city-partnerships/ |access-date=25 September 2017 |work=Daily Energy Insider}}</ref>
According to David K. Owens, the former executive vice president of the [[Edison Electric Institute]], two key elements that a smart city must have are an integrated communications platform and a "dynamic resilient grid."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Riley |first=Kim |date=16 November 2017 |title=America needs smart grid investments pronto, stakeholders say at NARUC event |url=https://dailyenergyinsider.com/featured/9120-america-needs-smart-grid-investments-pronto-stakeholders-say-naruc-event/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190828222613/https://dailyenergyinsider.com/featured/9120-america-needs-smart-grid-investments-pronto-stakeholders-say-naruc-event/ |archive-date=28 August 2019 |access-date=11 December 2017 |work=Daily Energy Insider}}</ref>
[[Smart grid]]s are an important technology in smart cities. The improved flexibility of the smart grid permits greater penetration of highly variable renewable energy sources such as solar power and wind power.{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}
Energy Data Management Systems (EDMS) can help to save cities [[Energy conservation|energy]] by recording data and using it to increase efficiency.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Smart City Technologies and Solutions to Deliver Better a Living {{!}} COPA-DATA |url=https://www.copadata.com/en/industries/smart-city/smart-city-insights/smart-city-solutions-better-living/ |access-date=2021-12-08 |website=www.copadata.com}}</ref>
===Data management===
For a smart city to function, it is necessary for it to manage an enormous amount of data collected through the embedded devices and systems in its environment.<ref name=":1" /> This is also important for the cities growth and security.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nisenbaum |first=Amit |title=What's Holding Smart Cities Back? |url=https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/whats-holding-smart-cities-back/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629040251/https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/whats-holding-smart-cities-back/ |archive-date=29 June 2019 |access-date=2019-06-29 |website=Scientific American Blog Network}}</ref> Smart cities use a variety of data collection, processing, and disseminating technologies, in conjunction with data security and privacy measures, in attempting to encourage innovation and improve citizens' quality of life.<ref name=":1" /> This can relate to topics including utilities, health, transportation, entertainment and government services.<ref name=":1">{{cite journal |last1=Gharaibeh |first1=A. |last2=Salahuddin |first2=M. A. |last3=Hussini |first3=S. J. |last4=Khreishah |first4=A. |last5=Khalil |first5=I. |last6=Guizani |first6=M. |last7=Al-Fuqaha |first7=A. |year=2017 |title=Smart Cities: A Survey on Data Management, Security, and Enabling Technologies |journal=IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials |volume=19 |issue=4 |pages=2456–2501 |doi=10.1109/COMST.2017.2736886 |s2cid=206578345}}</ref>
Online collaborative sensor data management platforms are on-line database services that allow sensor owners to register and connect their devices to feed data into an on-line database for storage and allow developers to connect to the database and build their own applications based on that data.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Boyle |first1=D. |last2=Yates |first2=D. |last3=Yeatman |first3=E. |year=2013 |title=Urban Sensor Data Streams: London 2013 |journal=IEEE Internet Computing |volume=17 |issue=6 |pages=1 |doi=10.1109/MIC.2013.85 |s2cid=17820999}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Silva |first1=Dilshan |last2=Ghanem |first2=Moustafa |last3=Guo |first3=Yike |year=2012 |title=WikiSensing: An Online Collaborative Approach for Sensor Data Management |journal=Sensors |volume=12 |issue=10 |pages=13295–13332 |bibcode=2012Senso..1213295S |doi=10.3390/s121013295 |pmc=3545568 |pmid=23201997 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
Electronic cards (known as [[smart card]]s) are another common component in smart city contexts. These cards possess a unique encrypted identifier that allows the owner to log into a range of government provided services (or [[e-service]]s) without setting up multiple accounts. The single identifier allows governments to aggregate [[big data|data]] [[Mass surveillance|about citizens]] and their preferences to improve the provision of services and to determine common interests of groups. This technology has been implemented in Southampton.<ref name="DeakinAl_jrnl" />
Cognitive technologies, such as [[artificial intelligence]] and [[machine learning]], can be trained on the data generated by connected city devices to identify patterns. The efficacy and impact of particular policy decisions can be quantified by cognitive systems studying the continuous interactions of humans with their urban surroundings.<ref name="Ark">{{cite news |last1=Ark |first1=Tom Vander |date=June 26, 2018 |title=How Cities Are Getting Smart Using Artificial Intelligence |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/tomvanderark/2018/06/26/how-cities-are-getting-smart-using-artificial-intelligence/#7e6178503803 |access-date=28 August 2022 |work=Forbes}}</ref>
=== Transportation ===
[[Bicycle-sharing system]]s are an important element in smart cities.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Chiariotti |first1=Federico |title=2018 7th International Conference on Modern Circuits and Systems Technologies (MOCAST) |last2=Pielli |first2=Chiara |last3=Cenedese |first3=Angelo |last4=Zanella |first4=Andrea |last5=Zorzi |first5=Michele |date=May 2018 |isbn=978-1-5386-4788-2 |pages=1–6 |chapter=Bike sharing as a key smart city service: State of the art and future developments |doi=10.1109/MOCAST.2018.8376628 |chapter-url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8376628 |s2cid=49187242}}</ref>
[[Intelligent transportation system]]s and [[Closed-circuit television|CCTV]] systems are also being developed.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pribadi |first1=Arif |title=2017 International Seminar on Intelligent Technology and Its Applications (ISITIA) |last2=Kumiawan |first2=Fachrul |last3=Hariadi |first3=Mochamad |last4=Nugroho |first4=Supeno Mardi Susiki |date=August 2017 |isbn=978-1-5386-2708-2 |pages=21–24 |chapter=Urban distribution CCTV for smart city using decision tree methods |doi=10.1109/ISITIA.2017.8124048 |s2cid=194177}}</ref>
[[Bollard#Removable bollards|Retractable bollard]]s allow to restrict access inside city centers (i.e. to delivery trucks resupplying outlet stores). Opening and closing of such barriers is traditionally done manually, through an electronic pass<ref>Carbon Zero: Imagining Cities that can save the planet by Alex Steffen, page 54</ref> but can even be done by means of [[Automatic number-plate recognition|ANPR]] cameras connected to the bollard system.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 December 2018 |title=Call for retractable 'coffin' bollards and no-driving zones outside Bristol schools |url=https://www.bristolpost.co.uk/news/call-retractable-coffin-bollards-no-2295946 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810083504/https://www.bristolpost.co.uk/news/call-retractable-coffin-bollards-no-2295946 |archive-date=10 August 2020 |access-date=1 September 2020}}</ref>
=== Human factors ===
According to McKinsey, smart city initiatives can have measurable positive impacts on the quality of life of its citizens and visitors.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Smart city technology for a more liveable future {{!}} McKinsey |url=https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/capital-projects-and-infrastructure/our-insights/smart-cities-digital-solutions-for-a-more-livable-future |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626221105/https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/capital-projects-and-infrastructure/our-insights/smart-cities-digital-solutions-for-a-more-livable-future |archive-date=26 June 2019 |access-date=2019-06-29 |website=www.mckinsey.com}}</ref> The human framework of a smart city – its economy, knowledge networks, and human support systems – is an important indicator of its success.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |title=United Smart Cities (USC) – United Nations Partnerships for SDGs platform |url=https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/partnership/?p=10009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190828222617/https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/partnership/?p=10009 |archive-date=28 August 2019 |access-date=2019-06-29 |website=sustainabledevelopment.un.org}}</ref>
For example, arts and culture initiatives are common focus areas in smart city planning.<ref>{{Cite web |title=engagingcommunities2005.org |url=http://www.engagingcommunities2005.org/abstracts/Bartlet-%20Leo-final.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227235327/http://www.engagingcommunities2005.org/abstracts/Bartlet-%20Leo-final.pdf |archive-date=27 February 2017 |access-date=20 December 2016 |website=www.engagingcommunities2005.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Borda |first1=Ann |title=Museums and Digital Culture |last2=Bowen |first2=Jonathan P. |author-link2=Jonathan Bowen |date=2019 |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]] |isbn=978-3-319-97456-9 |editor1-last=Giannini |editor1-first=Tula |editor-link1=Tula Giannini |series=Series on Cultural Computing |pages=523–549 |chapter=Smart Cities and Digital Culture: Models of Innovation |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-97457-6_27 |issn=2195-9064 |editor2-last=Bowen |editor2-first=Jonathan P. |editor-link2=Jonathan Bowen |s2cid=159042161}}</ref> Innovation is associated with intellectual curiosity and creativeness, and various projects have demonstrated that knowledge workers participate in a diverse mix of cultural and artistic activities.<ref name="Eger">{{cite news |last1=Eger |first1=John M. |date=24 July 2015 |title=Creativity in the Smart City Is What Makes a City Really Smart |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/creativity-in-the-smart-c_b_7648342 |access-date=27 August 2022 |work=HuffPost}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Malanga |first1=Steven |date=23 December 2015 |title=The Curse of the Creative Class |url=https://www.city-journal.org/html/curse-creative-class-12491.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180811195230/https://www.city-journal.org/html/curse-creative-class-12491.html |archive-date=11 August 2018 |access-date=11 August 2018 |website=City Journal}}</ref>
Since mobility is a key area of smart city development, building a capable workforce through education initiatives is necessary.<ref name=":02" />{{Clarification needed|reason=How does the workforce help with this? What exactly is meant by "mobility"?|date=July 2024}} A city's learning capacity includes its education system, including available workforce training and support, and its cultural development and exchange.<ref name="Brent">{{Cite web |last=Moser |first=Mary Anne |title=What is Smart about the Smart Communities Movement? |url=https://www.ucalgary.ca/ejournal/archive/v10-11/v10-11n1Moser-browse.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170210151210/http://www.ucalgary.ca/ejournal/archive/v10-11/v10-11n1Moser-browse.html |archive-date=10 February 2017 |access-date=20 December 2016 |website=www.ucalgary.ca |publisher=University of Calgary EJournal 10–11(1)}}</ref>
Numerous Smart city programs also focus on soft infrastructure development, like increasing access to voluntary organizations and designated safe zones.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Glaeser |first1=Edward L. |last2=Berry |first2=Christopher R. |title=Why Are Smart Places Getting Smarter? |url=https://www.hks.harvard.edu/sites/default/files/centers/rappaport/files/brief_divergence.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190828222613/https://www.hks.harvard.edu/sites/default/files/centers/rappaport/files/brief_divergence.pdf |archive-date=28 August 2019 |access-date=11 August 2018 |website=Harvard University}}</ref> This focus on social and relational capital means diversity, inclusion, and ubiquitous access to public services is worked in to city planning.<ref name=":12" />
The development of a [[knowledge economy]] is also central to Smart city projects.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Smarter cities for smarter growth: How cities can optimize their systems for the talent-based economy |url=https://www.zurich.ibm.com/pdf/isl/infoportal/IBV_SC3_report_GBE03348USEN.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221090251/https://www.zurich.ibm.com/pdf/isl/infoportal/IBV_SC3_report_GBE03348USEN.pdf |archive-date=21 December 2016 |access-date=20 December 2016 |website=www.zurich.ibm.com}}</ref> Smart cities seeking to be hubs of economic activity in emerging tech and service sectors stress the value of innovation in city development.<ref name=":12" />
=== Other technologies ===
{{Copy edit|date=July 2024|section|for=lack of context, detail, and organization}}
Mobile devices (such as [[smartphone]]s and tablets) are a key technology allowing citizens to connect to the smart city services.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 April 2018 |title=With smart cities, your every step will be recorded |url=https://theconversation.com/with-smart-cities-your-every-step-will-be-recorded-94527 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608085508/https://theconversation.com/with-smart-cities-your-every-step-will-be-recorded-94527 |archive-date=8 June 2020 |access-date=8 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Secure, sustainable smart cities and the IoT |url=https://www.thalesgroup.com/en/markets/digital-identity-and-security/iot/inspired/smart-cities |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608085508/https://www.thalesgroup.com/en/markets/digital-identity-and-security/iot/inspired/smart-cities |archive-date=8 June 2020 |access-date=8 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 October 2016 |title=Smartphones – not flying cars – will define the smart cities of the future |url=https://www.information-age.com/smartphones-not-flying-cars-will-define-smart-cities-future-123462622/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608085510/https://www.information-age.com/smartphones-not-flying-cars-will-define-smart-cities-future-123462622/ |archive-date=8 June 2020 |access-date=8 June 2020}}</ref>
Smart cities also rely on [[smart home]]s and specifically, the [[Smart home technology|technology used in them]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Klein |first1=Cornel |chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-85500-2_24 |title=Next Generation Teletraffic and Wired/Wireless Advanced Networking |last2=Kaefer |first2=Gerald |date=2008 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-540-85499-9 |series=Lecture Notes in Computer Science |volume=5174 |location=Berlin, Heidelberg |pages=260 |chapter=From Smart Homes to Smart Cities: Opportunities and Challenges from an Industrial Perspective |doi=10.1007/978-3-540-85500-2_24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Mehrotra |first1=Siddharth |title=2015 International Conference on Green Computing and Internet of Things (ICGCIoT) |last2=Dhande |first2=Rashi |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-4673-7910-6 |pages=1236–1239 |chapter=Smart cities and smart homes: From realization to reality |doi=10.1109/ICGCIoT.2015.7380652 |access-date=8 June 2020 |chapter-url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7380652 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608090010/https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7380652 |archive-date=8 June 2020 |url-status=live |s2cid=14156800}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Need to Redefine the Smart Home and its Link to Smart Cities |url=https://hub.beesmart.city/strategy/redefining-the-smart-home-in-smart-cities |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608090011/https://hub.beesmart.city/strategy/redefining-the-smart-home-in-smart-cities |archive-date=8 June 2020 |access-date=8 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 September 2017 |title=How smart homes can connect to smart cities |url=https://www.smartcity.press/how-smart-homes-can-connect-smart-cities/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608090008/https://www.smartcity.press/how-smart-homes-can-connect-smart-cities/ |archive-date=8 June 2020 |access-date=8 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Redefining the smart home in smart cities |url=https://hub.beesmart.city/strategy/redefining-the-smart-home-in-smart-cities |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608090011/https://hub.beesmart.city/strategy/redefining-the-smart-home-in-smart-cities |archive-date=8 June 2020 |access-date=8 June 2020}}</ref>
Digital [[Library|libraries]] have also been established in several smart cities.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Koukopoulos |first1=Zois |title=Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Web Intelligence, Mining and Semantics |last2=Koukopoulos |first2=Dimitrios |last3=Jung |first3=Jason J. |date=2019 |isbn=9781450361903 |pages=1–12 |chapter=Sustainability Services for Public Libraries within a Smart City Environment |doi=10.1145/3326467.3326473 |chapter-url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/3326467.3326473 |s2cid=160010103}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tripathi |first1=Sneha |last2=Singh |first2=Manendra Kumar |last3=Tripathi |first3=Aditya |date=7 February 2017 |title=Smart Library for Smart Cities |journal=SRELS Journal of Information Management |pages=439–446 |doi=10.17821/srels/2016/v53i6/89406}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Aiyappa |first1=Manu |date=July 1, 2021 |title=Smart Cities miss key awards as projects move at snail's pace {{!}} Bengaluru News |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/smart-cities-miss-key-awards-as-projects-move-at-snails-pace/articleshow/84001391.cms |access-date=28 August 2022 |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Windsor Public Library: a brick-and-mortar library that also has an ebook lending service |url=https://www.windsorpubliclibrary.com/?page_id=65204 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023075326/https://www.windsorpubliclibrary.com/?page_id=65204 |archive-date=23 October 2020 |access-date=17 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Shivamogga Smart City Digital Library |url=https://www.sscldl.com/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210222113332/https://www.sscldl.com/ |archive-date=22 February 2021 |access-date=17 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tumakuru Digital Library |url=https://tumakurudigitallibrary.in/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715110211/https://tumakurudigitallibrary.in/ |archive-date=15 July 2020 |access-date=17 September 2020}}</ref>
Additional supporting technology and trends include [[remote work]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Smart cities and telecommuting in Ecuador |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301408856 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210326050523/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301408856_Smart_cities_and_telecommuting_in_Ecuador |archive-date=26 March 2021 |access-date=9 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=11 October 2019 |title=Innovation vs Technology. Redefining "Smart" in Smart-Cities |url=https://medium.com/swlh/innovation-vs-technology-redefining-smart-in-smart-cities-8e82857d7004 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609105640/https://medium.com/swlh/innovation-vs-technology-redefining-smart-in-smart-cities-8e82857d7004 |archive-date=9 June 2020 |access-date=9 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Remote Work Revolution and the Future of (Smart) Cities |url=https://spicefactory.co/blog/2019/10/25/remote-work-future-of-cities/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609104855/https://spicefactory.co/blog/2019/10/25/remote-work-future-of-cities/ |archive-date=9 June 2020 |access-date=9 June 2020}}</ref> [[telehealth]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Telecommunication Infrastructures for Telemedicine in Smart Cities |url=http://ceur-ws.org/Vol-2255/paper23.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224072813/http://ceur-ws.org/Vol-2255/paper23.pdf |archive-date=24 February 2021 |access-date=9 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Telemedicine and Smart Cities |url=https://telemedicine.arizona.edu/blog/telemedicine-and-smart-cities |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609104905/https://telemedicine.arizona.edu/blog/telemedicine-and-smart-cities |archive-date=9 June 2020 |access-date=9 June 2020}}</ref> the [[blockchain]],<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Li |first1=Shuling |title=2018 IEEE International Conference on Smart Internet of Things (SmartIoT) |year=2018 |isbn=978-1-5386-8543-3 |pages=276–2766 |chapter=Application of Blockchain Technology in Smart City Infrastructure |doi=10.1109/SmartIoT.2018.00056 |chapter-url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8465562 |s2cid=52288306}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kundu |first1=Debasish |year=2019 |title=Blockchain and Trust in a Smart City |journal=Environment and Urbanization ASIA |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=31–43 |bibcode=2019EnUrA..10...31K |doi=10.1177/0975425319832392 |s2cid=159098611 |doi-access=free}}</ref> [[online banking]] technology,<ref>{{Cite web |title=How Traditional Banks Should Work in Smart City |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310791133 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210312232742/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310791133_How_Traditional_Banks_Should_Work_in_Smart_City |archive-date=12 March 2021 |access-date=8 June 2020}}</ref>
A "ubiquitous city", one concept of a smart city, provides access to public services through any connected device. U-city is an extension of the digital city concept because of the facility in terms of accessibility to every infrastructure.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Anthopoulos |first1=Leonidas |url=https://archive.org/details/nextgenerationso00side |title=Next Generation Society. Technological and Legal Issues |last2=Fitsilis |first2=Panos |date=23 September 2009 |publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg |isbn=9783642116292 |editor-last=Sideridis |editor-first=Alexander B. |series=Lecture Notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering |volume=26 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/nextgenerationso00side/page/n361 360]–372 |chapter=From Online to Ubiquitous Cities: The Technical Transformation of Virtual Communities |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-11631-5_33 |editor-last2=Patrikakis |editor-first2=Charalampos Z. |url-access=limited}}</ref>
==Criticism==
{{See also|Surveillance issues in smart cities}}{{Copyedit|date=July 2024|section|for=list format and lack of organization}}
The criticisms of smart cities are varied:<ref name="Hollands" />
* The high level of [[big data]] collection and analytics has raised questions regarding [[surveillance issues in smart cities|surveillance in smart cities]], particularly as it relates to [[predictive policing]] and abuse by law enforcement.
* A bias in strategic interest may lead to ignoring non-ICT centered modes of promising urban development.<ref>{{cite book |author=Greenfield, A. |title=Against the Smart City. |publisher=Verso |year=2013 |location=London |asin=B00FHQ5DBS}}</ref>
* A smart city, as a scientifically planned city, would defy the fact that real development in cities is often haphazard and participatory. In that line of criticism, the smart city is seen as unattractive for citizens as they "can deaden and stupefy the people who live in its all-efficient embrace".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sennett |first=Richard |date=4 December 2012 |title=No one likes a city that's too smart |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/dec/04/smart-city-rio-songdo-masdar |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318004523/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/dec/04/smart-city-rio-songdo-masdar |archive-date=18 March 2017 |access-date=17 March 2017 |work=The Guardian}}</ref>
* The focus of the concept of smart city may lead to an underestimation of the possible negative effects of the development of the new technological and networked infrastructures needed for a city to be smart.<ref>{{cite book |author=Graham, S. |title=Telecommunications and the city: electronic spaces, urban place |author2=Marvin, S. |publisher=Routledge |year=1996 |isbn=9780203430453 |location=London}}</ref>
* As a [[globalization|globalized]] [[business model]] is based on [[capital mobility]], following a business-oriented model may result in a losing long-term strategy: "The 'spatial fix' inevitably means that mobile capital can often 'write its own deals' to come to town, only to move on when it receives a better deal elsewhere. This is no less true for the smart city than it was for the industrial, [or] manufacturing city."<ref name="Hollands" />
*In the smart city environment there are many threats that affect the privacy of individuals. The technology is involved in scanning, identification, checking the current location, including time and direction of movement. Residents may feel that they are constantly monitored and controlled.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rubisz |first=Szymon |date=2020 |title=Some Issues with the Right to Privacy in Smart Cities |journal=Scientific Papers of Silesian University of Technology – Organization and Management Series |volume=2020 |issue=147 |pages=237–246 |doi=10.29119/1641-3466.2020.147.18 |s2cid=232592742 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
* As of August 2018, the discussion on smart cities centers around the usage and implementation of technology rather than on the inhabitants of the cities and how they can be involved in the process.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Marrone |first1=Mauricio |last2=Hammerle |first2=Mara |year=2018 |title=Smart Cities: A Review and Analysis of Stakeholders' Literature |journal=Business & Information Systems Engineering |volume=60 |issue=3 |pages=197–213 |doi=10.1007/s12599-018-0535-3 |s2cid=207433624}}</ref>
*Especially in low-income countries, smart cities are irrelevant to the urban population which lives in poverty with limited access to basic services. A focus on smart cities may worsen inequality and marginalization.<ref name=":11">{{Cite journal |last=Watson |first=Vanessa |date=6 December 2013 |title=African urban fantasies: dreams or nightmares? |journal=Environment and Urbanization |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=215–231 |doi=10.1177/0956247813513705 |issn=0956-2478 |s2cid=154398313 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
*If a smart city strategy is not planned for people with accessibility problems, such as persons with disabilities affecting mobility, vision, hearing, and cognitive function, the implementation of new technologies could create new barriers.<ref name=":15">{{Cite web |last=Woyke |first=Elizabeth |title=Smart cities could be lousy to live in if you have a disability |url=https://www.technologyreview.com/s/612712/smart-cities-coule-be-lousy-if-you-have-a-disability/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190305211109/https://www.technologyreview.com/s/612712/smart-cities-coule-be-lousy-if-you-have-a-disability/ |archive-date=5 March 2019 |access-date=2019-03-15 |website=MIT Technology Review}}</ref>
*Digitalization can have a significant environmental footprint and there is potential for the externalization of environmental costs onto outside communities.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lange |first1=Steffen |last2=Pohl |first2=Johanna |last3=Santarius |first3=Tilman |date=2020-10-01 |title=Digitalization and energy consumption. Does ICT reduce energy demand? |journal=Ecological Economics |volume=176 |pages=106760 |bibcode=2020EcoEc.17606760L |doi=10.1016/j.ecolecon.2020.106760 |issn=0921-8009 |s2cid=224947774}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Morley |first1=Janine |last2=Widdicks |first2=Kelly |last3=Hazas |first3=Mike |date=2018-04-01 |title=Digitalisation, energy and data demand: The impact of Internet traffic on overall and peak electricity consumption |journal=Energy Research & Social Science |volume=38 |pages=128–137 |bibcode=2018ERSS...38..128M |doi=10.1016/j.erss.2018.01.018 |issn=2214-6296 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sovacool |first1=Benjamin K. |last2=Hook |first2=Andrew |last3=Martiskainen |first3=Mari |last4=Brock |first4=Andrea |last5=Turnheim |first5=Bruno |date=2020-01-01 |title=The decarbonisation divide: Contextualizing landscapes of low-carbon exploitation and toxicity in Africa |journal=Global Environmental Change |volume=60 |pages=102028 |bibcode=2020GEC....6002028S |doi=10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2019.102028 |issn=0959-3780 |s2cid=214411810 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
*Smart city can be used as a slogan only for land revenue generation, especially in the Global South.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zhou |first1=Yong |last2=Xiao |first2=Fan |last3=Deng |first3=Weipeng |date=23 March 2022 |title=Is smart city a slogan? Evidence from China |journal=Asian Geographer |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=185–202 |doi=10.1080/10225706.2022.2052734 |s2cid=259149515}}</ref>
* Urban planning professor Jennifer Clark writes<ref name="Clark" /> that the 2010s smart city craze in the United States was largely created by companies trying to sell various technologies to municipal customers. She says the technologies actually adopted tended to not be those trying to change physical infrastructure citywide, but those that deliver digital services directly to residents (like [[ride-hailing service]]s and [[online food ordering]]) or which solve a specific problem of municipal government.
* As has been noted by [[Fleur Johns]], the increasing and evolving use of data has significant implications at multiple levels of governance.<ref name="Johns" /> Data and infrastructure include digital platforms, algorithms, and the embedding of information technology in the physical infrastructure of smart cities.<ref name="Johns" /> Digital technology has the potential to be used in negative as well as positive ways, and its use is inherently political.<ref name="Johns" /> Care needs to be taken to ensure that the development of smart cities does not perpetuate inequalities and exclude marginalized groups in relation to gender,<ref name="Nesti">{{cite journal |last1=Nesti |first1=Giorgia |date=27 August 2019 |title=Mainstreaming gender equality in smart cities: Theoretical, methodological and empirical challenges |journal=Information Polity |volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=289–304 |doi=10.3233/IP-190134 |s2cid=201340073 |hdl-access=free |hdl=11577/3305997}}</ref><ref name="Javiera">{{cite book |last1=Fernanda Medina Macaya |first1=Javiera |title=14th International Conference on Theory and Practice of Electronic Governance |last2=Ben Dhaou |first2=Soumaya |last3=Cunha |first3=Maria Alexandra |date=6 October 2021 |isbn=9781450390118 |pages=398–405 |chapter=Gendering the Smart Cities:: Addressing gender inequalities in urban spaces |doi=10.1145/3494193.3494308 |access-date=27 August 2022 |chapter-url=http://collections.unu.edu/eserv/UNU:8632/t09-p53-76.pdf |s2cid=245881057}}</ref> age,<ref name="Li">{{cite journal |last1=Li |first1=Manlin |last2=Woolrych |first2=Ryan |date=13 December 2021 |title=Experiences of Older People and Social Inclusion in Relation to Smart "Age-Friendly" Cities: A Case Study of Chongqing, China |journal=Frontiers in Public Health |volume=9 |pages=779913 |doi=10.3389/fpubh.2021.779913 |pmc=8721664 |pmid=34988053 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Ivan">{{cite journal |last1=Ivan |first1=Loredana |last2=Beu |first2=Dorin |last3=van Hoof |first3=Joost |date=January 2020 |title=Smart and Age-Friendly Cities in Romania: An Overview of Public Policy and Practice |journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |volume=17 |issue=14 |pages=5202 |doi=10.3390/ijerph17145202 |issn=1660-4601 |pmc=7400252 |pmid=32708488 |doi-access=free}}</ref> race, and other human characteristics.<ref name="Shamsuddin">{{cite journal |last1=Shamsuddin |first1=Shomon |last2=Srinivasan |first2=Sumeeta |date=2 January 2021 |title=Just Smart or Just and Smart Cities? Assessing the Literature on Housing and Information and Communication Technology |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10511482.2020.1719181?journalCode=rhpd20 |journal=Housing Policy Debate |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=127–150 |doi=10.1080/10511482.2020.1719181 |s2cid=216206034 |access-date=28 August 2022}}</ref>
== By country or region ==
=== China ===
China's smart cities movement began with a pilot program launched in 2012 through its [[Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development]].<ref name=":04" />{{Rp|pages=58–59}} The development of smart cities is addressed in China's [[National New-Type Urbanization Plan]] for 2014-2020.<ref name=":04" />{{Rp|pages=59–60}} It identifies six important aspects for developing smart cities: (1) information network and broadband, (2) digitization of planning management, (3) smart infrastructure, (4) convenience of public services, (5) modernizing industrial development, and (6) sophisticated social governance.<ref name=":04" />{{Rp|page=60}}
As of 2016, there were approximately 500 smart city projects in China.<ref name=":04" />{{Rp|page=59}} In 2021, [[China]] took first in all categories of the International AI City Challenge, demonstrating the national commitment to smart city programs – "by some estimates, China has half of the world’s smart cities".<ref name="Johnson">{{Cite magazine |last=Johnson |first=Khari |title=A Global Smart-City Competition Highlights China's Rise in AI |url=https://www.wired.com/story/global-smart-city-competition-highlights-china-rise-ai/ |access-date=2022-01-07 |magazine=Wired |issn=1059-1028}}</ref> As time goes on the percentage of smart cities in the world will keep increasing, and by 2050, up to 70% of the world's population is expected to inhabit a city.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-02-28 |title=History of smart cities: Timeline |url=https://www.verdict.co.uk/smart-cities-timeline/ |access-date=2021-12-08 |website=Verdict}}</ref>
==== Commercial companies ====
Alibaba has created the [[City Brain]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=City Brain |url=https://www.alibabacloud.com/solutions/intelligence-brain/city |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603170824/https://www.alibabacloud.com/solutions/intelligence-brain/city |archive-date=3 June 2020 |access-date=3 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The City Brain: Practice of Large-Scale Artificial Intelligence in the Real World |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333456538 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210313035758/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333456538_The_City_Brain_Practice_of_Large-Scale_Artificial_Intelligence_in_the_Real_World |archive-date=13 March 2021 |access-date=4 June 2020}}</ref> Its first overseas implementation began in 2018 in [[Kuala Lumpur]], Malaysia.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last1=Curtis |first1=Simon |title=The Belt and Road City: Geopolitics, Urbanization, and China's Search for a New International Order |last2=Klaus |first2=Ian |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |isbn=9780300266900 |location=New Haven and London |publication-date=2024}}</ref>{{Rp|page=82}}
Baidu is working on [[Apolong|Apollo]], a self-driving technology.<ref name="forbes.com">{{Cite web |title=Baidu, Alibaba, Tencent Clash To Lead China's Tech Future While A New 'B' Arises |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/rebeccafannin/2019/08/23/baidu-alibaba-tencent-clash-to-lead-chinas-tech-future-while-a-new-b-arises/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603170852/https://www.forbes.com/sites/rebeccafannin/2019/08/23/baidu-alibaba-tencent-clash-to-lead-chinas-tech-future-while-a-new-b-arises/ |archive-date=3 June 2020 |access-date=3 June 2020 |website=[[Forbes]]}}</ref> Tencent is working on medical technology,<ref name="forbes.com" /> such as WeChat Intelligent Healthcare, Tencent Doctorwork, and [[artificial intelligence in healthcare|AI Medical Innovation System (AIMIS)]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 February 2018 |title=How Tencent's medical ecosystem is shaping the future of China's healthcare |url=https://technode.com/2018/02/11/tencent-medical-ecosystem/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603165928/https://technode.com/2018/02/11/tencent-medical-ecosystem/ |archive-date=3 June 2020 |access-date=3 June 2020}}</ref>
As of at least 2024, "Safe City" digital products have been increasingly marketed abroad by Chinese companies like [[Dahua Technology]], Huawei, [[ZTE]], and [[Hikvision]].<ref name=":4" />{{Rp|page=80}} Huawei has its Safe City Compact Solution which focuses on improving safety in cities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Huawei Announces Safe City Compact Solution to Protect Citizens in Small and Medium Cities |url=https://e.huawei.com/en/news/smart-cities/201810150942 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603170858/https://e.huawei.com/en/news/smart-cities/201810150942 |archive-date=3 June 2020 |access-date=3 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Safe cities: Using smart tech for public security |url=https://www.bbc.com/future/bespoke/specials/connected-world/government.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200210042218/http://www.bbc.com/future/bespoke/specials/connected-world/government.html |archive-date=10 February 2020 |access-date=3 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Hillman |first=Jonathan E. |date=2019-11-04 |title=Watching Huawei's "Safe Cities" |url=https://www.csis.org/analysis/watching-huaweis-safe-cities |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201019214841/https://www.csis.org/analysis/watching-huaweis-safe-cities |archive-date=19 October 2020 |access-date=2020-11-02 |website=Center for Strategic and International Studies}}</ref> In 2018, the Serbian government announced a Safe City project for [[Belgrade]] in conjunction with Huawei, through which a thousand cameras with advanced facial recognition and license plate recognition capabilities would be installed in the city.<ref name=":4" />{{Rp|page=82}}
=== United States ===
The [[United States]] has allocated more than $160 million toward smart city initiatives aimed at leveraging ICT to address challenges within local communities. These challenges include alleviating [[traffic congestion]], fostering [[economic growth]], combating crime and [[climate change]], and enhancing the delivery of public services. This decision aligns with the findings of a trend analysis conducted by the [[National Intelligence Council]] (NIC), a think tank focused on long-term strategic planning that reports directly to the [[President of the United States]].{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}
=== Canada ===
According to Mary Anne Moser, since the 1990s, the "smart communities" movement in Canada took shape as a strategy to broaden the base of users involved in IT.<ref name="Brent" /> Members of these Communities are people that share their interest and work in a partnership with government and other institutional organizations to push the use of IT to improve the quality of daily life as a consequence of different worsening in daily actions.<ref name="Brent" /> Again Moser explained that "building and planning a smart community seeks for smart growth"; smart growth is essential for the partnership between citizen and institutional organizations to react to worsening trends in daily issues like traffic congestion, [[school overcrowding]] and air pollution.<ref name="Brent" />
=== Europe ===
Members of the [[European Union|EU]] have been working on smart city developments and ICT initiatives for over a decade. In order to optimize the benefits of digital technologies for both [[Citizenship|citizens]] and [[business]]es, the European Union and its 28 member states have initiated the Digital Agenda for Europe. This strategic framework emphasizes the imperative for [[Europe]] to harness ICTs to confront numerous global challenges confronting modern society, and to foster the [[sustainability]] of urban environments. Within the 2014-15 budget of the Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation program, the [[European Commission]] allocated approximately 200 million Euros to expedite advancements in the domain of smart cities and communities, as well as to expand the implementation of ICT solutions for addressing urban sustainability concerns.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Directorate-General for Communication (European Commission) |url=https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2775/41229 |title=Digital agenda for Europe :rebooting Europe's economy |date=2014 |publisher=Publications Office of the European Union |isbn=978-92-79-41904-1 |location=LU |doi=10.2775/41229}}</ref>
[[European Union|Europe]]'s endeavours to adopt an [[Information and communications technology|ICT]]-driven approach toward urban sustainability align with its contributions to the implementation of the 2030 Agenda for [[Sustainable development|Sustainable Development]] and the New Urban Agenda, both pivotal policy frameworks outlined by the [[United Nations]] (UN). These documents highlight the imperative for transformative actions aimed at fostering inclusivity, safety, resilience, and sustainability on a global scale. Specifically, the New Urban Agenda emphasizes the importance of supporting cities in facilitating smart city development, marking it as a fundamental commitment for the [[United Nations|UN]]'s 193 member states. This underscores the significance of addressing urban challenges through the deployment of ICT-related innovations. Such actions are crucial for: (1) fostering environmentally friendly, resource-efficient, safe, inclusive, and accessible urban environments; (2) sustaining [[economic growth]] grounded in principles of environmental sustainability and inclusive prosperity; and (3) ensuring equitable access for all to public goods and high-quality services.<ref>{{Cite book |last=European Commission |url=https://ec.europa.eu/research/participants/data/ref/h2020/wp/2018-2020/main/h2020-wp1820-energy_en.pdf |title=Horizon 2020 - Work Programme 2018-2020 |year=2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=United Nations |date=2015 |title=THE 2030 AGENDA FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT |url=https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/21252030%20Agenda%20for%20Sustainable%20Development%20web.pdf |access-date=22 March 2024}}</ref><ref name=":32">{{Cite web |last=United Nations |date=2017 |title=New Urban Agenda |url=https://habitat3.org/wp-content/uploads/NUA-English.pdf |access-date=22 March 2024}}</ref>
The European Union (EU) has devoted constant efforts to devising a strategy for achieving "smart" [[urban growth]] for its [[metropole|metropolitan]] city-regions.<ref name="Komninos2009">{{cite journal |last=Komninos |first=N. |year=2009 |title=Intelligent cities: towards interactive and global innovation environments |journal=International Journal of Innovation and Regional Development |volume=1 |issue=4 |pages=337 |doi=10.1504/ijird.2009.022726}}</ref>{{rp|337–355}}<ref name="Paskaleva2009">{{cite journal |author=Paskaleva, K |date=25 January 2009 |title=Enabling the smart city:The progress of e-city governance in Europe |url=http://elartu.tntu.edu.ua/handle/lib/31308 |url-status=live |journal=International Journal of Innovation and Regional Development |volume=1 |issue=4 |pages=405–422(18) |doi=10.1504/ijird.2009.022730 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200616082818/http://elartu.tntu.edu.ua/handle/lib/31308 |archive-date=16 June 2020 |access-date=21 May 2020}}</ref>
=== Africa ===
In [[Africa]], the advancement of smart city development stands as a central component of the national agenda for socioeconomic progress. The 55 member states of the [[African Union Commission]], representing nearly the entire continent, have pledged to utilize ICTs to advance sustainable urban development.{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}
=== Southeast Asia ===
[[ASEAN Smart Cities Network]] (ASCN) is a collaborative platform which aims to synergise Smart city development efforts across [[ASEAN]] by facilitating cooperation on smart city development, catalysing bankable projects with the private sector, and securing funding and support from ASEAN's external partners.{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}
=== India ===
The [[Smart Cities Mission]] is a retrofitting and urban renewal program being spearheaded by the Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India. The Government of India has the ambitious vision of developing 100 cities by modernizing existing mid-sized cities.<ref>{{cite web |date=2015 |title=Smart Cities Mission |url=http://smartcities.gov.in/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170212192239/http://www.smartcities.gov.in/ |archive-date=12 February 2017 |access-date=3 August 2016 |publisher=Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India}}</ref>
== Implementation ==
=== Dimensions ===
The characteristics of smart cities can be divided into different dimensions (e.g. economy, environment, mobility) for evaluation in a number of different ways.<ref name=":52"/> These can be derived from studies of smart city projects, and can be used as an alternative to difficult-to-define broad definitions in order to clarify what smart cities are.<ref name=":0" /> In general, the most common characteristics given for a "smart city" are having a networked infrastructure, which enables political efficiency as well as social and cultural development; an emphasis on business-led urban development; social inclusion of various residents; and an emphasis on the environment.<ref name=":52" /> In general terms, smart cities are intended to be efficient, technologically advanced, green, and socially inclusive cities.<ref name=":62"/>
According to Camboim et al, cities ought to establish comprehensive plans which address all dimensions of smart cities.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Camboim |first1=Guilherme Freitas |last2=Zawislak |first2=Paulo Antônio |last3=Pufal |first3=Nathália Amarante |date=May 2019 |title=Driving elements to make cities smarter: Evidences from European projects |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0040162517318607 |journal=Technological Forecasting and Social Change |language=en |volume=142 |pages=154–167 |doi=10.1016/j.techfore.2018.09.014}}</ref> This allows them to synchronize the goals of each dimension. According to Marchesani, by taking into account smart city objectives during [[urban planning]], cities can streamline [[resource allocation]] and save effort that would otherwise be duplicated. For example, cities can consider smart mobility goals for infrastructure while the [[infrastructure]] initiatives are planned.<ref name=":72" />
=== Partnerships ===
{{Copyedit|date=July 2024|section|for=tone}}
The effective implementation of smart city initiatives requires active collaboration and involvement from diverse stakeholders, including government agencies, businesses, community organizations, academia, and citizens. Collaborative partnerships enable cities to harness a wide range of expertise, resources, and perspectives to tackle complex challenges and devise innovative solutions. Involving stakeholders in decision-making processes fosters [[Social inclusion|inclusivity]], [[ownership]], and a shared vision for the city's future. For instance, engaging citizens in co-creating smart city initiatives ensures that solutions are tailored to meet the community's specific needs and aspirations. Collaborating with [[business]]es and [[Academy|academia]] brings technical know-how and research capabilities, driving innovation and the adoption of state-of-the-art technologies.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Abid |first1=Nabila |last2=Marchesani |first2=Filippo |last3=Ceci |first3=Federica |last4=Masciarelli |first4=Francesca |last5=Ahmad |first5=Fayyaz |date=December 2022 |title=Cities trajectories in the digital era: Exploring the impact of technological advancement and institutional quality on environmental and social sustainability |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0959652622039506 |journal=Journal of Cleaner Production |language=en |volume=377 |pages=134378 |doi=10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.134378|bibcode=2022JCPro.37734378A }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lei |first1=Sut Ieng |last2=Ye |first2=Shun |last3=Wang |first3=Dan |last4=Law |first4=Rob |date=2020 |title=Engaging Customers in Value Co-Creation Through Mobile Instant Messaging in the Tourism and Hospitality Industry |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1096348019893066 |journal=Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research |language=en |volume=44 |issue=2 |pages=229–251 |doi=10.1177/1096348019893066 |issn=1096-3480 |hdl-access=free |hdl=10397/104788}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zhao |first1=Fang |last2=Fashola |first2=Olushola I. |last3=Olarewaju |first3=Tolulope I. |last4=Onwumere |first4=Ijeoma |date=2021 |title=Smart city research: A holistic and state-of-the-art literature review |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S026427512100305X |journal=Cities |language=en |volume=119 |pages=103406 |doi=10.1016/j.cities.2021.103406}}</ref>
These partnerships also facilitate the exchange of knowledge and insights among stakeholders. By sharing best practices and lessons learned, cities can expedite their smart city development efforts and circumvent potential challenges. Moreover, collaborations with community organizations guarantee that the social dimensions of a smart city, such as equity and inclusivity, are adequately considered in both planning and implementation phases.<ref name=":72" />
==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Carfree city]]
* [[Career-oriented social networking market]]
* [[Connected car]]
* [[Community-driven development]]
* [[Eco-cities]]
* [[Energy informatics]]
* [[Global brain]]
* [[Government by algorithm]]
* [[Intelligent environment]]
* [[Intelligent transportation system]]
* [[Mass surveillance]]
* [[Municipal wireless network]]
* [[Net metering]]
* [[Pervasive informatics]]
* [[Planned community]]
* [[Resilient city]]
* [[Short food supply chains]]
* [[Smart grid]]
* [[Smart highway]]
* [[Smart port]]
* [[Smart village]]
* [[Sustainable city]]
* [[Technocracy]]
* [[Ubiquitous computing]]
* [[Urban computing]]
* [[Urban farming]]
* [[Urban informatics]]
* [[Urban vitality]]
* [[Vertical farming]]
{{div col end}}
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==Further reading==
<!-- ordered by year of publication, oldest to most recent -->
* {{cite book|author=Shepard, Mark|title=Sentient City: Ubiquitous Computing, Architecture, and the Future of Urban Space. New York City|year=2011|publisher=Architectural League of New York |isbn=978-0262515863}}
* {{cite journal|author=Batty, M.|title=Smart Cities of the Future|journal=European Physical Journal ST|volume=214|pages=481–518|doi=10.1140/epjst/e2012-01703-3|year=2012|display-authors=etal|bibcode=2012EPJST.214..481B|doi-access=free|hdl=20.500.11850/61793|hdl-access=free}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Stratigea |first1=Anastasia |title=The concept of 'smart cities'. Towards community development? |journal=Networks and Communication Studies |date=30 October 2012 |volume=36 |issue=3/4 |pages=375–388 |doi=10.4000/netcom.1105 |doi-access=free |hdl=10654/36935 |hdl-access=free }}
* {{Cite book|title=Smart Cities: Big Data, Civic Hackers, and the Quest for a New Utopia|author-last=Townsend|author-first= Antony |year=2013 |publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|isbn=978-0393082876}}
* {{cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/337549/14-820-what-are-future-cities.pdf|title=What are future cities – origins, meaning and uses|last1=Moir |first1=E.|last2=Moonen |first2=T. |last3=Clark |first3=C.|publisher=Foresight Future of Cities Project and [[Future Cities Catapult]]|year=2014}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Viitanen |first1=J. |last2=Kingston |first2=R. |year=2014 |title=Smart cities and green growth – outsourcing democratic and environmental resilience to the global technology sector |journal=Environment and Planning A |volume=46 |issue=4 |pages=803–819 |doi=10.1068/a46242|bibcode=2014EnPlA..46..803V |s2cid=145283799 |url=http://polired.upm.es/index.php/ciur/article/view/3498 }}
* {{cite magazine |magazine=The Atlantic |date=10 July 2015 |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2015/07/when-you-give-a-tree-an-email-address/398210/ |first=Adrienne |last=LaFrance |title=When You Give a Tree an Email Address}}
* {{cite book |last1=Caragliu |first1=Andrea |last2=D Bo |first2=Chiara |last3=Kourtit |first3=Karima |last4=Nijkamp |first4=Peter |chapter=Smart Cities |title=International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences |date=1 January 2015 |pages=113–117 |doi=10.1016/b978-0-08-097086-8.74017-7 |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.74017-7 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=9780080970875 |edition=Second }}
* {{cite journal |author-link1=Saraju Mohanty |first1=Saraju P. |last1=Mohanty |first2= Uma |last2=Choppali |first3= Elias |last3= Kougianos |url=http://www.smohanty.org/Publications_Journals/2016/Mohanty_IEEE-CEM_2016-July_Smart-Cities.pdf |title=Everything You wanted to Know about Smart Cities |journal=IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine |volume=6 |issue=3 |date=July 2016 |pages=60–70|doi=10.1109/MCE.2016.2556879 |s2cid=206450227 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Borsekova |first1=Kamila |last2=Vanova |first2=Anna |last3=Vitalisova |first3=Katarina |title=The Power of Communities in Smart Urban Development |journal=Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences |date=June 2016 |volume=223 |pages=51–57 |doi=10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.05.289 |doi-access=free }}
* {{citation |last=Hamilton |first=Emily |date=October 31, 2016 |title=The Benefits and Risks of Policymakers' Use of Smart City Technologies |publisher=Mercatus Center at George Mason University |url=https://www.mercatus.org/publications/urban-economics/benefits-and-risks-policymakers-use-smart-city-technology}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Cavada |first1=M. |display-authors=etal |year=2016 |title=Do smart cities realise their potential for lower carbon dioxide emissions? |journal=Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Engineering Sustainability |volume=169 |issue=6 |pages=243–252 |doi=10.1680/jensu.15.00032|url=https://e-space.mmu.ac.uk/631805/8/Do%20smart%20cities%20realise%20their%20potential%20for%20lower%20carbon%20dioxide%20emissions.pdf }}
* {{cite web|url=https://www.atis.org/smart-cities-roadmap/|title=Smart Cities Technology Roadmap|date=April 2017 |website=Alliance for Telecommunications Industry Solutions |access-date=28 July 2017}}
* {{cite book |last1=Del Signore |first1=Marcella |title=Urban Machines : public space in a digital culture |date=2018 |location=[Trento] |isbn=9788898774289}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Zhou |first1=Yong |last2=Xiao |first2=Fan |last3=Deng |first3=Weipeng |title=Is smart city a slogan? Evidence from China |journal=Asian Geographer |date=23 March 2022 |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=185–202 |doi=10.1080/10225706.2022.2052734|s2cid=259149515 }}
==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://www.bsigroup.com/en-GB/smart-cities/ British Standards Institute initiative on Smart Cities]
* [https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/future-of-cities Future of Cities] UK government 'Foresight' project on cities
{{Ambient intelligence}}
{{Cities}}
[[Category:Smart cities| ]]
[[Category:Urban studies and planning terminology]]
[[Category:Government by algorithm]]
[[Category:Urban planning in China]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{Short description|City using integrated information and communication technology}}
{{About||the 2006 film|Smart City (film)|a list of smart cities|List of smart cities}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
[[File:Clean_mobility_instead_of_dirty_traffic.jpg|thumb|Possible scenario of smart and [[sustainable mobility]]]]
{{Government by algorithm}}
A '''smart city''' is an [[urban area]] that uses digital technology to [[Data collection|collect data]] and to operate/provide services.<ref>{{cite book |last1=James |first1=Peggy |title=Handbook of Smart Cities |last2=Astoria |first2=Ross |last3=Castor |first3=Theresa |last4=Hudspeth |first4=Christopher |last5=Olstinske |first5=Denise |last6=Ward |first6=John |date=2020 |publisher=[[Springer International Publishing]] |isbn=978-3-030-15145-4 |pages=1–26 |language=en |chapter=Smart Cities: Fundamental Concepts |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-15145-4_2-1 |chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-3-030-15145-4_2-1}}</ref><ref name="Goldsmith2">{{cite news |last1=Goldsmith |first1=Stephen |date=September 16, 2021 |title=As the Chorus of Dumb City Advocates Increases, How Do We Define the Truly Smart City? |url=https://datasmart.ash.harvard.edu/chorus-dumb-city-advocates-increases-how-do-we-define-truly-smart-city |access-date=27 August 2022 |work=datasmart.ash.harvard.edu}}</ref> Data can be collected from citizens, devices, buildings, cameras. Applications include [[Transportation systems management|traffic and transportation systems]],<ref name="Fourtané2">{{cite news |last1=Fourtané |first1=Susan |date=16 November 2018 |title=Connected Vehicles in Smart Cities: The Future of Transportation |url=https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/connected-vehicles-in-smart-cities-the-future-of-transportation |access-date=27 August 2022 |work=Interesting Engineering.com}}</ref> [[Power station|power plants]], [[Public utility|utilities]], [[urban forestry]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=César de Lima Araújo |first1=Henrique |last2=Silva Martins |first2=Fellipe |last3=Tucunduva Philippi Cortese |first3=Tatiana |last4=Locosselli |first4=Giuliano Maselli |date=2021 |title=Artificial intelligence in urban forestry—A systematic review |journal=[[Urban Forestry and Urban Greening]] |volume=66 |pages=127410 |bibcode=2021UFUG...6627410C |doi=10.1016/j.ufug.2021.127410 |s2cid=244416741}}</ref> [[Water supply network|water supply networks]], [[Waste management|waste disposal]], [[Criminal investigation|criminal investigations]], [[Information system|information systems]], [[School|schools]], [[libraries]], [[Hospital|hospitals]], and other [[Community service|community services]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=McLaren |first1=Duncan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KhvLCgAAQBAJ&q=smart+cities+and+sustainability |title=Sharing Cities: A Case for Truly Smart and Sustainable Cities |last2=Agyeman |first2=Julian |date=2015 |publisher=MIT Press |isbn=9780262029728}}</ref><ref name="Musa2">{{cite journal |last1=Musa |first1=Sam |date=March 2018 |title=Smart Cities-A Road Map for Development |url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8307785 |journal=IEEE Potentials |volume=37 |issue=2 |pages=19–23 |doi=10.1109/MPOT.2016.2566099 |issn=1558-1772 |s2cid=3767125 |access-date=27 August 2022}}</ref> Smart cities are characterized by the ways in which their [[Local government|local governments]] monitor, analyze, plan, and govern the city. In a smart city, the sharing of data extends to businesses, citizens and other third parties who can derive benefit from using that data.<ref name="Paiho2">{{cite journal |last1=Paiho |first1=Satu |last2=Tuominen |first2=Pekka |last3=Rökman |first3=Jyri |last4=Ylikerälä |first4=Markus |last5=Pajula |first5=Juha |last6=Siikavirta |first6=Hanne |year=2022 |title=Opportunities of collected city data for smart cities |journal=IET Smart Cities |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=275–291 |doi=10.1049/smc2.12044 |s2cid=253467923 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kiran |first1=Dr Deepti |last2=Sharma |first2=Itisha |last3=Garg |first3=Illa |date=2020 |title=Industry 5.0 And Smart Cities: A Futuristic Approach |url=https://www.ejmcm.com/article_4786.html |journal=European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine |volume=7 |issue=8 |pages=2750–2756 |issn=2515-8260}}</ref> The three largest sources of spending associated with smart cities as of 2022 were visual surveillance, public transit, and outdoor lighting.<ref name=":102">{{Cite web |date=2018-07-23 |title=IDC Forecasts Smart Cities Spending to Reach $158 Billion in 2022, with Singapore, Tokyo, and New York City Among Top Spenders |url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20180723005083/en/IDC-Forecasts-Smart-Cities-Spending-to-Reach-158-Billion-in-2022-with-Singapore-Tokyo-and-New-York-City-Among-Top-Spenders |access-date=2024-03-22 |website=www.businesswire.com |language=en}}</ref>
Smart cities integrate [[information and communication technology]] (ICT), and devices connected to the [[Internet of things]] (IOT) network to optimize city services and connect to citizens.<ref>{{cite web |date=10 August 2015 |title=The 3 Generations of Smart Cities |url=https://www.fastcompany.com/3047795/the-3-generations-of-smart-cities |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171009000012/https://www.fastcompany.com/3047795/the-3-generations-of-smart-cities |archive-date=9 October 2017 |access-date=17 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Peris-Ortiz |first1=Marta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AtQ0DQAAQBAJ&q=smart+cities+and+sustainability |title=Sustainable Smart Cities: Creating Spaces for Technological, Social and Business Development |last2=Bennett |first2=Dag R. |last3=Yábar |first3=Diana Pérez-Bustamante |date=2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9783319408958 |access-date=4 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030003828/https://books.google.com/books?id=AtQ0DQAAQBAJ&q=smart+cities+and+sustainability |archive-date=30 October 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> ICT cab be used to enhance quality, performance, and interactivity of urban services, to [[Cost reduction|reduce costs]] and [[resource consumption]] and to increase contact between citizens and government.<ref>{{cite web |title=Building a Smart City, Equitable City – NYC Forward |url=http://www1.nyc.gov/site/forward/innovations/smartnyc.page |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171204115315/http://www1.nyc.gov/site/forward/innovations/smartnyc.page |archive-date=4 December 2017 |access-date=4 December 2015}}</ref> Smart city applications manage urban flows and allow for real-time responses.<ref name="Komninos_ch2">{{cite book |last1=Komninos |first1=Nicos |title=Smart Cities: Governing, Modelling and Analysing the Transition |date=22 August 2013 |publisher=Taylor and Francis |isbn=978-1135124144 |editor-last=Deakin |editor-first=Mark |page=77 |chapter=What makes cities intelligent?}}</ref> A smart city may be more prepared to respond to challenges than one with a conventional "transactional" relationship with its citizens.<ref>{{harvp|Department for Business, Innovation and Skills|2013|p=7}} "As consumers of private goods and services we have been empowered by the Web and, as citizens, we expect the same quality from our public services. In turn, public authorities are seeking to reduce costs and raise performance by adopting similar approaches in the delivery of public services. However, the concept of a Smart City goes way beyond the transactional relationships between citizen and service provider. It is essentially enabling and encouraging the citizen to become a more active and participative member of the community"</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Chan |first1=Karin |date=3 April 2017 |title=What Is A 'Smart City'? |url=https://www.expatriatelifestyle.com/life-and-style/What-Is-A-Smart-City |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180124135638/https://www.expatriatelifestyle.com/life-and-style/What-Is-A-Smart-City |archive-date=24 January 2018 |access-date=23 January 2018 |publisher=Expatriate Lifestyle}}</ref> Yet, the term is open to many interpretations.<ref>{{Cite conference |last1=Hunt |first1=Dexter |last2=Rogers |first2=Christopher |last3=Cavada |first3=Marianna |year=2014 |title=Smart Cities: Contradicting Definitions and Unclear Measures |url=http://sciforum.net/conference/wsf-4/paper/2454 |conference=4th World Sustainability Forum |publisher=MDPI |pages=f004 |doi=10.3390/wsf-4-f004 |access-date=16 March 2016 |doi-access=free}}</ref> [[List of Smart Cities|Many cities]] have already adopted some sort of smart city technology.
Smart city initiatives have been criticized as driven by corporations,<ref name="Hollands2">{{cite journal |last=Hollands |first=R. G |year=2008 |title=Will the real smart city please stand up? |url=https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/79888 |journal=City |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=303–320 |bibcode=2008City...12..303H |doi=10.1080/13604810802479126 |s2cid=143073956}}</ref><ref name="Clark2">{{cite magazine |author=Jennifer Clark |title=Solving for the city |url=https://www.technologyreview.com/2021/04/28/1023104/smart-cities-urban-technology-pandemic-covid/ |magazine=[[MIT Technology Review]] |pages=9–11 |volume=124 |issue=3, May/June 2021}}</ref> poorly adapted to residents' needs,<ref name=":112">{{Cite journal |last=Watson |first=Vanessa |date=6 December 2013 |title=African urban fantasies: dreams or nightmares? |journal=Environment and Urbanization |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=215–231 |doi=10.1177/0956247813513705 |issn=0956-2478 |s2cid=154398313 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":152">{{Cite web |last=Woyke |first=Elizabeth |title=Smart cities could be lousy to live in if you have a disability |url=https://www.technologyreview.com/s/612712/smart-cities-coule-be-lousy-if-you-have-a-disability/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190305211109/https://www.technologyreview.com/s/612712/smart-cities-coule-be-lousy-if-you-have-a-disability/ |archive-date=5 March 2019 |access-date=2019-03-15 |website=MIT Technology Review}}</ref> as largely unsuccessful,{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}} and as a move toward totalitarian [[surveillance]].<ref name="Economist122">{{cite news |date=2013-09-07 |title=Clever cities: The multiplexed metropolis |url=https://www.economist.com/news/briefing/21585002-enthusiasts-think-data-services-can-change-cities-century-much-electricity?frsc=dg/a |access-date=2015-05-21 |newspaper=The Economist}}</ref>
== Background ==
Historically, [[City|cities]] functioned as centers of innovation, and the advent of the [[Information Age|digital era]] presented opportunities and challenges to apply technology to create urban environments that are more efficient, [[Sustainable Development Goals and Australia|sustainable]], and livable.<ref name=":522">Albino, V., Berardi, U., & Dangelico, R. M. (2015). Smart cities: Definitions, dimensions, performance, and initiatives. Journal of Urban Technology. doi:10.1080/10630732.2014.942092</ref><ref>Bernardi, M., & Diamantini, D. (2018). Shaping the sharing city: An exploratory study on Seoul and Milan. Journal of Cleaner Production, 203. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.08.132</ref><ref>Caragliu, A., del Bo, C., & Nijkamp, P. (2011). Smart cities in Europe. Journal of Urban Technology, 18(2), 65–82. doi:10.1080/10630732.2011.601117</ref><ref name=":622">Vanolo, A. (2014). Smartmentality: The smart city as disciplinary strategy. Urban Studies, 51(5), 883–898. doi:10.1177/0042098013494427</ref>{{How|date=July 2024}}<ref name=":722">{{Cite book |last=Marchesani |first=Filippo |url=https://www.emerald.com/insight/publication/doi/10.1108/9781837975754 |title=The Global Smart City |publisher=Emerald |year=2023 |isbn=978-1-83797-576-1 |publication-date=2023 |doi=10.1108/9781837975754}}</ref>
The shift to smart cities necessitates a comprehensive restructuring of city management and operations, leading [[Participatory democracy|citizen participation]], and methods of public service delivery.<ref name=":622" />
Cities seek to upgrade their infrastructure and service delivery, to promote social inclusion, technological adoption, and economic development.<ref name=":722" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Caragliu |first1=Andrea |last2=Del Bo |first2=Chiara |last3=Nijkamp |first3=Peter |date=April 2011 |title=Smart Cities in Europe |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10630732.2011.601117 |journal=Journal of Urban Technology |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=65–82 |doi=10.1080/10630732.2011.601117 |issn=1063-0732}}</ref><ref name=":92">{{Cite journal |last1=Linde |first1=Lina |last2=Sjödin |first2=David |last3=Parida |first3=Vinit |last4=Wincent |first4=Joakim |date=2021 |title=Dynamic capabilities for ecosystem orchestration A capability-based framework for smart city innovation initiatives |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.120614 |journal=Technological Forecasting and Social Change |volume=166 |pages=120614 |doi=10.1016/j.techfore.2021.120614 |issn=0040-1625}}</ref><ref name=":622" />
The transformation into a smart city involves modifications in planning, management, and operational processes.<ref name=":822">{{Cite journal |last1=Pittaway |first1=Jeffrey J. |last2=Montazemi |first2=Ali Reza |date=October 2020 |title=Know-how to lead digital transformation: The case of local governments |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0740624X1830457X |journal=Government Information Quarterly |volume=37 |issue=4 |pages=101474 |doi=10.1016/j.giq.2020.101474}}</ref> This data can subsequently be analyzed to identify areas for improvement and optimize urban services.
=== Information and communication technologies ===
The concept of smart cities emerged from cities' adoption<ref name=":23">{{Cite journal |last1=Batty |first1=M. |last2=Axhausen |first2=K. W. |last3=Giannotti |first3=F. |last4=Pozdnoukhov |first4=A. |last5=Bazzani |first5=A. |last6=Wachowicz |first6=M. |last7=Ouzounis |first7=G. |last8=Portugali |first8=Y. |date=2012 |title=Smart cities of the future |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1140/epjst/e2012-01703-3 |journal=The European Physical Journal Special Topics |language=en |volume=214 |issue=1 |pages=481–518 |bibcode=2012EPJST.214..481B |doi=10.1140/epjst/e2012-01703-3 |issn=1951-6355 |hdl-access=free |hdl=20.500.11850/61793}}</ref> of information and communications technologies.<ref name=":33">{{Cite journal |last1=Lim |first1=Yirang |last2=Edelenbos |first2=Jurian |last3=Gianoli |first3=Alberto |date=2019 |title=Identifying the results of smart city development: Findings from systematic literature review |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0264275118314161 |journal=Cities |language=en |volume=95 |pages=102397 |doi=10.1016/j.cities.2019.102397}}</ref><ref name=":53">{{Cite journal |last1=Marsal-Llacuna |first1=Maria-Lluïsa |last2=Colomer-Llinàs |first2=Joan |last3=Meléndez-Frigola |first3=Joaquim |date=2015 |title=Lessons in urban monitoring taken from sustainable and livable cities to better address the Smart Cities initiative |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0040162514000456 |journal=Technological Forecasting and Social Change |language=en |volume=90 |pages=611–622 |doi=10.1016/j.techfore.2014.01.012}}</ref>
ICTs present challenges given financial limitations, technical obstacles, and [[Information privacy|privacy]] and security concerns. ICTs are also not uniformly accessible across communities, contributing to the [[digital divide]].<ref name=":722" />
== Definition ==
No commonly accepted definition of "smart city" has emerged.<ref name=":522" /><ref name=":042">{{Cite book |last=Hu |first=Richard |title=Reinventing the Chinese City |date=2023 |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |isbn=978-0-231-21101-7 |location=New York}}</ref>{{Rp|page=71}} Evaluating smart city initiatives becomes difficult without agreement on parameters. It also hampers the ability to compare projects and identify best practices.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Boes |first1=Kim |title=Conceptualising Smart Tourism Destination Dimensions |date=2015 |work=Information and Communication Technologies in Tourism 2015 |pages=391–403 |editor-last=Tussyadiah |editor-first=Iis |url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-14343-9_29 |access-date=2024-03-27 |place=Cham |publisher=Springer International Publishing |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-14343-9_29 |isbn=978-3-319-14342-2 |last2=Buhalis |first2=Dimitrios |last3=Inversini |first3=Alessandro |editor2-last=Inversini |editor2-first=Alessandro}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Camboim |first1=Guilherme Freitas |last2=Zawislak |first2=Paulo Antônio |last3=Pufal |first3=Nathália Amarante |date=2019 |title=Driving elements to make cities smarter: Evidences from European projects |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0040162517318607 |journal=Technological Forecasting and Social Change |volume=142 |pages=154–167 |doi=10.1016/j.techfore.2018.09.014}}</ref><ref name=":822" />
Deakin and Al Waer list four factors that contribute to the definition of a smart city:<ref name="DeakinAl_jrnl2">{{cite journal |year=2011 |title=From Intelligent to Smart Cities |url=http://researchrepository.napier.ac.uk/id/eprint/7295 |journal=Journal of Intelligent Buildings International: From Intelligent Cities to Smart Cities |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=140–152 |doi=10.1080/17508975.2011.586671 |s2cid=110580067 |editor-last1=Deakin |editor-first1=Mark |editor-last2=Al Waer |editor-first2=Husam}}</ref>
* Electronic and digital technologies
* ICT
* ICT in government systems
* The territorialisation of practices that brings ICT and people together to enhance innovation and knowledge.
Deakin defines the smart city as one that uses ICT to meet the demands of the market (the citizens of the city), based on community involvement.<ref name="DeakinIntro2">{{cite book |last1=Deakin |first1=Mark |title=Smart Cities: Governing, Modelling and Analysing the Transition |date=22 August 2013 |publisher=Taylor and Francis |isbn=978-1135124144 |editor-last=Deakin |editor-first=Mark |page=15 |chapter=From intelligent to smart cities}}</ref> Studies of smart city projects can be used as an alternative to difficult-to-define broad definitions in order to clarify what smart cities are.<ref name=":522" /><ref name=":05">{{Cite journal |last1=Camboim |first1=Guilherme Freitas |last2=Zawislak |first2=Paulo Antônio |last3=Pufal |first3=Nathália Amarante |date=May 2019 |title=Driving elements to make cities smarter: Evidences from European projects |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0040162517318607 |journal=Technological Forecasting and Social Change |language=en |volume=142 |pages=154–167 |doi=10.1016/j.techfore.2018.09.014}}</ref>
=== Early definitions ===
Notable disparities among smart city definitions include the relative focus on [[Economic development|economic advantages]] versus environmental or [[Social well-being|social]] benefits and specific technology choices.<ref name=":722" />
Smart city definitions include:
* Caragliu et al. (2011): “A city is smart when investments in human and social capital and traditional (transport) and modern (ICT) communication infrastructure fuel sustainable economic growth and a high quality of life, with a wise management of natural resources, through participatory governance.”<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Caragliu |first1=Andrea |last2=Del Bo |first2=Chiara |last3=Nijkamp |first3=Peter |date=2011 |title=Smart Cities in Europe |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10630732.2011.601117 |journal=Journal of Urban Technology |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=65–82 |doi=10.1080/10630732.2011.601117 |issn=1063-0732}}</ref>
* Bakici, Almirall, & Wareham (2013): “Smart city as a high-tech intensive and advanced city that connects people, information, and city elements using new technologies in order to create a sustainable, greener city, competitive and innovative commerce, and an increased life quality.”<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bakıcı |first1=Tuba |last2=Almirall |first2=Esteve |last3=Wareham |first3=Jonathan |date=2013 |title=A Smart City Initiative: the Case of Barcelona |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s13132-012-0084-9 |journal=Journal of the Knowledge Economy |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=135–148 |doi=10.1007/s13132-012-0084-9 |issn=1868-7865}}</ref>
* Nam and Pardo (2011): “A smart city infuses information into its physical infrastructure to improve conveniences, facilitate mobility, add efficiencies, conserve energy, improve the quality of air and water, identify problems and fix them quickly, recover rapidly from disasters, collect data to make better decisions, deploy resources effectively, and share data to enable collaboration across entities and domains.”<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Nam |first1=Taewoo |title=Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Theory and Practice of Electronic Governance |last2=Pardo |first2=Theresa A. |date=2011-09-26 |publisher=ACM |isbn=978-1-4503-0746-8 |pages=185–194 |chapter=Smart city as urban innovation: Focusing on management, policy, and context |doi=10.1145/2072069.2072100 |chapter-url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/2072069.2072100}}</ref>
=== Research ===
The main issues surrounding smart city research include:<ref name=":032">{{Cite web |title=Untangling Smart Cities: From Utopian Dreams to Innovation Systems for a Technology-Enabled Urban Sustainability |url=https://www.everand.com/book/416393770/Untangling-Smart-Cities-From-Utopian-Dreams-to-Innovation-Systems-for-a-Technology-Enabled-Urban-Sustainability |access-date=2024-03-06 |website=Everand}}</ref>
* Absence of intellectual exchange;
* Researcher inclination to pursue subjective avenues of research in isolation from their peers;
* Division within the scientific community;
== Motivations ==
=== Population growth ===
An important motivation for smart cities is projected population growth. The UN forecasts global population to reach 9.6 to 13.2 billion by 2100, with cities absorbing 80% of this growth.<ref name=":062">{{Cite web |title=Untangling Smart Cities: From Utopian Dreams to Innovation Systems for a Technology-Enabled Urban Sustainability |url=https://www.everand.com/book/416393770/Untangling-Smart-Cities-From-Utopian-Dreams-to-Innovation-Systems-for-a-Technology-Enabled-Urban-Sustainability |access-date=2024-03-06 |website=Everand |language=en}}</ref>
=== Tragedy of the commons ===
The [[tragedy of the commons]] happens when individuals acting in their own self-interest deplete a communal resource; for example, overfishing. For example, while each individual driver in a city saves time and flexibility by driving, excessive driving causes [[traffic congestion]] and [[Environmental degradation|environmental issues]]. The tragedy is that public transportation services get little attention due to the use of personal vehicles.<ref name=":142">{{Cite book |last1=Gassmann |first1=Oliver |url=https://www.emerald.com/insight/publication/doi/10.1108/9781787696136 |title=Smart Cities: Introducing Digital Innovation to Cities |last2=Böhm |first2=Jonas |last3=Palmié |first3=Maximilian |date=2019 |publisher=Emerald Publishing Limited |isbn=978-1-78769-614-3 |doi=10.1108/9781787696136}}. Available at [https://books.google.com/books?id=gzKbDwAAQBAJ Google Books]</ref>{{Clarification needed|reason=How exactly can smart cities help with this?|date=July 2024}}
== History ==
Philosophical predecessors of smart cities can be found in utopian works such as [[New Atlantis]] (1626).<ref name="Cugurullo 2021 p. 502">{{cite book |last=Cugurullo |first=F. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_VolEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT50 |title=Frankenstein Urbanism: Eco, Smart and Autonomous Cities, Artificial Intelligence and the End of the City |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2021 |isbn=978-1-317-31362-5 |page=50 |access-date=2023-03-12}}</ref> Another was [[Ebenezer Howard]]'s 1898 concept of [[Garden Cities of To-morrow|Garden Cities]].<ref name=":032" /> These were dense, size-limited cities founded in rural areas by private groups, combining the benefits of the city and the country.<ref name=":222">{{Cite web |title=Cities of Tomorrow by Peter Hall - AbeBooks |url=https://www.abebooks.co.uk/book-search/title/cities-of-tomorrow/author/peter-hall/ |access-date=2024-03-06 |website=www.abebooks.co.uk |language=en-GB}}</ref> Other conceptions include those of [[Edward Bellamy]], [[Frank Lloyd Wright]], and [[Le Corbusier]].<ref name=":032" /><ref name=":222" /> Critics of smart cities draw parallels between the weaknesses of these visions and those around smart cities.<ref name=":032" />
Smart cities emerged from global cities' recent adoption of information and communications technologies for urban use, which can be used to improve efficiency, sustainability, and livability in urban environments.<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":33" /><ref name=":53" /> Some of the earliest interventions in urban planning include the use of computational statistical analysis by the Community Analysis Bureau in [[Los Angeles]] in the late 1960's<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-06-16 |title=Uncovering the Early History of "Big Data" and the "Smart City" in Los Angeles |url=https://boomcalifornia.org/2015/06/16/uncovering-the-early-history-of-big-data-and-the-smart-city-in-la/ |access-date=2022-01-07 |website=Boom California}}</ref> and the establishment by [[Singapore]] of the National Computer Board in 1981.<ref name=":83">{{Cite journal |last=Montes |first=Jose |date=2020 |title=A Historical View of Smart Cities: Definitions, Features and Tipping Points |url=https://www.ssrn.com/abstract=3637617 |journal=SSRN Electronic Journal |doi=10.2139/ssrn.3637617 |issn=1556-5068 |s2cid=238125868}}</ref>
The smart city concept experienced a major surge around 2005. Tech companies sought to create information systems to enhance operational efficiency for cities.<ref name=":132">{{Cite book |last1=Oke |first1=Ayodeji Emmanuel |url=https://www.emerald.com/insight/publication/doi/10.1108/9781803824550 |title=Smart Cities: A Panacea for Sustainable Development |last2=Stephen |first2=Seyi Segun |last3=Aigbavboa |first3=Clinton Ohis |last4=Ogunsemi |first4=Deji Rufus |last5=Aje |first5=Isaac Olaniyi |date=2022-04-05 |publisher=Emerald Publishing Limited |isbn=978-1-80382-456-7 |doi=10.1108/9781803824550}}</ref><ref>Cisco. (2005). Dubai: The Smart City. Retrieved from <nowiki>http://www.cisco.com/</nowiki> web/learning/le34/downloads/689/nobel/2005/docs/Abdulhakim_Malik.pdf</ref><ref>IBM. (2009). IBM Offers Smarter City assessment tool to help cities. Prepare for challenges and opportunities of unprecedented urbanization. Retrieved from <nowiki>[https://www-03.ibm.com/press/us/en/pressrelease/27791 www-03.ibm.com]</nowiki><nowiki>{{dead link|date=August 2024|bot=medic}}</nowiki><nowiki>{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</nowiki></ref><ref>Siemens. (2004). Stadt der Zukunft. Retrieved from <nowiki>http://www</nowiki>. siemens.com/innovation/de/publikationen/zeitschriften_pic_future/PoF_ Fruehjahr_2004/SmartCity.htm</ref>
A global movement emerged advocating smart cities.<ref name=":102" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Smart Cities Market: Growing New IT Markets Analysis Report |url=https://www.bccresearch.com/market-research/information-technology/smart-cities-growing-new-it-markets-report.html |access-date=2024-03-22 |website=www.bccresearch.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Frost & Sullivan |date=2018-04-04 |title=Frost & Sullivan Experts Announce Global Smart Cities to Raise a Market of Over $2 Trillion by 2025 |url=https://www.frost.com/news/press-releases/frost-sullivan-experts-announce-global-smart-cities-raise-market-over-2-trillion-2025/ |access-date=2024-03-22 |website=Frost & Sullivan |language=en-US}}</ref>
[[IBM]] launched its [[Smarter Planet]] marketing initiative in 2008,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-11-29 |title=Smart city: smart story? |url=https://smartcityhub.com/governance-economy/smart-city-smart-story/ |access-date=2022-01-07 |website=Smart City Hub}}</ref> which included the IBM Smarter Cities Challenge. In 2010, [[Cisco Systems]], with $25 million from the [[Clinton Foundation]], established its Connected Urban Development program in partnership with San Francisco, Amsterdam, and Seoul. In 2011, a Smart City Expo World Congress in Barcelona attracted 6000 people from 50 countries. The [[European Commission]] in 2012 established the Smart Cities Marketplace, a centralized hub for urban initiatives in the [[European Union]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Creating smart cities together |url=https://smart-cities-marketplace.ec.europa.eu/ |access-date=28 August 2022 |website=Smart Cities Marketplace}}</ref> The 2015 Chancellor’s Budget for the United Kingdom proposed to invest £140 million in smart cities and IoT.<ref name="Doe2">{{cite web |last1=Doe |first1=Laurence |date=27 March 2015 |title=Budget 2015: IoT and smart cities set for investment |url=http://www.landmobile.co.uk/news/budget-2015-osborne-announces-40-million-investment-into-smart-cities-and-iot/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161124094213/http://www.landmobile.co.uk/news/budget-2015-osborne-announces-40-million-investment-into-smart-cities-and-iot |archive-date=24 November 2016 |access-date=27 March 2015 |website=Land Mobile}}</ref> Smart city competitions were launched in the 2010s by [[Bloomberg Philanthropies]], the [[Rockefeller Foundation]], and the [[United States Department of Transportation]].<ref name="Clark2" /> In 2016, [[AT&T]]<nowiki/>launched an alliance with Cisco, [[Deloitte]], [[Ericsson]], [[General Electric]], IBM, [[Intel]], and [[Qualcomm]], with municipal partners [[Atlanta, Georgia]]; [[Chicago, Illinois]]; and [[Dallas, Texas]].<ref name="Clark2" />
== Characteristics ==
Key characteristics that define innovative urban environments include:<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Gracias |first1=Jose Sanchez |last2=Parnell |first2=Gregory S. |last3=Specking |first3=Eric |last4=Pohl |first4=Edward A. |last5=Buchanan |first5=Randy |date=2023-07-11 |title=Smart Cities—A Structured Literature Review |journal=Smart Cities |language=en |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=1719–1743 |doi=10.3390/smartcities6040080 |issn=2624-6511 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
* Connectivity: IoT networks collect and transmit data from sensors throughout the urban environment.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Albino |first1=Vito |last2=Berardi |first2=Umberto |last3=Dangelico |first3=Rosa Maria |date=2015-01-02 |title=Smart Cities: Definitions, Dimensions, Performance, and Initiatives |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10630732.2014.942092 |journal=Journal of Urban Technology |language=en |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=3–21 |doi=10.1080/10630732.2014.942092 |issn=1063-0732}}</ref>
* Data-driven decision making: Advanced analytics and artificial intelligence enable more informed and responsive governance.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Shahat Osman |first1=Ahmed M. |last2=Elragal |first2=Ahmed |date=2021-02-28 |title=Smart Cities and Big Data Analytics: A Data-Driven Decision-Making Use Case |journal=Smart Cities |language=en |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=286–313 |doi=10.3390/smartcities4010018 |issn=2624-6511 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
* Sustainable infrastructure: Energy-efficient buildings, renewable energy, and intelligent transportation systems.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Smart and Sustainable Cities: What Does It Mean? |url=https://www.beesmart.city/en/smart-city-blog/smart-and-sustainable-cities-what-does-it-mean |access-date=2024-08-07 |website=www.beesmart.city |language=en}}</ref>
* Urban Optimization: Reduce resource usage, reduce ecological footprints, and enhance living standards to create more environmentally responsible urban spaces.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Smart Cities - Fabled Sky Research |url=https://fabledsky.com/knowledge-base/smart-cities/ |access-date=2024-08-07 |language=en-US}}</ref>
* Citizen engagement: Facilitate communication between residents and government, promoting participation in urban planning and decision-making processes.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Cardullo |first1=Paolo |last2=Kitchin |first2=Rob |date=2019-02-01 |title=Being a 'citizen' in the smart city: up and down the scaffold of smart citizen participation in Dublin, Ireland |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-018-9845-8 |journal=GeoJournal |language=en |volume=84 |issue=1 |pages=1–13 |bibcode=2019GeoJo..84....1C |doi=10.1007/s10708-018-9845-8 |issn=1572-9893}}</ref>
* Smart mobility: [[Integrated design|Integrate]] public transit, bike-sharing, and autonomous vehicles, aim to reduce congestion and improve accessibility.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Smart Mobility in the Smart Cities of Tomorrow |url=https://rideamigos.com/smart-mobility-in-smart-cities |access-date=2024-08-07 |website=RideAmigos |language=en-US}}</ref>
* Enhanced public services: Improve the delivery of essential services.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Nam |first1=Taewoo |title=Proceedings of the 12th Annual International Digital Government Research Conference: Digital Government Innovation in Challenging Times |last2=Pardo |first2=Theresa A. |date=2011-06-12 |publisher=Association for Computing Machinery |isbn=978-1-4503-0762-8 |series=dg.o '11 |location=New York, NY, USA |pages=282–291 |chapter=Conceptualizing smart city with dimensions of technology, people, and institutions |doi=10.1145/2037556.2037602 |chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.1145/2037556.2037602}}</ref>
== Methods ==
=== Information and communications technologies ===
It has been suggested that a smart city (or other community) uses information technologies to:{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}
# Make more efficient use of physical infrastructure (roads, [[built environment]] and other physical assets) through [[artificial intelligence]] and [[data analytics]] in order to support a strong and healthy economic, social, cultural development.<ref name="Hollands2" />
# Engage effectively with local governance<ref name="Johns2">{{cite journal |last1=Johns |first1=Fleur |date=13 October 2021 |title=Governance by Data |journal=Annual Review of Law and Social Science |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=53–71 |doi=10.1146/annurev-lawsocsci-120920-085138 |issn=1550-3585 |s2cid=235546816 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free |hdl=1959.4/unsworks_75698}}</ref> by use of [[open innovation]] processes and [[e-participation]], improving the collective intelligence of the city's institutions through [[e-governance]],<ref name="Komninos_ch2" /> with emphasis placed on citizen participation and [[co-design]].<ref name="Deakin20072">{{cite journal |author=Deakin, M |year=2007 |title=From city of bits to e-topia: taking the thesis on digitally-inclusive regeneration full circle |url=http://markdeakin.cgpublisher.com/product/pub.85/prod.395 |url-status=dead |journal=Journal of Urban Technology |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=131–143 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160318212436/http://markdeakin.cgpublisher.com/product/pub.85/prod.395/ |archive-date=18 March 2016 |access-date=3 November 2014}}</ref><ref name="DeakinAllwinkle20072">{{cite journal |author=Deakin, M |author2=Allwinkle, S |year=2007 |title=Urban regeneration and sustainable communities: the role of networks, innovation and creativity in building successful partnerships |url=http://researchrepository.napier.ac.uk/id/eprint/1998 |journal=Journal of Urban Technology |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=77–91 |doi=10.1080/10630730701260118 |s2cid=153965022}}</ref>
# Learn, adapt and innovate and thereby respond more effectively and promptly to changing circumstances by improving the intelligence of the city.<ref name="Komninos_ch2" /><ref>{{cite journal |last=Coe |first=A. |author2=Paquet, G. |author3=Roy, J. |year=2001 |title=E-governance and smart communities: a social learning challenge |url=http://www.gouvernance.ca/publications/00-53.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Social Science Computer Review |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=80–93 |doi=10.1177/089443930101900107 |s2cid=53380562 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303233136/http://www.gouvernance.ca/publications/00-53.pdf |archive-date=3 March 2016 |access-date=3 November 2014}}</ref>
They evolve towards a strong integration of all dimensions of [[Intelligence#Human intelligence|human intelligence]], [[collective intelligence]], and also [[artificial intelligence]] within the [[city]].<ref name="Komninos20082">{{cite book |last=Komninos |first=N. |title=Intelligent Cities and Globalisation of Innovation Networks |publisher=Routledge |year=2008 |isbn=9780415455923}}</ref>{{rp|112–113}}<ref>{{cite book |author1=Atlee, T. |url=http://www.evolutionarynexus.org/wiki/collective_intelligence_tom_atlee_and_george_p%C3%B3r |title=Evolutionary Nexus: connecting communities for emergence |author2=Pór, George |year=2006 |access-date=6 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019204929/http://www.evolutionarynexus.org/wiki/collective_intelligence_tom_atlee_and_george_p%C3%B3r |archive-date=19 October 2015 |url-status=live |name-list-style=amp}}</ref> According to Mitchell, the intelligence of cities "resides in the increasingly effective combination of digital [[Telecommunication network|telecommunication networks]] (the nerves), ubiquitously [[embedded intelligence]] (the brain), sensors and [[Smart label|tags]] (the sensory organs), and [[software]] (the knowledge and cognitive competence)".<ref>{{cite journal |author=Mitchell, W. |year=2007 |title=Intelligent cities |url=http://www.uoc.edu/uocpapers/5/dt/eng/mitchell.html |url-status=live |journal=e-Journal on the Knowledge Society |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170228194411/http://www.uoc.edu/uocpapers/5/dt/eng/mitchell.html |archive-date=28 February 2017 |access-date=1 February 2015}}</ref>
The physical components of IT systems are crucial to early-stage smart city development. Wired infrastructure is required to support the IoT and wireless technologies central to more interconnected living.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Smart cities are about people |url=https://www.smartcitiesworld.net/news/news/smart-cities-are-about-people-2932 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629040256/https://www.smartcitiesworld.net/news/news/smart-cities-are-about-people-2932 |archive-date=29 June 2019 |access-date=2019-06-29 |website=Smart Cities World}}</ref> A wired city environment provides general access to continually updated digital and physical infrastructure. The latest in telecommunications, [[robotics]], IoT, and various connected technologies can then be deployed to support human capital and productivity.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Intelligent Cities: R&D offshoring, web 2.0 product development and globalization of innovation systems |url=http://www.urenio.org/wp-content/uploads/2008/11/Intelligent-Cities-Shenzhen-2009-Komninos-Sefertzi.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180516180354/http://www.urenio.org/wp-content/uploads/2008/11/Intelligent-Cities-Shenzhen-2009-Komninos-Sefertzi.pdf |archive-date=16 May 2018 |access-date=20 December 2016}}</ref><ref name=":122">{{Cite journal |last1=Nam |first1=Taewoo |last2=Pardo |first2=Theresa A |title=Conceptualizing Smart City with Dimensions of Technology, People, and Institutions |url=https://www.ctg.albany.edu/media/pubs/pdfs/dgo_2011_smartcity.pdf |department=Center for Technology in Government University at Albany, State University of New York, U.S. |journal=The Proceedings of the 12th Annual International Conference on Digital Government Research}}</ref>
=== Forms of intelligence ===
[[File:Bletchley_Park_-_Draco2008.jpg|right|thumb|Bletchley Park is often considered to be the first smart community.]]
Intelligence in smart cities has been demonstrated in three ways:{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}
# '''Orchestration intelligence''':<ref name="Komninos_ch2" /> Cities establish institutions and community-based problem solving and collaborations, such as in [[Bletchley Park]], where the Nazi Enigma cipher was decoded by a team led by [[Alan Turing]]. This has been referred to as the first example of a smart city or an intelligent community.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Deakin |first1=Mark |last2=Al Waer |first2=Husam |year=2011 |title=From intelligent to smart cities |journal=Journal of Intelligent Buildings International: From Intelligent Cities to Smart Cities |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=140–152 |doi=10.1080/17508975.2011.586671 |s2cid=110580067}}</ref>
# '''Empowerment intelligence''': Cities provide [[Open platform|open platforms]], experimental facilities and smart city infrastructure in order to cluster innovation in certain districts. These are seen in the Kista Science City in Stockholm and the Cyberport Zone in Hong Kong. Similar facilities have also been established in [[Melbourne]] and [[Kyiv]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Department of Sustainability and Environment |date=2005 |title=Melbourne 2030 |url=http://www.nre.vic.gov.au/melbourne2030online/content/implementation_plans/03b_actions.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530120605/http://www.nre.vic.gov.au/melbourne2030online/content/implementation_plans/03b_actions.html |archive-date=30 May 2015 |access-date=30 May 2015 |publisher=State Government of Victoria}}</ref>
# '''Instrumentation intelligence''': City infrastructure is made smart through [[real-time data]] collection, with analysis and [[predictive modelling]] across city districts. There is much controversy surrounding this, particularly with regards to [[surveillance issues in smart cities]].
Examples of instrumentation intelligence are those implemented in [[Amsterdam]].<ref name="Amsterdam2">{{cite web |author=Amsterdam Smart City |title=Amsterdam Smart City ~ Projects |url=http://amsterdamsmartcity.com/projects |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120922030047/http://amsterdamsmartcity.com/projects |archive-date=22 September 2012 |access-date=30 May 2015}}</ref> This is realized through:<ref name="Komninos_ch2" />
# A common [[Internet Protocol|IP]] infrastructure that is open to researchers to develop applications.
# Wireless meters and devices transmit information at the point in time.
# A number of homes being provided with [[Smart energy meter|smart energy meters]] to become aware of energy consumption and reduce energy usage.
# [[Solar power]] [[Garbage compactor|garbage compactors]], [[Charging station|car recharging stations]] and [[Energy saving lamp|energy saving lamps]].
===Energy usage===
Smart cities use data and technology to create efficiencies, improve sustainability, create economic development, and enhance quality of life factors for people living and working in the city.{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}} A variety of different datasets may need to be integrated to create a smart energy infrastructure.<ref name="Donti2">{{cite journal |last1=Donti |first1=Priya L. |last2=Kolter |first2=J. Zico |date=18 October 2021 |title=Machine Learning for Sustainable Energy Systems |journal=Annual Review of Environment and Resources |volume=46 |issue=1 |pages=719–747 |doi=10.1146/annurev-environ-020220-061831 |issn=1543-5938 |s2cid=238321691 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Employment of smart technologies enables the more efficient application of integrated energy technologies in the city allowing the development of more self-sustaining areas or even [[Positive Energy District|positive energy districts]] that produce more energy than they consume.<ref name="Tuominen2">{{cite news |last1=Tuominen |first1=Pekka |date=May 12, 2020 |title=Yes to positive energy districts |url=https://www.vttresearch.com/en/news-and-ideas/yes-positive-energy-districts-how-make-it-happen |access-date=28 August 2022 |work=VTT News - Beyond the Obvious |agency=VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland}}</ref>{{How|date=July 2024}}
A smart city is powered by "smart connections" for various items such as street lighting, [[Building automation|smart buildings]], [[Distributed generation|distributed energy resources]] (DER), [[Data analysis|data analytics]], and smart transportation. Amongst these things, energy is paramount; this is why utility companies play a key role in smart cities. Electric companies, working partnership with city officials, technology companies and a number of other institutions, are among the major players that helped accelerate the growth of America's smart cities.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Riley |first=Kim |date=15 June 2017 |title=Pittsburgh, San Diego city officials put utilities as major players in smart-city partnerships |url=https://dailyenergyinsider.com/featured/5836-pittsburgh-san-diego-city-officials-put-utilities-major-players-smart-city-partnerships/ |access-date=25 September 2017 |work=Daily Energy Insider}}</ref>
According to David K. Owens, the former executive vice president of the [[Edison Electric Institute]], two key elements that a smart city must have are an integrated communications platform and a "dynamic resilient grid."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Riley |first=Kim |date=16 November 2017 |title=America needs smart grid investments pronto, stakeholders say at NARUC event |url=https://dailyenergyinsider.com/featured/9120-america-needs-smart-grid-investments-pronto-stakeholders-say-naruc-event/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190828222613/https://dailyenergyinsider.com/featured/9120-america-needs-smart-grid-investments-pronto-stakeholders-say-naruc-event/ |archive-date=28 August 2019 |access-date=11 December 2017 |work=Daily Energy Insider}}</ref>
[[Smart grid|Smart grids]] are an important technology in smart cities. The improved flexibility of the smart grid permits greater penetration of highly variable renewable energy sources such as solar power and wind power.{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}
Energy Data Management Systems (EDMS) can help to save cities [[Energy conservation|energy]] by recording data and using it to increase efficiency.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Smart City Technologies and Solutions to Deliver Better a Living {{!}} COPA-DATA |url=https://www.copadata.com/en/industries/smart-city/smart-city-insights/smart-city-solutions-better-living/ |access-date=2021-12-08 |website=www.copadata.com}}</ref>
===Data management===
For a smart city to function, it is necessary for it to manage an enormous amount of data collected through the embedded devices and systems in its environment.<ref name=":16">{{cite journal |last1=Gharaibeh |first1=A. |last2=Salahuddin |first2=M. A. |last3=Hussini |first3=S. J. |last4=Khreishah |first4=A. |last5=Khalil |first5=I. |last6=Guizani |first6=M. |last7=Al-Fuqaha |first7=A. |year=2017 |title=Smart Cities: A Survey on Data Management, Security, and Enabling Technologies |journal=IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials |volume=19 |issue=4 |pages=2456–2501 |doi=10.1109/COMST.2017.2736886 |s2cid=206578345}}</ref> This is also important for the cities growth and security.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nisenbaum |first=Amit |title=What's Holding Smart Cities Back? |url=https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/whats-holding-smart-cities-back/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629040251/https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/whats-holding-smart-cities-back/ |archive-date=29 June 2019 |access-date=2019-06-29 |website=Scientific American Blog Network}}</ref> Smart cities use a variety of data collection, processing, and disseminating technologies, in conjunction with data security and privacy measures, in attempting to encourage innovation and improve citizens' quality of life.<ref name=":16" /> This can relate to topics including utilities, health, transportation, entertainment and government services.<ref name=":16" />
Online collaborative sensor data management platforms are on-line database services that allow sensor owners to register and connect their devices to feed data into an on-line database for storage and allow developers to connect to the database and build their own applications based on that data.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Boyle |first1=D. |last2=Yates |first2=D. |last3=Yeatman |first3=E. |year=2013 |title=Urban Sensor Data Streams: London 2013 |journal=IEEE Internet Computing |volume=17 |issue=6 |pages=1 |doi=10.1109/MIC.2013.85 |s2cid=17820999}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Silva |first1=Dilshan |last2=Ghanem |first2=Moustafa |last3=Guo |first3=Yike |year=2012 |title=WikiSensing: An Online Collaborative Approach for Sensor Data Management |journal=Sensors |volume=12 |issue=10 |pages=13295–13332 |bibcode=2012Senso..1213295S |doi=10.3390/s121013295 |pmc=3545568 |pmid=23201997 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
Electronic cards (known as [[Smart card|smart cards]]) are another common component in smart city contexts. These cards possess a unique encrypted identifier that allows the owner to log into a range of government provided services (or [[E-service|e-services]]) without setting up multiple accounts. The single identifier allows governments to aggregate [[Big data|data]] [[Mass surveillance|about citizens]] and their preferences to improve the provision of services and to determine common interests of groups. This technology has been implemented in Southampton.<ref name="DeakinAl_jrnl2" />
Cognitive technologies, such as [[artificial intelligence]] and [[machine learning]], can be trained on the data generated by connected city devices to identify patterns. The efficacy and impact of particular policy decisions can be quantified by cognitive systems studying the continuous interactions of humans with their urban surroundings.<ref name="Ark2">{{cite news |last1=Ark |first1=Tom Vander |date=June 26, 2018 |title=How Cities Are Getting Smart Using Artificial Intelligence |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/tomvanderark/2018/06/26/how-cities-are-getting-smart-using-artificial-intelligence/#7e6178503803 |access-date=28 August 2022 |work=Forbes}}</ref>
=== Transportation ===
[[Bicycle-sharing system|Bicycle-sharing systems]] are an important element in smart cities.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Chiariotti |first1=Federico |title=2018 7th International Conference on Modern Circuits and Systems Technologies (MOCAST) |last2=Pielli |first2=Chiara |last3=Cenedese |first3=Angelo |last4=Zanella |first4=Andrea |last5=Zorzi |first5=Michele |date=May 2018 |isbn=978-1-5386-4788-2 |pages=1–6 |chapter=Bike sharing as a key smart city service: State of the art and future developments |doi=10.1109/MOCAST.2018.8376628 |chapter-url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8376628 |s2cid=49187242}}</ref>
[[Intelligent transportation system|Intelligent transportation systems]] and [[Closed-circuit television|CCTV]] systems are also being developed.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pribadi |first1=Arif |title=2017 International Seminar on Intelligent Technology and Its Applications (ISITIA) |last2=Kumiawan |first2=Fachrul |last3=Hariadi |first3=Mochamad |last4=Nugroho |first4=Supeno Mardi Susiki |date=August 2017 |isbn=978-1-5386-2708-2 |pages=21–24 |chapter=Urban distribution CCTV for smart city using decision tree methods |doi=10.1109/ISITIA.2017.8124048 |s2cid=194177}}</ref>
[[Bollard#Removable bollards|Retractable bollards]] allow to restrict access inside city centers (i.e. to delivery trucks resupplying outlet stores). Opening and closing of such barriers is traditionally done manually, through an electronic pass<ref>Carbon Zero: Imagining Cities that can save the planet by Alex Steffen, page 54</ref> but can even be done by means of [[Automatic number-plate recognition|ANPR]] cameras connected to the bollard system.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 December 2018 |title=Call for retractable 'coffin' bollards and no-driving zones outside Bristol schools |url=https://www.bristolpost.co.uk/news/call-retractable-coffin-bollards-no-2295946 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810083504/https://www.bristolpost.co.uk/news/call-retractable-coffin-bollards-no-2295946 |archive-date=10 August 2020 |access-date=1 September 2020}}</ref>
=== Human factors ===
According to McKinsey, smart city initiatives can have measurable positive impacts on the quality of life of its citizens and visitors.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Smart city technology for a more liveable future {{!}} McKinsey |url=https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/capital-projects-and-infrastructure/our-insights/smart-cities-digital-solutions-for-a-more-livable-future |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626221105/https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/capital-projects-and-infrastructure/our-insights/smart-cities-digital-solutions-for-a-more-livable-future |archive-date=26 June 2019 |access-date=2019-06-29 |website=www.mckinsey.com}}</ref> The human framework of a smart city – its economy, knowledge networks, and human support systems – is an important indicator of its success.<ref name=":022">{{Cite web |title=United Smart Cities (USC) – United Nations Partnerships for SDGs platform |url=https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/partnership/?p=10009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190828222617/https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/partnership/?p=10009 |archive-date=28 August 2019 |access-date=2019-06-29 |website=sustainabledevelopment.un.org}}</ref>
For example, arts and culture initiatives are common focus areas in smart city planning.<ref>{{Cite web |title=engagingcommunities2005.org |url=http://www.engagingcommunities2005.org/abstracts/Bartlet-%20Leo-final.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227235327/http://www.engagingcommunities2005.org/abstracts/Bartlet-%20Leo-final.pdf |archive-date=27 February 2017 |access-date=20 December 2016 |website=www.engagingcommunities2005.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Borda |first1=Ann |title=Museums and Digital Culture |last2=Bowen |first2=Jonathan P. |author-link2=Jonathan Bowen |date=2019 |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]] |isbn=978-3-319-97456-9 |editor1-last=Giannini |editor1-first=Tula |editor-link1=Tula Giannini |series=Series on Cultural Computing |pages=523–549 |chapter=Smart Cities and Digital Culture: Models of Innovation |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-97457-6_27 |issn=2195-9064 |editor2-last=Bowen |editor2-first=Jonathan P. |editor-link2=Jonathan Bowen |s2cid=159042161}}</ref> Innovation is associated with intellectual curiosity and creativeness, and various projects have demonstrated that knowledge workers participate in a diverse mix of cultural and artistic activities.<ref name="Eger2">{{cite news |last1=Eger |first1=John M. |date=24 July 2015 |title=Creativity in the Smart City Is What Makes a City Really Smart |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/creativity-in-the-smart-c_b_7648342 |access-date=27 August 2022 |work=HuffPost}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Malanga |first1=Steven |date=23 December 2015 |title=The Curse of the Creative Class |url=https://www.city-journal.org/html/curse-creative-class-12491.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180811195230/https://www.city-journal.org/html/curse-creative-class-12491.html |archive-date=11 August 2018 |access-date=11 August 2018 |website=City Journal}}</ref>
Since mobility is a key area of smart city development, building a capable workforce through education initiatives is necessary.<ref name=":022" />{{Clarification needed|reason=How does the workforce help with this? What exactly is meant by "mobility"?|date=July 2024}} A city's learning capacity includes its education system, including available workforce training and support, and its cultural development and exchange.<ref name="Brent2">{{Cite web |last=Moser |first=Mary Anne |title=What is Smart about the Smart Communities Movement? |url=https://www.ucalgary.ca/ejournal/archive/v10-11/v10-11n1Moser-browse.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170210151210/http://www.ucalgary.ca/ejournal/archive/v10-11/v10-11n1Moser-browse.html |archive-date=10 February 2017 |access-date=20 December 2016 |website=www.ucalgary.ca |publisher=University of Calgary EJournal 10–11(1)}}</ref>
Numerous Smart city programs also focus on soft infrastructure development, like increasing access to voluntary organizations and designated safe zones.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Glaeser |first1=Edward L. |last2=Berry |first2=Christopher R. |title=Why Are Smart Places Getting Smarter? |url=https://www.hks.harvard.edu/sites/default/files/centers/rappaport/files/brief_divergence.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190828222613/https://www.hks.harvard.edu/sites/default/files/centers/rappaport/files/brief_divergence.pdf |archive-date=28 August 2019 |access-date=11 August 2018 |website=Harvard University}}</ref> This focus on social and relational capital means diversity, inclusion, and ubiquitous access to public services is worked in to city planning.<ref name=":122" />
The development of a [[knowledge economy]] is also central to Smart city projects.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Smarter cities for smarter growth: How cities can optimize their systems for the talent-based economy |url=https://www.zurich.ibm.com/pdf/isl/infoportal/IBV_SC3_report_GBE03348USEN.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221090251/https://www.zurich.ibm.com/pdf/isl/infoportal/IBV_SC3_report_GBE03348USEN.pdf |archive-date=21 December 2016 |access-date=20 December 2016 |website=www.zurich.ibm.com}}</ref> Smart cities seeking to be hubs of economic activity in emerging tech and service sectors stress the value of innovation in city development.<ref name=":122" />
=== Other technologies ===
{{Copy edit|date=July 2024|section|for=lack of context, detail, and organization}}
Mobile devices (such as [[Smartphone|smartphones]] and tablets) are a key technology allowing citizens to connect to the smart city services.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 April 2018 |title=With smart cities, your every step will be recorded |url=https://theconversation.com/with-smart-cities-your-every-step-will-be-recorded-94527 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608085508/https://theconversation.com/with-smart-cities-your-every-step-will-be-recorded-94527 |archive-date=8 June 2020 |access-date=8 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Secure, sustainable smart cities and the IoT |url=https://www.thalesgroup.com/en/markets/digital-identity-and-security/iot/inspired/smart-cities |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608085508/https://www.thalesgroup.com/en/markets/digital-identity-and-security/iot/inspired/smart-cities |archive-date=8 June 2020 |access-date=8 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 October 2016 |title=Smartphones – not flying cars – will define the smart cities of the future |url=https://www.information-age.com/smartphones-not-flying-cars-will-define-smart-cities-future-123462622/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608085510/https://www.information-age.com/smartphones-not-flying-cars-will-define-smart-cities-future-123462622/ |archive-date=8 June 2020 |access-date=8 June 2020}}</ref>
Smart cities also rely on [[Smart home|smart homes]] and specifically, the [[Smart home technology|technology used in them]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Klein |first1=Cornel |title=Next Generation Teletraffic and Wired/Wireless Advanced Networking |last2=Kaefer |first2=Gerald |date=2008 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-540-85499-9 |series=Lecture Notes in Computer Science |volume=5174 |location=Berlin, Heidelberg |pages=260 |chapter=From Smart Homes to Smart Cities: Opportunities and Challenges from an Industrial Perspective |doi=10.1007/978-3-540-85500-2_24 |chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-85500-2_24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Mehrotra |first1=Siddharth |title=2015 International Conference on Green Computing and Internet of Things (ICGCIoT) |last2=Dhande |first2=Rashi |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-4673-7910-6 |pages=1236–1239 |chapter=Smart cities and smart homes: From realization to reality |doi=10.1109/ICGCIoT.2015.7380652 |access-date=8 June 2020 |chapter-url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7380652 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608090010/https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7380652 |archive-date=8 June 2020 |url-status=live |s2cid=14156800}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Need to Redefine the Smart Home and its Link to Smart Cities |url=https://hub.beesmart.city/strategy/redefining-the-smart-home-in-smart-cities |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608090011/https://hub.beesmart.city/strategy/redefining-the-smart-home-in-smart-cities |archive-date=8 June 2020 |access-date=8 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 September 2017 |title=How smart homes can connect to smart cities |url=https://www.smartcity.press/how-smart-homes-can-connect-smart-cities/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608090008/https://www.smartcity.press/how-smart-homes-can-connect-smart-cities/ |archive-date=8 June 2020 |access-date=8 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Redefining the smart home in smart cities |url=https://hub.beesmart.city/strategy/redefining-the-smart-home-in-smart-cities |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608090011/https://hub.beesmart.city/strategy/redefining-the-smart-home-in-smart-cities |archive-date=8 June 2020 |access-date=8 June 2020}}</ref>
Digital [[Library|libraries]] have also been established in several smart cities.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Koukopoulos |first1=Zois |title=Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Web Intelligence, Mining and Semantics |last2=Koukopoulos |first2=Dimitrios |last3=Jung |first3=Jason J. |date=2019 |isbn=9781450361903 |pages=1–12 |chapter=Sustainability Services for Public Libraries within a Smart City Environment |doi=10.1145/3326467.3326473 |chapter-url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/3326467.3326473 |s2cid=160010103}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tripathi |first1=Sneha |last2=Singh |first2=Manendra Kumar |last3=Tripathi |first3=Aditya |date=7 February 2017 |title=Smart Library for Smart Cities |journal=SRELS Journal of Information Management |pages=439–446 |doi=10.17821/srels/2016/v53i6/89406}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Aiyappa |first1=Manu |date=July 1, 2021 |title=Smart Cities miss key awards as projects move at snail's pace {{!}} Bengaluru News |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/smart-cities-miss-key-awards-as-projects-move-at-snails-pace/articleshow/84001391.cms |access-date=28 August 2022 |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Windsor Public Library: a brick-and-mortar library that also has an ebook lending service |url=https://www.windsorpubliclibrary.com/?page_id=65204 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023075326/https://www.windsorpubliclibrary.com/?page_id=65204 |archive-date=23 October 2020 |access-date=17 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Shivamogga Smart City Digital Library |url=https://www.sscldl.com/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210222113332/https://www.sscldl.com/ |archive-date=22 February 2021 |access-date=17 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tumakuru Digital Library |url=https://tumakurudigitallibrary.in/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715110211/https://tumakurudigitallibrary.in/ |archive-date=15 July 2020 |access-date=17 September 2020}}</ref>
Additional supporting technology and trends include [[remote work]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Smart cities and telecommuting in Ecuador |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301408856 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210326050523/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301408856_Smart_cities_and_telecommuting_in_Ecuador |archive-date=26 March 2021 |access-date=9 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=11 October 2019 |title=Innovation vs Technology. Redefining "Smart" in Smart-Cities |url=https://medium.com/swlh/innovation-vs-technology-redefining-smart-in-smart-cities-8e82857d7004 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609105640/https://medium.com/swlh/innovation-vs-technology-redefining-smart-in-smart-cities-8e82857d7004 |archive-date=9 June 2020 |access-date=9 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Remote Work Revolution and the Future of (Smart) Cities |url=https://spicefactory.co/blog/2019/10/25/remote-work-future-of-cities/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609104855/https://spicefactory.co/blog/2019/10/25/remote-work-future-of-cities/ |archive-date=9 June 2020 |access-date=9 June 2020}}</ref> [[telehealth]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Telecommunication Infrastructures for Telemedicine in Smart Cities |url=http://ceur-ws.org/Vol-2255/paper23.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224072813/http://ceur-ws.org/Vol-2255/paper23.pdf |archive-date=24 February 2021 |access-date=9 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Telemedicine and Smart Cities |url=https://telemedicine.arizona.edu/blog/telemedicine-and-smart-cities |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609104905/https://telemedicine.arizona.edu/blog/telemedicine-and-smart-cities |archive-date=9 June 2020 |access-date=9 June 2020}}</ref> the [[blockchain]],<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Li |first1=Shuling |title=2018 IEEE International Conference on Smart Internet of Things (SmartIoT) |year=2018 |isbn=978-1-5386-8543-3 |pages=276–2766 |chapter=Application of Blockchain Technology in Smart City Infrastructure |doi=10.1109/SmartIoT.2018.00056 |chapter-url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8465562 |s2cid=52288306}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kundu |first1=Debasish |year=2019 |title=Blockchain and Trust in a Smart City |journal=Environment and Urbanization ASIA |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=31–43 |bibcode=2019EnUrA..10...31K |doi=10.1177/0975425319832392 |s2cid=159098611 |doi-access=free}}</ref> [[online banking]] technology,<ref>{{Cite web |title=How Traditional Banks Should Work in Smart City |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310791133 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210312232742/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310791133_How_Traditional_Banks_Should_Work_in_Smart_City |archive-date=12 March 2021 |access-date=8 June 2020}}</ref>
A "ubiquitous city", one concept of a smart city, provides access to public services through any connected device. U-city is an extension of the digital city concept because of the facility in terms of accessibility to every infrastructure.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Anthopoulos |first1=Leonidas |url=https://archive.org/details/nextgenerationso00side |title=Next Generation Society. Technological and Legal Issues |last2=Fitsilis |first2=Panos |date=23 September 2009 |publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg |isbn=9783642116292 |editor-last=Sideridis |editor-first=Alexander B. |series=Lecture Notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering |volume=26 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/nextgenerationso00side/page/n361 360]–372 |chapter=From Online to Ubiquitous Cities: The Technical Transformation of Virtual Communities |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-11631-5_33 |editor-last2=Patrikakis |editor-first2=Charalampos Z. |url-access=limited}}</ref>
==Criticism==
{{See also|Surveillance issues in smart cities}}
Criticisms of smart cities include:<ref name="Hollands2" />
* [[Big data]] collection and analytics raised questions over [[Surveillance issues in smart cities|surveillance in smart cities]], particularly over [[predictive policing]].
* Over-emphasis on smart cities means ignoring other domains.<ref>{{cite book |author=Greenfield, A. |title=Against the Smart City. |publisher=Verso |year=2013 |location=London |asin=B00FHQ5DBS}}</ref>
* Urban development is often haphazard. A data-based approach "can deaden and stupefy the people who live in its all-efficient embrace".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sennett |first=Richard |date=4 December 2012 |title=No one likes a city that's too smart |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/dec/04/smart-city-rio-songdo-masdar |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318004523/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/dec/04/smart-city-rio-songdo-masdar |archive-date=18 March 2017 |access-date=17 March 2017 |work=The Guardian}}</ref>
* Technological and networked infrastructures have downsides that may offset the benefits.<ref>{{cite book |author=Graham, S. |title=Telecommunications and the city: electronic spaces, urban place |author2=Marvin, S. |publisher=Routledge |year=1996 |isbn=9780203430453 |location=London}}</ref>
* The [[capital mobility]] that allows business to take advantage of smart cities also allows them to leave for a better offer.<ref name="Hollands2" />
* Urban data collection involves surveillance, which potentially invades individual privacy. Without protections that have frequently failed scanning, identification, location tracking (including time and direction) can empower bad actors.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rubisz |first=Szymon |date=2020 |title=Some Issues with the Right to Privacy in Smart Cities |journal=Scientific Papers of Silesian University of Technology – Organization and Management Series |volume=2020 |issue=147 |pages=237–246 |doi=10.29119/1641-3466.2020.147.18 |s2cid=232592742 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
* Smart citiy approaches are irrelevant to cities without the means to implement the required technologies, such as in developing countries.<ref name=":112" />
* Persons with disabilities are not always accommodated by smart city technologies.<ref name=":152" />
* Digital technologies can have a significant environmental footprint that may be visited onto other communities.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lange |first1=Steffen |last2=Pohl |first2=Johanna |last3=Santarius |first3=Tilman |date=2020-10-01 |title=Digitalization and energy consumption. Does ICT reduce energy demand? |journal=Ecological Economics |volume=176 |pages=106760 |bibcode=2020EcoEc.17606760L |doi=10.1016/j.ecolecon.2020.106760 |issn=0921-8009 |s2cid=224947774}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Morley |first1=Janine |last2=Widdicks |first2=Kelly |last3=Hazas |first3=Mike |date=2018-04-01 |title=Digitalisation, energy and data demand: The impact of Internet traffic on overall and peak electricity consumption |journal=Energy Research & Social Science |volume=38 |pages=128–137 |bibcode=2018ERSS...38..128M |doi=10.1016/j.erss.2018.01.018 |issn=2214-6296 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sovacool |first1=Benjamin K. |last2=Hook |first2=Andrew |last3=Martiskainen |first3=Mari |last4=Brock |first4=Andrea |last5=Turnheim |first5=Bruno |date=2020-01-01 |title=The decarbonisation divide: Contextualizing landscapes of low-carbon exploitation and toxicity in Africa |journal=Global Environmental Change |volume=60 |pages=102028 |bibcode=2020GEC....6002028S |doi=10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2019.102028 |issn=0959-3780 |s2cid=214411810 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
* "Smart city" can be used as a slogan merely to stimulate land revenue generation.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zhou |first1=Yong |last2=Xiao |first2=Fan |last3=Deng |first3=Weipeng |date=23 March 2022 |title=Is smart city a slogan? Evidence from China |journal=Asian Geographer |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=185–202 |doi=10.1080/10225706.2022.2052734 |s2cid=259149515}}</ref>
* Clark claimed that technologies actually adopted tended to be those that deliver digital services directly to residents (e.g., [[Ride-hailing service|ride-hailing services]] and [[online food ordering]]) or which solve a specific problem of municipal government, rather than enhancing infrastructure.<ref name="Clark2" />
* Digital technology has the potential to be used in negative as well as positive ways, and its use is inherently political.<ref name="Johns2" /> Smart cities can perpetuate or mitigate inequalities<ref name="Nesti2">{{cite journal |last1=Nesti |first1=Giorgia |date=27 August 2019 |title=Mainstreaming gender equality in smart cities: Theoretical, methodological and empirical challenges |journal=Information Polity |volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=289–304 |doi=10.3233/IP-190134 |s2cid=201340073 |hdl-access=free |hdl=11577/3305997}}</ref><ref name="Javiera2">{{cite book |last1=Fernanda Medina Macaya |first1=Javiera |title=14th International Conference on Theory and Practice of Electronic Governance |last2=Ben Dhaou |first2=Soumaya |last3=Cunha |first3=Maria Alexandra |date=6 October 2021 |isbn=9781450390118 |pages=398–405 |chapter=Gendering the Smart Cities:: Addressing gender inequalities in urban spaces |doi=10.1145/3494193.3494308 |access-date=27 August 2022 |chapter-url=http://collections.unu.edu/eserv/UNU:8632/t09-p53-76.pdf |s2cid=245881057}}</ref><ref name="Li2">{{cite journal |last1=Li |first1=Manlin |last2=Woolrych |first2=Ryan |date=13 December 2021 |title=Experiences of Older People and Social Inclusion in Relation to Smart "Age-Friendly" Cities: A Case Study of Chongqing, China |journal=Frontiers in Public Health |volume=9 |pages=779913 |doi=10.3389/fpubh.2021.779913 |pmc=8721664 |pmid=34988053 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Ivan2">{{cite journal |last1=Ivan |first1=Loredana |last2=Beu |first2=Dorin |last3=van Hoof |first3=Joost |date=January 2020 |title=Smart and Age-Friendly Cities in Romania: An Overview of Public Policy and Practice |journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |volume=17 |issue=14 |pages=5202 |doi=10.3390/ijerph17145202 |issn=1660-4601 |pmc=7400252 |pmid=32708488 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Shamsuddin2">{{cite journal |last1=Shamsuddin |first1=Shomon |last2=Srinivasan |first2=Sumeeta |date=2 January 2021 |title=Just Smart or Just and Smart Cities? Assessing the Literature on Housing and Information and Communication Technology |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10511482.2020.1719181?journalCode=rhpd20 |journal=Housing Policy Debate |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=127–150 |doi=10.1080/10511482.2020.1719181 |s2cid=216206034 |access-date=28 August 2022}}</ref>
== Initiatives ==
=== China ===
China's smart cities movement began with a pilot program launched in 2012 through its [[Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development]].<ref name=":042" />{{Rp|pages=58–59}} China's [[National New-Type Urbanization Plan]] for 2014-2020 included smart cities.<ref name=":042" />{{Rp|pages=59–60}} It identified six important aspects for developing smart cities:<ref name=":042" />{{Rp|page=60}}
* information network and broadband
* digitization of planning management
* smart infrastructure
* convenience of public services
* modernizing industrial development
* sophisticated social governance.
As of 2016, approximately 500 smart city projects had launched.<ref name=":042" />{{Rp|page=59}} In 2021, [[China]] took first in all categories of the International AI City Challenge – "by some estimates, China has half of the world’s smart cities".<ref name="Johnson2">{{Cite magazine |last=Johnson |first=Khari |title=A Global Smart-City Competition Highlights China's Rise in AI |url=https://www.wired.com/story/global-smart-city-competition-highlights-china-rise-ai/ |access-date=2022-01-07 |magazine=Wired |issn=1059-1028}}</ref>
==== Commercial companies ====
Alibaba created [[City Brain]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=City Brain |url=https://www.alibabacloud.com/solutions/intelligence-brain/city |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603170824/https://www.alibabacloud.com/solutions/intelligence-brain/city |archive-date=3 June 2020 |access-date=3 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The City Brain: Practice of Large-Scale Artificial Intelligence in the Real World |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333456538 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210313035758/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333456538_The_City_Brain_Practice_of_Large-Scale_Artificial_Intelligence_in_the_Real_World |archive-date=13 March 2021 |access-date=4 June 2020}}</ref> Its first overseas implementation began in 2018 in [[Kuala Lumpur]], Malaysia.<ref name=":42">{{Cite book |last1=Curtis |first1=Simon |title=The Belt and Road City: Geopolitics, Urbanization, and China's Search for a New International Order |last2=Klaus |first2=Ian |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |isbn=9780300266900 |location=New Haven and London |publication-date=2024}}</ref>{{Rp|page=82}}
Baidu developed [[Apolong|Apollo]], a self-driving technology.<ref name="forbes.com2">{{Cite web |title=Baidu, Alibaba, Tencent Clash To Lead China's Tech Future While A New 'B' Arises |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/rebeccafannin/2019/08/23/baidu-alibaba-tencent-clash-to-lead-chinas-tech-future-while-a-new-b-arises/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603170852/https://www.forbes.com/sites/rebeccafannin/2019/08/23/baidu-alibaba-tencent-clash-to-lead-chinas-tech-future-while-a-new-b-arises/ |archive-date=3 June 2020 |access-date=3 June 2020 |website=[[Forbes]]}}</ref> Tencent launched medical technology,<ref name="forbes.com2" /> such as WeChat Intelligent Healthcare, Tencent Doctorwork, and [[Artificial intelligence in healthcare|AI Medical Innovation System (AIMIS)]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 February 2018 |title=How Tencent's medical ecosystem is shaping the future of China's healthcare |url=https://technode.com/2018/02/11/tencent-medical-ecosystem/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603165928/https://technode.com/2018/02/11/tencent-medical-ecosystem/ |archive-date=3 June 2020 |access-date=3 June 2020}}</ref>
As of 2024, "Safe City" digital products were marketed abroad by Chinese companies including [[Dahua Technology]], Huawei, [[ZTE]], and [[Hikvision]].<ref name=":42" />{{Rp|page=80}} Huawei's Safe City Compact Solution focuses on improving safety.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Huawei Announces Safe City Compact Solution to Protect Citizens in Small and Medium Cities |url=https://e.huawei.com/en/news/smart-cities/201810150942 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603170858/https://e.huawei.com/en/news/smart-cities/201810150942 |archive-date=3 June 2020 |access-date=3 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Safe cities: Using smart tech for public security |url=https://www.bbc.com/future/bespoke/specials/connected-world/government.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200210042218/http://www.bbc.com/future/bespoke/specials/connected-world/government.html |archive-date=10 February 2020 |access-date=3 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Hillman |first=Jonathan E. |date=2019-11-04 |title=Watching Huawei's "Safe Cities" |url=https://www.csis.org/analysis/watching-huaweis-safe-cities |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201019214841/https://www.csis.org/analysis/watching-huaweis-safe-cities |archive-date=19 October 2020 |access-date=2020-11-02 |website=Center for Strategic and International Studies}}</ref> In 2018, Serbia announced a Safe City project for [[Belgrade]] in conjunction with Huawei, using one thousand cameras with advanced facial recognition and license plate recognition capabilities.<ref name=":42" />{{Rp|page=82}}
=== United States ===
The [[United States]] allocated more than $160 million toward smart city initiatives. Challenges include [[traffic congestion]], [[economic growth]], crime, [[climate change]], and public services.{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}
=== Canada ===
The "smart communities" movement took shape as a strategy to involve more users in IT.<ref name="Brent2" /> Primary issues included traffic congestion, [[school overcrowding]] and air pollution.<ref name="Brent2" />
=== Europe ===
[[European Union|EU]] members began working on smart city developments and ICT initiatives in the mid 2010s. The Digital Agenda for Europe framework emphasizes harnessing ICTs. The 2014-15 budget of the Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation program, included approximately 200 million Euros to expedite smart cities.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Directorate-General for Communication (European Commission) |url=https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2775/41229 |title=Digital agenda for Europe :rebooting Europe's economy |date=2014 |publisher=Publications Office of the European Union |isbn=978-92-79-41904-1 |location=LU |doi=10.2775/41229}}</ref><ref name="Komninos20092">{{cite journal |last=Komninos |first=N. |year=2009 |title=Intelligent cities: towards interactive and global innovation environments |journal=International Journal of Innovation and Regional Development |volume=1 |issue=4 |pages=337 |doi=10.1504/ijird.2009.022726}}</ref>{{rp|337–355}}<ref name="Paskaleva20092">{{cite journal |author=Paskaleva, K |date=25 January 2009 |title=Enabling the smart city:The progress of e-city governance in Europe |url=http://elartu.tntu.edu.ua/handle/lib/31308 |url-status=live |journal=International Journal of Innovation and Regional Development |volume=1 |issue=4 |pages=405–422(18) |doi=10.1504/ijird.2009.022730 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200616082818/http://elartu.tntu.edu.ua/handle/lib/31308 |archive-date=16 June 2020 |access-date=21 May 2020}}</ref>
As of 2024 [[Estonia]] had proceeded furthest towards digitizing public services.
=== Africa ===
The [[African Union Commission]] pledged to utilize ICTs to advance sustainable urban development.{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}
=== Southeast Asia ===
[[ASEAN Smart Cities Network]] (ASCN) is a collaborative platform to advance smart city efforts across [[ASEAN]] by catalysing bankable projects, and securing funding and support from ASEAN's external partners.{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}
=== India ===
The [[Smart Cities Mission]] is a retrofitting and urban renewal program spearheaded by the Ministry of Urban Development.<ref>{{cite web |date=2015 |title=Smart Cities Mission |url=http://smartcities.gov.in/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170212192239/http://www.smartcities.gov.in/ |archive-date=12 February 2017 |access-date=3 August 2016 |publisher=Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India}}</ref>
=== United Nations ===
The New Urban Agenda emphasized the importance of smart city development, establishing a fundamental commitment for the [[United Nations|UN]]'s 193 member states.<ref>{{Cite book |last=European Commission |url=https://ec.europa.eu/research/participants/data/ref/h2020/wp/2018-2020/main/h2020-wp1820-energy_en.pdf |title=Horizon 2020 - Work Programme 2018-2020 |year=2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=United Nations |date=2015 |title=THE 2030 AGENDA FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT |url=https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/21252030%20Agenda%20for%20Sustainable%20Development%20web.pdf |access-date=22 March 2024}}</ref><ref name=":322">{{Cite web |last=United Nations |date=2017 |title=New Urban Agenda |url=https://habitat3.org/wp-content/uploads/NUA-English.pdf |access-date=22 March 2024}}</ref>
== Implementation ==
The most common characteristics of a "smart city" are networked infrastructure; emphasis on business-led urban development; social inclusion of various resident groups; and an emphasis on the environment.<ref name=":522" /><ref name=":722" />
=== Partnerships ===
Smart city initiatives require collaboration and involvement from government agencies, businesses, community organizations, academia, and citizens. Collaborating with [[Business|businesses]] and [[Academy|academia]] brings technical know-how and research capabilities.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Abid |first1=Nabila |last2=Marchesani |first2=Filippo |last3=Ceci |first3=Federica |last4=Masciarelli |first4=Francesca |last5=Ahmad |first5=Fayyaz |date=December 2022 |title=Cities trajectories in the digital era: Exploring the impact of technological advancement and institutional quality on environmental and social sustainability |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0959652622039506 |journal=Journal of Cleaner Production |language=en |volume=377 |pages=134378 |bibcode=2022JCPro.37734378A |doi=10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.134378}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lei |first1=Sut Ieng |last2=Ye |first2=Shun |last3=Wang |first3=Dan |last4=Law |first4=Rob |date=2020 |title=Engaging Customers in Value Co-Creation Through Mobile Instant Messaging in the Tourism and Hospitality Industry |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1096348019893066 |journal=Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research |language=en |volume=44 |issue=2 |pages=229–251 |doi=10.1177/1096348019893066 |issn=1096-3480 |hdl-access=free |hdl=10397/104788}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zhao |first1=Fang |last2=Fashola |first2=Olushola I. |last3=Olarewaju |first3=Tolulope I. |last4=Onwumere |first4=Ijeoma |date=2021 |title=Smart city research: A holistic and state-of-the-art literature review |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S026427512100305X |journal=Cities |language=en |volume=119 |pages=103406 |doi=10.1016/j.cities.2021.103406}}</ref>
=== Collaborations with community organizations can improve equity and inclusivity.<ref name=":722" /> ===
==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Carfree city]]
* [[Career-oriented social networking market]]
* [[Connected car]]
* [[Community-driven development]]
* [[Eco-cities]]
* [[Energy informatics]]
* [[Global brain]]
* [[Government by algorithm]]
* [[Intelligent environment]]
* [[Intelligent transportation system]]
* [[Mass surveillance]]
* [[Municipal wireless network]]
* [[Net metering]]
* [[Pervasive informatics]]
* [[Planned community]]
* [[Resilient city]]
* [[Short food supply chains]]
* [[Smart grid]]
* [[Smart highway]]
* [[Smart port]]
* [[Smart village]]
* [[Sustainable city]]
* [[Technocracy]]
* [[Ubiquitous computing]]
* [[Urban computing]]
* [[Urban farming]]
* [[Urban informatics]]
* [[Urban vitality]]
* [[Vertical farming]]
{{div col end}}
==References==
<references responsive="1"></references>
==Further reading==<!--ordered by year of publication, oldest to most recent-->
* {{cite book |author=Shepard, Mark |title=Sentient City: Ubiquitous Computing, Architecture, and the Future of Urban Space. New York City |publisher=Architectural League of New York |year=2011 |isbn=978-0262515863}}
* {{cite journal |author=Batty, M. |display-authors=etal |year=2012 |title=Smart Cities of the Future |journal=European Physical Journal ST |volume=214 |pages=481–518 |bibcode=2012EPJST.214..481B |doi=10.1140/epjst/e2012-01703-3 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free |hdl=20.500.11850/61793}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Stratigea |first1=Anastasia |date=30 October 2012 |title=The concept of 'smart cities'. Towards community development? |journal=Networks and Communication Studies |volume=36 |issue=3/4 |pages=375–388 |doi=10.4000/netcom.1105 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free |hdl=10654/36935}}
* {{Cite book |author-last=Townsend |author-first=Antony |title=Smart Cities: Big Data, Civic Hackers, and the Quest for a New Utopia |publisher=W. W. Norton & Company |year=2013 |isbn=978-0393082876}}
* {{cite web |last1=Moir |first1=E. |last2=Moonen |first2=T. |last3=Clark |first3=C. |year=2014 |title=What are future cities – origins, meaning and uses |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/337549/14-820-what-are-future-cities.pdf |publisher=Foresight Future of Cities Project and [[Future Cities Catapult]]}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Viitanen |first1=J. |last2=Kingston |first2=R. |year=2014 |title=Smart cities and green growth – outsourcing democratic and environmental resilience to the global technology sector |url=http://polired.upm.es/index.php/ciur/article/view/3498 |journal=Environment and Planning A |volume=46 |issue=4 |pages=803–819 |bibcode=2014EnPlA..46..803V |doi=10.1068/a46242 |s2cid=145283799}}
* {{cite magazine |last=LaFrance |first=Adrienne |date=10 July 2015 |title=When You Give a Tree an Email Address |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2015/07/when-you-give-a-tree-an-email-address/398210/ |magazine=The Atlantic}}
* {{cite book |last1=Caragliu |first1=Andrea |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.74017-7 |title=International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences |last2=D Bo |first2=Chiara |last3=Kourtit |first3=Karima |last4=Nijkamp |first4=Peter |date=1 January 2015 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=9780080970875 |edition=Second |pages=113–117 |chapter=Smart Cities |doi=10.1016/b978-0-08-097086-8.74017-7}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Mohanty |first1=Saraju P. |author-link1=Saraju Mohanty |last2=Choppali |first2=Uma |last3=Kougianos |first3=Elias |date=July 2016 |title=Everything You wanted to Know about Smart Cities |url=http://www.smohanty.org/Publications_Journals/2016/Mohanty_IEEE-CEM_2016-July_Smart-Cities.pdf |journal=IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=60–70 |doi=10.1109/MCE.2016.2556879 |s2cid=206450227}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Borsekova |first1=Kamila |last2=Vanova |first2=Anna |last3=Vitalisova |first3=Katarina |date=June 2016 |title=The Power of Communities in Smart Urban Development |journal=Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences |volume=223 |pages=51–57 |doi=10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.05.289 |doi-access=free}}
* {{citation |last=Hamilton |first=Emily |title=The Benefits and Risks of Policymakers' Use of Smart City Technologies |date=October 31, 2016 |url=https://www.mercatus.org/publications/urban-economics/benefits-and-risks-policymakers-use-smart-city-technology |publisher=Mercatus Center at George Mason University}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Cavada |first1=M. |display-authors=etal |year=2016 |title=Do smart cities realise their potential for lower carbon dioxide emissions? |url=https://e-space.mmu.ac.uk/631805/8/Do%20smart%20cities%20realise%20their%20potential%20for%20lower%20carbon%20dioxide%20emissions.pdf |journal=Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Engineering Sustainability |volume=169 |issue=6 |pages=243–252 |doi=10.1680/jensu.15.00032}}
* {{cite web |date=April 2017 |title=Smart Cities Technology Roadmap |url=https://www.atis.org/smart-cities-roadmap/ |access-date=28 July 2017 |website=Alliance for Telecommunications Industry Solutions}}
* {{cite book |last1=Del Signore |first1=Marcella |title=Urban Machines : public space in a digital culture |date=2018 |isbn=9788898774289 |location=[Trento]}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Zhou |first1=Yong |last2=Xiao |first2=Fan |last3=Deng |first3=Weipeng |date=23 March 2022 |title=Is smart city a slogan? Evidence from China |journal=Asian Geographer |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=185–202 |doi=10.1080/10225706.2022.2052734 |s2cid=259149515}}
==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://www.bsigroup.com/en-GB/smart-cities/ British Standards Institute initiative on Smart Cities]
* [https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/future-of-cities Future of Cities] UK government 'Foresight' project on cities
{{Ambient intelligence}}{{Cities}}
[[Category:Smart cities| ]]
[[Category:Urban studies and planning terminology]]
[[Category:Government by algorithm]]
[[Category:Urban planning in China]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -2,116 +2,112 @@
{{About||the 2006 film|Smart City (film)|a list of smart cities|List of smart cities}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
-{{Copyedit|date=July 2024|for=cohesion, organization, and tone}}[[File:Clean mobility instead of dirty traffic.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|Possible scenario of smart and [[sustainable mobility]]]]
+[[File:Clean_mobility_instead_of_dirty_traffic.jpg|thumb|Possible scenario of smart and [[sustainable mobility]]]]
{{Government by algorithm}}
-A '''smart city''' is an [[urban area]] that has been developed with a high level of technological advancement, utilising a variety of electronic methods and sensors to [[data collection|collect specific data]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=James |first1=Peggy |last2=Astoria |first2=Ross |last3=Castor |first3=Theresa |last4=Hudspeth |first4=Christopher |last5=Olstinske |first5=Denise |last6=Ward |first6=John |title=Handbook of Smart Cities |date=2020 |publisher=[[Springer International Publishing]] |isbn=978-3-030-15145-4 |pages=1–26 |chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-3-030-15145-4_2-1 |language=en |chapter=Smart Cities: Fundamental Concepts|doi=10.1007/978-3-030-15145-4_2-1 }}</ref> This data is then used to manage assets, resources and services in an efficient manner, with the understanding that this data will in turn be used to improve operations across the city.<ref name="Goldsmith">{{cite news |last1=Goldsmith |first1=Stephen |title=As the Chorus of Dumb City Advocates Increases, How Do We Define the Truly Smart City? |url=https://datasmart.ash.harvard.edu/chorus-dumb-city-advocates-increases-how-do-we-define-truly-smart-city |access-date=27 August 2022 |work=datasmart.ash.harvard.edu |date=September 16, 2021 }}</ref> This data can be collected from a number of sources, including citizens, devices, buildings and assets that is processed and analyzed in order to monitor and manage [[Transportation systems management|traffic and transportation systems]],<ref name="Fourtané">{{cite news |last1=Fourtané |first1=Susan |title=Connected Vehicles in Smart Cities: The Future of Transportation |url=https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/connected-vehicles-in-smart-cities-the-future-of-transportation |access-date=27 August 2022 |work=Interesting Engineering.com |date=16 November 2018}}</ref> [[Power station|power plants]], [[Public utility|utilities]], [[urban forestry]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=César de Lima Araújo |first1=Henrique |last2=Silva Martins |first2=Fellipe |last3=Tucunduva Philippi Cortese |first3=Tatiana |last4=Locosselli |first4=Giuliano Maselli |title=Artificial intelligence in urban forestry—A systematic review |journal=[[Urban Forestry and Urban Greening]] |date=2021 |volume=66 |pages=127410 |doi=10.1016/j.ufug.2021.127410|bibcode=2021UFUG...6627410C |s2cid=244416741 }}</ref> [[water supply network]]s, [[waste management|waste disposal]], [[criminal investigation]]s, [[information system]]s, [[school]]s, [[libraries]], [[hospital]]s, and other [[community service]]s.<ref>{{cite book|last1=McLaren|first1=Duncan|last2=Agyeman|first2=Julian|title=Sharing Cities: A Case for Truly Smart and Sustainable Cities|date=2015|publisher=MIT Press|isbn=9780262029728|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KhvLCgAAQBAJ&q=smart+cities+and+sustainability}}</ref><ref name="Musa">{{cite journal |last1=Musa |first1=Sam |title=Smart Cities-A Road Map for Development |journal=IEEE Potentials |date=March 2018 |volume=37 |issue=2 |pages=19–23 |doi=10.1109/MPOT.2016.2566099 |s2cid=3767125 |url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8307785 |access-date=27 August 2022 |issn=1558-1772}}</ref> The term 'smart city' is defined by two key aspects: the ways in which their [[local government]]s harness technology as well as in how they monitor, analyze, plan, and govern the city. In a smart city, the sharing of data is not confined to the [[Local government|municipal authority]] but extends to businesses, citizens and other third parties who can derive benefit from the utilisation of that data. The pooling of data from disparate systems and sectors creates opportunities for enhanced understanding and economic gain.<ref name="Paiho">{{cite journal | doi=10.1049/smc2.12044 | title=Opportunities of collected city data for smart cities | year=2022 | last1=Paiho | first1=Satu | last2=Tuominen | first2=Pekka | last3=Rökman | first3=Jyri | last4=Ylikerälä | first4=Markus | last5=Pajula | first5=Juha | last6=Siikavirta | first6=Hanne | journal=IET Smart Cities | volume=4 | issue=4 | pages=275–291 | s2cid=253467923 | doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kiran |first1=Dr Deepti |last2=Sharma |first2=Itisha |last3=Garg |first3=Illa |title=Industry 5.0 And Smart Cities: A Futuristic Approach |journal=European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine |date=2020 |volume=7 |issue=8 |pages=2750–2756 |url=https://www.ejmcm.com/article_4786.html |issn=2515-8260}}</ref>
+A '''smart city''' is an [[urban area]] that uses digital technology to [[Data collection|collect data]] and to operate/provide services.<ref>{{cite book |last1=James |first1=Peggy |title=Handbook of Smart Cities |last2=Astoria |first2=Ross |last3=Castor |first3=Theresa |last4=Hudspeth |first4=Christopher |last5=Olstinske |first5=Denise |last6=Ward |first6=John |date=2020 |publisher=[[Springer International Publishing]] |isbn=978-3-030-15145-4 |pages=1–26 |language=en |chapter=Smart Cities: Fundamental Concepts |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-15145-4_2-1 |chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-3-030-15145-4_2-1}}</ref><ref name="Goldsmith2">{{cite news |last1=Goldsmith |first1=Stephen |date=September 16, 2021 |title=As the Chorus of Dumb City Advocates Increases, How Do We Define the Truly Smart City? |url=https://datasmart.ash.harvard.edu/chorus-dumb-city-advocates-increases-how-do-we-define-truly-smart-city |access-date=27 August 2022 |work=datasmart.ash.harvard.edu}}</ref> Data can be collected from citizens, devices, buildings, cameras. Applications include [[Transportation systems management|traffic and transportation systems]],<ref name="Fourtané2">{{cite news |last1=Fourtané |first1=Susan |date=16 November 2018 |title=Connected Vehicles in Smart Cities: The Future of Transportation |url=https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/connected-vehicles-in-smart-cities-the-future-of-transportation |access-date=27 August 2022 |work=Interesting Engineering.com}}</ref> [[Power station|power plants]], [[Public utility|utilities]], [[urban forestry]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=César de Lima Araújo |first1=Henrique |last2=Silva Martins |first2=Fellipe |last3=Tucunduva Philippi Cortese |first3=Tatiana |last4=Locosselli |first4=Giuliano Maselli |date=2021 |title=Artificial intelligence in urban forestry—A systematic review |journal=[[Urban Forestry and Urban Greening]] |volume=66 |pages=127410 |bibcode=2021UFUG...6627410C |doi=10.1016/j.ufug.2021.127410 |s2cid=244416741}}</ref> [[Water supply network|water supply networks]], [[Waste management|waste disposal]], [[Criminal investigation|criminal investigations]], [[Information system|information systems]], [[School|schools]], [[libraries]], [[Hospital|hospitals]], and other [[Community service|community services]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=McLaren |first1=Duncan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KhvLCgAAQBAJ&q=smart+cities+and+sustainability |title=Sharing Cities: A Case for Truly Smart and Sustainable Cities |last2=Agyeman |first2=Julian |date=2015 |publisher=MIT Press |isbn=9780262029728}}</ref><ref name="Musa2">{{cite journal |last1=Musa |first1=Sam |date=March 2018 |title=Smart Cities-A Road Map for Development |url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8307785 |journal=IEEE Potentials |volume=37 |issue=2 |pages=19–23 |doi=10.1109/MPOT.2016.2566099 |issn=1558-1772 |s2cid=3767125 |access-date=27 August 2022}}</ref> Smart cities are characterized by the ways in which their [[Local government|local governments]] monitor, analyze, plan, and govern the city. In a smart city, the sharing of data extends to businesses, citizens and other third parties who can derive benefit from using that data.<ref name="Paiho2">{{cite journal |last1=Paiho |first1=Satu |last2=Tuominen |first2=Pekka |last3=Rökman |first3=Jyri |last4=Ylikerälä |first4=Markus |last5=Pajula |first5=Juha |last6=Siikavirta |first6=Hanne |year=2022 |title=Opportunities of collected city data for smart cities |journal=IET Smart Cities |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=275–291 |doi=10.1049/smc2.12044 |s2cid=253467923 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kiran |first1=Dr Deepti |last2=Sharma |first2=Itisha |last3=Garg |first3=Illa |date=2020 |title=Industry 5.0 And Smart Cities: A Futuristic Approach |url=https://www.ejmcm.com/article_4786.html |journal=European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine |volume=7 |issue=8 |pages=2750–2756 |issn=2515-8260}}</ref> The three largest sources of spending associated with smart cities as of 2022 were visual surveillance, public transit, and outdoor lighting.<ref name=":102">{{Cite web |date=2018-07-23 |title=IDC Forecasts Smart Cities Spending to Reach $158 Billion in 2022, with Singapore, Tokyo, and New York City Among Top Spenders |url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20180723005083/en/IDC-Forecasts-Smart-Cities-Spending-to-Reach-158-Billion-in-2022-with-Singapore-Tokyo-and-New-York-City-Among-Top-Spenders |access-date=2024-03-22 |website=www.businesswire.com |language=en}}</ref>
-The smart city concept integrates [[information and communication technology]] (ICT), and various physical devices connected to the [[Internet of things]] (IOT) network to optimize the efficiency of city operations and services and connect to citizens.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fastcompany.com/3047795/the-3-generations-of-smart-cities|title=The 3 Generations of Smart Cities|date=10 August 2015|access-date=17 October 2017|archive-date=9 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171009000012/https://www.fastcompany.com/3047795/the-3-generations-of-smart-cities|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Peris-Ortiz|first1=Marta|last2=Bennett|first2=Dag R.|last3=Yábar|first3=Diana Pérez-Bustamante|title=Sustainable Smart Cities: Creating Spaces for Technological, Social and Business Development|date=2016|publisher=Springer|isbn=9783319408958|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AtQ0DQAAQBAJ&q=smart+cities+and+sustainability|access-date=4 October 2020|archive-date=30 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030003828/https://books.google.com/books?id=AtQ0DQAAQBAJ&q=smart+cities+and+sustainability|url-status=live}}</ref> Smart city technology allows city officials to interact directly with both community and city infrastructure and to monitor what is happening in the city and how the city is evolving. ICT is used to enhance quality, performance and interactivity of urban services, to [[cost reduction|reduce costs]] and [[resource consumption]] and to increase contact between citizens and government.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www1.nyc.gov/site/forward/innovations/smartnyc.page|title=Building a Smart City, Equitable City – NYC Forward|access-date=4 December 2015|archive-date=4 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171204115315/http://www1.nyc.gov/site/forward/innovations/smartnyc.page|url-status=live}}</ref> Smart city applications are developed to manage urban flows and allow for real-time responses.<ref name="Komninos_ch">{{cite book |last1=Komninos |first1=Nicos |title=Smart Cities: Governing, Modelling and Analysing the Transition |chapter=What makes cities intelligent? |editor-last=Deakin | editor-first=Mark |publisher=Taylor and Francis |date=22 August 2013 |page=77 |isbn=978-1135124144 }}</ref> A smart city may therefore be more prepared to respond to challenges than one with a conventional "transactional" relationship with its citizens.<ref>{{harvp|Department for Business, Innovation and Skills|2013|p=7}} "As consumers of private goods and services we have been empowered by the Web and, as citizens, we expect the same quality from our public services. In turn, public authorities are seeking to reduce costs and raise performance by adopting similar approaches in the delivery of public services. However, the concept of a Smart City goes way beyond the transactional relationships between citizen and service provider. It is essentially enabling and encouraging the citizen to become a more active and participative member of the community"</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Chan|first1=Karin|title=What Is A 'Smart City'?|url=https://www.expatriatelifestyle.com/life-and-style/What-Is-A-Smart-City|access-date=23 January 2018|publisher=Expatriate Lifestyle|date=3 April 2017|archive-date=24 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180124135638/https://www.expatriatelifestyle.com/life-and-style/What-Is-A-Smart-City|url-status=live}}</ref> Yet, the term itself remains unclear in its specifics and therefore, open to many interpretations.<ref>{{Cite conference|url=http://sciforum.net/conference/wsf-4/paper/2454|title=Smart Cities: Contradicting Definitions and Unclear Measures|last1=Hunt|first1=Dexter|last2=Rogers|first2=Christopher|last3=Cavada|first3=Marianna|pages=f004|conference=4th World Sustainability Forum|publisher=MDPI|access-date=16 March 2016|doi=10.3390/wsf-4-f004|year=2014|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[List of Smart Cities|Many cities]] have already adopted some sort of smart city technology.
+Smart cities integrate [[information and communication technology]] (ICT), and devices connected to the [[Internet of things]] (IOT) network to optimize city services and connect to citizens.<ref>{{cite web |date=10 August 2015 |title=The 3 Generations of Smart Cities |url=https://www.fastcompany.com/3047795/the-3-generations-of-smart-cities |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171009000012/https://www.fastcompany.com/3047795/the-3-generations-of-smart-cities |archive-date=9 October 2017 |access-date=17 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Peris-Ortiz |first1=Marta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AtQ0DQAAQBAJ&q=smart+cities+and+sustainability |title=Sustainable Smart Cities: Creating Spaces for Technological, Social and Business Development |last2=Bennett |first2=Dag R. |last3=Yábar |first3=Diana Pérez-Bustamante |date=2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9783319408958 |access-date=4 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030003828/https://books.google.com/books?id=AtQ0DQAAQBAJ&q=smart+cities+and+sustainability |archive-date=30 October 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> ICT cab be used to enhance quality, performance, and interactivity of urban services, to [[Cost reduction|reduce costs]] and [[resource consumption]] and to increase contact between citizens and government.<ref>{{cite web |title=Building a Smart City, Equitable City – NYC Forward |url=http://www1.nyc.gov/site/forward/innovations/smartnyc.page |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171204115315/http://www1.nyc.gov/site/forward/innovations/smartnyc.page |archive-date=4 December 2017 |access-date=4 December 2015}}</ref> Smart city applications manage urban flows and allow for real-time responses.<ref name="Komninos_ch2">{{cite book |last1=Komninos |first1=Nicos |title=Smart Cities: Governing, Modelling and Analysing the Transition |date=22 August 2013 |publisher=Taylor and Francis |isbn=978-1135124144 |editor-last=Deakin |editor-first=Mark |page=77 |chapter=What makes cities intelligent?}}</ref> A smart city may be more prepared to respond to challenges than one with a conventional "transactional" relationship with its citizens.<ref>{{harvp|Department for Business, Innovation and Skills|2013|p=7}} "As consumers of private goods and services we have been empowered by the Web and, as citizens, we expect the same quality from our public services. In turn, public authorities are seeking to reduce costs and raise performance by adopting similar approaches in the delivery of public services. However, the concept of a Smart City goes way beyond the transactional relationships between citizen and service provider. It is essentially enabling and encouraging the citizen to become a more active and participative member of the community"</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Chan |first1=Karin |date=3 April 2017 |title=What Is A 'Smart City'? |url=https://www.expatriatelifestyle.com/life-and-style/What-Is-A-Smart-City |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180124135638/https://www.expatriatelifestyle.com/life-and-style/What-Is-A-Smart-City |archive-date=24 January 2018 |access-date=23 January 2018 |publisher=Expatriate Lifestyle}}</ref> Yet, the term is open to many interpretations.<ref>{{Cite conference |last1=Hunt |first1=Dexter |last2=Rogers |first2=Christopher |last3=Cavada |first3=Marianna |year=2014 |title=Smart Cities: Contradicting Definitions and Unclear Measures |url=http://sciforum.net/conference/wsf-4/paper/2454 |conference=4th World Sustainability Forum |publisher=MDPI |pages=f004 |doi=10.3390/wsf-4-f004 |access-date=16 March 2016 |doi-access=free}}</ref> [[List of Smart Cities|Many cities]] have already adopted some sort of smart city technology.
-Smart city initiatives have been criticized as largely driven by unreliable corporations,<ref name="Hollands" /><ref name="Clark" /> poorly adapted to residents' needs,<ref name=":11" /><ref name=":15" /> as largely unsuccessful,{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}} and as a dangerous move toward totalitarian [[surveillance]].<ref name="Economist12">{{cite news |date=2013-09-07 |title=Clever cities: The multiplexed metropolis |url=https://www.economist.com/news/briefing/21585002-enthusiasts-think-data-services-can-change-cities-century-much-electricity?frsc=dg/a |access-date=2015-05-21 |newspaper=The Economist}}</ref>
+Smart city initiatives have been criticized as driven by corporations,<ref name="Hollands2">{{cite journal |last=Hollands |first=R. G |year=2008 |title=Will the real smart city please stand up? |url=https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/79888 |journal=City |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=303–320 |bibcode=2008City...12..303H |doi=10.1080/13604810802479126 |s2cid=143073956}}</ref><ref name="Clark2">{{cite magazine |author=Jennifer Clark |title=Solving for the city |url=https://www.technologyreview.com/2021/04/28/1023104/smart-cities-urban-technology-pandemic-covid/ |magazine=[[MIT Technology Review]] |pages=9–11 |volume=124 |issue=3, May/June 2021}}</ref> poorly adapted to residents' needs,<ref name=":112">{{Cite journal |last=Watson |first=Vanessa |date=6 December 2013 |title=African urban fantasies: dreams or nightmares? |journal=Environment and Urbanization |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=215–231 |doi=10.1177/0956247813513705 |issn=0956-2478 |s2cid=154398313 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":152">{{Cite web |last=Woyke |first=Elizabeth |title=Smart cities could be lousy to live in if you have a disability |url=https://www.technologyreview.com/s/612712/smart-cities-coule-be-lousy-if-you-have-a-disability/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190305211109/https://www.technologyreview.com/s/612712/smart-cities-coule-be-lousy-if-you-have-a-disability/ |archive-date=5 March 2019 |access-date=2019-03-15 |website=MIT Technology Review}}</ref> as largely unsuccessful,{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}} and as a move toward totalitarian [[surveillance]].<ref name="Economist122">{{cite news |date=2013-09-07 |title=Clever cities: The multiplexed metropolis |url=https://www.economist.com/news/briefing/21585002-enthusiasts-think-data-services-can-change-cities-century-much-electricity?frsc=dg/a |access-date=2015-05-21 |newspaper=The Economist}}</ref>
== Background ==
-{{Essay|section|date=July 2024}}
+Historically, [[City|cities]] functioned as centers of innovation, and the advent of the [[Information Age|digital era]] presented opportunities and challenges to apply technology to create urban environments that are more efficient, [[Sustainable Development Goals and Australia|sustainable]], and livable.<ref name=":522">Albino, V., Berardi, U., & Dangelico, R. M. (2015). Smart cities: Definitions, dimensions, performance, and initiatives. Journal of Urban Technology. doi:10.1080/10630732.2014.942092</ref><ref>Bernardi, M., & Diamantini, D. (2018). Shaping the sharing city: An exploratory study on Seoul and Milan. Journal of Cleaner Production, 203. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.08.132</ref><ref>Caragliu, A., del Bo, C., & Nijkamp, P. (2011). Smart cities in Europe. Journal of Urban Technology, 18(2), 65–82. doi:10.1080/10630732.2011.601117</ref><ref name=":622">Vanolo, A. (2014). Smartmentality: The smart city as disciplinary strategy. Urban Studies, 51(5), 883–898. doi:10.1177/0042098013494427</ref>{{How|date=July 2024}}<ref name=":722">{{Cite book |last=Marchesani |first=Filippo |url=https://www.emerald.com/insight/publication/doi/10.1108/9781837975754 |title=The Global Smart City |publisher=Emerald |year=2023 |isbn=978-1-83797-576-1 |publication-date=2023 |doi=10.1108/9781837975754}}</ref>
-Historically, [[City|cities]] have functioned as centers of innovation, and the advent of the [[Information Age|digital era]] has presented new opportunities and challenges for urban development. As a result, cities are transitioning into "smart cities" with the aim of creating urban environments that are more efficient, [[Sustainable Development Goals and Australia|sustainable]], and livable.<ref name=":52">Albino, V., Berardi, U., & Dangelico, R. M. (2015). Smart cities: Definitions, dimensions, performance, and initiatives. Journal of Urban Technology. doi:10.1080/10630732.2014.942092</ref><ref>Bernardi, M., & Diamantini, D. (2018). Shaping the sharing city: An exploratory study on Seoul and Milan. Journal of Cleaner Production, 203. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.08.132</ref><ref>Caragliu, A., del Bo, C., & Nijkamp, P. (2011). Smart cities in Europe. Journal of Urban Technology, 18(2), 65–82. doi:10.1080/10630732.2011.601117</ref><ref name=":62">Vanolo, A. (2014). Smartmentality: The smart city as disciplinary strategy. Urban Studies, 51(5), 883–898. doi:10.1177/0042098013494427</ref>{{How|date=July 2024}}
+The shift to smart cities necessitates a comprehensive restructuring of city management and operations, leading [[Participatory democracy|citizen participation]], and methods of public service delivery.<ref name=":622" />
-This transformation involves the implementation of various technological solutions and data-driven approaches to urban management.<ref name=":72">{{Cite book |last=Marchesani |first=Filippo |url=https://www.emerald.com/insight/publication/doi/10.1108/9781837975754 |title=The Global Smart City |publisher=Emerald |year=2023 |isbn=978-1-83797-576-1 |publication-date=2023 |doi=10.1108/9781837975754}}</ref> The shift to smart cities has implications that extend beyond the urban sphere, encompassing significant social, cultural, and economic impacts. The process necessitates a comprehensive restructuring of both internal and external city management and operations, leading to a reevaluation of [[Governance|urban governance]] models, approaches to [[Participatory democracy|citizen participation]], and methods of public service delivery.<ref name=":62" />
+Cities seek to upgrade their infrastructure and service delivery, to promote social inclusion, technological adoption, and economic development.<ref name=":722" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Caragliu |first1=Andrea |last2=Del Bo |first2=Chiara |last3=Nijkamp |first3=Peter |date=April 2011 |title=Smart Cities in Europe |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10630732.2011.601117 |journal=Journal of Urban Technology |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=65–82 |doi=10.1080/10630732.2011.601117 |issn=1063-0732}}</ref><ref name=":92">{{Cite journal |last1=Linde |first1=Lina |last2=Sjödin |first2=David |last3=Parida |first3=Vinit |last4=Wincent |first4=Joakim |date=2021 |title=Dynamic capabilities for ecosystem orchestration A capability-based framework for smart city innovation initiatives |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.120614 |journal=Technological Forecasting and Social Change |volume=166 |pages=120614 |doi=10.1016/j.techfore.2021.120614 |issn=0040-1625}}</ref><ref name=":622" />
-The smart city concept emphasizes the importance of collaboration between various stakeholders, including [[Government|governmental bodies]], [[Private sector|private enterprises]], and [[Citizenship|citizens]], to jointly develop innovative solutions and address complex urban challenges. By adopting this approach, cities seek to not only upgrade their infrastructure and service delivery but also to promote social inclusion, technological adoption, and economic development. The utilization of digital technologies enables the improvement of residents' quality of life, the advancement of sustainability practices, and the stimulation of [[economic growth]] through the creation of new industries and employment opportunities.<ref name=":72" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Caragliu |first1=Andrea |last2=Del Bo |first2=Chiara |last3=Nijkamp |first3=Peter |date=April 2011 |title=Smart Cities in Europe |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10630732.2011.601117 |journal=Journal of Urban Technology |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=65–82 |doi=10.1080/10630732.2011.601117 |issn=1063-0732}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |last1=Linde |first1=Lina |last2=Sjödin |first2=David |last3=Parida |first3=Vinit |last4=Wincent |first4=Joakim |date=2021 |title=Dynamic capabilities for ecosystem orchestration A capability-based framework for smart city innovation initiatives |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.120614 |journal=Technological Forecasting and Social Change |volume=166 |pages=120614 |doi=10.1016/j.techfore.2021.120614 |issn=0040-1625}}</ref><ref name=":62" />
-
-The transformation into a smart city involves internal modifications in urban planning, management, and operational processes, with the implementation of digital technologies serving as both a catalyst and an objective.<ref name=":82">{{Cite journal |last1=Pittaway |first1=Jeffrey J. |last2=Montazemi |first2=Ali Reza |date=October 2020 |title=Know-how to lead digital transformation: The case of local governments |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0740624X1830457X |journal=Government Information Quarterly |volume=37 |issue=4 |pages=101474 |doi=10.1016/j.giq.2020.101474}}</ref> Within the context of smart city development, there is a particular focus on the utilization of data to inform decision-making processes. Smart city technologies, for instance, enable the monitoring of various urban parameters such as [[traffic flow]], [[energy consumption]], and [[Air quality index|air quality]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-23784-8 |title=Empowering Organizations: Enabling Platforms and Artefacts |date=2016 |publisher=Springer International Publishing |isbn=978-3-319-23783-1 |editor-last=Torre |editor-first=Teresina |series=Lecture Notes in Information Systems and Organisation |volume=11 |location=Cham |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-23784-8 |editor-last2=Braccini |editor-first2=Alessio Maria |editor-last3=Spinelli |editor-first3=Riccardo}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last1=Benevolo |first1=Clara |title=Smart Mobility in Smart City: Action Taxonomy, ICT Intensity and Public Benefits |date=2016 |work=Empowering Organizations |volume=11 |pages=13–28 |editor-last=Torre |editor-first=Teresina |url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-23784-8_2 |access-date=2024-03-27 |place=Cham |publisher=Springer International Publishing |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-23784-8_2 |isbn=978-3-319-23783-1 |last2=Dameri |first2=Renata Paola |last3=D’Auria |first3=Beatrice |editor2-last=Braccini |editor2-first=Alessio Maria |editor3-last=Spinelli |editor3-first=Riccardo}}</ref> This data can subsequently be analyzed to identify areas for improvement and optimize urban services. Additionally, smart city technologies facilitate enhanced communication and collaboration among diverse municipal departments and stakeholders.
+The transformation into a smart city involves modifications in planning, management, and operational processes.<ref name=":822">{{Cite journal |last1=Pittaway |first1=Jeffrey J. |last2=Montazemi |first2=Ali Reza |date=October 2020 |title=Know-how to lead digital transformation: The case of local governments |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0740624X1830457X |journal=Government Information Quarterly |volume=37 |issue=4 |pages=101474 |doi=10.1016/j.giq.2020.101474}}</ref> This data can subsequently be analyzed to identify areas for improvement and optimize urban services.
=== Information and communication technologies ===
-The concept of smart cities emerged from global cities' recent adoption<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Batty |first1=M. |last2=Axhausen |first2=K. W. |last3=Giannotti |first3=F. |last4=Pozdnoukhov |first4=A. |last5=Bazzani |first5=A. |last6=Wachowicz |first6=M. |last7=Ouzounis |first7=G. |last8=Portugali |first8=Y. |date=2012 |title=Smart cities of the future |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1140/epjst/e2012-01703-3 |journal=The European Physical Journal Special Topics |language=en |volume=214 |issue=1 |pages=481–518 |bibcode=2012EPJST.214..481B |doi=10.1140/epjst/e2012-01703-3 |issn=1951-6355 |hdl-access=free |hdl=20.500.11850/61793}}</ref> of information and communications technologies for urban use, which can be used to improve efficiency, sustainability, and livability in urban environments.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last1=Lim |first1=Yirang |last2=Edelenbos |first2=Jurian |last3=Gianoli |first3=Alberto |date=2019 |title=Identifying the results of smart city development: Findings from systematic literature review |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0264275118314161 |journal=Cities |language=en |volume=95 |pages=102397 |doi=10.1016/j.cities.2019.102397}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last1=Marsal-Llacuna |first1=Maria-Lluïsa |last2=Colomer-Llinàs |first2=Joan |last3=Meléndez-Frigola |first3=Joaquim |date=2015 |title=Lessons in urban monitoring taken from sustainable and livable cities to better address the Smart Cities initiative |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0040162514000456 |journal=Technological Forecasting and Social Change |language=en |volume=90 |pages=611–622 |doi=10.1016/j.techfore.2014.01.012}}</ref> This usage is a central tenet of the smart city concept.{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}} Some examples include the use of sensors, data analytics techniques, and mobile applications to oversee and regulate urban systems, such as systems of [[transport]]ation, [[Electricity|energy]], and [[waste management]]. According to the concept, the real-time data generated thereby then empowers cities to make better-informed decisions and refine the services they offer.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Badii |first1=C. |last2=Bellini |first2=P. |last3=Cenni |first3=D. |last4=Difino |first4=A. |last5=Nesi |first5=P. |last6=Paolucci |first6=M. |date=2017 |title=Analysis and assessment of a knowledge based smart city architecture providing service APIs |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0167739X17302273 |journal=Future Generation Computer Systems |language=en |volume=75 |pages=14–29 |doi=10.1016/j.future.2017.05.001 |hdl-access=free |hdl=2158/1082566}}</ref><ref name=":72"/>
+The concept of smart cities emerged from cities' adoption<ref name=":23">{{Cite journal |last1=Batty |first1=M. |last2=Axhausen |first2=K. W. |last3=Giannotti |first3=F. |last4=Pozdnoukhov |first4=A. |last5=Bazzani |first5=A. |last6=Wachowicz |first6=M. |last7=Ouzounis |first7=G. |last8=Portugali |first8=Y. |date=2012 |title=Smart cities of the future |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1140/epjst/e2012-01703-3 |journal=The European Physical Journal Special Topics |language=en |volume=214 |issue=1 |pages=481–518 |bibcode=2012EPJST.214..481B |doi=10.1140/epjst/e2012-01703-3 |issn=1951-6355 |hdl-access=free |hdl=20.500.11850/61793}}</ref> of information and communications technologies.<ref name=":33">{{Cite journal |last1=Lim |first1=Yirang |last2=Edelenbos |first2=Jurian |last3=Gianoli |first3=Alberto |date=2019 |title=Identifying the results of smart city development: Findings from systematic literature review |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0264275118314161 |journal=Cities |language=en |volume=95 |pages=102397 |doi=10.1016/j.cities.2019.102397}}</ref><ref name=":53">{{Cite journal |last1=Marsal-Llacuna |first1=Maria-Lluïsa |last2=Colomer-Llinàs |first2=Joan |last3=Meléndez-Frigola |first3=Joaquim |date=2015 |title=Lessons in urban monitoring taken from sustainable and livable cities to better address the Smart Cities initiative |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0040162514000456 |journal=Technological Forecasting and Social Change |language=en |volume=90 |pages=611–622 |doi=10.1016/j.techfore.2014.01.012}}</ref>
-However, the integration of ICTs into cities also presents challenges. These financial limitations in implementation, technical obstacles, and concerns relating to [[Information privacy|privacy]] and security. ICTs are also not always uniformly accessible across communities, contributing to the [[digital divide]] in which certain groups are marginalized with respect to their access to technology.<ref name=":72" />
+ICTs present challenges given financial limitations, technical obstacles, and [[Information privacy|privacy]] and security concerns. ICTs are also not uniformly accessible across communities, contributing to the [[digital divide]].<ref name=":722" />
== Definition ==
-While the term has gained widespread popularity, the concept of a "smart city" is amorphous and there is no shared understanding or commonly accepted definition of what the term encompasses.<ref name=":52"/><ref name=":04">{{Cite book |last=Hu |first=Richard |title=Reinventing the Chinese City |date=2023 |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |isbn=978-0-231-21101-7 |location=New York}}</ref>{{Rp|page=71}} This presents a paradox, as measuring the impact and outcomes of a concept without a clear definition proves challenging. The absence of a universally accepted definition of a smart city poses a significant challenge for [[policy]]makers, [[Urban planning|planners]], and researchers. Without a clear understanding of its parameters, evaluating the effectiveness and impact of smart city initiatives becomes difficult. It also hampers the ability to compare and derive insights from various smart city projects and identify best practices.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Boes |first1=Kim |title=Conceptualising Smart Tourism Destination Dimensions |date=2015 |work=Information and Communication Technologies in Tourism 2015 |pages=391–403 |editor-last=Tussyadiah |editor-first=Iis |url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-14343-9_29 |access-date=2024-03-27 |place=Cham |publisher=Springer International Publishing |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-14343-9_29 |isbn=978-3-319-14342-2 |last2=Buhalis |first2=Dimitrios |last3=Inversini |first3=Alessandro |editor2-last=Inversini |editor2-first=Alessandro}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Camboim |first1=Guilherme Freitas |last2=Zawislak |first2=Paulo Antônio |last3=Pufal |first3=Nathália Amarante |date=2019 |title=Driving elements to make cities smarter: Evidences from European projects |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0040162517318607 |journal=Technological Forecasting and Social Change |volume=142 |pages=154–167 |doi=10.1016/j.techfore.2018.09.014}}</ref><ref name=":82" />
+No commonly accepted definition of "smart city" has emerged.<ref name=":522" /><ref name=":042">{{Cite book |last=Hu |first=Richard |title=Reinventing the Chinese City |date=2023 |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |isbn=978-0-231-21101-7 |location=New York}}</ref>{{Rp|page=71}} Evaluating smart city initiatives becomes difficult without agreement on parameters. It also hampers the ability to compare projects and identify best practices.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Boes |first1=Kim |title=Conceptualising Smart Tourism Destination Dimensions |date=2015 |work=Information and Communication Technologies in Tourism 2015 |pages=391–403 |editor-last=Tussyadiah |editor-first=Iis |url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-14343-9_29 |access-date=2024-03-27 |place=Cham |publisher=Springer International Publishing |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-14343-9_29 |isbn=978-3-319-14342-2 |last2=Buhalis |first2=Dimitrios |last3=Inversini |first3=Alessandro |editor2-last=Inversini |editor2-first=Alessandro}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Camboim |first1=Guilherme Freitas |last2=Zawislak |first2=Paulo Antônio |last3=Pufal |first3=Nathália Amarante |date=2019 |title=Driving elements to make cities smarter: Evidences from European projects |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0040162517318607 |journal=Technological Forecasting and Social Change |volume=142 |pages=154–167 |doi=10.1016/j.techfore.2018.09.014}}</ref><ref name=":822" />
-Deakin and Al Waer list four factors that contribute to the definition of a smart city:<ref name="DeakinAl_jrnl">{{cite journal |year=2011 |title=From Intelligent to Smart Cities |url=http://researchrepository.napier.ac.uk/id/eprint/7295 |journal=Journal of Intelligent Buildings International: From Intelligent Cities to Smart Cities |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=140–152 |doi=10.1080/17508975.2011.586671 |s2cid=110580067 |editor-last1=Deakin |editor-first1=Mark |editor-last2=Al Waer |editor-first2=Husam}}</ref>
-# The application of a wide range of electronic and digital technologies to communities and cities.
-# The use of ICT to transform life and working environments within the region.
-# The embedding of such Information and Communications Technologies in government systems.
-# The territorialisation of practices that brings ICT and people together to enhance the innovation and knowledge that they offer.
+Deakin and Al Waer list four factors that contribute to the definition of a smart city:<ref name="DeakinAl_jrnl2">{{cite journal |year=2011 |title=From Intelligent to Smart Cities |url=http://researchrepository.napier.ac.uk/id/eprint/7295 |journal=Journal of Intelligent Buildings International: From Intelligent Cities to Smart Cities |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=140–152 |doi=10.1080/17508975.2011.586671 |s2cid=110580067 |editor-last1=Deakin |editor-first1=Mark |editor-last2=Al Waer |editor-first2=Husam}}</ref>
-Deakin defines the smart city as one that utilizes ICT to meet the demands of the market (the citizens of the city), and states that community involvement in the process is necessary for a smart city.<ref name="DeakinIntro">{{cite book |last1=Deakin |first1=Mark |title=Smart Cities: Governing, Modelling and Analysing the Transition |date=22 August 2013 |publisher=Taylor and Francis |isbn=978-1135124144 |editor-last=Deakin |editor-first=Mark |page=15 |chapter=From intelligent to smart cities}}</ref> A smart city would thus be a city that not only possesses ICT technology in particular areas, but has also implemented this technology in a manner that positively impacts the local community.
+* Electronic and digital technologies
+* ICT
+* ICT in government systems
+* The territorialisation of practices that brings ICT and people together to enhance innovation and knowledge.
+
+Deakin defines the smart city as one that uses ICT to meet the demands of the market (the citizens of the city), based on community involvement.<ref name="DeakinIntro2">{{cite book |last1=Deakin |first1=Mark |title=Smart Cities: Governing, Modelling and Analysing the Transition |date=22 August 2013 |publisher=Taylor and Francis |isbn=978-1135124144 |editor-last=Deakin |editor-first=Mark |page=15 |chapter=From intelligent to smart cities}}</ref> Studies of smart city projects can be used as an alternative to difficult-to-define broad definitions in order to clarify what smart cities are.<ref name=":522" /><ref name=":05">{{Cite journal |last1=Camboim |first1=Guilherme Freitas |last2=Zawislak |first2=Paulo Antônio |last3=Pufal |first3=Nathália Amarante |date=May 2019 |title=Driving elements to make cities smarter: Evidences from European projects |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0040162517318607 |journal=Technological Forecasting and Social Change |language=en |volume=142 |pages=154–167 |doi=10.1016/j.techfore.2018.09.014}}</ref>
=== Early definitions ===
-Early examples of smart city definitions include:
+Notable disparities among smart city definitions include the relative focus on [[Economic development|economic advantages]] versus environmental or [[Social well-being|social]] benefits and specific technology choices.<ref name=":722" />
+
+Smart city definitions include:
* Caragliu et al. (2011): “A city is smart when investments in human and social capital and traditional (transport) and modern (ICT) communication infrastructure fuel sustainable economic growth and a high quality of life, with a wise management of natural resources, through participatory governance.”<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Caragliu |first1=Andrea |last2=Del Bo |first2=Chiara |last3=Nijkamp |first3=Peter |date=2011 |title=Smart Cities in Europe |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10630732.2011.601117 |journal=Journal of Urban Technology |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=65–82 |doi=10.1080/10630732.2011.601117 |issn=1063-0732}}</ref>
* Bakici, Almirall, & Wareham (2013): “Smart city as a high-tech intensive and advanced city that connects people, information, and city elements using new technologies in order to create a sustainable, greener city, competitive and innovative commerce, and an increased life quality.”<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bakıcı |first1=Tuba |last2=Almirall |first2=Esteve |last3=Wareham |first3=Jonathan |date=2013 |title=A Smart City Initiative: the Case of Barcelona |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s13132-012-0084-9 |journal=Journal of the Knowledge Economy |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=135–148 |doi=10.1007/s13132-012-0084-9 |issn=1868-7865}}</ref>
-* Nam and Pardo (2011): “A smart city infuses information into its physical infrastructure to improve conveniences, facilitate mobility, add efficiencies, conserve energy, improve the quality of air and water, identify problems and fix them quickly, recover rapidly from disasters, collect data to make better decisions, deploy resources effectively, and share data to enable collaboration across entities and domains.”<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Nam |first1=Taewoo |last2=Pardo |first2=Theresa A. |chapter=Smart city as urban innovation: Focusing on management, policy, and context |date=2011-09-26 |title=Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Theory and Practice of Electronic Governance |chapter-url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/2072069.2072100 |publisher=ACM |pages=185–194 |doi=10.1145/2072069.2072100 |isbn=978-1-4503-0746-8}}</ref>
-
-These definitions underscore the significance of employing technology and data to enhance urban services and foster [[Sustainability|sustainable]], liveable environments. They also stress the importance of citizen involvement and cross-sector collaboration. However, alongside these shared principles, there are notable disparities among the suggested definitions. For instance, while some definitions concentrate more on the [[Economic development|economic advantages]] of smart city endeavours, others prioritize environmental or [[Social well-being|social]] benefits. Additionally, certain definitions give precedence to specific technologies or sectors over others.<ref name=":72"/>
+* Nam and Pardo (2011): “A smart city infuses information into its physical infrastructure to improve conveniences, facilitate mobility, add efficiencies, conserve energy, improve the quality of air and water, identify problems and fix them quickly, recover rapidly from disasters, collect data to make better decisions, deploy resources effectively, and share data to enable collaboration across entities and domains.”<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Nam |first1=Taewoo |title=Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Theory and Practice of Electronic Governance |last2=Pardo |first2=Theresa A. |date=2011-09-26 |publisher=ACM |isbn=978-1-4503-0746-8 |pages=185–194 |chapter=Smart city as urban innovation: Focusing on management, policy, and context |doi=10.1145/2072069.2072100 |chapter-url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/2072069.2072100}}</ref>
=== Research ===
-The process of defining and conceptualizing smart city development is ongoing, resulting in a division within smart city research. Researchers are actively seeking interpretations that can unify and overcome the fragmentation created by the initial two decades of knowledge production in this field. The main issues surrounding early smart city debate the research include the following:<ref name=":03">{{Cite web |title=Untangling Smart Cities: From Utopian Dreams to Innovation Systems for a Technology-Enabled Urban Sustainability |url=https://www.everand.com/book/416393770/Untangling-Smart-Cities-From-Utopian-Dreams-to-Innovation-Systems-for-a-Technology-Enabled-Urban-Sustainability |access-date=2024-03-06 |website=Everand }}</ref>
+The main issues surrounding smart city research include:<ref name=":032">{{Cite web |title=Untangling Smart Cities: From Utopian Dreams to Innovation Systems for a Technology-Enabled Urban Sustainability |url=https://www.everand.com/book/416393770/Untangling-Smart-Cities-From-Utopian-Dreams-to-Innovation-Systems-for-a-Technology-Enabled-Urban-Sustainability |access-date=2024-03-06 |website=Everand}}</ref>
-* The absence of intellectual exchange among researchers in the smart city development domain, which is crucial for advancing ICT-driven urban sustainability initiatives.
-* The inclination of smart city researchers to pursue subjective avenues of research in isolation from their peers.
-* The resulting division within the scientific community due to this fragmented approach to knowledge production.
-* The challenge faced by the community in establishing a shared understanding or common ground amidst the diverse knowledge generated by smart city research.<ref name=":03" />
+* Absence of intellectual exchange;
+* Researcher inclination to pursue subjective avenues of research in isolation from their peers;
+* Division within the scientific community;
== Motivations ==
=== Population growth ===
-An important motivation for smart cities is the large projected population growth in the future, with the UN forecasting the global population to reach 9.6 to 13.2 billion by 2100, with cities absorbing 80% of this growth. The surge in population poses daunting challenges for cities, which already grapple with meeting the needs of a growing populace sustainably.{{Why|date=July 2024}} According to Mora and Deakin, novel approaches to urban sustainability, and leveraging digital technological advancements, are imperative in order to solve major inefficiencies caused by the growth of urban populations.<ref name=":06">{{Cite web |title=Untangling Smart Cities: From Utopian Dreams to Innovation Systems for a Technology-Enabled Urban Sustainability |url=https://www.everand.com/book/416393770/Untangling-Smart-Cities-From-Utopian-Dreams-to-Innovation-Systems-for-a-Technology-Enabled-Urban-Sustainability |access-date=2024-03-06 |website=Everand |language=en}}</ref>
+An important motivation for smart cities is projected population growth. The UN forecasts global population to reach 9.6 to 13.2 billion by 2100, with cities absorbing 80% of this growth.<ref name=":062">{{Cite web |title=Untangling Smart Cities: From Utopian Dreams to Innovation Systems for a Technology-Enabled Urban Sustainability |url=https://www.everand.com/book/416393770/Untangling-Smart-Cities-From-Utopian-Dreams-to-Innovation-Systems-for-a-Technology-Enabled-Urban-Sustainability |access-date=2024-03-06 |website=Everand |language=en}}</ref>
=== Tragedy of the commons ===
-An important goal of smart city initiatives is the use of information and communication technologies to address the problem of the [[tragedy of the commons]], a phenomenom which happens when each individual acting in their own self-interest leads to the depletion of a communal resource; for example as in overfishing. As individuals capitalize on [[Public service|public resources]] for personal gain, these resources diminish, intensifying competition for access to them and overuse. For example, while each individual driver in a city saves time and flexibility by driving, excessive driving causes [[traffic congestion]] and [[Environmental degradation|environmental issues]]. This leads to a tragedy of the commons situation which is often worsened by reductions to public transportation services due to the high use of personal vehicles.<ref name=":14">{{Cite book |last1=Gassmann |first1=Oliver |url=https://www.emerald.com/insight/publication/doi/10.1108/9781787696136 |title=Smart Cities: Introducing Digital Innovation to Cities |last2=Böhm |first2=Jonas |last3=Palmié |first3=Maximilian |date=2019 |publisher=Emerald Publishing Limited |isbn=978-1-78769-614-3 |doi=10.1108/9781787696136}}. Available at [https://books.google.com/books?id=gzKbDwAAQBAJ Google Books]</ref>{{Clarification needed|reason=How exactly can smart cities help with this?|date=July 2024}}
+The [[tragedy of the commons]] happens when individuals acting in their own self-interest deplete a communal resource; for example, overfishing. For example, while each individual driver in a city saves time and flexibility by driving, excessive driving causes [[traffic congestion]] and [[Environmental degradation|environmental issues]]. The tragedy is that public transportation services get little attention due to the use of personal vehicles.<ref name=":142">{{Cite book |last1=Gassmann |first1=Oliver |url=https://www.emerald.com/insight/publication/doi/10.1108/9781787696136 |title=Smart Cities: Introducing Digital Innovation to Cities |last2=Böhm |first2=Jonas |last3=Palmié |first3=Maximilian |date=2019 |publisher=Emerald Publishing Limited |isbn=978-1-78769-614-3 |doi=10.1108/9781787696136}}. Available at [https://books.google.com/books?id=gzKbDwAAQBAJ Google Books]</ref>{{Clarification needed|reason=How exactly can smart cities help with this?|date=July 2024}}
== History ==
-Philosophical predecessors of the concept of smart cities can be found in utopian works such as [[New Atlantis]] in 1626.<ref name="Cugurullo 2021 p. 50">{{cite book |last=Cugurullo |first=F. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_VolEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT50 |title=Frankenstein Urbanism: Eco, Smart and Autonomous Cities, Artificial Intelligence and the End of the City |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2021 |isbn=978-1-317-31362-5 |page=50 |access-date=2023-03-12}}</ref> Another was, among other utopian works at the time. Ebenezer Howard's concept of [[Garden Cities of To-morrow|Garden Cities]] in 1898.<ref name=":03" /> These were high-density size-limited cities founded in cheap countryside by private collectives, combining the benefits of the city and the country.<ref name=":22">{{Cite web |title=Cities of Tomorrow by Peter Hall - AbeBooks |url=https://www.abebooks.co.uk/book-search/title/cities-of-tomorrow/author/peter-hall/ |access-date=2024-03-06 |website=www.abebooks.co.uk |language=en-GB}}</ref> A number of conceptions like this were created, including by [[Edward Bellamy]], [[Frank Lloyd Wright]], and [[Le Corbusier]], fueled by major problems plaguing Victorian cities.<ref name=":03" /><ref name=":22" /> Some critics of smart cities draw parallels between the weaknesses of these early utopian visions and the shortcomings of conceptions of smart cities today.<ref name=":03" />
+Philosophical predecessors of smart cities can be found in utopian works such as [[New Atlantis]] (1626).<ref name="Cugurullo 2021 p. 502">{{cite book |last=Cugurullo |first=F. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_VolEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT50 |title=Frankenstein Urbanism: Eco, Smart and Autonomous Cities, Artificial Intelligence and the End of the City |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2021 |isbn=978-1-317-31362-5 |page=50 |access-date=2023-03-12}}</ref> Another was [[Ebenezer Howard]]'s 1898 concept of [[Garden Cities of To-morrow|Garden Cities]].<ref name=":032" /> These were dense, size-limited cities founded in rural areas by private groups, combining the benefits of the city and the country.<ref name=":222">{{Cite web |title=Cities of Tomorrow by Peter Hall - AbeBooks |url=https://www.abebooks.co.uk/book-search/title/cities-of-tomorrow/author/peter-hall/ |access-date=2024-03-06 |website=www.abebooks.co.uk |language=en-GB}}</ref> Other conceptions include those of [[Edward Bellamy]], [[Frank Lloyd Wright]], and [[Le Corbusier]].<ref name=":032" /><ref name=":222" /> Critics of smart cities draw parallels between the weaknesses of these visions and those around smart cities.<ref name=":032" />
-The concept of smart cities emerged from global cities' recent adoption<ref name=":2" /> of information and communications technologies for urban use, which can be used to improve efficiency, sustainability, and livability in urban environments.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":5" /> The term "smart city" was a successor to other, earlier terms like "Wired Cities".<ref name=":8">{{Cite journal |last=Montes |first=Jose |date=2020 |title=A Historical View of Smart Cities: Definitions, Features and Tipping Points |url=https://www.ssrn.com/abstract=3637617 |journal=SSRN Electronic Journal |doi=10.2139/ssrn.3637617 |issn=1556-5068 |s2cid=238125868}}</ref> Some of the earliest cybernetic interventions in urban planning include the use of computational statistical analysis by the Community Analysis Bureau in [[Los Angeles]] in the late 1960',<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-06-16 |title=Uncovering the Early History of "Big Data" and the "Smart City" in Los Angeles |url=https://boomcalifornia.org/2015/06/16/uncovering-the-early-history-of-big-data-and-the-smart-city-in-la/ |access-date=2022-01-07 |website=Boom California}}</ref> and the establishment by [[Singapore]] of the National Computer Board in 1981.<ref name=":8" />
+Smart cities emerged from global cities' recent adoption of information and communications technologies for urban use, which can be used to improve efficiency, sustainability, and livability in urban environments.<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":33" /><ref name=":53" /> Some of the earliest interventions in urban planning include the use of computational statistical analysis by the Community Analysis Bureau in [[Los Angeles]] in the late 1960's<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-06-16 |title=Uncovering the Early History of "Big Data" and the "Smart City" in Los Angeles |url=https://boomcalifornia.org/2015/06/16/uncovering-the-early-history-of-big-data-and-the-smart-city-in-la/ |access-date=2022-01-07 |website=Boom California}}</ref> and the establishment by [[Singapore]] of the National Computer Board in 1981.<ref name=":83">{{Cite journal |last=Montes |first=Jose |date=2020 |title=A Historical View of Smart Cities: Definitions, Features and Tipping Points |url=https://www.ssrn.com/abstract=3637617 |journal=SSRN Electronic Journal |doi=10.2139/ssrn.3637617 |issn=1556-5068 |s2cid=238125868}}</ref>
-The concept of smart cities has gained increasing popularity over time, but it saw a major surge in adoption around 2005, particularly among technology companies. These companies sought to integrate smart city principles into urban infrastructures and services, creating sophisticated information systems to enhance operational efficiency within urban areas or cities.<ref name=":13">{{Cite book |last1=Oke |first1=Ayodeji Emmanuel |url=https://www.emerald.com/insight/publication/doi/10.1108/9781803824550 |title=Smart Cities: A Panacea for Sustainable Development |last2=Stephen |first2=Seyi Segun |last3=Aigbavboa |first3=Clinton Ohis |last4=Ogunsemi |first4=Deji Rufus |last5=Aje |first5=Isaac Olaniyi |date=2022-04-05 |publisher=Emerald Publishing Limited |isbn=978-1-80382-456-7 |doi=10.1108/9781803824550}}</ref><ref>Cisco. (2005). Dubai: The Smart City. Retrieved from <nowiki>http://www.cisco.com/</nowiki> web/learning/le34/downloads/689/nobel/2005/docs/Abdulhakim_Malik.pdf</ref><ref>IBM. (2009). IBM Offers Smarter City assessment tool to help cities. Prepare for challenges and opportunities of unprecedented urbanization. Retrieved from <nowiki>[https://www-03.ibm.com/press/us/en/pressrelease/27791 www-03.ibm.com]{{dead link|date=August 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</nowiki></ref><ref>Siemens. (2004). Stadt der Zukunft. Retrieved from <nowiki>http://www</nowiki>. siemens.com/innovation/de/publikationen/zeitschriften_pic_future/PoF_ Fruehjahr_2004/SmartCity.htm</ref> Smart cities have been criticized as being largely led by this corporate sector, rather than the visions of architects and planners.<ref name=":03" />
+The smart city concept experienced a major surge around 2005. Tech companies sought to create information systems to enhance operational efficiency for cities.<ref name=":132">{{Cite book |last1=Oke |first1=Ayodeji Emmanuel |url=https://www.emerald.com/insight/publication/doi/10.1108/9781803824550 |title=Smart Cities: A Panacea for Sustainable Development |last2=Stephen |first2=Seyi Segun |last3=Aigbavboa |first3=Clinton Ohis |last4=Ogunsemi |first4=Deji Rufus |last5=Aje |first5=Isaac Olaniyi |date=2022-04-05 |publisher=Emerald Publishing Limited |isbn=978-1-80382-456-7 |doi=10.1108/9781803824550}}</ref><ref>Cisco. (2005). Dubai: The Smart City. Retrieved from <nowiki>http://www.cisco.com/</nowiki> web/learning/le34/downloads/689/nobel/2005/docs/Abdulhakim_Malik.pdf</ref><ref>IBM. (2009). IBM Offers Smarter City assessment tool to help cities. Prepare for challenges and opportunities of unprecedented urbanization. Retrieved from <nowiki>[https://www-03.ibm.com/press/us/en/pressrelease/27791 www-03.ibm.com]</nowiki><nowiki>{{dead link|date=August 2024|bot=medic}}</nowiki><nowiki>{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</nowiki></ref><ref>Siemens. (2004). Stadt der Zukunft. Retrieved from <nowiki>http://www</nowiki>. siemens.com/innovation/de/publikationen/zeitschriften_pic_future/PoF_ Fruehjahr_2004/SmartCity.htm</ref>
-Recently, a global movement has emerged advocating the adoption of technological solutions and an approach based on smart cities approach towards urban sustainability.{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}} This movement is associated with a burgeoning technology market projected to experience exponential growth.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |date=2018-07-23 |title=IDC Forecasts Smart Cities Spending to Reach $158 Billion in 2022, with Singapore, Tokyo, and New York City Among Top Spenders |url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20180723005083/en/IDC-Forecasts-Smart-Cities-Spending-to-Reach-158-Billion-in-2022-with-Singapore-Tokyo-and-New-York-City-Among-Top-Spenders |access-date=2024-03-22 |website=www.businesswire.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Smart Cities Market: Growing New IT Markets Analysis Report |url=https://www.bccresearch.com/market-research/information-technology/smart-cities-growing-new-it-markets-report.html |access-date=2024-03-22 |website=www.bccresearch.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Frost & Sullivan |date=2018-04-04 |title=Frost & Sullivan Experts Announce Global Smart Cities to Raise a Market of Over $2 Trillion by 2025 |url=https://www.frost.com/news/press-releases/frost-sullivan-experts-announce-global-smart-cities-raise-market-over-2-trillion-2025/ |access-date=2024-03-22 |website=Frost & Sullivan |language=en-US}}</ref> The three largest sources of spending associated with smart cities as of 2022 are fixed visual surveillance, advanced public transit, and smart outdoor lighting.<ref name=":10" />
+A global movement emerged advocating smart cities.<ref name=":102" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Smart Cities Market: Growing New IT Markets Analysis Report |url=https://www.bccresearch.com/market-research/information-technology/smart-cities-growing-new-it-markets-report.html |access-date=2024-03-22 |website=www.bccresearch.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Frost & Sullivan |date=2018-04-04 |title=Frost & Sullivan Experts Announce Global Smart Cities to Raise a Market of Over $2 Trillion by 2025 |url=https://www.frost.com/news/press-releases/frost-sullivan-experts-announce-global-smart-cities-raise-market-over-2-trillion-2025/ |access-date=2024-03-22 |website=Frost & Sullivan |language=en-US}}</ref>
-=== Timeline ===
-[[IBM]] launched its “Smarter Cities” marketing initiative in 2008,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-11-29 |title=Smart city: smart story? |url=https://smartcityhub.com/governance-economy/smart-city-smart-story/ |access-date=2022-01-07 |website=Smart City Hub}}</ref> called [[Smarter Planet]], which included the IBM Smarter Cities Challenge. In 2010, [[Cisco Systems]], with $25 million from the Clinton Foundation, established its Connected Urban Development program in partnership with San Francisco, Amsterdam, and Seoul. In 2011, a Smart City Expo World Congress was held in Barcelona, in which 6000 people from 50 countries attended. The [[European Commission]] in 2012 established the Smart Cities Marketplace, a centralized hub for urban initiatives in the [[European Union]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Creating smart cities together |url=https://smart-cities-marketplace.ec.europa.eu/ |access-date=28 August 2022 |website=Smart Cities Marketplace}}</ref>
-The 2015 Chancellor’s Budget for the United Kingdom proposed to invest £140 million in the development of smart cities and the Internet of Things (IoT).<ref name="Doe">{{cite web |last1=Doe |first1=Laurence |date=27 March 2015 |title=Budget 2015: IoT and smart cities set for investment |url=http://www.landmobile.co.uk/news/budget-2015-osborne-announces-40-million-investment-into-smart-cities-and-iot/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161124094213/http://www.landmobile.co.uk/news/budget-2015-osborne-announces-40-million-investment-into-smart-cities-and-iot |archive-date=24 November 2016 |access-date=27 March 2015 |website=Land Mobile}}</ref>
-Other smart city competitions were launched in the 2010s by [[Bloomberg Philanthropies]], the [[Rockefeller Foundation]], and the [[United States Department of Transportation]] (the latter won by [[Columbus, Ohio]]).<ref name="Clark">{{cite magazine |author=Jennifer Clark |title=Solving for the city |url=https://www.technologyreview.com/2021/04/28/1023104/smart-cities-urban-technology-pandemic-covid/ |magazine=[[MIT Technology Review]] |pages=9–11 |volume=124 |issue=3, May/June 2021}}</ref> In 2016, [[AT&T]] launched an alliance with Cisco, [[Deloitte]], [[Ericsson]], [[General Electric]], IBM, [[Intel]], and [[Qualcomm]], with municipal partners [[Atlanta, Georgia]]; [[Chicago, Illinois]]; and [[Dallas, Texas]].<ref name="Clark" />
+[[IBM]] launched its [[Smarter Planet]] marketing initiative in 2008,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-11-29 |title=Smart city: smart story? |url=https://smartcityhub.com/governance-economy/smart-city-smart-story/ |access-date=2022-01-07 |website=Smart City Hub}}</ref> which included the IBM Smarter Cities Challenge. In 2010, [[Cisco Systems]], with $25 million from the [[Clinton Foundation]], established its Connected Urban Development program in partnership with San Francisco, Amsterdam, and Seoul. In 2011, a Smart City Expo World Congress in Barcelona attracted 6000 people from 50 countries. The [[European Commission]] in 2012 established the Smart Cities Marketplace, a centralized hub for urban initiatives in the [[European Union]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Creating smart cities together |url=https://smart-cities-marketplace.ec.europa.eu/ |access-date=28 August 2022 |website=Smart Cities Marketplace}}</ref> The 2015 Chancellor’s Budget for the United Kingdom proposed to invest £140 million in smart cities and IoT.<ref name="Doe2">{{cite web |last1=Doe |first1=Laurence |date=27 March 2015 |title=Budget 2015: IoT and smart cities set for investment |url=http://www.landmobile.co.uk/news/budget-2015-osborne-announces-40-million-investment-into-smart-cities-and-iot/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161124094213/http://www.landmobile.co.uk/news/budget-2015-osborne-announces-40-million-investment-into-smart-cities-and-iot |archive-date=24 November 2016 |access-date=27 March 2015 |website=Land Mobile}}</ref> Smart city competitions were launched in the 2010s by [[Bloomberg Philanthropies]], the [[Rockefeller Foundation]], and the [[United States Department of Transportation]].<ref name="Clark2" /> In 2016, [[AT&T]]<nowiki/>launched an alliance with Cisco, [[Deloitte]], [[Ericsson]], [[General Electric]], IBM, [[Intel]], and [[Qualcomm]], with municipal partners [[Atlanta, Georgia]]; [[Chicago, Illinois]]; and [[Dallas, Texas]].<ref name="Clark2" />
== Characteristics ==
-Smart cities represent a [[paradigm shift]] in urban development, integrating advanced technologies and data-driven approaches to address the challenges of rapid [[urbanization]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Gracias |first1=Jose Sanchez |last2=Parnell |first2=Gregory S. |last3=Specking |first3=Eric |last4=Pohl |first4=Edward A. |last5=Buchanan |first5=Randy |date=2023-07-11 |title=Smart Cities—A Structured Literature Review |journal=Smart Cities |language=en |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=1719–1743 |doi=10.3390/smartcities6040080 |doi-access=free |issn=2624-6511}}</ref> This section outlines several key characteristics that define these innovative urban environments.
-
-# '''Connectivity''': Smart cities rely on extensive [[Internet of things|Internet of Things (IoT)]] networks to collect and transmit data from various sensors and devices throughout the urban environment.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Albino |first1=Vito |last2=Berardi |first2=Umberto |last3=Dangelico |first3=Rosa Maria |date=2015-01-02 |title=Smart Cities: Definitions, Dimensions, Performance, and Initiatives |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10630732.2014.942092 |journal=Journal of Urban Technology |language=en |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=3–21 |doi=10.1080/10630732.2014.942092 |issn=1063-0732}}</ref>
-# '''Data-driven decision making''': City administrators use advanced analytics and artificial intelligence to process large volumes of data, enabling more informed and responsive governance.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Shahat Osman |first1=Ahmed M. |last2=Elragal |first2=Ahmed |date=2021-02-28 |title=Smart Cities and Big Data Analytics: A Data-Driven Decision-Making Use Case |journal=Smart Cities |language=en |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=286–313 |doi=10.3390/smartcities4010018 |doi-access=free |issn=2624-6511}}</ref>
-# '''Sustainable infrastructure''': Smart cities prioritize energy-efficient buildings, renewable energy sources, and intelligent transportation systems to reduce their environmental impact.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Smart and Sustainable Cities: What Does It Mean? |url=https://www.beesmart.city/en/smart-city-blog/smart-and-sustainable-cities-what-does-it-mean |access-date=2024-08-07 |website=www.beesmart.city |language=en}}</ref>
-# '''Urban Optimization''': Smart cities leverage [[state of the art]] technologies to minimize resource usage, reduce ecological footprints, and enhance living standards for their inhabitants. This approach focuses on creating more livable, environmentally responsible urban spaces.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Smart Cities - Fabled Sky Research |url=https://fabledsky.com/knowledge-base/smart-cities/ |access-date=2024-08-07 |language=en-US}}</ref>
-# '''Citizen engagement''': Digital platforms and mobile applications facilitate communication between residents and local government, promoting participation in urban planning and decision-making processes.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Cardullo |first1=Paolo |last2=Kitchin |first2=Rob |date=2019-02-01 |title=Being a 'citizen' in the smart city: up and down the scaffold of smart citizen participation in Dublin, Ireland |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-018-9845-8 |journal=GeoJournal |language=en |volume=84 |issue=1 |pages=1–13 |doi=10.1007/s10708-018-9845-8 |bibcode=2019GeoJo..84....1C |issn=1572-9893}}</ref>
-# '''Smart mobility''': [[Integrated design|Integrated]] transportation systems, including public transit, bike-sharing, and autonomous vehicles, aim to reduce congestion and improve accessibility.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Smart Mobility in the Smart Cities of Tomorrow |url=https://rideamigos.com/smart-mobility-in-smart-cities |access-date=2024-08-07 |website=RideAmigos |language=en-US}}</ref>
-# '''Enhanced public services''': Smart cities utilize technology to improve the delivery of essential services such as healthcare, education, and waste management.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Nam |first1=Taewoo |last2=Pardo |first2=Theresa A. |chapter=Conceptualizing smart city with dimensions of technology, people, and institutions |date=2011-06-12 |title=Proceedings of the 12th Annual International Digital Government Research Conference: Digital Government Innovation in Challenging Times |chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.1145/2037556.2037602 |series=dg.o '11 |location=New York, NY, USA |publisher=Association for Computing Machinery |pages=282–291 |doi=10.1145/2037556.2037602 |isbn=978-1-4503-0762-8}}</ref>
+Key characteristics that define innovative urban environments include:<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Gracias |first1=Jose Sanchez |last2=Parnell |first2=Gregory S. |last3=Specking |first3=Eric |last4=Pohl |first4=Edward A. |last5=Buchanan |first5=Randy |date=2023-07-11 |title=Smart Cities—A Structured Literature Review |journal=Smart Cities |language=en |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=1719–1743 |doi=10.3390/smartcities6040080 |issn=2624-6511 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
-These characteristics work in tandem to create more efficient, sustainable, and livable urban environments. However, it is important to note that the implementation of smart city initiatives also raises concerns about privacy, data security, and digital inclusion.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kitchin |first=Rob |date=2014-02-01 |title=The real-time city? Big data and smart urbanism |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-013-9516-8 |journal=GeoJournal |language=en |volume=79 |issue=1 |pages=1–14 |doi=10.1007/s10708-013-9516-8 |bibcode=2014GeoJo..79....1K |issn=1572-9893}}</ref>
+* Connectivity: IoT networks collect and transmit data from sensors throughout the urban environment.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Albino |first1=Vito |last2=Berardi |first2=Umberto |last3=Dangelico |first3=Rosa Maria |date=2015-01-02 |title=Smart Cities: Definitions, Dimensions, Performance, and Initiatives |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10630732.2014.942092 |journal=Journal of Urban Technology |language=en |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=3–21 |doi=10.1080/10630732.2014.942092 |issn=1063-0732}}</ref>
+* Data-driven decision making: Advanced analytics and artificial intelligence enable more informed and responsive governance.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Shahat Osman |first1=Ahmed M. |last2=Elragal |first2=Ahmed |date=2021-02-28 |title=Smart Cities and Big Data Analytics: A Data-Driven Decision-Making Use Case |journal=Smart Cities |language=en |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=286–313 |doi=10.3390/smartcities4010018 |issn=2624-6511 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
+* Sustainable infrastructure: Energy-efficient buildings, renewable energy, and intelligent transportation systems.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Smart and Sustainable Cities: What Does It Mean? |url=https://www.beesmart.city/en/smart-city-blog/smart-and-sustainable-cities-what-does-it-mean |access-date=2024-08-07 |website=www.beesmart.city |language=en}}</ref>
+* Urban Optimization: Reduce resource usage, reduce ecological footprints, and enhance living standards to create more environmentally responsible urban spaces.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Smart Cities - Fabled Sky Research |url=https://fabledsky.com/knowledge-base/smart-cities/ |access-date=2024-08-07 |language=en-US}}</ref>
+* Citizen engagement: Facilitate communication between residents and government, promoting participation in urban planning and decision-making processes.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Cardullo |first1=Paolo |last2=Kitchin |first2=Rob |date=2019-02-01 |title=Being a 'citizen' in the smart city: up and down the scaffold of smart citizen participation in Dublin, Ireland |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-018-9845-8 |journal=GeoJournal |language=en |volume=84 |issue=1 |pages=1–13 |bibcode=2019GeoJo..84....1C |doi=10.1007/s10708-018-9845-8 |issn=1572-9893}}</ref>
+* Smart mobility: [[Integrated design|Integrate]] public transit, bike-sharing, and autonomous vehicles, aim to reduce congestion and improve accessibility.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Smart Mobility in the Smart Cities of Tomorrow |url=https://rideamigos.com/smart-mobility-in-smart-cities |access-date=2024-08-07 |website=RideAmigos |language=en-US}}</ref>
+* Enhanced public services: Improve the delivery of essential services.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Nam |first1=Taewoo |title=Proceedings of the 12th Annual International Digital Government Research Conference: Digital Government Innovation in Challenging Times |last2=Pardo |first2=Theresa A. |date=2011-06-12 |publisher=Association for Computing Machinery |isbn=978-1-4503-0762-8 |series=dg.o '11 |location=New York, NY, USA |pages=282–291 |chapter=Conceptualizing smart city with dimensions of technology, people, and institutions |doi=10.1145/2037556.2037602 |chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.1145/2037556.2037602}}</ref>
== Methods ==
-{{Copyedit|date=July 2024|section}}
-
=== Information and communications technologies ===
It has been suggested that a smart city (or other community) uses information technologies to:{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}
-# Make more efficient use of physical infrastructure (roads, [[built environment]] and other physical assets) through [[artificial intelligence]] and [[data analytics]] in order to support a strong and healthy economic, social, cultural development.<ref name="Hollands">{{cite journal |last=Hollands |first=R. G |year=2008 |title=Will the real smart city please stand up? |url=https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/79888 |journal=City |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=303–320 |bibcode=2008City...12..303H |doi=10.1080/13604810802479126 |s2cid=143073956}}</ref>
-# Engage effectively with local governance<ref name="Johns">{{cite journal |last1=Johns |first1=Fleur |date=13 October 2021 |title=Governance by Data |journal=Annual Review of Law and Social Science |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=53–71 |doi=10.1146/annurev-lawsocsci-120920-085138 |issn=1550-3585 |s2cid=235546816 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free |hdl=1959.4/unsworks_75698}}</ref> by use of [[open innovation]] processes and [[e-participation]], improving the collective intelligence of the city's institutions through [[e-governance]],<ref name="Komninos_ch" /> with emphasis placed on citizen participation and [[co-design]].<ref name="Deakin2007">{{cite journal |author=Deakin, M |year=2007 |title=From city of bits to e-topia: taking the thesis on digitally-inclusive regeneration full circle |url=http://markdeakin.cgpublisher.com/product/pub.85/prod.395 |url-status=dead |journal=Journal of Urban Technology |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=131–143 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160318212436/http://markdeakin.cgpublisher.com/product/pub.85/prod.395/ |archive-date=18 March 2016 |access-date=3 November 2014}}</ref><ref name="DeakinAllwinkle2007">{{cite journal |author=Deakin, M |author2=Allwinkle, S |year=2007 |title=Urban regeneration and sustainable communities: the role of networks, innovation and creativity in building successful partnerships |url=http://researchrepository.napier.ac.uk/id/eprint/1998 |journal=Journal of Urban Technology |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=77–91 |doi=10.1080/10630730701260118 |s2cid=153965022}}</ref>
-# Learn, adapt and innovate and thereby respond more effectively and promptly to changing circumstances by improving the intelligence of the city.<ref name="Komninos_ch" /><ref>{{cite journal |last=Coe |first=A. |author2=Paquet, G. |author3=Roy, J. |year=2001 |title=E-governance and smart communities: a social learning challenge |url=http://www.gouvernance.ca/publications/00-53.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Social Science Computer Review |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=80–93 |doi=10.1177/089443930101900107 |s2cid=53380562 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303233136/http://www.gouvernance.ca/publications/00-53.pdf |archive-date=3 March 2016 |access-date=3 November 2014}}</ref>
-They evolve towards a strong integration of all dimensions of [[Intelligence#Human intelligence|human intelligence]], [[collective intelligence]], and also [[artificial intelligence]] within the [[city]].<ref name="Komninos2008">{{cite book |last=Komninos |first=N. |title=Intelligent Cities and Globalisation of Innovation Networks |publisher=Routledge |year=2008 |isbn=9780415455923}}</ref>{{rp|112–113}}<ref>{{cite book |author1=Atlee, T. |url=http://www.evolutionarynexus.org/wiki/collective_intelligence_tom_atlee_and_george_p%C3%B3r |title=Evolutionary Nexus: connecting communities for emergence |author2=Pór, George |year=2006 |access-date=6 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019204929/http://www.evolutionarynexus.org/wiki/collective_intelligence_tom_atlee_and_george_p%C3%B3r |archive-date=19 October 2015 |url-status=live |name-list-style=amp}}</ref> According to Mitchell, the intelligence of cities "resides in the increasingly effective combination of digital [[telecommunication network]]s (the nerves), ubiquitously [[embedded intelligence]] (the brain), sensors and [[Smart label|tags]] (the sensory organs), and [[software]] (the knowledge and cognitive competence)".<ref>{{cite journal |author=Mitchell, W. |year=2007 |title=Intelligent cities |url=http://www.uoc.edu/uocpapers/5/dt/eng/mitchell.html |url-status=live |journal=e-Journal on the Knowledge Society |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170228194411/http://www.uoc.edu/uocpapers/5/dt/eng/mitchell.html |archive-date=28 February 2017 |access-date=1 February 2015}}</ref>
+# Make more efficient use of physical infrastructure (roads, [[built environment]] and other physical assets) through [[artificial intelligence]] and [[data analytics]] in order to support a strong and healthy economic, social, cultural development.<ref name="Hollands2" />
+# Engage effectively with local governance<ref name="Johns2">{{cite journal |last1=Johns |first1=Fleur |date=13 October 2021 |title=Governance by Data |journal=Annual Review of Law and Social Science |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=53–71 |doi=10.1146/annurev-lawsocsci-120920-085138 |issn=1550-3585 |s2cid=235546816 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free |hdl=1959.4/unsworks_75698}}</ref> by use of [[open innovation]] processes and [[e-participation]], improving the collective intelligence of the city's institutions through [[e-governance]],<ref name="Komninos_ch2" /> with emphasis placed on citizen participation and [[co-design]].<ref name="Deakin20072">{{cite journal |author=Deakin, M |year=2007 |title=From city of bits to e-topia: taking the thesis on digitally-inclusive regeneration full circle |url=http://markdeakin.cgpublisher.com/product/pub.85/prod.395 |url-status=dead |journal=Journal of Urban Technology |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=131–143 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160318212436/http://markdeakin.cgpublisher.com/product/pub.85/prod.395/ |archive-date=18 March 2016 |access-date=3 November 2014}}</ref><ref name="DeakinAllwinkle20072">{{cite journal |author=Deakin, M |author2=Allwinkle, S |year=2007 |title=Urban regeneration and sustainable communities: the role of networks, innovation and creativity in building successful partnerships |url=http://researchrepository.napier.ac.uk/id/eprint/1998 |journal=Journal of Urban Technology |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=77–91 |doi=10.1080/10630730701260118 |s2cid=153965022}}</ref>
+# Learn, adapt and innovate and thereby respond more effectively and promptly to changing circumstances by improving the intelligence of the city.<ref name="Komninos_ch2" /><ref>{{cite journal |last=Coe |first=A. |author2=Paquet, G. |author3=Roy, J. |year=2001 |title=E-governance and smart communities: a social learning challenge |url=http://www.gouvernance.ca/publications/00-53.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Social Science Computer Review |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=80–93 |doi=10.1177/089443930101900107 |s2cid=53380562 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303233136/http://www.gouvernance.ca/publications/00-53.pdf |archive-date=3 March 2016 |access-date=3 November 2014}}</ref>
-The physical components of IT systems are crucial to early-stage smart city development. Wired infrastructure is required to support the IoT and wireless technologies central to more interconnected living.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Smart cities are about people |url=https://www.smartcitiesworld.net/news/news/smart-cities-are-about-people-2932 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629040256/https://www.smartcitiesworld.net/news/news/smart-cities-are-about-people-2932 |archive-date=29 June 2019 |access-date=2019-06-29 |website=Smart Cities World}}</ref> A wired city environment provides general access to continually updated digital and physical infrastructure. The latest in telecommunications, [[robotics]], IoT, and various connected technologies can then be deployed to support human capital and productivity.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Intelligent Cities: R&D offshoring, web 2.0 product development and globalization of innovation systems |url=http://www.urenio.org/wp-content/uploads/2008/11/Intelligent-Cities-Shenzhen-2009-Komninos-Sefertzi.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180516180354/http://www.urenio.org/wp-content/uploads/2008/11/Intelligent-Cities-Shenzhen-2009-Komninos-Sefertzi.pdf |archive-date=16 May 2018 |access-date=20 December 2016}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last1=Nam |first1=Taewoo |last2=Pardo |first2=Theresa A |title=Conceptualizing Smart City with Dimensions of Technology, People, and Institutions |url=https://www.ctg.albany.edu/media/pubs/pdfs/dgo_2011_smartcity.pdf |department=Center for Technology in Government University at Albany, State University of New York, U.S. |journal=The Proceedings of the 12th Annual International Conference on Digital Government Research}}</ref>
+They evolve towards a strong integration of all dimensions of [[Intelligence#Human intelligence|human intelligence]], [[collective intelligence]], and also [[artificial intelligence]] within the [[city]].<ref name="Komninos20082">{{cite book |last=Komninos |first=N. |title=Intelligent Cities and Globalisation of Innovation Networks |publisher=Routledge |year=2008 |isbn=9780415455923}}</ref>{{rp|112–113}}<ref>{{cite book |author1=Atlee, T. |url=http://www.evolutionarynexus.org/wiki/collective_intelligence_tom_atlee_and_george_p%C3%B3r |title=Evolutionary Nexus: connecting communities for emergence |author2=Pór, George |year=2006 |access-date=6 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019204929/http://www.evolutionarynexus.org/wiki/collective_intelligence_tom_atlee_and_george_p%C3%B3r |archive-date=19 October 2015 |url-status=live |name-list-style=amp}}</ref> According to Mitchell, the intelligence of cities "resides in the increasingly effective combination of digital [[Telecommunication network|telecommunication networks]] (the nerves), ubiquitously [[embedded intelligence]] (the brain), sensors and [[Smart label|tags]] (the sensory organs), and [[software]] (the knowledge and cognitive competence)".<ref>{{cite journal |author=Mitchell, W. |year=2007 |title=Intelligent cities |url=http://www.uoc.edu/uocpapers/5/dt/eng/mitchell.html |url-status=live |journal=e-Journal on the Knowledge Society |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170228194411/http://www.uoc.edu/uocpapers/5/dt/eng/mitchell.html |archive-date=28 February 2017 |access-date=1 February 2015}}</ref>
+
+The physical components of IT systems are crucial to early-stage smart city development. Wired infrastructure is required to support the IoT and wireless technologies central to more interconnected living.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Smart cities are about people |url=https://www.smartcitiesworld.net/news/news/smart-cities-are-about-people-2932 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629040256/https://www.smartcitiesworld.net/news/news/smart-cities-are-about-people-2932 |archive-date=29 June 2019 |access-date=2019-06-29 |website=Smart Cities World}}</ref> A wired city environment provides general access to continually updated digital and physical infrastructure. The latest in telecommunications, [[robotics]], IoT, and various connected technologies can then be deployed to support human capital and productivity.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Intelligent Cities: R&D offshoring, web 2.0 product development and globalization of innovation systems |url=http://www.urenio.org/wp-content/uploads/2008/11/Intelligent-Cities-Shenzhen-2009-Komninos-Sefertzi.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180516180354/http://www.urenio.org/wp-content/uploads/2008/11/Intelligent-Cities-Shenzhen-2009-Komninos-Sefertzi.pdf |archive-date=16 May 2018 |access-date=20 December 2016}}</ref><ref name=":122">{{Cite journal |last1=Nam |first1=Taewoo |last2=Pardo |first2=Theresa A |title=Conceptualizing Smart City with Dimensions of Technology, People, and Institutions |url=https://www.ctg.albany.edu/media/pubs/pdfs/dgo_2011_smartcity.pdf |department=Center for Technology in Government University at Albany, State University of New York, U.S. |journal=The Proceedings of the 12th Annual International Conference on Digital Government Research}}</ref>
=== Forms of intelligence ===
-[[File:Bletchley Park - Draco2008.jpg|thumbnail|right|Bletchley Park is often considered to be the first smart community.]]Intelligence in smart cities has been demonstrated in three ways:{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}
-# '''Orchestration intelligence''':<ref name="Komninos_ch" /> Cities establish institutions and community-based problem solving and collaborations, such as in [[Bletchley Park]], where the Nazi Enigma cipher was decoded by a team led by [[Alan Turing]]. This has been referred to as the first example of a smart city or an intelligent community.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Deakin |first1=Mark |last2=Al Waer |first2=Husam |year=2011 |title=From intelligent to smart cities |journal=Journal of Intelligent Buildings International: From Intelligent Cities to Smart Cities |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=140–152 |doi=10.1080/17508975.2011.586671 |s2cid=110580067}}</ref>
-# '''Empowerment intelligence''': Cities provide [[open platform]]s, experimental facilities and smart city infrastructure in order to cluster innovation in certain districts. These are seen in the Kista Science City in Stockholm and the Cyberport Zone in Hong Kong. Similar facilities have also been established in [[Melbourne]] and [[Kyiv]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Department of Sustainability and Environment |date=2005 |title=Melbourne 2030 |url=http://www.nre.vic.gov.au/melbourne2030online/content/implementation_plans/03b_actions.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530120605/http://www.nre.vic.gov.au/melbourne2030online/content/implementation_plans/03b_actions.html |archive-date=30 May 2015 |access-date=30 May 2015 |publisher=State Government of Victoria}}</ref>
-# '''Instrumentation intelligence''': City infrastructure is made smart through [[real-time data]] collection, with analysis and [[predictive modelling]] across city districts. There is much controversy surrounding this, particularly with regards to [[surveillance issues in smart cities]].
-Examples of instrumentation intelligence are those implemented in [[Amsterdam]].<ref name="Amsterdam">{{cite web |author=Amsterdam Smart City |title=Amsterdam Smart City ~ Projects |url=http://amsterdamsmartcity.com/projects |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120922030047/http://amsterdamsmartcity.com/projects |archive-date=22 September 2012 |access-date=30 May 2015}}</ref> This is realized through:<ref name="Komninos_ch" />
+[[File:Bletchley_Park_-_Draco2008.jpg|right|thumb|Bletchley Park is often considered to be the first smart community.]]
+Intelligence in smart cities has been demonstrated in three ways:{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}
+
+# '''Orchestration intelligence''':<ref name="Komninos_ch2" /> Cities establish institutions and community-based problem solving and collaborations, such as in [[Bletchley Park]], where the Nazi Enigma cipher was decoded by a team led by [[Alan Turing]]. This has been referred to as the first example of a smart city or an intelligent community.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Deakin |first1=Mark |last2=Al Waer |first2=Husam |year=2011 |title=From intelligent to smart cities |journal=Journal of Intelligent Buildings International: From Intelligent Cities to Smart Cities |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=140–152 |doi=10.1080/17508975.2011.586671 |s2cid=110580067}}</ref>
+# '''Empowerment intelligence''': Cities provide [[Open platform|open platforms]], experimental facilities and smart city infrastructure in order to cluster innovation in certain districts. These are seen in the Kista Science City in Stockholm and the Cyberport Zone in Hong Kong. Similar facilities have also been established in [[Melbourne]] and [[Kyiv]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Department of Sustainability and Environment |date=2005 |title=Melbourne 2030 |url=http://www.nre.vic.gov.au/melbourne2030online/content/implementation_plans/03b_actions.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530120605/http://www.nre.vic.gov.au/melbourne2030online/content/implementation_plans/03b_actions.html |archive-date=30 May 2015 |access-date=30 May 2015 |publisher=State Government of Victoria}}</ref>
+# '''Instrumentation intelligence''': City infrastructure is made smart through [[real-time data]] collection, with analysis and [[predictive modelling]] across city districts. There is much controversy surrounding this, particularly with regards to [[surveillance issues in smart cities]].
+
+Examples of instrumentation intelligence are those implemented in [[Amsterdam]].<ref name="Amsterdam2">{{cite web |author=Amsterdam Smart City |title=Amsterdam Smart City ~ Projects |url=http://amsterdamsmartcity.com/projects |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120922030047/http://amsterdamsmartcity.com/projects |archive-date=22 September 2012 |access-date=30 May 2015}}</ref> This is realized through:<ref name="Komninos_ch2" />
+
# A common [[Internet Protocol|IP]] infrastructure that is open to researchers to develop applications.
# Wireless meters and devices transmit information at the point in time.
-# A number of homes being provided with [[smart energy meter]]s to become aware of energy consumption and reduce energy usage.
-# [[Solar power]] [[garbage compactor]]s, [[Charging station|car recharging stations]] and [[energy saving lamp]]s.
+# A number of homes being provided with [[Smart energy meter|smart energy meters]] to become aware of energy consumption and reduce energy usage.
+# [[Solar power]] [[Garbage compactor|garbage compactors]], [[Charging station|car recharging stations]] and [[Energy saving lamp|energy saving lamps]].
===Energy usage===
-Smart cities use data and technology to create efficiencies, improve sustainability, create economic development, and enhance quality of life factors for people living and working in the city.{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}} A variety of different datasets may need to be integrated to create a smart energy infrastructure.<ref name="Donti">{{cite journal |last1=Donti |first1=Priya L. |last2=Kolter |first2=J. Zico |date=18 October 2021 |title=Machine Learning for Sustainable Energy Systems |journal=Annual Review of Environment and Resources |volume=46 |issue=1 |pages=719–747 |doi=10.1146/annurev-environ-020220-061831 |issn=1543-5938 |s2cid=238321691 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Employment of smart technologies enables the more efficient application of integrated energy technologies in the city allowing the development of more self-sustaining areas or even [[Positive Energy District|positive energy district]]s that produce more energy than they consume.<ref name="Tuominen">{{cite news |last1=Tuominen |first1=Pekka |date=May 12, 2020 |title=Yes to positive energy districts |url=https://www.vttresearch.com/en/news-and-ideas/yes-positive-energy-districts-how-make-it-happen |access-date=28 August 2022 |work=VTT News - Beyond the Obvious |agency=VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland}}</ref>{{How|date=July 2024}}
+Smart cities use data and technology to create efficiencies, improve sustainability, create economic development, and enhance quality of life factors for people living and working in the city.{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}} A variety of different datasets may need to be integrated to create a smart energy infrastructure.<ref name="Donti2">{{cite journal |last1=Donti |first1=Priya L. |last2=Kolter |first2=J. Zico |date=18 October 2021 |title=Machine Learning for Sustainable Energy Systems |journal=Annual Review of Environment and Resources |volume=46 |issue=1 |pages=719–747 |doi=10.1146/annurev-environ-020220-061831 |issn=1543-5938 |s2cid=238321691 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Employment of smart technologies enables the more efficient application of integrated energy technologies in the city allowing the development of more self-sustaining areas or even [[Positive Energy District|positive energy districts]] that produce more energy than they consume.<ref name="Tuominen2">{{cite news |last1=Tuominen |first1=Pekka |date=May 12, 2020 |title=Yes to positive energy districts |url=https://www.vttresearch.com/en/news-and-ideas/yes-positive-energy-districts-how-make-it-happen |access-date=28 August 2022 |work=VTT News - Beyond the Obvious |agency=VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland}}</ref>{{How|date=July 2024}}
A smart city is powered by "smart connections" for various items such as street lighting, [[Building automation|smart buildings]], [[Distributed generation|distributed energy resources]] (DER), [[Data analysis|data analytics]], and smart transportation. Amongst these things, energy is paramount; this is why utility companies play a key role in smart cities. Electric companies, working partnership with city officials, technology companies and a number of other institutions, are among the major players that helped accelerate the growth of America's smart cities.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Riley |first=Kim |date=15 June 2017 |title=Pittsburgh, San Diego city officials put utilities as major players in smart-city partnerships |url=https://dailyenergyinsider.com/featured/5836-pittsburgh-san-diego-city-officials-put-utilities-major-players-smart-city-partnerships/ |access-date=25 September 2017 |work=Daily Energy Insider}}</ref>
@@ -119,41 +115,40 @@
According to David K. Owens, the former executive vice president of the [[Edison Electric Institute]], two key elements that a smart city must have are an integrated communications platform and a "dynamic resilient grid."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Riley |first=Kim |date=16 November 2017 |title=America needs smart grid investments pronto, stakeholders say at NARUC event |url=https://dailyenergyinsider.com/featured/9120-america-needs-smart-grid-investments-pronto-stakeholders-say-naruc-event/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190828222613/https://dailyenergyinsider.com/featured/9120-america-needs-smart-grid-investments-pronto-stakeholders-say-naruc-event/ |archive-date=28 August 2019 |access-date=11 December 2017 |work=Daily Energy Insider}}</ref>
-[[Smart grid]]s are an important technology in smart cities. The improved flexibility of the smart grid permits greater penetration of highly variable renewable energy sources such as solar power and wind power.{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}
+[[Smart grid|Smart grids]] are an important technology in smart cities. The improved flexibility of the smart grid permits greater penetration of highly variable renewable energy sources such as solar power and wind power.{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}
Energy Data Management Systems (EDMS) can help to save cities [[Energy conservation|energy]] by recording data and using it to increase efficiency.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Smart City Technologies and Solutions to Deliver Better a Living {{!}} COPA-DATA |url=https://www.copadata.com/en/industries/smart-city/smart-city-insights/smart-city-solutions-better-living/ |access-date=2021-12-08 |website=www.copadata.com}}</ref>
===Data management===
-For a smart city to function, it is necessary for it to manage an enormous amount of data collected through the embedded devices and systems in its environment.<ref name=":1" /> This is also important for the cities growth and security.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nisenbaum |first=Amit |title=What's Holding Smart Cities Back? |url=https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/whats-holding-smart-cities-back/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629040251/https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/whats-holding-smart-cities-back/ |archive-date=29 June 2019 |access-date=2019-06-29 |website=Scientific American Blog Network}}</ref> Smart cities use a variety of data collection, processing, and disseminating technologies, in conjunction with data security and privacy measures, in attempting to encourage innovation and improve citizens' quality of life.<ref name=":1" /> This can relate to topics including utilities, health, transportation, entertainment and government services.<ref name=":1">{{cite journal |last1=Gharaibeh |first1=A. |last2=Salahuddin |first2=M. A. |last3=Hussini |first3=S. J. |last4=Khreishah |first4=A. |last5=Khalil |first5=I. |last6=Guizani |first6=M. |last7=Al-Fuqaha |first7=A. |year=2017 |title=Smart Cities: A Survey on Data Management, Security, and Enabling Technologies |journal=IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials |volume=19 |issue=4 |pages=2456–2501 |doi=10.1109/COMST.2017.2736886 |s2cid=206578345}}</ref>
+For a smart city to function, it is necessary for it to manage an enormous amount of data collected through the embedded devices and systems in its environment.<ref name=":16">{{cite journal |last1=Gharaibeh |first1=A. |last2=Salahuddin |first2=M. A. |last3=Hussini |first3=S. J. |last4=Khreishah |first4=A. |last5=Khalil |first5=I. |last6=Guizani |first6=M. |last7=Al-Fuqaha |first7=A. |year=2017 |title=Smart Cities: A Survey on Data Management, Security, and Enabling Technologies |journal=IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials |volume=19 |issue=4 |pages=2456–2501 |doi=10.1109/COMST.2017.2736886 |s2cid=206578345}}</ref> This is also important for the cities growth and security.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nisenbaum |first=Amit |title=What's Holding Smart Cities Back? |url=https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/whats-holding-smart-cities-back/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629040251/https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/whats-holding-smart-cities-back/ |archive-date=29 June 2019 |access-date=2019-06-29 |website=Scientific American Blog Network}}</ref> Smart cities use a variety of data collection, processing, and disseminating technologies, in conjunction with data security and privacy measures, in attempting to encourage innovation and improve citizens' quality of life.<ref name=":16" /> This can relate to topics including utilities, health, transportation, entertainment and government services.<ref name=":16" />
Online collaborative sensor data management platforms are on-line database services that allow sensor owners to register and connect their devices to feed data into an on-line database for storage and allow developers to connect to the database and build their own applications based on that data.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Boyle |first1=D. |last2=Yates |first2=D. |last3=Yeatman |first3=E. |year=2013 |title=Urban Sensor Data Streams: London 2013 |journal=IEEE Internet Computing |volume=17 |issue=6 |pages=1 |doi=10.1109/MIC.2013.85 |s2cid=17820999}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Silva |first1=Dilshan |last2=Ghanem |first2=Moustafa |last3=Guo |first3=Yike |year=2012 |title=WikiSensing: An Online Collaborative Approach for Sensor Data Management |journal=Sensors |volume=12 |issue=10 |pages=13295–13332 |bibcode=2012Senso..1213295S |doi=10.3390/s121013295 |pmc=3545568 |pmid=23201997 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
-Electronic cards (known as [[smart card]]s) are another common component in smart city contexts. These cards possess a unique encrypted identifier that allows the owner to log into a range of government provided services (or [[e-service]]s) without setting up multiple accounts. The single identifier allows governments to aggregate [[big data|data]] [[Mass surveillance|about citizens]] and their preferences to improve the provision of services and to determine common interests of groups. This technology has been implemented in Southampton.<ref name="DeakinAl_jrnl" />
+Electronic cards (known as [[Smart card|smart cards]]) are another common component in smart city contexts. These cards possess a unique encrypted identifier that allows the owner to log into a range of government provided services (or [[E-service|e-services]]) without setting up multiple accounts. The single identifier allows governments to aggregate [[Big data|data]] [[Mass surveillance|about citizens]] and their preferences to improve the provision of services and to determine common interests of groups. This technology has been implemented in Southampton.<ref name="DeakinAl_jrnl2" />
-Cognitive technologies, such as [[artificial intelligence]] and [[machine learning]], can be trained on the data generated by connected city devices to identify patterns. The efficacy and impact of particular policy decisions can be quantified by cognitive systems studying the continuous interactions of humans with their urban surroundings.<ref name="Ark">{{cite news |last1=Ark |first1=Tom Vander |date=June 26, 2018 |title=How Cities Are Getting Smart Using Artificial Intelligence |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/tomvanderark/2018/06/26/how-cities-are-getting-smart-using-artificial-intelligence/#7e6178503803 |access-date=28 August 2022 |work=Forbes}}</ref>
+Cognitive technologies, such as [[artificial intelligence]] and [[machine learning]], can be trained on the data generated by connected city devices to identify patterns. The efficacy and impact of particular policy decisions can be quantified by cognitive systems studying the continuous interactions of humans with their urban surroundings.<ref name="Ark2">{{cite news |last1=Ark |first1=Tom Vander |date=June 26, 2018 |title=How Cities Are Getting Smart Using Artificial Intelligence |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/tomvanderark/2018/06/26/how-cities-are-getting-smart-using-artificial-intelligence/#7e6178503803 |access-date=28 August 2022 |work=Forbes}}</ref>
=== Transportation ===
-[[Bicycle-sharing system]]s are an important element in smart cities.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Chiariotti |first1=Federico |title=2018 7th International Conference on Modern Circuits and Systems Technologies (MOCAST) |last2=Pielli |first2=Chiara |last3=Cenedese |first3=Angelo |last4=Zanella |first4=Andrea |last5=Zorzi |first5=Michele |date=May 2018 |isbn=978-1-5386-4788-2 |pages=1–6 |chapter=Bike sharing as a key smart city service: State of the art and future developments |doi=10.1109/MOCAST.2018.8376628 |chapter-url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8376628 |s2cid=49187242}}</ref>
+[[Bicycle-sharing system|Bicycle-sharing systems]] are an important element in smart cities.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Chiariotti |first1=Federico |title=2018 7th International Conference on Modern Circuits and Systems Technologies (MOCAST) |last2=Pielli |first2=Chiara |last3=Cenedese |first3=Angelo |last4=Zanella |first4=Andrea |last5=Zorzi |first5=Michele |date=May 2018 |isbn=978-1-5386-4788-2 |pages=1–6 |chapter=Bike sharing as a key smart city service: State of the art and future developments |doi=10.1109/MOCAST.2018.8376628 |chapter-url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8376628 |s2cid=49187242}}</ref>
-[[Intelligent transportation system]]s and [[Closed-circuit television|CCTV]] systems are also being developed.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pribadi |first1=Arif |title=2017 International Seminar on Intelligent Technology and Its Applications (ISITIA) |last2=Kumiawan |first2=Fachrul |last3=Hariadi |first3=Mochamad |last4=Nugroho |first4=Supeno Mardi Susiki |date=August 2017 |isbn=978-1-5386-2708-2 |pages=21–24 |chapter=Urban distribution CCTV for smart city using decision tree methods |doi=10.1109/ISITIA.2017.8124048 |s2cid=194177}}</ref>
+[[Intelligent transportation system|Intelligent transportation systems]] and [[Closed-circuit television|CCTV]] systems are also being developed.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pribadi |first1=Arif |title=2017 International Seminar on Intelligent Technology and Its Applications (ISITIA) |last2=Kumiawan |first2=Fachrul |last3=Hariadi |first3=Mochamad |last4=Nugroho |first4=Supeno Mardi Susiki |date=August 2017 |isbn=978-1-5386-2708-2 |pages=21–24 |chapter=Urban distribution CCTV for smart city using decision tree methods |doi=10.1109/ISITIA.2017.8124048 |s2cid=194177}}</ref>
-[[Bollard#Removable bollards|Retractable bollard]]s allow to restrict access inside city centers (i.e. to delivery trucks resupplying outlet stores). Opening and closing of such barriers is traditionally done manually, through an electronic pass<ref>Carbon Zero: Imagining Cities that can save the planet by Alex Steffen, page 54</ref> but can even be done by means of [[Automatic number-plate recognition|ANPR]] cameras connected to the bollard system.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 December 2018 |title=Call for retractable 'coffin' bollards and no-driving zones outside Bristol schools |url=https://www.bristolpost.co.uk/news/call-retractable-coffin-bollards-no-2295946 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810083504/https://www.bristolpost.co.uk/news/call-retractable-coffin-bollards-no-2295946 |archive-date=10 August 2020 |access-date=1 September 2020}}</ref>
+[[Bollard#Removable bollards|Retractable bollards]] allow to restrict access inside city centers (i.e. to delivery trucks resupplying outlet stores). Opening and closing of such barriers is traditionally done manually, through an electronic pass<ref>Carbon Zero: Imagining Cities that can save the planet by Alex Steffen, page 54</ref> but can even be done by means of [[Automatic number-plate recognition|ANPR]] cameras connected to the bollard system.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 December 2018 |title=Call for retractable 'coffin' bollards and no-driving zones outside Bristol schools |url=https://www.bristolpost.co.uk/news/call-retractable-coffin-bollards-no-2295946 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810083504/https://www.bristolpost.co.uk/news/call-retractable-coffin-bollards-no-2295946 |archive-date=10 August 2020 |access-date=1 September 2020}}</ref>
=== Human factors ===
-According to McKinsey, smart city initiatives can have measurable positive impacts on the quality of life of its citizens and visitors.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Smart city technology for a more liveable future {{!}} McKinsey |url=https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/capital-projects-and-infrastructure/our-insights/smart-cities-digital-solutions-for-a-more-livable-future |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626221105/https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/capital-projects-and-infrastructure/our-insights/smart-cities-digital-solutions-for-a-more-livable-future |archive-date=26 June 2019 |access-date=2019-06-29 |website=www.mckinsey.com}}</ref> The human framework of a smart city – its economy, knowledge networks, and human support systems – is an important indicator of its success.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |title=United Smart Cities (USC) – United Nations Partnerships for SDGs platform |url=https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/partnership/?p=10009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190828222617/https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/partnership/?p=10009 |archive-date=28 August 2019 |access-date=2019-06-29 |website=sustainabledevelopment.un.org}}</ref>
+According to McKinsey, smart city initiatives can have measurable positive impacts on the quality of life of its citizens and visitors.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Smart city technology for a more liveable future {{!}} McKinsey |url=https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/capital-projects-and-infrastructure/our-insights/smart-cities-digital-solutions-for-a-more-livable-future |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626221105/https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/capital-projects-and-infrastructure/our-insights/smart-cities-digital-solutions-for-a-more-livable-future |archive-date=26 June 2019 |access-date=2019-06-29 |website=www.mckinsey.com}}</ref> The human framework of a smart city – its economy, knowledge networks, and human support systems – is an important indicator of its success.<ref name=":022">{{Cite web |title=United Smart Cities (USC) – United Nations Partnerships for SDGs platform |url=https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/partnership/?p=10009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190828222617/https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/partnership/?p=10009 |archive-date=28 August 2019 |access-date=2019-06-29 |website=sustainabledevelopment.un.org}}</ref>
-For example, arts and culture initiatives are common focus areas in smart city planning.<ref>{{Cite web |title=engagingcommunities2005.org |url=http://www.engagingcommunities2005.org/abstracts/Bartlet-%20Leo-final.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227235327/http://www.engagingcommunities2005.org/abstracts/Bartlet-%20Leo-final.pdf |archive-date=27 February 2017 |access-date=20 December 2016 |website=www.engagingcommunities2005.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Borda |first1=Ann |title=Museums and Digital Culture |last2=Bowen |first2=Jonathan P. |author-link2=Jonathan Bowen |date=2019 |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]] |isbn=978-3-319-97456-9 |editor1-last=Giannini |editor1-first=Tula |editor-link1=Tula Giannini |series=Series on Cultural Computing |pages=523–549 |chapter=Smart Cities and Digital Culture: Models of Innovation |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-97457-6_27 |issn=2195-9064 |editor2-last=Bowen |editor2-first=Jonathan P. |editor-link2=Jonathan Bowen |s2cid=159042161}}</ref> Innovation is associated with intellectual curiosity and creativeness, and various projects have demonstrated that knowledge workers participate in a diverse mix of cultural and artistic activities.<ref name="Eger">{{cite news |last1=Eger |first1=John M. |date=24 July 2015 |title=Creativity in the Smart City Is What Makes a City Really Smart |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/creativity-in-the-smart-c_b_7648342 |access-date=27 August 2022 |work=HuffPost}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Malanga |first1=Steven |date=23 December 2015 |title=The Curse of the Creative Class |url=https://www.city-journal.org/html/curse-creative-class-12491.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180811195230/https://www.city-journal.org/html/curse-creative-class-12491.html |archive-date=11 August 2018 |access-date=11 August 2018 |website=City Journal}}</ref>
+For example, arts and culture initiatives are common focus areas in smart city planning.<ref>{{Cite web |title=engagingcommunities2005.org |url=http://www.engagingcommunities2005.org/abstracts/Bartlet-%20Leo-final.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227235327/http://www.engagingcommunities2005.org/abstracts/Bartlet-%20Leo-final.pdf |archive-date=27 February 2017 |access-date=20 December 2016 |website=www.engagingcommunities2005.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Borda |first1=Ann |title=Museums and Digital Culture |last2=Bowen |first2=Jonathan P. |author-link2=Jonathan Bowen |date=2019 |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]] |isbn=978-3-319-97456-9 |editor1-last=Giannini |editor1-first=Tula |editor-link1=Tula Giannini |series=Series on Cultural Computing |pages=523–549 |chapter=Smart Cities and Digital Culture: Models of Innovation |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-97457-6_27 |issn=2195-9064 |editor2-last=Bowen |editor2-first=Jonathan P. |editor-link2=Jonathan Bowen |s2cid=159042161}}</ref> Innovation is associated with intellectual curiosity and creativeness, and various projects have demonstrated that knowledge workers participate in a diverse mix of cultural and artistic activities.<ref name="Eger2">{{cite news |last1=Eger |first1=John M. |date=24 July 2015 |title=Creativity in the Smart City Is What Makes a City Really Smart |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/creativity-in-the-smart-c_b_7648342 |access-date=27 August 2022 |work=HuffPost}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Malanga |first1=Steven |date=23 December 2015 |title=The Curse of the Creative Class |url=https://www.city-journal.org/html/curse-creative-class-12491.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180811195230/https://www.city-journal.org/html/curse-creative-class-12491.html |archive-date=11 August 2018 |access-date=11 August 2018 |website=City Journal}}</ref>
-Since mobility is a key area of smart city development, building a capable workforce through education initiatives is necessary.<ref name=":02" />{{Clarification needed|reason=How does the workforce help with this? What exactly is meant by "mobility"?|date=July 2024}} A city's learning capacity includes its education system, including available workforce training and support, and its cultural development and exchange.<ref name="Brent">{{Cite web |last=Moser |first=Mary Anne |title=What is Smart about the Smart Communities Movement? |url=https://www.ucalgary.ca/ejournal/archive/v10-11/v10-11n1Moser-browse.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170210151210/http://www.ucalgary.ca/ejournal/archive/v10-11/v10-11n1Moser-browse.html |archive-date=10 February 2017 |access-date=20 December 2016 |website=www.ucalgary.ca |publisher=University of Calgary EJournal 10–11(1)}}</ref>
+Since mobility is a key area of smart city development, building a capable workforce through education initiatives is necessary.<ref name=":022" />{{Clarification needed|reason=How does the workforce help with this? What exactly is meant by "mobility"?|date=July 2024}} A city's learning capacity includes its education system, including available workforce training and support, and its cultural development and exchange.<ref name="Brent2">{{Cite web |last=Moser |first=Mary Anne |title=What is Smart about the Smart Communities Movement? |url=https://www.ucalgary.ca/ejournal/archive/v10-11/v10-11n1Moser-browse.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170210151210/http://www.ucalgary.ca/ejournal/archive/v10-11/v10-11n1Moser-browse.html |archive-date=10 February 2017 |access-date=20 December 2016 |website=www.ucalgary.ca |publisher=University of Calgary EJournal 10–11(1)}}</ref>
-Numerous Smart city programs also focus on soft infrastructure development, like increasing access to voluntary organizations and designated safe zones.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Glaeser |first1=Edward L. |last2=Berry |first2=Christopher R. |title=Why Are Smart Places Getting Smarter? |url=https://www.hks.harvard.edu/sites/default/files/centers/rappaport/files/brief_divergence.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190828222613/https://www.hks.harvard.edu/sites/default/files/centers/rappaport/files/brief_divergence.pdf |archive-date=28 August 2019 |access-date=11 August 2018 |website=Harvard University}}</ref> This focus on social and relational capital means diversity, inclusion, and ubiquitous access to public services is worked in to city planning.<ref name=":12" />
+Numerous Smart city programs also focus on soft infrastructure development, like increasing access to voluntary organizations and designated safe zones.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Glaeser |first1=Edward L. |last2=Berry |first2=Christopher R. |title=Why Are Smart Places Getting Smarter? |url=https://www.hks.harvard.edu/sites/default/files/centers/rappaport/files/brief_divergence.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190828222613/https://www.hks.harvard.edu/sites/default/files/centers/rappaport/files/brief_divergence.pdf |archive-date=28 August 2019 |access-date=11 August 2018 |website=Harvard University}}</ref> This focus on social and relational capital means diversity, inclusion, and ubiquitous access to public services is worked in to city planning.<ref name=":122" />
-The development of a [[knowledge economy]] is also central to Smart city projects.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Smarter cities for smarter growth: How cities can optimize their systems for the talent-based economy |url=https://www.zurich.ibm.com/pdf/isl/infoportal/IBV_SC3_report_GBE03348USEN.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221090251/https://www.zurich.ibm.com/pdf/isl/infoportal/IBV_SC3_report_GBE03348USEN.pdf |archive-date=21 December 2016 |access-date=20 December 2016 |website=www.zurich.ibm.com}}</ref> Smart cities seeking to be hubs of economic activity in emerging tech and service sectors stress the value of innovation in city development.<ref name=":12" />
+The development of a [[knowledge economy]] is also central to Smart city projects.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Smarter cities for smarter growth: How cities can optimize their systems for the talent-based economy |url=https://www.zurich.ibm.com/pdf/isl/infoportal/IBV_SC3_report_GBE03348USEN.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221090251/https://www.zurich.ibm.com/pdf/isl/infoportal/IBV_SC3_report_GBE03348USEN.pdf |archive-date=21 December 2016 |access-date=20 December 2016 |website=www.zurich.ibm.com}}</ref> Smart cities seeking to be hubs of economic activity in emerging tech and service sectors stress the value of innovation in city development.<ref name=":122" />
=== Other technologies ===
{{Copy edit|date=July 2024|section|for=lack of context, detail, and organization}}
+Mobile devices (such as [[Smartphone|smartphones]] and tablets) are a key technology allowing citizens to connect to the smart city services.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 April 2018 |title=With smart cities, your every step will be recorded |url=https://theconversation.com/with-smart-cities-your-every-step-will-be-recorded-94527 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608085508/https://theconversation.com/with-smart-cities-your-every-step-will-be-recorded-94527 |archive-date=8 June 2020 |access-date=8 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Secure, sustainable smart cities and the IoT |url=https://www.thalesgroup.com/en/markets/digital-identity-and-security/iot/inspired/smart-cities |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608085508/https://www.thalesgroup.com/en/markets/digital-identity-and-security/iot/inspired/smart-cities |archive-date=8 June 2020 |access-date=8 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 October 2016 |title=Smartphones – not flying cars – will define the smart cities of the future |url=https://www.information-age.com/smartphones-not-flying-cars-will-define-smart-cities-future-123462622/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608085510/https://www.information-age.com/smartphones-not-flying-cars-will-define-smart-cities-future-123462622/ |archive-date=8 June 2020 |access-date=8 June 2020}}</ref>
-Mobile devices (such as [[smartphone]]s and tablets) are a key technology allowing citizens to connect to the smart city services.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 April 2018 |title=With smart cities, your every step will be recorded |url=https://theconversation.com/with-smart-cities-your-every-step-will-be-recorded-94527 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608085508/https://theconversation.com/with-smart-cities-your-every-step-will-be-recorded-94527 |archive-date=8 June 2020 |access-date=8 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Secure, sustainable smart cities and the IoT |url=https://www.thalesgroup.com/en/markets/digital-identity-and-security/iot/inspired/smart-cities |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608085508/https://www.thalesgroup.com/en/markets/digital-identity-and-security/iot/inspired/smart-cities |archive-date=8 June 2020 |access-date=8 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 October 2016 |title=Smartphones – not flying cars – will define the smart cities of the future |url=https://www.information-age.com/smartphones-not-flying-cars-will-define-smart-cities-future-123462622/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608085510/https://www.information-age.com/smartphones-not-flying-cars-will-define-smart-cities-future-123462622/ |archive-date=8 June 2020 |access-date=8 June 2020}}</ref>
-
-Smart cities also rely on [[smart home]]s and specifically, the [[Smart home technology|technology used in them]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Klein |first1=Cornel |chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-85500-2_24 |title=Next Generation Teletraffic and Wired/Wireless Advanced Networking |last2=Kaefer |first2=Gerald |date=2008 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-540-85499-9 |series=Lecture Notes in Computer Science |volume=5174 |location=Berlin, Heidelberg |pages=260 |chapter=From Smart Homes to Smart Cities: Opportunities and Challenges from an Industrial Perspective |doi=10.1007/978-3-540-85500-2_24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Mehrotra |first1=Siddharth |title=2015 International Conference on Green Computing and Internet of Things (ICGCIoT) |last2=Dhande |first2=Rashi |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-4673-7910-6 |pages=1236–1239 |chapter=Smart cities and smart homes: From realization to reality |doi=10.1109/ICGCIoT.2015.7380652 |access-date=8 June 2020 |chapter-url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7380652 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608090010/https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7380652 |archive-date=8 June 2020 |url-status=live |s2cid=14156800}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Need to Redefine the Smart Home and its Link to Smart Cities |url=https://hub.beesmart.city/strategy/redefining-the-smart-home-in-smart-cities |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608090011/https://hub.beesmart.city/strategy/redefining-the-smart-home-in-smart-cities |archive-date=8 June 2020 |access-date=8 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 September 2017 |title=How smart homes can connect to smart cities |url=https://www.smartcity.press/how-smart-homes-can-connect-smart-cities/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608090008/https://www.smartcity.press/how-smart-homes-can-connect-smart-cities/ |archive-date=8 June 2020 |access-date=8 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Redefining the smart home in smart cities |url=https://hub.beesmart.city/strategy/redefining-the-smart-home-in-smart-cities |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608090011/https://hub.beesmart.city/strategy/redefining-the-smart-home-in-smart-cities |archive-date=8 June 2020 |access-date=8 June 2020}}</ref>
+Smart cities also rely on [[Smart home|smart homes]] and specifically, the [[Smart home technology|technology used in them]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Klein |first1=Cornel |title=Next Generation Teletraffic and Wired/Wireless Advanced Networking |last2=Kaefer |first2=Gerald |date=2008 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-540-85499-9 |series=Lecture Notes in Computer Science |volume=5174 |location=Berlin, Heidelberg |pages=260 |chapter=From Smart Homes to Smart Cities: Opportunities and Challenges from an Industrial Perspective |doi=10.1007/978-3-540-85500-2_24 |chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-85500-2_24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Mehrotra |first1=Siddharth |title=2015 International Conference on Green Computing and Internet of Things (ICGCIoT) |last2=Dhande |first2=Rashi |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-4673-7910-6 |pages=1236–1239 |chapter=Smart cities and smart homes: From realization to reality |doi=10.1109/ICGCIoT.2015.7380652 |access-date=8 June 2020 |chapter-url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7380652 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608090010/https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7380652 |archive-date=8 June 2020 |url-status=live |s2cid=14156800}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Need to Redefine the Smart Home and its Link to Smart Cities |url=https://hub.beesmart.city/strategy/redefining-the-smart-home-in-smart-cities |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608090011/https://hub.beesmart.city/strategy/redefining-the-smart-home-in-smart-cities |archive-date=8 June 2020 |access-date=8 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 September 2017 |title=How smart homes can connect to smart cities |url=https://www.smartcity.press/how-smart-homes-can-connect-smart-cities/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608090008/https://www.smartcity.press/how-smart-homes-can-connect-smart-cities/ |archive-date=8 June 2020 |access-date=8 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Redefining the smart home in smart cities |url=https://hub.beesmart.city/strategy/redefining-the-smart-home-in-smart-cities |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608090011/https://hub.beesmart.city/strategy/redefining-the-smart-home-in-smart-cities |archive-date=8 June 2020 |access-date=8 June 2020}}</ref>
Digital [[Library|libraries]] have also been established in several smart cities.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Koukopoulos |first1=Zois |title=Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Web Intelligence, Mining and Semantics |last2=Koukopoulos |first2=Dimitrios |last3=Jung |first3=Jason J. |date=2019 |isbn=9781450361903 |pages=1–12 |chapter=Sustainability Services for Public Libraries within a Smart City Environment |doi=10.1145/3326467.3326473 |chapter-url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/3326467.3326473 |s2cid=160010103}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tripathi |first1=Sneha |last2=Singh |first2=Manendra Kumar |last3=Tripathi |first3=Aditya |date=7 February 2017 |title=Smart Library for Smart Cities |journal=SRELS Journal of Information Management |pages=439–446 |doi=10.17821/srels/2016/v53i6/89406}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Aiyappa |first1=Manu |date=July 1, 2021 |title=Smart Cities miss key awards as projects move at snail's pace {{!}} Bengaluru News |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/smart-cities-miss-key-awards-as-projects-move-at-snails-pace/articleshow/84001391.cms |access-date=28 August 2022 |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Windsor Public Library: a brick-and-mortar library that also has an ebook lending service |url=https://www.windsorpubliclibrary.com/?page_id=65204 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023075326/https://www.windsorpubliclibrary.com/?page_id=65204 |archive-date=23 October 2020 |access-date=17 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Shivamogga Smart City Digital Library |url=https://www.sscldl.com/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210222113332/https://www.sscldl.com/ |archive-date=22 February 2021 |access-date=17 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tumakuru Digital Library |url=https://tumakurudigitallibrary.in/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715110211/https://tumakurudigitallibrary.in/ |archive-date=15 July 2020 |access-date=17 September 2020}}</ref>
@@ -164,68 +159,71 @@
==Criticism==
-{{See also|Surveillance issues in smart cities}}{{Copyedit|date=July 2024|section|for=list format and lack of organization}}
-The criticisms of smart cities are varied:<ref name="Hollands" />
-* The high level of [[big data]] collection and analytics has raised questions regarding [[surveillance issues in smart cities|surveillance in smart cities]], particularly as it relates to [[predictive policing]] and abuse by law enforcement.
-* A bias in strategic interest may lead to ignoring non-ICT centered modes of promising urban development.<ref>{{cite book |author=Greenfield, A. |title=Against the Smart City. |publisher=Verso |year=2013 |location=London |asin=B00FHQ5DBS}}</ref>
-* A smart city, as a scientifically planned city, would defy the fact that real development in cities is often haphazard and participatory. In that line of criticism, the smart city is seen as unattractive for citizens as they "can deaden and stupefy the people who live in its all-efficient embrace".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sennett |first=Richard |date=4 December 2012 |title=No one likes a city that's too smart |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/dec/04/smart-city-rio-songdo-masdar |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318004523/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/dec/04/smart-city-rio-songdo-masdar |archive-date=18 March 2017 |access-date=17 March 2017 |work=The Guardian}}</ref>
-* The focus of the concept of smart city may lead to an underestimation of the possible negative effects of the development of the new technological and networked infrastructures needed for a city to be smart.<ref>{{cite book |author=Graham, S. |title=Telecommunications and the city: electronic spaces, urban place |author2=Marvin, S. |publisher=Routledge |year=1996 |isbn=9780203430453 |location=London}}</ref>
-* As a [[globalization|globalized]] [[business model]] is based on [[capital mobility]], following a business-oriented model may result in a losing long-term strategy: "The 'spatial fix' inevitably means that mobile capital can often 'write its own deals' to come to town, only to move on when it receives a better deal elsewhere. This is no less true for the smart city than it was for the industrial, [or] manufacturing city."<ref name="Hollands" />
-*In the smart city environment there are many threats that affect the privacy of individuals. The technology is involved in scanning, identification, checking the current location, including time and direction of movement. Residents may feel that they are constantly monitored and controlled.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rubisz |first=Szymon |date=2020 |title=Some Issues with the Right to Privacy in Smart Cities |journal=Scientific Papers of Silesian University of Technology – Organization and Management Series |volume=2020 |issue=147 |pages=237–246 |doi=10.29119/1641-3466.2020.147.18 |s2cid=232592742 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
-* As of August 2018, the discussion on smart cities centers around the usage and implementation of technology rather than on the inhabitants of the cities and how they can be involved in the process.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Marrone |first1=Mauricio |last2=Hammerle |first2=Mara |year=2018 |title=Smart Cities: A Review and Analysis of Stakeholders' Literature |journal=Business & Information Systems Engineering |volume=60 |issue=3 |pages=197–213 |doi=10.1007/s12599-018-0535-3 |s2cid=207433624}}</ref>
-*Especially in low-income countries, smart cities are irrelevant to the urban population which lives in poverty with limited access to basic services. A focus on smart cities may worsen inequality and marginalization.<ref name=":11">{{Cite journal |last=Watson |first=Vanessa |date=6 December 2013 |title=African urban fantasies: dreams or nightmares? |journal=Environment and Urbanization |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=215–231 |doi=10.1177/0956247813513705 |issn=0956-2478 |s2cid=154398313 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
-*If a smart city strategy is not planned for people with accessibility problems, such as persons with disabilities affecting mobility, vision, hearing, and cognitive function, the implementation of new technologies could create new barriers.<ref name=":15">{{Cite web |last=Woyke |first=Elizabeth |title=Smart cities could be lousy to live in if you have a disability |url=https://www.technologyreview.com/s/612712/smart-cities-coule-be-lousy-if-you-have-a-disability/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190305211109/https://www.technologyreview.com/s/612712/smart-cities-coule-be-lousy-if-you-have-a-disability/ |archive-date=5 March 2019 |access-date=2019-03-15 |website=MIT Technology Review}}</ref>
-*Digitalization can have a significant environmental footprint and there is potential for the externalization of environmental costs onto outside communities.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lange |first1=Steffen |last2=Pohl |first2=Johanna |last3=Santarius |first3=Tilman |date=2020-10-01 |title=Digitalization and energy consumption. Does ICT reduce energy demand? |journal=Ecological Economics |volume=176 |pages=106760 |bibcode=2020EcoEc.17606760L |doi=10.1016/j.ecolecon.2020.106760 |issn=0921-8009 |s2cid=224947774}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Morley |first1=Janine |last2=Widdicks |first2=Kelly |last3=Hazas |first3=Mike |date=2018-04-01 |title=Digitalisation, energy and data demand: The impact of Internet traffic on overall and peak electricity consumption |journal=Energy Research & Social Science |volume=38 |pages=128–137 |bibcode=2018ERSS...38..128M |doi=10.1016/j.erss.2018.01.018 |issn=2214-6296 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sovacool |first1=Benjamin K. |last2=Hook |first2=Andrew |last3=Martiskainen |first3=Mari |last4=Brock |first4=Andrea |last5=Turnheim |first5=Bruno |date=2020-01-01 |title=The decarbonisation divide: Contextualizing landscapes of low-carbon exploitation and toxicity in Africa |journal=Global Environmental Change |volume=60 |pages=102028 |bibcode=2020GEC....6002028S |doi=10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2019.102028 |issn=0959-3780 |s2cid=214411810 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
-*Smart city can be used as a slogan only for land revenue generation, especially in the Global South.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zhou |first1=Yong |last2=Xiao |first2=Fan |last3=Deng |first3=Weipeng |date=23 March 2022 |title=Is smart city a slogan? Evidence from China |journal=Asian Geographer |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=185–202 |doi=10.1080/10225706.2022.2052734 |s2cid=259149515}}</ref>
-* Urban planning professor Jennifer Clark writes<ref name="Clark" /> that the 2010s smart city craze in the United States was largely created by companies trying to sell various technologies to municipal customers. She says the technologies actually adopted tended to not be those trying to change physical infrastructure citywide, but those that deliver digital services directly to residents (like [[ride-hailing service]]s and [[online food ordering]]) or which solve a specific problem of municipal government.
-* As has been noted by [[Fleur Johns]], the increasing and evolving use of data has significant implications at multiple levels of governance.<ref name="Johns" /> Data and infrastructure include digital platforms, algorithms, and the embedding of information technology in the physical infrastructure of smart cities.<ref name="Johns" /> Digital technology has the potential to be used in negative as well as positive ways, and its use is inherently political.<ref name="Johns" /> Care needs to be taken to ensure that the development of smart cities does not perpetuate inequalities and exclude marginalized groups in relation to gender,<ref name="Nesti">{{cite journal |last1=Nesti |first1=Giorgia |date=27 August 2019 |title=Mainstreaming gender equality in smart cities: Theoretical, methodological and empirical challenges |journal=Information Polity |volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=289–304 |doi=10.3233/IP-190134 |s2cid=201340073 |hdl-access=free |hdl=11577/3305997}}</ref><ref name="Javiera">{{cite book |last1=Fernanda Medina Macaya |first1=Javiera |title=14th International Conference on Theory and Practice of Electronic Governance |last2=Ben Dhaou |first2=Soumaya |last3=Cunha |first3=Maria Alexandra |date=6 October 2021 |isbn=9781450390118 |pages=398–405 |chapter=Gendering the Smart Cities:: Addressing gender inequalities in urban spaces |doi=10.1145/3494193.3494308 |access-date=27 August 2022 |chapter-url=http://collections.unu.edu/eserv/UNU:8632/t09-p53-76.pdf |s2cid=245881057}}</ref> age,<ref name="Li">{{cite journal |last1=Li |first1=Manlin |last2=Woolrych |first2=Ryan |date=13 December 2021 |title=Experiences of Older People and Social Inclusion in Relation to Smart "Age-Friendly" Cities: A Case Study of Chongqing, China |journal=Frontiers in Public Health |volume=9 |pages=779913 |doi=10.3389/fpubh.2021.779913 |pmc=8721664 |pmid=34988053 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Ivan">{{cite journal |last1=Ivan |first1=Loredana |last2=Beu |first2=Dorin |last3=van Hoof |first3=Joost |date=January 2020 |title=Smart and Age-Friendly Cities in Romania: An Overview of Public Policy and Practice |journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |volume=17 |issue=14 |pages=5202 |doi=10.3390/ijerph17145202 |issn=1660-4601 |pmc=7400252 |pmid=32708488 |doi-access=free}}</ref> race, and other human characteristics.<ref name="Shamsuddin">{{cite journal |last1=Shamsuddin |first1=Shomon |last2=Srinivasan |first2=Sumeeta |date=2 January 2021 |title=Just Smart or Just and Smart Cities? Assessing the Literature on Housing and Information and Communication Technology |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10511482.2020.1719181?journalCode=rhpd20 |journal=Housing Policy Debate |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=127–150 |doi=10.1080/10511482.2020.1719181 |s2cid=216206034 |access-date=28 August 2022}}</ref>
+{{See also|Surveillance issues in smart cities}}
+Criticisms of smart cities include:<ref name="Hollands2" />
-== By country or region ==
+* [[Big data]] collection and analytics raised questions over [[Surveillance issues in smart cities|surveillance in smart cities]], particularly over [[predictive policing]].
+* Over-emphasis on smart cities means ignoring other domains.<ref>{{cite book |author=Greenfield, A. |title=Against the Smart City. |publisher=Verso |year=2013 |location=London |asin=B00FHQ5DBS}}</ref>
+* Urban development is often haphazard. A data-based approach "can deaden and stupefy the people who live in its all-efficient embrace".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sennett |first=Richard |date=4 December 2012 |title=No one likes a city that's too smart |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/dec/04/smart-city-rio-songdo-masdar |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318004523/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/dec/04/smart-city-rio-songdo-masdar |archive-date=18 March 2017 |access-date=17 March 2017 |work=The Guardian}}</ref>
+* Technological and networked infrastructures have downsides that may offset the benefits.<ref>{{cite book |author=Graham, S. |title=Telecommunications and the city: electronic spaces, urban place |author2=Marvin, S. |publisher=Routledge |year=1996 |isbn=9780203430453 |location=London}}</ref>
+* The [[capital mobility]] that allows business to take advantage of smart cities also allows them to leave for a better offer.<ref name="Hollands2" />
+* Urban data collection involves surveillance, which potentially invades individual privacy. Without protections that have frequently failed scanning, identification, location tracking (including time and direction) can empower bad actors.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rubisz |first=Szymon |date=2020 |title=Some Issues with the Right to Privacy in Smart Cities |journal=Scientific Papers of Silesian University of Technology – Organization and Management Series |volume=2020 |issue=147 |pages=237–246 |doi=10.29119/1641-3466.2020.147.18 |s2cid=232592742 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
+* Smart citiy approaches are irrelevant to cities without the means to implement the required technologies, such as in developing countries.<ref name=":112" />
+* Persons with disabilities are not always accommodated by smart city technologies.<ref name=":152" />
+* Digital technologies can have a significant environmental footprint that may be visited onto other communities.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lange |first1=Steffen |last2=Pohl |first2=Johanna |last3=Santarius |first3=Tilman |date=2020-10-01 |title=Digitalization and energy consumption. Does ICT reduce energy demand? |journal=Ecological Economics |volume=176 |pages=106760 |bibcode=2020EcoEc.17606760L |doi=10.1016/j.ecolecon.2020.106760 |issn=0921-8009 |s2cid=224947774}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Morley |first1=Janine |last2=Widdicks |first2=Kelly |last3=Hazas |first3=Mike |date=2018-04-01 |title=Digitalisation, energy and data demand: The impact of Internet traffic on overall and peak electricity consumption |journal=Energy Research & Social Science |volume=38 |pages=128–137 |bibcode=2018ERSS...38..128M |doi=10.1016/j.erss.2018.01.018 |issn=2214-6296 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sovacool |first1=Benjamin K. |last2=Hook |first2=Andrew |last3=Martiskainen |first3=Mari |last4=Brock |first4=Andrea |last5=Turnheim |first5=Bruno |date=2020-01-01 |title=The decarbonisation divide: Contextualizing landscapes of low-carbon exploitation and toxicity in Africa |journal=Global Environmental Change |volume=60 |pages=102028 |bibcode=2020GEC....6002028S |doi=10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2019.102028 |issn=0959-3780 |s2cid=214411810 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
+* "Smart city" can be used as a slogan merely to stimulate land revenue generation.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zhou |first1=Yong |last2=Xiao |first2=Fan |last3=Deng |first3=Weipeng |date=23 March 2022 |title=Is smart city a slogan? Evidence from China |journal=Asian Geographer |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=185–202 |doi=10.1080/10225706.2022.2052734 |s2cid=259149515}}</ref>
+* Clark claimed that technologies actually adopted tended to be those that deliver digital services directly to residents (e.g., [[Ride-hailing service|ride-hailing services]] and [[online food ordering]]) or which solve a specific problem of municipal government, rather than enhancing infrastructure.<ref name="Clark2" />
+* Digital technology has the potential to be used in negative as well as positive ways, and its use is inherently political.<ref name="Johns2" /> Smart cities can perpetuate or mitigate inequalities<ref name="Nesti2">{{cite journal |last1=Nesti |first1=Giorgia |date=27 August 2019 |title=Mainstreaming gender equality in smart cities: Theoretical, methodological and empirical challenges |journal=Information Polity |volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=289–304 |doi=10.3233/IP-190134 |s2cid=201340073 |hdl-access=free |hdl=11577/3305997}}</ref><ref name="Javiera2">{{cite book |last1=Fernanda Medina Macaya |first1=Javiera |title=14th International Conference on Theory and Practice of Electronic Governance |last2=Ben Dhaou |first2=Soumaya |last3=Cunha |first3=Maria Alexandra |date=6 October 2021 |isbn=9781450390118 |pages=398–405 |chapter=Gendering the Smart Cities:: Addressing gender inequalities in urban spaces |doi=10.1145/3494193.3494308 |access-date=27 August 2022 |chapter-url=http://collections.unu.edu/eserv/UNU:8632/t09-p53-76.pdf |s2cid=245881057}}</ref><ref name="Li2">{{cite journal |last1=Li |first1=Manlin |last2=Woolrych |first2=Ryan |date=13 December 2021 |title=Experiences of Older People and Social Inclusion in Relation to Smart "Age-Friendly" Cities: A Case Study of Chongqing, China |journal=Frontiers in Public Health |volume=9 |pages=779913 |doi=10.3389/fpubh.2021.779913 |pmc=8721664 |pmid=34988053 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Ivan2">{{cite journal |last1=Ivan |first1=Loredana |last2=Beu |first2=Dorin |last3=van Hoof |first3=Joost |date=January 2020 |title=Smart and Age-Friendly Cities in Romania: An Overview of Public Policy and Practice |journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |volume=17 |issue=14 |pages=5202 |doi=10.3390/ijerph17145202 |issn=1660-4601 |pmc=7400252 |pmid=32708488 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Shamsuddin2">{{cite journal |last1=Shamsuddin |first1=Shomon |last2=Srinivasan |first2=Sumeeta |date=2 January 2021 |title=Just Smart or Just and Smart Cities? Assessing the Literature on Housing and Information and Communication Technology |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10511482.2020.1719181?journalCode=rhpd20 |journal=Housing Policy Debate |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=127–150 |doi=10.1080/10511482.2020.1719181 |s2cid=216206034 |access-date=28 August 2022}}</ref>
+
+== Initiatives ==
=== China ===
-China's smart cities movement began with a pilot program launched in 2012 through its [[Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development]].<ref name=":04" />{{Rp|pages=58–59}} The development of smart cities is addressed in China's [[National New-Type Urbanization Plan]] for 2014-2020.<ref name=":04" />{{Rp|pages=59–60}} It identifies six important aspects for developing smart cities: (1) information network and broadband, (2) digitization of planning management, (3) smart infrastructure, (4) convenience of public services, (5) modernizing industrial development, and (6) sophisticated social governance.<ref name=":04" />{{Rp|page=60}}
+China's smart cities movement began with a pilot program launched in 2012 through its [[Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development]].<ref name=":042" />{{Rp|pages=58–59}} China's [[National New-Type Urbanization Plan]] for 2014-2020 included smart cities.<ref name=":042" />{{Rp|pages=59–60}} It identified six important aspects for developing smart cities:<ref name=":042" />{{Rp|page=60}}
-As of 2016, there were approximately 500 smart city projects in China.<ref name=":04" />{{Rp|page=59}} In 2021, [[China]] took first in all categories of the International AI City Challenge, demonstrating the national commitment to smart city programs – "by some estimates, China has half of the world’s smart cities".<ref name="Johnson">{{Cite magazine |last=Johnson |first=Khari |title=A Global Smart-City Competition Highlights China's Rise in AI |url=https://www.wired.com/story/global-smart-city-competition-highlights-china-rise-ai/ |access-date=2022-01-07 |magazine=Wired |issn=1059-1028}}</ref> As time goes on the percentage of smart cities in the world will keep increasing, and by 2050, up to 70% of the world's population is expected to inhabit a city.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-02-28 |title=History of smart cities: Timeline |url=https://www.verdict.co.uk/smart-cities-timeline/ |access-date=2021-12-08 |website=Verdict}}</ref>
+* information network and broadband
+* digitization of planning management
+* smart infrastructure
+* convenience of public services
+* modernizing industrial development
+* sophisticated social governance.
+
+As of 2016, approximately 500 smart city projects had launched.<ref name=":042" />{{Rp|page=59}} In 2021, [[China]] took first in all categories of the International AI City Challenge – "by some estimates, China has half of the world’s smart cities".<ref name="Johnson2">{{Cite magazine |last=Johnson |first=Khari |title=A Global Smart-City Competition Highlights China's Rise in AI |url=https://www.wired.com/story/global-smart-city-competition-highlights-china-rise-ai/ |access-date=2022-01-07 |magazine=Wired |issn=1059-1028}}</ref>
==== Commercial companies ====
-Alibaba has created the [[City Brain]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=City Brain |url=https://www.alibabacloud.com/solutions/intelligence-brain/city |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603170824/https://www.alibabacloud.com/solutions/intelligence-brain/city |archive-date=3 June 2020 |access-date=3 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The City Brain: Practice of Large-Scale Artificial Intelligence in the Real World |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333456538 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210313035758/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333456538_The_City_Brain_Practice_of_Large-Scale_Artificial_Intelligence_in_the_Real_World |archive-date=13 March 2021 |access-date=4 June 2020}}</ref> Its first overseas implementation began in 2018 in [[Kuala Lumpur]], Malaysia.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last1=Curtis |first1=Simon |title=The Belt and Road City: Geopolitics, Urbanization, and China's Search for a New International Order |last2=Klaus |first2=Ian |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |isbn=9780300266900 |location=New Haven and London |publication-date=2024}}</ref>{{Rp|page=82}}
+Alibaba created [[City Brain]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=City Brain |url=https://www.alibabacloud.com/solutions/intelligence-brain/city |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603170824/https://www.alibabacloud.com/solutions/intelligence-brain/city |archive-date=3 June 2020 |access-date=3 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The City Brain: Practice of Large-Scale Artificial Intelligence in the Real World |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333456538 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210313035758/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333456538_The_City_Brain_Practice_of_Large-Scale_Artificial_Intelligence_in_the_Real_World |archive-date=13 March 2021 |access-date=4 June 2020}}</ref> Its first overseas implementation began in 2018 in [[Kuala Lumpur]], Malaysia.<ref name=":42">{{Cite book |last1=Curtis |first1=Simon |title=The Belt and Road City: Geopolitics, Urbanization, and China's Search for a New International Order |last2=Klaus |first2=Ian |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |isbn=9780300266900 |location=New Haven and London |publication-date=2024}}</ref>{{Rp|page=82}}
-Baidu is working on [[Apolong|Apollo]], a self-driving technology.<ref name="forbes.com">{{Cite web |title=Baidu, Alibaba, Tencent Clash To Lead China's Tech Future While A New 'B' Arises |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/rebeccafannin/2019/08/23/baidu-alibaba-tencent-clash-to-lead-chinas-tech-future-while-a-new-b-arises/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603170852/https://www.forbes.com/sites/rebeccafannin/2019/08/23/baidu-alibaba-tencent-clash-to-lead-chinas-tech-future-while-a-new-b-arises/ |archive-date=3 June 2020 |access-date=3 June 2020 |website=[[Forbes]]}}</ref> Tencent is working on medical technology,<ref name="forbes.com" /> such as WeChat Intelligent Healthcare, Tencent Doctorwork, and [[artificial intelligence in healthcare|AI Medical Innovation System (AIMIS)]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 February 2018 |title=How Tencent's medical ecosystem is shaping the future of China's healthcare |url=https://technode.com/2018/02/11/tencent-medical-ecosystem/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603165928/https://technode.com/2018/02/11/tencent-medical-ecosystem/ |archive-date=3 June 2020 |access-date=3 June 2020}}</ref>
+Baidu developed [[Apolong|Apollo]], a self-driving technology.<ref name="forbes.com2">{{Cite web |title=Baidu, Alibaba, Tencent Clash To Lead China's Tech Future While A New 'B' Arises |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/rebeccafannin/2019/08/23/baidu-alibaba-tencent-clash-to-lead-chinas-tech-future-while-a-new-b-arises/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603170852/https://www.forbes.com/sites/rebeccafannin/2019/08/23/baidu-alibaba-tencent-clash-to-lead-chinas-tech-future-while-a-new-b-arises/ |archive-date=3 June 2020 |access-date=3 June 2020 |website=[[Forbes]]}}</ref> Tencent launched medical technology,<ref name="forbes.com2" /> such as WeChat Intelligent Healthcare, Tencent Doctorwork, and [[Artificial intelligence in healthcare|AI Medical Innovation System (AIMIS)]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 February 2018 |title=How Tencent's medical ecosystem is shaping the future of China's healthcare |url=https://technode.com/2018/02/11/tencent-medical-ecosystem/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603165928/https://technode.com/2018/02/11/tencent-medical-ecosystem/ |archive-date=3 June 2020 |access-date=3 June 2020}}</ref>
-As of at least 2024, "Safe City" digital products have been increasingly marketed abroad by Chinese companies like [[Dahua Technology]], Huawei, [[ZTE]], and [[Hikvision]].<ref name=":4" />{{Rp|page=80}} Huawei has its Safe City Compact Solution which focuses on improving safety in cities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Huawei Announces Safe City Compact Solution to Protect Citizens in Small and Medium Cities |url=https://e.huawei.com/en/news/smart-cities/201810150942 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603170858/https://e.huawei.com/en/news/smart-cities/201810150942 |archive-date=3 June 2020 |access-date=3 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Safe cities: Using smart tech for public security |url=https://www.bbc.com/future/bespoke/specials/connected-world/government.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200210042218/http://www.bbc.com/future/bespoke/specials/connected-world/government.html |archive-date=10 February 2020 |access-date=3 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Hillman |first=Jonathan E. |date=2019-11-04 |title=Watching Huawei's "Safe Cities" |url=https://www.csis.org/analysis/watching-huaweis-safe-cities |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201019214841/https://www.csis.org/analysis/watching-huaweis-safe-cities |archive-date=19 October 2020 |access-date=2020-11-02 |website=Center for Strategic and International Studies}}</ref> In 2018, the Serbian government announced a Safe City project for [[Belgrade]] in conjunction with Huawei, through which a thousand cameras with advanced facial recognition and license plate recognition capabilities would be installed in the city.<ref name=":4" />{{Rp|page=82}}
+As of 2024, "Safe City" digital products were marketed abroad by Chinese companies including [[Dahua Technology]], Huawei, [[ZTE]], and [[Hikvision]].<ref name=":42" />{{Rp|page=80}} Huawei's Safe City Compact Solution focuses on improving safety.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Huawei Announces Safe City Compact Solution to Protect Citizens in Small and Medium Cities |url=https://e.huawei.com/en/news/smart-cities/201810150942 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603170858/https://e.huawei.com/en/news/smart-cities/201810150942 |archive-date=3 June 2020 |access-date=3 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Safe cities: Using smart tech for public security |url=https://www.bbc.com/future/bespoke/specials/connected-world/government.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200210042218/http://www.bbc.com/future/bespoke/specials/connected-world/government.html |archive-date=10 February 2020 |access-date=3 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Hillman |first=Jonathan E. |date=2019-11-04 |title=Watching Huawei's "Safe Cities" |url=https://www.csis.org/analysis/watching-huaweis-safe-cities |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201019214841/https://www.csis.org/analysis/watching-huaweis-safe-cities |archive-date=19 October 2020 |access-date=2020-11-02 |website=Center for Strategic and International Studies}}</ref> In 2018, Serbia announced a Safe City project for [[Belgrade]] in conjunction with Huawei, using one thousand cameras with advanced facial recognition and license plate recognition capabilities.<ref name=":42" />{{Rp|page=82}}
=== United States ===
-The [[United States]] has allocated more than $160 million toward smart city initiatives aimed at leveraging ICT to address challenges within local communities. These challenges include alleviating [[traffic congestion]], fostering [[economic growth]], combating crime and [[climate change]], and enhancing the delivery of public services. This decision aligns with the findings of a trend analysis conducted by the [[National Intelligence Council]] (NIC), a think tank focused on long-term strategic planning that reports directly to the [[President of the United States]].{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}
+The [[United States]] allocated more than $160 million toward smart city initiatives. Challenges include [[traffic congestion]], [[economic growth]], crime, [[climate change]], and public services.{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}
=== Canada ===
-According to Mary Anne Moser, since the 1990s, the "smart communities" movement in Canada took shape as a strategy to broaden the base of users involved in IT.<ref name="Brent" /> Members of these Communities are people that share their interest and work in a partnership with government and other institutional organizations to push the use of IT to improve the quality of daily life as a consequence of different worsening in daily actions.<ref name="Brent" /> Again Moser explained that "building and planning a smart community seeks for smart growth"; smart growth is essential for the partnership between citizen and institutional organizations to react to worsening trends in daily issues like traffic congestion, [[school overcrowding]] and air pollution.<ref name="Brent" />
+The "smart communities" movement took shape as a strategy to involve more users in IT.<ref name="Brent2" /> Primary issues included traffic congestion, [[school overcrowding]] and air pollution.<ref name="Brent2" />
=== Europe ===
-Members of the [[European Union|EU]] have been working on smart city developments and ICT initiatives for over a decade. In order to optimize the benefits of digital technologies for both [[Citizenship|citizens]] and [[business]]es, the European Union and its 28 member states have initiated the Digital Agenda for Europe. This strategic framework emphasizes the imperative for [[Europe]] to harness ICTs to confront numerous global challenges confronting modern society, and to foster the [[sustainability]] of urban environments. Within the 2014-15 budget of the Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation program, the [[European Commission]] allocated approximately 200 million Euros to expedite advancements in the domain of smart cities and communities, as well as to expand the implementation of ICT solutions for addressing urban sustainability concerns.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Directorate-General for Communication (European Commission) |url=https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2775/41229 |title=Digital agenda for Europe :rebooting Europe's economy |date=2014 |publisher=Publications Office of the European Union |isbn=978-92-79-41904-1 |location=LU |doi=10.2775/41229}}</ref>
+[[European Union|EU]] members began working on smart city developments and ICT initiatives in the mid 2010s. The Digital Agenda for Europe framework emphasizes harnessing ICTs. The 2014-15 budget of the Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation program, included approximately 200 million Euros to expedite smart cities.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Directorate-General for Communication (European Commission) |url=https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2775/41229 |title=Digital agenda for Europe :rebooting Europe's economy |date=2014 |publisher=Publications Office of the European Union |isbn=978-92-79-41904-1 |location=LU |doi=10.2775/41229}}</ref><ref name="Komninos20092">{{cite journal |last=Komninos |first=N. |year=2009 |title=Intelligent cities: towards interactive and global innovation environments |journal=International Journal of Innovation and Regional Development |volume=1 |issue=4 |pages=337 |doi=10.1504/ijird.2009.022726}}</ref>{{rp|337–355}}<ref name="Paskaleva20092">{{cite journal |author=Paskaleva, K |date=25 January 2009 |title=Enabling the smart city:The progress of e-city governance in Europe |url=http://elartu.tntu.edu.ua/handle/lib/31308 |url-status=live |journal=International Journal of Innovation and Regional Development |volume=1 |issue=4 |pages=405–422(18) |doi=10.1504/ijird.2009.022730 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200616082818/http://elartu.tntu.edu.ua/handle/lib/31308 |archive-date=16 June 2020 |access-date=21 May 2020}}</ref>
-[[European Union|Europe]]'s endeavours to adopt an [[Information and communications technology|ICT]]-driven approach toward urban sustainability align with its contributions to the implementation of the 2030 Agenda for [[Sustainable development|Sustainable Development]] and the New Urban Agenda, both pivotal policy frameworks outlined by the [[United Nations]] (UN). These documents highlight the imperative for transformative actions aimed at fostering inclusivity, safety, resilience, and sustainability on a global scale. Specifically, the New Urban Agenda emphasizes the importance of supporting cities in facilitating smart city development, marking it as a fundamental commitment for the [[United Nations|UN]]'s 193 member states. This underscores the significance of addressing urban challenges through the deployment of ICT-related innovations. Such actions are crucial for: (1) fostering environmentally friendly, resource-efficient, safe, inclusive, and accessible urban environments; (2) sustaining [[economic growth]] grounded in principles of environmental sustainability and inclusive prosperity; and (3) ensuring equitable access for all to public goods and high-quality services.<ref>{{Cite book |last=European Commission |url=https://ec.europa.eu/research/participants/data/ref/h2020/wp/2018-2020/main/h2020-wp1820-energy_en.pdf |title=Horizon 2020 - Work Programme 2018-2020 |year=2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=United Nations |date=2015 |title=THE 2030 AGENDA FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT |url=https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/21252030%20Agenda%20for%20Sustainable%20Development%20web.pdf |access-date=22 March 2024}}</ref><ref name=":32">{{Cite web |last=United Nations |date=2017 |title=New Urban Agenda |url=https://habitat3.org/wp-content/uploads/NUA-English.pdf |access-date=22 March 2024}}</ref>
-
-The European Union (EU) has devoted constant efforts to devising a strategy for achieving "smart" [[urban growth]] for its [[metropole|metropolitan]] city-regions.<ref name="Komninos2009">{{cite journal |last=Komninos |first=N. |year=2009 |title=Intelligent cities: towards interactive and global innovation environments |journal=International Journal of Innovation and Regional Development |volume=1 |issue=4 |pages=337 |doi=10.1504/ijird.2009.022726}}</ref>{{rp|337–355}}<ref name="Paskaleva2009">{{cite journal |author=Paskaleva, K |date=25 January 2009 |title=Enabling the smart city:The progress of e-city governance in Europe |url=http://elartu.tntu.edu.ua/handle/lib/31308 |url-status=live |journal=International Journal of Innovation and Regional Development |volume=1 |issue=4 |pages=405–422(18) |doi=10.1504/ijird.2009.022730 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200616082818/http://elartu.tntu.edu.ua/handle/lib/31308 |archive-date=16 June 2020 |access-date=21 May 2020}}</ref>
+As of 2024 [[Estonia]] had proceeded furthest towards digitizing public services.
=== Africa ===
-In [[Africa]], the advancement of smart city development stands as a central component of the national agenda for socioeconomic progress. The 55 member states of the [[African Union Commission]], representing nearly the entire continent, have pledged to utilize ICTs to advance sustainable urban development.{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}
+The [[African Union Commission]] pledged to utilize ICTs to advance sustainable urban development.{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}
=== Southeast Asia ===
-[[ASEAN Smart Cities Network]] (ASCN) is a collaborative platform which aims to synergise Smart city development efforts across [[ASEAN]] by facilitating cooperation on smart city development, catalysing bankable projects with the private sector, and securing funding and support from ASEAN's external partners.{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}
+[[ASEAN Smart Cities Network]] (ASCN) is a collaborative platform to advance smart city efforts across [[ASEAN]] by catalysing bankable projects, and securing funding and support from ASEAN's external partners.{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}
=== India ===
-The [[Smart Cities Mission]] is a retrofitting and urban renewal program being spearheaded by the Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India. The Government of India has the ambitious vision of developing 100 cities by modernizing existing mid-sized cities.<ref>{{cite web |date=2015 |title=Smart Cities Mission |url=http://smartcities.gov.in/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170212192239/http://www.smartcities.gov.in/ |archive-date=12 February 2017 |access-date=3 August 2016 |publisher=Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India}}</ref>
+The [[Smart Cities Mission]] is a retrofitting and urban renewal program spearheaded by the Ministry of Urban Development.<ref>{{cite web |date=2015 |title=Smart Cities Mission |url=http://smartcities.gov.in/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170212192239/http://www.smartcities.gov.in/ |archive-date=12 February 2017 |access-date=3 August 2016 |publisher=Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India}}</ref>
+
+=== United Nations ===
+The New Urban Agenda emphasized the importance of smart city development, establishing a fundamental commitment for the [[United Nations|UN]]'s 193 member states.<ref>{{Cite book |last=European Commission |url=https://ec.europa.eu/research/participants/data/ref/h2020/wp/2018-2020/main/h2020-wp1820-energy_en.pdf |title=Horizon 2020 - Work Programme 2018-2020 |year=2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=United Nations |date=2015 |title=THE 2030 AGENDA FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT |url=https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/21252030%20Agenda%20for%20Sustainable%20Development%20web.pdf |access-date=22 March 2024}}</ref><ref name=":322">{{Cite web |last=United Nations |date=2017 |title=New Urban Agenda |url=https://habitat3.org/wp-content/uploads/NUA-English.pdf |access-date=22 March 2024}}</ref>
== Implementation ==
-
-=== Dimensions ===
-The characteristics of smart cities can be divided into different dimensions (e.g. economy, environment, mobility) for evaluation in a number of different ways.<ref name=":52"/> These can be derived from studies of smart city projects, and can be used as an alternative to difficult-to-define broad definitions in order to clarify what smart cities are.<ref name=":0" /> In general, the most common characteristics given for a "smart city" are having a networked infrastructure, which enables political efficiency as well as social and cultural development; an emphasis on business-led urban development; social inclusion of various residents; and an emphasis on the environment.<ref name=":52" /> In general terms, smart cities are intended to be efficient, technologically advanced, green, and socially inclusive cities.<ref name=":62"/>
-
-According to Camboim et al, cities ought to establish comprehensive plans which address all dimensions of smart cities.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Camboim |first1=Guilherme Freitas |last2=Zawislak |first2=Paulo Antônio |last3=Pufal |first3=Nathália Amarante |date=May 2019 |title=Driving elements to make cities smarter: Evidences from European projects |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0040162517318607 |journal=Technological Forecasting and Social Change |language=en |volume=142 |pages=154–167 |doi=10.1016/j.techfore.2018.09.014}}</ref> This allows them to synchronize the goals of each dimension. According to Marchesani, by taking into account smart city objectives during [[urban planning]], cities can streamline [[resource allocation]] and save effort that would otherwise be duplicated. For example, cities can consider smart mobility goals for infrastructure while the [[infrastructure]] initiatives are planned.<ref name=":72" />
+The most common characteristics of a "smart city" are networked infrastructure; emphasis on business-led urban development; social inclusion of various resident groups; and an emphasis on the environment.<ref name=":522" /><ref name=":722" />
=== Partnerships ===
-{{Copyedit|date=July 2024|section|for=tone}}
-The effective implementation of smart city initiatives requires active collaboration and involvement from diverse stakeholders, including government agencies, businesses, community organizations, academia, and citizens. Collaborative partnerships enable cities to harness a wide range of expertise, resources, and perspectives to tackle complex challenges and devise innovative solutions. Involving stakeholders in decision-making processes fosters [[Social inclusion|inclusivity]], [[ownership]], and a shared vision for the city's future. For instance, engaging citizens in co-creating smart city initiatives ensures that solutions are tailored to meet the community's specific needs and aspirations. Collaborating with [[business]]es and [[Academy|academia]] brings technical know-how and research capabilities, driving innovation and the adoption of state-of-the-art technologies.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Abid |first1=Nabila |last2=Marchesani |first2=Filippo |last3=Ceci |first3=Federica |last4=Masciarelli |first4=Francesca |last5=Ahmad |first5=Fayyaz |date=December 2022 |title=Cities trajectories in the digital era: Exploring the impact of technological advancement and institutional quality on environmental and social sustainability |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0959652622039506 |journal=Journal of Cleaner Production |language=en |volume=377 |pages=134378 |doi=10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.134378|bibcode=2022JCPro.37734378A }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lei |first1=Sut Ieng |last2=Ye |first2=Shun |last3=Wang |first3=Dan |last4=Law |first4=Rob |date=2020 |title=Engaging Customers in Value Co-Creation Through Mobile Instant Messaging in the Tourism and Hospitality Industry |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1096348019893066 |journal=Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research |language=en |volume=44 |issue=2 |pages=229–251 |doi=10.1177/1096348019893066 |issn=1096-3480 |hdl-access=free |hdl=10397/104788}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zhao |first1=Fang |last2=Fashola |first2=Olushola I. |last3=Olarewaju |first3=Tolulope I. |last4=Onwumere |first4=Ijeoma |date=2021 |title=Smart city research: A holistic and state-of-the-art literature review |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S026427512100305X |journal=Cities |language=en |volume=119 |pages=103406 |doi=10.1016/j.cities.2021.103406}}</ref>
+Smart city initiatives require collaboration and involvement from government agencies, businesses, community organizations, academia, and citizens. Collaborating with [[Business|businesses]] and [[Academy|academia]] brings technical know-how and research capabilities.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Abid |first1=Nabila |last2=Marchesani |first2=Filippo |last3=Ceci |first3=Federica |last4=Masciarelli |first4=Francesca |last5=Ahmad |first5=Fayyaz |date=December 2022 |title=Cities trajectories in the digital era: Exploring the impact of technological advancement and institutional quality on environmental and social sustainability |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0959652622039506 |journal=Journal of Cleaner Production |language=en |volume=377 |pages=134378 |bibcode=2022JCPro.37734378A |doi=10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.134378}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lei |first1=Sut Ieng |last2=Ye |first2=Shun |last3=Wang |first3=Dan |last4=Law |first4=Rob |date=2020 |title=Engaging Customers in Value Co-Creation Through Mobile Instant Messaging in the Tourism and Hospitality Industry |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1096348019893066 |journal=Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research |language=en |volume=44 |issue=2 |pages=229–251 |doi=10.1177/1096348019893066 |issn=1096-3480 |hdl-access=free |hdl=10397/104788}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zhao |first1=Fang |last2=Fashola |first2=Olushola I. |last3=Olarewaju |first3=Tolulope I. |last4=Onwumere |first4=Ijeoma |date=2021 |title=Smart city research: A holistic and state-of-the-art literature review |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S026427512100305X |journal=Cities |language=en |volume=119 |pages=103406 |doi=10.1016/j.cities.2021.103406}}</ref>
-These partnerships also facilitate the exchange of knowledge and insights among stakeholders. By sharing best practices and lessons learned, cities can expedite their smart city development efforts and circumvent potential challenges. Moreover, collaborations with community organizations guarantee that the social dimensions of a smart city, such as equity and inclusivity, are adequately considered in both planning and implementation phases.<ref name=":72" />
+=== Collaborations with community organizations can improve equity and inclusivity.<ref name=":722" /> ===
==See also==
@@ -263,23 +261,23 @@
==References==
-{{Reflist}}
+<references responsive="1"></references>
-==Further reading==
-<!-- ordered by year of publication, oldest to most recent -->
-* {{cite book|author=Shepard, Mark|title=Sentient City: Ubiquitous Computing, Architecture, and the Future of Urban Space. New York City|year=2011|publisher=Architectural League of New York |isbn=978-0262515863}}
-* {{cite journal|author=Batty, M.|title=Smart Cities of the Future|journal=European Physical Journal ST|volume=214|pages=481–518|doi=10.1140/epjst/e2012-01703-3|year=2012|display-authors=etal|bibcode=2012EPJST.214..481B|doi-access=free|hdl=20.500.11850/61793|hdl-access=free}}
-* {{cite journal |last1=Stratigea |first1=Anastasia |title=The concept of 'smart cities'. Towards community development? |journal=Networks and Communication Studies |date=30 October 2012 |volume=36 |issue=3/4 |pages=375–388 |doi=10.4000/netcom.1105 |doi-access=free |hdl=10654/36935 |hdl-access=free }}
-* {{Cite book|title=Smart Cities: Big Data, Civic Hackers, and the Quest for a New Utopia|author-last=Townsend|author-first= Antony |year=2013 |publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|isbn=978-0393082876}}
-* {{cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/337549/14-820-what-are-future-cities.pdf|title=What are future cities – origins, meaning and uses|last1=Moir |first1=E.|last2=Moonen |first2=T. |last3=Clark |first3=C.|publisher=Foresight Future of Cities Project and [[Future Cities Catapult]]|year=2014}}
-* {{cite journal |last1=Viitanen |first1=J. |last2=Kingston |first2=R. |year=2014 |title=Smart cities and green growth – outsourcing democratic and environmental resilience to the global technology sector |journal=Environment and Planning A |volume=46 |issue=4 |pages=803–819 |doi=10.1068/a46242|bibcode=2014EnPlA..46..803V |s2cid=145283799 |url=http://polired.upm.es/index.php/ciur/article/view/3498 }}
-* {{cite magazine |magazine=The Atlantic |date=10 July 2015 |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2015/07/when-you-give-a-tree-an-email-address/398210/ |first=Adrienne |last=LaFrance |title=When You Give a Tree an Email Address}}
-* {{cite book |last1=Caragliu |first1=Andrea |last2=D Bo |first2=Chiara |last3=Kourtit |first3=Karima |last4=Nijkamp |first4=Peter |chapter=Smart Cities |title=International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences |date=1 January 2015 |pages=113–117 |doi=10.1016/b978-0-08-097086-8.74017-7 |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.74017-7 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=9780080970875 |edition=Second }}
-* {{cite journal |author-link1=Saraju Mohanty |first1=Saraju P. |last1=Mohanty |first2= Uma |last2=Choppali |first3= Elias |last3= Kougianos |url=http://www.smohanty.org/Publications_Journals/2016/Mohanty_IEEE-CEM_2016-July_Smart-Cities.pdf |title=Everything You wanted to Know about Smart Cities |journal=IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine |volume=6 |issue=3 |date=July 2016 |pages=60–70|doi=10.1109/MCE.2016.2556879 |s2cid=206450227 }}
-* {{cite journal |last1=Borsekova |first1=Kamila |last2=Vanova |first2=Anna |last3=Vitalisova |first3=Katarina |title=The Power of Communities in Smart Urban Development |journal=Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences |date=June 2016 |volume=223 |pages=51–57 |doi=10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.05.289 |doi-access=free }}
-* {{citation |last=Hamilton |first=Emily |date=October 31, 2016 |title=The Benefits and Risks of Policymakers' Use of Smart City Technologies |publisher=Mercatus Center at George Mason University |url=https://www.mercatus.org/publications/urban-economics/benefits-and-risks-policymakers-use-smart-city-technology}}
-* {{cite journal |last1=Cavada |first1=M. |display-authors=etal |year=2016 |title=Do smart cities realise their potential for lower carbon dioxide emissions? |journal=Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Engineering Sustainability |volume=169 |issue=6 |pages=243–252 |doi=10.1680/jensu.15.00032|url=https://e-space.mmu.ac.uk/631805/8/Do%20smart%20cities%20realise%20their%20potential%20for%20lower%20carbon%20dioxide%20emissions.pdf }}
-* {{cite web|url=https://www.atis.org/smart-cities-roadmap/|title=Smart Cities Technology Roadmap|date=April 2017 |website=Alliance for Telecommunications Industry Solutions |access-date=28 July 2017}}
-* {{cite book |last1=Del Signore |first1=Marcella |title=Urban Machines : public space in a digital culture |date=2018 |location=[Trento] |isbn=9788898774289}}
-* {{cite journal |last1=Zhou |first1=Yong |last2=Xiao |first2=Fan |last3=Deng |first3=Weipeng |title=Is smart city a slogan? Evidence from China |journal=Asian Geographer |date=23 March 2022 |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=185–202 |doi=10.1080/10225706.2022.2052734|s2cid=259149515 }}
+==Further reading==<!--ordered by year of publication, oldest to most recent-->
+
+* {{cite book |author=Shepard, Mark |title=Sentient City: Ubiquitous Computing, Architecture, and the Future of Urban Space. New York City |publisher=Architectural League of New York |year=2011 |isbn=978-0262515863}}
+* {{cite journal |author=Batty, M. |display-authors=etal |year=2012 |title=Smart Cities of the Future |journal=European Physical Journal ST |volume=214 |pages=481–518 |bibcode=2012EPJST.214..481B |doi=10.1140/epjst/e2012-01703-3 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free |hdl=20.500.11850/61793}}
+* {{cite journal |last1=Stratigea |first1=Anastasia |date=30 October 2012 |title=The concept of 'smart cities'. Towards community development? |journal=Networks and Communication Studies |volume=36 |issue=3/4 |pages=375–388 |doi=10.4000/netcom.1105 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free |hdl=10654/36935}}
+* {{Cite book |author-last=Townsend |author-first=Antony |title=Smart Cities: Big Data, Civic Hackers, and the Quest for a New Utopia |publisher=W. W. Norton & Company |year=2013 |isbn=978-0393082876}}
+* {{cite web |last1=Moir |first1=E. |last2=Moonen |first2=T. |last3=Clark |first3=C. |year=2014 |title=What are future cities – origins, meaning and uses |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/337549/14-820-what-are-future-cities.pdf |publisher=Foresight Future of Cities Project and [[Future Cities Catapult]]}}
+* {{cite journal |last1=Viitanen |first1=J. |last2=Kingston |first2=R. |year=2014 |title=Smart cities and green growth – outsourcing democratic and environmental resilience to the global technology sector |url=http://polired.upm.es/index.php/ciur/article/view/3498 |journal=Environment and Planning A |volume=46 |issue=4 |pages=803–819 |bibcode=2014EnPlA..46..803V |doi=10.1068/a46242 |s2cid=145283799}}
+* {{cite magazine |last=LaFrance |first=Adrienne |date=10 July 2015 |title=When You Give a Tree an Email Address |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2015/07/when-you-give-a-tree-an-email-address/398210/ |magazine=The Atlantic}}
+* {{cite book |last1=Caragliu |first1=Andrea |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.74017-7 |title=International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences |last2=D Bo |first2=Chiara |last3=Kourtit |first3=Karima |last4=Nijkamp |first4=Peter |date=1 January 2015 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=9780080970875 |edition=Second |pages=113–117 |chapter=Smart Cities |doi=10.1016/b978-0-08-097086-8.74017-7}}
+* {{cite journal |last1=Mohanty |first1=Saraju P. |author-link1=Saraju Mohanty |last2=Choppali |first2=Uma |last3=Kougianos |first3=Elias |date=July 2016 |title=Everything You wanted to Know about Smart Cities |url=http://www.smohanty.org/Publications_Journals/2016/Mohanty_IEEE-CEM_2016-July_Smart-Cities.pdf |journal=IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=60–70 |doi=10.1109/MCE.2016.2556879 |s2cid=206450227}}
+* {{cite journal |last1=Borsekova |first1=Kamila |last2=Vanova |first2=Anna |last3=Vitalisova |first3=Katarina |date=June 2016 |title=The Power of Communities in Smart Urban Development |journal=Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences |volume=223 |pages=51–57 |doi=10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.05.289 |doi-access=free}}
+* {{citation |last=Hamilton |first=Emily |title=The Benefits and Risks of Policymakers' Use of Smart City Technologies |date=October 31, 2016 |url=https://www.mercatus.org/publications/urban-economics/benefits-and-risks-policymakers-use-smart-city-technology |publisher=Mercatus Center at George Mason University}}
+* {{cite journal |last1=Cavada |first1=M. |display-authors=etal |year=2016 |title=Do smart cities realise their potential for lower carbon dioxide emissions? |url=https://e-space.mmu.ac.uk/631805/8/Do%20smart%20cities%20realise%20their%20potential%20for%20lower%20carbon%20dioxide%20emissions.pdf |journal=Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Engineering Sustainability |volume=169 |issue=6 |pages=243–252 |doi=10.1680/jensu.15.00032}}
+* {{cite web |date=April 2017 |title=Smart Cities Technology Roadmap |url=https://www.atis.org/smart-cities-roadmap/ |access-date=28 July 2017 |website=Alliance for Telecommunications Industry Solutions}}
+* {{cite book |last1=Del Signore |first1=Marcella |title=Urban Machines : public space in a digital culture |date=2018 |isbn=9788898774289 |location=[Trento]}}
+* {{cite journal |last1=Zhou |first1=Yong |last2=Xiao |first2=Fan |last3=Deng |first3=Weipeng |date=23 March 2022 |title=Is smart city a slogan? Evidence from China |journal=Asian Geographer |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=185–202 |doi=10.1080/10225706.2022.2052734 |s2cid=259149515}}
==External links==
@@ -288,10 +286,7 @@
* [http://www.bsigroup.com/en-GB/smart-cities/ British Standards Institute initiative on Smart Cities]
* [https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/future-of-cities Future of Cities] UK government 'Foresight' project on cities
-
-{{Ambient intelligence}}
-{{Cities}}
-
+{{Ambient intelligence}}{{Cities}}
[[Category:Smart cities| ]]
[[Category:Urban studies and planning terminology]]
[[Category:Government by algorithm]]
[[Category:Urban planning in China]]
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0 => '[[File:Clean_mobility_instead_of_dirty_traffic.jpg|thumb|Possible scenario of smart and [[sustainable mobility]]]]',
1 => 'A '''smart city''' is an [[urban area]] that uses digital technology to [[Data collection|collect data]] and to operate/provide services.<ref>{{cite book |last1=James |first1=Peggy |title=Handbook of Smart Cities |last2=Astoria |first2=Ross |last3=Castor |first3=Theresa |last4=Hudspeth |first4=Christopher |last5=Olstinske |first5=Denise |last6=Ward |first6=John |date=2020 |publisher=[[Springer International Publishing]] |isbn=978-3-030-15145-4 |pages=1–26 |language=en |chapter=Smart Cities: Fundamental Concepts |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-15145-4_2-1 |chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-3-030-15145-4_2-1}}</ref><ref name="Goldsmith2">{{cite news |last1=Goldsmith |first1=Stephen |date=September 16, 2021 |title=As the Chorus of Dumb City Advocates Increases, How Do We Define the Truly Smart City? |url=https://datasmart.ash.harvard.edu/chorus-dumb-city-advocates-increases-how-do-we-define-truly-smart-city |access-date=27 August 2022 |work=datasmart.ash.harvard.edu}}</ref> Data can be collected from citizens, devices, buildings, cameras. Applications include [[Transportation systems management|traffic and transportation systems]],<ref name="Fourtané2">{{cite news |last1=Fourtané |first1=Susan |date=16 November 2018 |title=Connected Vehicles in Smart Cities: The Future of Transportation |url=https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/connected-vehicles-in-smart-cities-the-future-of-transportation |access-date=27 August 2022 |work=Interesting Engineering.com}}</ref> [[Power station|power plants]], [[Public utility|utilities]], [[urban forestry]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=César de Lima Araújo |first1=Henrique |last2=Silva Martins |first2=Fellipe |last3=Tucunduva Philippi Cortese |first3=Tatiana |last4=Locosselli |first4=Giuliano Maselli |date=2021 |title=Artificial intelligence in urban forestry—A systematic review |journal=[[Urban Forestry and Urban Greening]] |volume=66 |pages=127410 |bibcode=2021UFUG...6627410C |doi=10.1016/j.ufug.2021.127410 |s2cid=244416741}}</ref> [[Water supply network|water supply networks]], [[Waste management|waste disposal]], [[Criminal investigation|criminal investigations]], [[Information system|information systems]], [[School|schools]], [[libraries]], [[Hospital|hospitals]], and other [[Community service|community services]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=McLaren |first1=Duncan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KhvLCgAAQBAJ&q=smart+cities+and+sustainability |title=Sharing Cities: A Case for Truly Smart and Sustainable Cities |last2=Agyeman |first2=Julian |date=2015 |publisher=MIT Press |isbn=9780262029728}}</ref><ref name="Musa2">{{cite journal |last1=Musa |first1=Sam |date=March 2018 |title=Smart Cities-A Road Map for Development |url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8307785 |journal=IEEE Potentials |volume=37 |issue=2 |pages=19–23 |doi=10.1109/MPOT.2016.2566099 |issn=1558-1772 |s2cid=3767125 |access-date=27 August 2022}}</ref> Smart cities are characterized by the ways in which their [[Local government|local governments]] monitor, analyze, plan, and govern the city. In a smart city, the sharing of data extends to businesses, citizens and other third parties who can derive benefit from using that data.<ref name="Paiho2">{{cite journal |last1=Paiho |first1=Satu |last2=Tuominen |first2=Pekka |last3=Rökman |first3=Jyri |last4=Ylikerälä |first4=Markus |last5=Pajula |first5=Juha |last6=Siikavirta |first6=Hanne |year=2022 |title=Opportunities of collected city data for smart cities |journal=IET Smart Cities |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=275–291 |doi=10.1049/smc2.12044 |s2cid=253467923 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kiran |first1=Dr Deepti |last2=Sharma |first2=Itisha |last3=Garg |first3=Illa |date=2020 |title=Industry 5.0 And Smart Cities: A Futuristic Approach |url=https://www.ejmcm.com/article_4786.html |journal=European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine |volume=7 |issue=8 |pages=2750–2756 |issn=2515-8260}}</ref> The three largest sources of spending associated with smart cities as of 2022 were visual surveillance, public transit, and outdoor lighting.<ref name=":102">{{Cite web |date=2018-07-23 |title=IDC Forecasts Smart Cities Spending to Reach $158 Billion in 2022, with Singapore, Tokyo, and New York City Among Top Spenders |url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20180723005083/en/IDC-Forecasts-Smart-Cities-Spending-to-Reach-158-Billion-in-2022-with-Singapore-Tokyo-and-New-York-City-Among-Top-Spenders |access-date=2024-03-22 |website=www.businesswire.com |language=en}}</ref>',
2 => 'Smart cities integrate [[information and communication technology]] (ICT), and devices connected to the [[Internet of things]] (IOT) network to optimize city services and connect to citizens.<ref>{{cite web |date=10 August 2015 |title=The 3 Generations of Smart Cities |url=https://www.fastcompany.com/3047795/the-3-generations-of-smart-cities |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171009000012/https://www.fastcompany.com/3047795/the-3-generations-of-smart-cities |archive-date=9 October 2017 |access-date=17 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Peris-Ortiz |first1=Marta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AtQ0DQAAQBAJ&q=smart+cities+and+sustainability |title=Sustainable Smart Cities: Creating Spaces for Technological, Social and Business Development |last2=Bennett |first2=Dag R. |last3=Yábar |first3=Diana Pérez-Bustamante |date=2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9783319408958 |access-date=4 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030003828/https://books.google.com/books?id=AtQ0DQAAQBAJ&q=smart+cities+and+sustainability |archive-date=30 October 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> ICT cab be used to enhance quality, performance, and interactivity of urban services, to [[Cost reduction|reduce costs]] and [[resource consumption]] and to increase contact between citizens and government.<ref>{{cite web |title=Building a Smart City, Equitable City – NYC Forward |url=http://www1.nyc.gov/site/forward/innovations/smartnyc.page |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171204115315/http://www1.nyc.gov/site/forward/innovations/smartnyc.page |archive-date=4 December 2017 |access-date=4 December 2015}}</ref> Smart city applications manage urban flows and allow for real-time responses.<ref name="Komninos_ch2">{{cite book |last1=Komninos |first1=Nicos |title=Smart Cities: Governing, Modelling and Analysing the Transition |date=22 August 2013 |publisher=Taylor and Francis |isbn=978-1135124144 |editor-last=Deakin |editor-first=Mark |page=77 |chapter=What makes cities intelligent?}}</ref> A smart city may be more prepared to respond to challenges than one with a conventional "transactional" relationship with its citizens.<ref>{{harvp|Department for Business, Innovation and Skills|2013|p=7}} "As consumers of private goods and services we have been empowered by the Web and, as citizens, we expect the same quality from our public services. In turn, public authorities are seeking to reduce costs and raise performance by adopting similar approaches in the delivery of public services. However, the concept of a Smart City goes way beyond the transactional relationships between citizen and service provider. It is essentially enabling and encouraging the citizen to become a more active and participative member of the community"</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Chan |first1=Karin |date=3 April 2017 |title=What Is A 'Smart City'? |url=https://www.expatriatelifestyle.com/life-and-style/What-Is-A-Smart-City |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180124135638/https://www.expatriatelifestyle.com/life-and-style/What-Is-A-Smart-City |archive-date=24 January 2018 |access-date=23 January 2018 |publisher=Expatriate Lifestyle}}</ref> Yet, the term is open to many interpretations.<ref>{{Cite conference |last1=Hunt |first1=Dexter |last2=Rogers |first2=Christopher |last3=Cavada |first3=Marianna |year=2014 |title=Smart Cities: Contradicting Definitions and Unclear Measures |url=http://sciforum.net/conference/wsf-4/paper/2454 |conference=4th World Sustainability Forum |publisher=MDPI |pages=f004 |doi=10.3390/wsf-4-f004 |access-date=16 March 2016 |doi-access=free}}</ref> [[List of Smart Cities|Many cities]] have already adopted some sort of smart city technology.',
3 => 'Smart city initiatives have been criticized as driven by corporations,<ref name="Hollands2">{{cite journal |last=Hollands |first=R. G |year=2008 |title=Will the real smart city please stand up? |url=https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/79888 |journal=City |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=303–320 |bibcode=2008City...12..303H |doi=10.1080/13604810802479126 |s2cid=143073956}}</ref><ref name="Clark2">{{cite magazine |author=Jennifer Clark |title=Solving for the city |url=https://www.technologyreview.com/2021/04/28/1023104/smart-cities-urban-technology-pandemic-covid/ |magazine=[[MIT Technology Review]] |pages=9–11 |volume=124 |issue=3, May/June 2021}}</ref> poorly adapted to residents' needs,<ref name=":112">{{Cite journal |last=Watson |first=Vanessa |date=6 December 2013 |title=African urban fantasies: dreams or nightmares? |journal=Environment and Urbanization |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=215–231 |doi=10.1177/0956247813513705 |issn=0956-2478 |s2cid=154398313 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":152">{{Cite web |last=Woyke |first=Elizabeth |title=Smart cities could be lousy to live in if you have a disability |url=https://www.technologyreview.com/s/612712/smart-cities-coule-be-lousy-if-you-have-a-disability/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190305211109/https://www.technologyreview.com/s/612712/smart-cities-coule-be-lousy-if-you-have-a-disability/ |archive-date=5 March 2019 |access-date=2019-03-15 |website=MIT Technology Review}}</ref> as largely unsuccessful,{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}} and as a move toward totalitarian [[surveillance]].<ref name="Economist122">{{cite news |date=2013-09-07 |title=Clever cities: The multiplexed metropolis |url=https://www.economist.com/news/briefing/21585002-enthusiasts-think-data-services-can-change-cities-century-much-electricity?frsc=dg/a |access-date=2015-05-21 |newspaper=The Economist}}</ref>',
4 => 'Historically, [[City|cities]] functioned as centers of innovation, and the advent of the [[Information Age|digital era]] presented opportunities and challenges to apply technology to create urban environments that are more efficient, [[Sustainable Development Goals and Australia|sustainable]], and livable.<ref name=":522">Albino, V., Berardi, U., & Dangelico, R. M. (2015). Smart cities: Definitions, dimensions, performance, and initiatives. Journal of Urban Technology. doi:10.1080/10630732.2014.942092</ref><ref>Bernardi, M., & Diamantini, D. (2018). Shaping the sharing city: An exploratory study on Seoul and Milan. Journal of Cleaner Production, 203. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.08.132</ref><ref>Caragliu, A., del Bo, C., & Nijkamp, P. (2011). Smart cities in Europe. Journal of Urban Technology, 18(2), 65–82. doi:10.1080/10630732.2011.601117</ref><ref name=":622">Vanolo, A. (2014). Smartmentality: The smart city as disciplinary strategy. Urban Studies, 51(5), 883–898. doi:10.1177/0042098013494427</ref>{{How|date=July 2024}}<ref name=":722">{{Cite book |last=Marchesani |first=Filippo |url=https://www.emerald.com/insight/publication/doi/10.1108/9781837975754 |title=The Global Smart City |publisher=Emerald |year=2023 |isbn=978-1-83797-576-1 |publication-date=2023 |doi=10.1108/9781837975754}}</ref>',
5 => 'The shift to smart cities necessitates a comprehensive restructuring of city management and operations, leading [[Participatory democracy|citizen participation]], and methods of public service delivery.<ref name=":622" />',
6 => 'Cities seek to upgrade their infrastructure and service delivery, to promote social inclusion, technological adoption, and economic development.<ref name=":722" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Caragliu |first1=Andrea |last2=Del Bo |first2=Chiara |last3=Nijkamp |first3=Peter |date=April 2011 |title=Smart Cities in Europe |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10630732.2011.601117 |journal=Journal of Urban Technology |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=65–82 |doi=10.1080/10630732.2011.601117 |issn=1063-0732}}</ref><ref name=":92">{{Cite journal |last1=Linde |first1=Lina |last2=Sjödin |first2=David |last3=Parida |first3=Vinit |last4=Wincent |first4=Joakim |date=2021 |title=Dynamic capabilities for ecosystem orchestration A capability-based framework for smart city innovation initiatives |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.120614 |journal=Technological Forecasting and Social Change |volume=166 |pages=120614 |doi=10.1016/j.techfore.2021.120614 |issn=0040-1625}}</ref><ref name=":622" />',
7 => 'The transformation into a smart city involves modifications in planning, management, and operational processes.<ref name=":822">{{Cite journal |last1=Pittaway |first1=Jeffrey J. |last2=Montazemi |first2=Ali Reza |date=October 2020 |title=Know-how to lead digital transformation: The case of local governments |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0740624X1830457X |journal=Government Information Quarterly |volume=37 |issue=4 |pages=101474 |doi=10.1016/j.giq.2020.101474}}</ref> This data can subsequently be analyzed to identify areas for improvement and optimize urban services.',
8 => 'The concept of smart cities emerged from cities' adoption<ref name=":23">{{Cite journal |last1=Batty |first1=M. |last2=Axhausen |first2=K. W. |last3=Giannotti |first3=F. |last4=Pozdnoukhov |first4=A. |last5=Bazzani |first5=A. |last6=Wachowicz |first6=M. |last7=Ouzounis |first7=G. |last8=Portugali |first8=Y. |date=2012 |title=Smart cities of the future |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1140/epjst/e2012-01703-3 |journal=The European Physical Journal Special Topics |language=en |volume=214 |issue=1 |pages=481–518 |bibcode=2012EPJST.214..481B |doi=10.1140/epjst/e2012-01703-3 |issn=1951-6355 |hdl-access=free |hdl=20.500.11850/61793}}</ref> of information and communications technologies.<ref name=":33">{{Cite journal |last1=Lim |first1=Yirang |last2=Edelenbos |first2=Jurian |last3=Gianoli |first3=Alberto |date=2019 |title=Identifying the results of smart city development: Findings from systematic literature review |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0264275118314161 |journal=Cities |language=en |volume=95 |pages=102397 |doi=10.1016/j.cities.2019.102397}}</ref><ref name=":53">{{Cite journal |last1=Marsal-Llacuna |first1=Maria-Lluïsa |last2=Colomer-Llinàs |first2=Joan |last3=Meléndez-Frigola |first3=Joaquim |date=2015 |title=Lessons in urban monitoring taken from sustainable and livable cities to better address the Smart Cities initiative |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0040162514000456 |journal=Technological Forecasting and Social Change |language=en |volume=90 |pages=611–622 |doi=10.1016/j.techfore.2014.01.012}}</ref>',
9 => 'ICTs present challenges given financial limitations, technical obstacles, and [[Information privacy|privacy]] and security concerns. ICTs are also not uniformly accessible across communities, contributing to the [[digital divide]].<ref name=":722" />',
10 => 'No commonly accepted definition of "smart city" has emerged.<ref name=":522" /><ref name=":042">{{Cite book |last=Hu |first=Richard |title=Reinventing the Chinese City |date=2023 |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |isbn=978-0-231-21101-7 |location=New York}}</ref>{{Rp|page=71}} Evaluating smart city initiatives becomes difficult without agreement on parameters. It also hampers the ability to compare projects and identify best practices.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Boes |first1=Kim |title=Conceptualising Smart Tourism Destination Dimensions |date=2015 |work=Information and Communication Technologies in Tourism 2015 |pages=391–403 |editor-last=Tussyadiah |editor-first=Iis |url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-14343-9_29 |access-date=2024-03-27 |place=Cham |publisher=Springer International Publishing |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-14343-9_29 |isbn=978-3-319-14342-2 |last2=Buhalis |first2=Dimitrios |last3=Inversini |first3=Alessandro |editor2-last=Inversini |editor2-first=Alessandro}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Camboim |first1=Guilherme Freitas |last2=Zawislak |first2=Paulo Antônio |last3=Pufal |first3=Nathália Amarante |date=2019 |title=Driving elements to make cities smarter: Evidences from European projects |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0040162517318607 |journal=Technological Forecasting and Social Change |volume=142 |pages=154–167 |doi=10.1016/j.techfore.2018.09.014}}</ref><ref name=":822" />',
11 => 'Deakin and Al Waer list four factors that contribute to the definition of a smart city:<ref name="DeakinAl_jrnl2">{{cite journal |year=2011 |title=From Intelligent to Smart Cities |url=http://researchrepository.napier.ac.uk/id/eprint/7295 |journal=Journal of Intelligent Buildings International: From Intelligent Cities to Smart Cities |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=140–152 |doi=10.1080/17508975.2011.586671 |s2cid=110580067 |editor-last1=Deakin |editor-first1=Mark |editor-last2=Al Waer |editor-first2=Husam}}</ref>',
12 => '* Electronic and digital technologies',
13 => '* ICT',
14 => '* ICT in government systems',
15 => '* The territorialisation of practices that brings ICT and people together to enhance innovation and knowledge.',
16 => '',
17 => 'Deakin defines the smart city as one that uses ICT to meet the demands of the market (the citizens of the city), based on community involvement.<ref name="DeakinIntro2">{{cite book |last1=Deakin |first1=Mark |title=Smart Cities: Governing, Modelling and Analysing the Transition |date=22 August 2013 |publisher=Taylor and Francis |isbn=978-1135124144 |editor-last=Deakin |editor-first=Mark |page=15 |chapter=From intelligent to smart cities}}</ref> Studies of smart city projects can be used as an alternative to difficult-to-define broad definitions in order to clarify what smart cities are.<ref name=":522" /><ref name=":05">{{Cite journal |last1=Camboim |first1=Guilherme Freitas |last2=Zawislak |first2=Paulo Antônio |last3=Pufal |first3=Nathália Amarante |date=May 2019 |title=Driving elements to make cities smarter: Evidences from European projects |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0040162517318607 |journal=Technological Forecasting and Social Change |language=en |volume=142 |pages=154–167 |doi=10.1016/j.techfore.2018.09.014}}</ref>',
18 => 'Notable disparities among smart city definitions include the relative focus on [[Economic development|economic advantages]] versus environmental or [[Social well-being|social]] benefits and specific technology choices.<ref name=":722" />',
19 => '',
20 => 'Smart city definitions include:',
21 => '* Nam and Pardo (2011): “A smart city infuses information into its physical infrastructure to improve conveniences, facilitate mobility, add efficiencies, conserve energy, improve the quality of air and water, identify problems and fix them quickly, recover rapidly from disasters, collect data to make better decisions, deploy resources effectively, and share data to enable collaboration across entities and domains.”<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Nam |first1=Taewoo |title=Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Theory and Practice of Electronic Governance |last2=Pardo |first2=Theresa A. |date=2011-09-26 |publisher=ACM |isbn=978-1-4503-0746-8 |pages=185–194 |chapter=Smart city as urban innovation: Focusing on management, policy, and context |doi=10.1145/2072069.2072100 |chapter-url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/2072069.2072100}}</ref>',
22 => 'The main issues surrounding smart city research include:<ref name=":032">{{Cite web |title=Untangling Smart Cities: From Utopian Dreams to Innovation Systems for a Technology-Enabled Urban Sustainability |url=https://www.everand.com/book/416393770/Untangling-Smart-Cities-From-Utopian-Dreams-to-Innovation-Systems-for-a-Technology-Enabled-Urban-Sustainability |access-date=2024-03-06 |website=Everand}}</ref>',
23 => '* Absence of intellectual exchange;',
24 => '* Researcher inclination to pursue subjective avenues of research in isolation from their peers;',
25 => '* Division within the scientific community;',
26 => 'An important motivation for smart cities is projected population growth. The UN forecasts global population to reach 9.6 to 13.2 billion by 2100, with cities absorbing 80% of this growth.<ref name=":062">{{Cite web |title=Untangling Smart Cities: From Utopian Dreams to Innovation Systems for a Technology-Enabled Urban Sustainability |url=https://www.everand.com/book/416393770/Untangling-Smart-Cities-From-Utopian-Dreams-to-Innovation-Systems-for-a-Technology-Enabled-Urban-Sustainability |access-date=2024-03-06 |website=Everand |language=en}}</ref>',
27 => 'The [[tragedy of the commons]] happens when individuals acting in their own self-interest deplete a communal resource; for example, overfishing. For example, while each individual driver in a city saves time and flexibility by driving, excessive driving causes [[traffic congestion]] and [[Environmental degradation|environmental issues]]. The tragedy is that public transportation services get little attention due to the use of personal vehicles.<ref name=":142">{{Cite book |last1=Gassmann |first1=Oliver |url=https://www.emerald.com/insight/publication/doi/10.1108/9781787696136 |title=Smart Cities: Introducing Digital Innovation to Cities |last2=Böhm |first2=Jonas |last3=Palmié |first3=Maximilian |date=2019 |publisher=Emerald Publishing Limited |isbn=978-1-78769-614-3 |doi=10.1108/9781787696136}}. Available at [https://books.google.com/books?id=gzKbDwAAQBAJ Google Books]</ref>{{Clarification needed|reason=How exactly can smart cities help with this?|date=July 2024}}',
28 => 'Philosophical predecessors of smart cities can be found in utopian works such as [[New Atlantis]] (1626).<ref name="Cugurullo 2021 p. 502">{{cite book |last=Cugurullo |first=F. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_VolEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT50 |title=Frankenstein Urbanism: Eco, Smart and Autonomous Cities, Artificial Intelligence and the End of the City |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2021 |isbn=978-1-317-31362-5 |page=50 |access-date=2023-03-12}}</ref> Another was [[Ebenezer Howard]]'s 1898 concept of [[Garden Cities of To-morrow|Garden Cities]].<ref name=":032" /> These were dense, size-limited cities founded in rural areas by private groups, combining the benefits of the city and the country.<ref name=":222">{{Cite web |title=Cities of Tomorrow by Peter Hall - AbeBooks |url=https://www.abebooks.co.uk/book-search/title/cities-of-tomorrow/author/peter-hall/ |access-date=2024-03-06 |website=www.abebooks.co.uk |language=en-GB}}</ref> Other conceptions include those of [[Edward Bellamy]], [[Frank Lloyd Wright]], and [[Le Corbusier]].<ref name=":032" /><ref name=":222" /> Critics of smart cities draw parallels between the weaknesses of these visions and those around smart cities.<ref name=":032" />',
29 => 'Smart cities emerged from global cities' recent adoption of information and communications technologies for urban use, which can be used to improve efficiency, sustainability, and livability in urban environments.<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":33" /><ref name=":53" /> Some of the earliest interventions in urban planning include the use of computational statistical analysis by the Community Analysis Bureau in [[Los Angeles]] in the late 1960's<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-06-16 |title=Uncovering the Early History of "Big Data" and the "Smart City" in Los Angeles |url=https://boomcalifornia.org/2015/06/16/uncovering-the-early-history-of-big-data-and-the-smart-city-in-la/ |access-date=2022-01-07 |website=Boom California}}</ref> and the establishment by [[Singapore]] of the National Computer Board in 1981.<ref name=":83">{{Cite journal |last=Montes |first=Jose |date=2020 |title=A Historical View of Smart Cities: Definitions, Features and Tipping Points |url=https://www.ssrn.com/abstract=3637617 |journal=SSRN Electronic Journal |doi=10.2139/ssrn.3637617 |issn=1556-5068 |s2cid=238125868}}</ref>',
30 => 'The smart city concept experienced a major surge around 2005. Tech companies sought to create information systems to enhance operational efficiency for cities.<ref name=":132">{{Cite book |last1=Oke |first1=Ayodeji Emmanuel |url=https://www.emerald.com/insight/publication/doi/10.1108/9781803824550 |title=Smart Cities: A Panacea for Sustainable Development |last2=Stephen |first2=Seyi Segun |last3=Aigbavboa |first3=Clinton Ohis |last4=Ogunsemi |first4=Deji Rufus |last5=Aje |first5=Isaac Olaniyi |date=2022-04-05 |publisher=Emerald Publishing Limited |isbn=978-1-80382-456-7 |doi=10.1108/9781803824550}}</ref><ref>Cisco. (2005). Dubai: The Smart City. Retrieved from <nowiki>http://www.cisco.com/</nowiki> web/learning/le34/downloads/689/nobel/2005/docs/Abdulhakim_Malik.pdf</ref><ref>IBM. (2009). IBM Offers Smarter City assessment tool to help cities. Prepare for challenges and opportunities of unprecedented urbanization. Retrieved from <nowiki>[https://www-03.ibm.com/press/us/en/pressrelease/27791 www-03.ibm.com]</nowiki><nowiki>{{dead link|date=August 2024|bot=medic}}</nowiki><nowiki>{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</nowiki></ref><ref>Siemens. (2004). Stadt der Zukunft. Retrieved from <nowiki>http://www</nowiki>. siemens.com/innovation/de/publikationen/zeitschriften_pic_future/PoF_ Fruehjahr_2004/SmartCity.htm</ref>',
31 => 'A global movement emerged advocating smart cities.<ref name=":102" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Smart Cities Market: Growing New IT Markets Analysis Report |url=https://www.bccresearch.com/market-research/information-technology/smart-cities-growing-new-it-markets-report.html |access-date=2024-03-22 |website=www.bccresearch.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Frost & Sullivan |date=2018-04-04 |title=Frost & Sullivan Experts Announce Global Smart Cities to Raise a Market of Over $2 Trillion by 2025 |url=https://www.frost.com/news/press-releases/frost-sullivan-experts-announce-global-smart-cities-raise-market-over-2-trillion-2025/ |access-date=2024-03-22 |website=Frost & Sullivan |language=en-US}}</ref>',
32 => '[[IBM]] launched its [[Smarter Planet]] marketing initiative in 2008,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-11-29 |title=Smart city: smart story? |url=https://smartcityhub.com/governance-economy/smart-city-smart-story/ |access-date=2022-01-07 |website=Smart City Hub}}</ref> which included the IBM Smarter Cities Challenge. In 2010, [[Cisco Systems]], with $25 million from the [[Clinton Foundation]], established its Connected Urban Development program in partnership with San Francisco, Amsterdam, and Seoul. In 2011, a Smart City Expo World Congress in Barcelona attracted 6000 people from 50 countries. The [[European Commission]] in 2012 established the Smart Cities Marketplace, a centralized hub for urban initiatives in the [[European Union]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Creating smart cities together |url=https://smart-cities-marketplace.ec.europa.eu/ |access-date=28 August 2022 |website=Smart Cities Marketplace}}</ref> The 2015 Chancellor’s Budget for the United Kingdom proposed to invest £140 million in smart cities and IoT.<ref name="Doe2">{{cite web |last1=Doe |first1=Laurence |date=27 March 2015 |title=Budget 2015: IoT and smart cities set for investment |url=http://www.landmobile.co.uk/news/budget-2015-osborne-announces-40-million-investment-into-smart-cities-and-iot/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161124094213/http://www.landmobile.co.uk/news/budget-2015-osborne-announces-40-million-investment-into-smart-cities-and-iot |archive-date=24 November 2016 |access-date=27 March 2015 |website=Land Mobile}}</ref> Smart city competitions were launched in the 2010s by [[Bloomberg Philanthropies]], the [[Rockefeller Foundation]], and the [[United States Department of Transportation]].<ref name="Clark2" /> In 2016, [[AT&T]]<nowiki/>launched an alliance with Cisco, [[Deloitte]], [[Ericsson]], [[General Electric]], IBM, [[Intel]], and [[Qualcomm]], with municipal partners [[Atlanta, Georgia]]; [[Chicago, Illinois]]; and [[Dallas, Texas]].<ref name="Clark2" />',
33 => 'Key characteristics that define innovative urban environments include:<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Gracias |first1=Jose Sanchez |last2=Parnell |first2=Gregory S. |last3=Specking |first3=Eric |last4=Pohl |first4=Edward A. |last5=Buchanan |first5=Randy |date=2023-07-11 |title=Smart Cities—A Structured Literature Review |journal=Smart Cities |language=en |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=1719–1743 |doi=10.3390/smartcities6040080 |issn=2624-6511 |doi-access=free}}</ref>',
34 => '* Connectivity: IoT networks collect and transmit data from sensors throughout the urban environment.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Albino |first1=Vito |last2=Berardi |first2=Umberto |last3=Dangelico |first3=Rosa Maria |date=2015-01-02 |title=Smart Cities: Definitions, Dimensions, Performance, and Initiatives |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10630732.2014.942092 |journal=Journal of Urban Technology |language=en |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=3–21 |doi=10.1080/10630732.2014.942092 |issn=1063-0732}}</ref>',
35 => '* Data-driven decision making: Advanced analytics and artificial intelligence enable more informed and responsive governance.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Shahat Osman |first1=Ahmed M. |last2=Elragal |first2=Ahmed |date=2021-02-28 |title=Smart Cities and Big Data Analytics: A Data-Driven Decision-Making Use Case |journal=Smart Cities |language=en |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=286–313 |doi=10.3390/smartcities4010018 |issn=2624-6511 |doi-access=free}}</ref>',
36 => '* Sustainable infrastructure: Energy-efficient buildings, renewable energy, and intelligent transportation systems.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Smart and Sustainable Cities: What Does It Mean? |url=https://www.beesmart.city/en/smart-city-blog/smart-and-sustainable-cities-what-does-it-mean |access-date=2024-08-07 |website=www.beesmart.city |language=en}}</ref>',
37 => '* Urban Optimization: Reduce resource usage, reduce ecological footprints, and enhance living standards to create more environmentally responsible urban spaces.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Smart Cities - Fabled Sky Research |url=https://fabledsky.com/knowledge-base/smart-cities/ |access-date=2024-08-07 |language=en-US}}</ref>',
38 => '* Citizen engagement: Facilitate communication between residents and government, promoting participation in urban planning and decision-making processes.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Cardullo |first1=Paolo |last2=Kitchin |first2=Rob |date=2019-02-01 |title=Being a 'citizen' in the smart city: up and down the scaffold of smart citizen participation in Dublin, Ireland |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-018-9845-8 |journal=GeoJournal |language=en |volume=84 |issue=1 |pages=1–13 |bibcode=2019GeoJo..84....1C |doi=10.1007/s10708-018-9845-8 |issn=1572-9893}}</ref>',
39 => '* Smart mobility: [[Integrated design|Integrate]] public transit, bike-sharing, and autonomous vehicles, aim to reduce congestion and improve accessibility.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Smart Mobility in the Smart Cities of Tomorrow |url=https://rideamigos.com/smart-mobility-in-smart-cities |access-date=2024-08-07 |website=RideAmigos |language=en-US}}</ref>',
40 => '* Enhanced public services: Improve the delivery of essential services.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Nam |first1=Taewoo |title=Proceedings of the 12th Annual International Digital Government Research Conference: Digital Government Innovation in Challenging Times |last2=Pardo |first2=Theresa A. |date=2011-06-12 |publisher=Association for Computing Machinery |isbn=978-1-4503-0762-8 |series=dg.o '11 |location=New York, NY, USA |pages=282–291 |chapter=Conceptualizing smart city with dimensions of technology, people, and institutions |doi=10.1145/2037556.2037602 |chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.1145/2037556.2037602}}</ref>',
41 => '# Make more efficient use of physical infrastructure (roads, [[built environment]] and other physical assets) through [[artificial intelligence]] and [[data analytics]] in order to support a strong and healthy economic, social, cultural development.<ref name="Hollands2" />',
42 => '# Engage effectively with local governance<ref name="Johns2">{{cite journal |last1=Johns |first1=Fleur |date=13 October 2021 |title=Governance by Data |journal=Annual Review of Law and Social Science |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=53–71 |doi=10.1146/annurev-lawsocsci-120920-085138 |issn=1550-3585 |s2cid=235546816 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free |hdl=1959.4/unsworks_75698}}</ref> by use of [[open innovation]] processes and [[e-participation]], improving the collective intelligence of the city's institutions through [[e-governance]],<ref name="Komninos_ch2" /> with emphasis placed on citizen participation and [[co-design]].<ref name="Deakin20072">{{cite journal |author=Deakin, M |year=2007 |title=From city of bits to e-topia: taking the thesis on digitally-inclusive regeneration full circle |url=http://markdeakin.cgpublisher.com/product/pub.85/prod.395 |url-status=dead |journal=Journal of Urban Technology |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=131–143 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160318212436/http://markdeakin.cgpublisher.com/product/pub.85/prod.395/ |archive-date=18 March 2016 |access-date=3 November 2014}}</ref><ref name="DeakinAllwinkle20072">{{cite journal |author=Deakin, M |author2=Allwinkle, S |year=2007 |title=Urban regeneration and sustainable communities: the role of networks, innovation and creativity in building successful partnerships |url=http://researchrepository.napier.ac.uk/id/eprint/1998 |journal=Journal of Urban Technology |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=77–91 |doi=10.1080/10630730701260118 |s2cid=153965022}}</ref>',
43 => '# Learn, adapt and innovate and thereby respond more effectively and promptly to changing circumstances by improving the intelligence of the city.<ref name="Komninos_ch2" /><ref>{{cite journal |last=Coe |first=A. |author2=Paquet, G. |author3=Roy, J. |year=2001 |title=E-governance and smart communities: a social learning challenge |url=http://www.gouvernance.ca/publications/00-53.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Social Science Computer Review |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=80–93 |doi=10.1177/089443930101900107 |s2cid=53380562 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303233136/http://www.gouvernance.ca/publications/00-53.pdf |archive-date=3 March 2016 |access-date=3 November 2014}}</ref>',
44 => 'They evolve towards a strong integration of all dimensions of [[Intelligence#Human intelligence|human intelligence]], [[collective intelligence]], and also [[artificial intelligence]] within the [[city]].<ref name="Komninos20082">{{cite book |last=Komninos |first=N. |title=Intelligent Cities and Globalisation of Innovation Networks |publisher=Routledge |year=2008 |isbn=9780415455923}}</ref>{{rp|112–113}}<ref>{{cite book |author1=Atlee, T. |url=http://www.evolutionarynexus.org/wiki/collective_intelligence_tom_atlee_and_george_p%C3%B3r |title=Evolutionary Nexus: connecting communities for emergence |author2=Pór, George |year=2006 |access-date=6 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019204929/http://www.evolutionarynexus.org/wiki/collective_intelligence_tom_atlee_and_george_p%C3%B3r |archive-date=19 October 2015 |url-status=live |name-list-style=amp}}</ref> According to Mitchell, the intelligence of cities "resides in the increasingly effective combination of digital [[Telecommunication network|telecommunication networks]] (the nerves), ubiquitously [[embedded intelligence]] (the brain), sensors and [[Smart label|tags]] (the sensory organs), and [[software]] (the knowledge and cognitive competence)".<ref>{{cite journal |author=Mitchell, W. |year=2007 |title=Intelligent cities |url=http://www.uoc.edu/uocpapers/5/dt/eng/mitchell.html |url-status=live |journal=e-Journal on the Knowledge Society |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170228194411/http://www.uoc.edu/uocpapers/5/dt/eng/mitchell.html |archive-date=28 February 2017 |access-date=1 February 2015}}</ref>',
45 => '',
46 => 'The physical components of IT systems are crucial to early-stage smart city development. Wired infrastructure is required to support the IoT and wireless technologies central to more interconnected living.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Smart cities are about people |url=https://www.smartcitiesworld.net/news/news/smart-cities-are-about-people-2932 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629040256/https://www.smartcitiesworld.net/news/news/smart-cities-are-about-people-2932 |archive-date=29 June 2019 |access-date=2019-06-29 |website=Smart Cities World}}</ref> A wired city environment provides general access to continually updated digital and physical infrastructure. The latest in telecommunications, [[robotics]], IoT, and various connected technologies can then be deployed to support human capital and productivity.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Intelligent Cities: R&D offshoring, web 2.0 product development and globalization of innovation systems |url=http://www.urenio.org/wp-content/uploads/2008/11/Intelligent-Cities-Shenzhen-2009-Komninos-Sefertzi.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180516180354/http://www.urenio.org/wp-content/uploads/2008/11/Intelligent-Cities-Shenzhen-2009-Komninos-Sefertzi.pdf |archive-date=16 May 2018 |access-date=20 December 2016}}</ref><ref name=":122">{{Cite journal |last1=Nam |first1=Taewoo |last2=Pardo |first2=Theresa A |title=Conceptualizing Smart City with Dimensions of Technology, People, and Institutions |url=https://www.ctg.albany.edu/media/pubs/pdfs/dgo_2011_smartcity.pdf |department=Center for Technology in Government University at Albany, State University of New York, U.S. |journal=The Proceedings of the 12th Annual International Conference on Digital Government Research}}</ref>',
47 => '[[File:Bletchley_Park_-_Draco2008.jpg|right|thumb|Bletchley Park is often considered to be the first smart community.]]',
48 => 'Intelligence in smart cities has been demonstrated in three ways:{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}',
49 => '',
50 => '# '''Orchestration intelligence''':<ref name="Komninos_ch2" /> Cities establish institutions and community-based problem solving and collaborations, such as in [[Bletchley Park]], where the Nazi Enigma cipher was decoded by a team led by [[Alan Turing]]. This has been referred to as the first example of a smart city or an intelligent community.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Deakin |first1=Mark |last2=Al Waer |first2=Husam |year=2011 |title=From intelligent to smart cities |journal=Journal of Intelligent Buildings International: From Intelligent Cities to Smart Cities |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=140–152 |doi=10.1080/17508975.2011.586671 |s2cid=110580067}}</ref>',
51 => '# '''Empowerment intelligence''': Cities provide [[Open platform|open platforms]], experimental facilities and smart city infrastructure in order to cluster innovation in certain districts. These are seen in the Kista Science City in Stockholm and the Cyberport Zone in Hong Kong. Similar facilities have also been established in [[Melbourne]] and [[Kyiv]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Department of Sustainability and Environment |date=2005 |title=Melbourne 2030 |url=http://www.nre.vic.gov.au/melbourne2030online/content/implementation_plans/03b_actions.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530120605/http://www.nre.vic.gov.au/melbourne2030online/content/implementation_plans/03b_actions.html |archive-date=30 May 2015 |access-date=30 May 2015 |publisher=State Government of Victoria}}</ref>',
52 => '# '''Instrumentation intelligence''': City infrastructure is made smart through [[real-time data]] collection, with analysis and [[predictive modelling]] across city districts. There is much controversy surrounding this, particularly with regards to [[surveillance issues in smart cities]].',
53 => '',
54 => 'Examples of instrumentation intelligence are those implemented in [[Amsterdam]].<ref name="Amsterdam2">{{cite web |author=Amsterdam Smart City |title=Amsterdam Smart City ~ Projects |url=http://amsterdamsmartcity.com/projects |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120922030047/http://amsterdamsmartcity.com/projects |archive-date=22 September 2012 |access-date=30 May 2015}}</ref> This is realized through:<ref name="Komninos_ch2" />',
55 => '',
56 => '# A number of homes being provided with [[Smart energy meter|smart energy meters]] to become aware of energy consumption and reduce energy usage.',
57 => '# [[Solar power]] [[Garbage compactor|garbage compactors]], [[Charging station|car recharging stations]] and [[Energy saving lamp|energy saving lamps]].',
58 => 'Smart cities use data and technology to create efficiencies, improve sustainability, create economic development, and enhance quality of life factors for people living and working in the city.{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}} A variety of different datasets may need to be integrated to create a smart energy infrastructure.<ref name="Donti2">{{cite journal |last1=Donti |first1=Priya L. |last2=Kolter |first2=J. Zico |date=18 October 2021 |title=Machine Learning for Sustainable Energy Systems |journal=Annual Review of Environment and Resources |volume=46 |issue=1 |pages=719–747 |doi=10.1146/annurev-environ-020220-061831 |issn=1543-5938 |s2cid=238321691 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Employment of smart technologies enables the more efficient application of integrated energy technologies in the city allowing the development of more self-sustaining areas or even [[Positive Energy District|positive energy districts]] that produce more energy than they consume.<ref name="Tuominen2">{{cite news |last1=Tuominen |first1=Pekka |date=May 12, 2020 |title=Yes to positive energy districts |url=https://www.vttresearch.com/en/news-and-ideas/yes-positive-energy-districts-how-make-it-happen |access-date=28 August 2022 |work=VTT News - Beyond the Obvious |agency=VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland}}</ref>{{How|date=July 2024}}',
59 => '[[Smart grid|Smart grids]] are an important technology in smart cities. The improved flexibility of the smart grid permits greater penetration of highly variable renewable energy sources such as solar power and wind power.{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}',
60 => 'For a smart city to function, it is necessary for it to manage an enormous amount of data collected through the embedded devices and systems in its environment.<ref name=":16">{{cite journal |last1=Gharaibeh |first1=A. |last2=Salahuddin |first2=M. A. |last3=Hussini |first3=S. J. |last4=Khreishah |first4=A. |last5=Khalil |first5=I. |last6=Guizani |first6=M. |last7=Al-Fuqaha |first7=A. |year=2017 |title=Smart Cities: A Survey on Data Management, Security, and Enabling Technologies |journal=IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials |volume=19 |issue=4 |pages=2456–2501 |doi=10.1109/COMST.2017.2736886 |s2cid=206578345}}</ref> This is also important for the cities growth and security.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nisenbaum |first=Amit |title=What's Holding Smart Cities Back? |url=https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/whats-holding-smart-cities-back/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629040251/https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/whats-holding-smart-cities-back/ |archive-date=29 June 2019 |access-date=2019-06-29 |website=Scientific American Blog Network}}</ref> Smart cities use a variety of data collection, processing, and disseminating technologies, in conjunction with data security and privacy measures, in attempting to encourage innovation and improve citizens' quality of life.<ref name=":16" /> This can relate to topics including utilities, health, transportation, entertainment and government services.<ref name=":16" />',
61 => 'Electronic cards (known as [[Smart card|smart cards]]) are another common component in smart city contexts. These cards possess a unique encrypted identifier that allows the owner to log into a range of government provided services (or [[E-service|e-services]]) without setting up multiple accounts. The single identifier allows governments to aggregate [[Big data|data]] [[Mass surveillance|about citizens]] and their preferences to improve the provision of services and to determine common interests of groups. This technology has been implemented in Southampton.<ref name="DeakinAl_jrnl2" />',
62 => 'Cognitive technologies, such as [[artificial intelligence]] and [[machine learning]], can be trained on the data generated by connected city devices to identify patterns. The efficacy and impact of particular policy decisions can be quantified by cognitive systems studying the continuous interactions of humans with their urban surroundings.<ref name="Ark2">{{cite news |last1=Ark |first1=Tom Vander |date=June 26, 2018 |title=How Cities Are Getting Smart Using Artificial Intelligence |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/tomvanderark/2018/06/26/how-cities-are-getting-smart-using-artificial-intelligence/#7e6178503803 |access-date=28 August 2022 |work=Forbes}}</ref>',
63 => '[[Bicycle-sharing system|Bicycle-sharing systems]] are an important element in smart cities.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Chiariotti |first1=Federico |title=2018 7th International Conference on Modern Circuits and Systems Technologies (MOCAST) |last2=Pielli |first2=Chiara |last3=Cenedese |first3=Angelo |last4=Zanella |first4=Andrea |last5=Zorzi |first5=Michele |date=May 2018 |isbn=978-1-5386-4788-2 |pages=1–6 |chapter=Bike sharing as a key smart city service: State of the art and future developments |doi=10.1109/MOCAST.2018.8376628 |chapter-url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8376628 |s2cid=49187242}}</ref>',
64 => '[[Intelligent transportation system|Intelligent transportation systems]] and [[Closed-circuit television|CCTV]] systems are also being developed.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pribadi |first1=Arif |title=2017 International Seminar on Intelligent Technology and Its Applications (ISITIA) |last2=Kumiawan |first2=Fachrul |last3=Hariadi |first3=Mochamad |last4=Nugroho |first4=Supeno Mardi Susiki |date=August 2017 |isbn=978-1-5386-2708-2 |pages=21–24 |chapter=Urban distribution CCTV for smart city using decision tree methods |doi=10.1109/ISITIA.2017.8124048 |s2cid=194177}}</ref>',
65 => '[[Bollard#Removable bollards|Retractable bollards]] allow to restrict access inside city centers (i.e. to delivery trucks resupplying outlet stores). Opening and closing of such barriers is traditionally done manually, through an electronic pass<ref>Carbon Zero: Imagining Cities that can save the planet by Alex Steffen, page 54</ref> but can even be done by means of [[Automatic number-plate recognition|ANPR]] cameras connected to the bollard system.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 December 2018 |title=Call for retractable 'coffin' bollards and no-driving zones outside Bristol schools |url=https://www.bristolpost.co.uk/news/call-retractable-coffin-bollards-no-2295946 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810083504/https://www.bristolpost.co.uk/news/call-retractable-coffin-bollards-no-2295946 |archive-date=10 August 2020 |access-date=1 September 2020}}</ref>',
66 => 'According to McKinsey, smart city initiatives can have measurable positive impacts on the quality of life of its citizens and visitors.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Smart city technology for a more liveable future {{!}} McKinsey |url=https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/capital-projects-and-infrastructure/our-insights/smart-cities-digital-solutions-for-a-more-livable-future |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626221105/https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/capital-projects-and-infrastructure/our-insights/smart-cities-digital-solutions-for-a-more-livable-future |archive-date=26 June 2019 |access-date=2019-06-29 |website=www.mckinsey.com}}</ref> The human framework of a smart city – its economy, knowledge networks, and human support systems – is an important indicator of its success.<ref name=":022">{{Cite web |title=United Smart Cities (USC) – United Nations Partnerships for SDGs platform |url=https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/partnership/?p=10009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190828222617/https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/partnership/?p=10009 |archive-date=28 August 2019 |access-date=2019-06-29 |website=sustainabledevelopment.un.org}}</ref>',
67 => 'For example, arts and culture initiatives are common focus areas in smart city planning.<ref>{{Cite web |title=engagingcommunities2005.org |url=http://www.engagingcommunities2005.org/abstracts/Bartlet-%20Leo-final.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227235327/http://www.engagingcommunities2005.org/abstracts/Bartlet-%20Leo-final.pdf |archive-date=27 February 2017 |access-date=20 December 2016 |website=www.engagingcommunities2005.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Borda |first1=Ann |title=Museums and Digital Culture |last2=Bowen |first2=Jonathan P. |author-link2=Jonathan Bowen |date=2019 |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]] |isbn=978-3-319-97456-9 |editor1-last=Giannini |editor1-first=Tula |editor-link1=Tula Giannini |series=Series on Cultural Computing |pages=523–549 |chapter=Smart Cities and Digital Culture: Models of Innovation |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-97457-6_27 |issn=2195-9064 |editor2-last=Bowen |editor2-first=Jonathan P. |editor-link2=Jonathan Bowen |s2cid=159042161}}</ref> Innovation is associated with intellectual curiosity and creativeness, and various projects have demonstrated that knowledge workers participate in a diverse mix of cultural and artistic activities.<ref name="Eger2">{{cite news |last1=Eger |first1=John M. |date=24 July 2015 |title=Creativity in the Smart City Is What Makes a City Really Smart |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/creativity-in-the-smart-c_b_7648342 |access-date=27 August 2022 |work=HuffPost}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Malanga |first1=Steven |date=23 December 2015 |title=The Curse of the Creative Class |url=https://www.city-journal.org/html/curse-creative-class-12491.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180811195230/https://www.city-journal.org/html/curse-creative-class-12491.html |archive-date=11 August 2018 |access-date=11 August 2018 |website=City Journal}}</ref>',
68 => 'Since mobility is a key area of smart city development, building a capable workforce through education initiatives is necessary.<ref name=":022" />{{Clarification needed|reason=How does the workforce help with this? What exactly is meant by "mobility"?|date=July 2024}} A city's learning capacity includes its education system, including available workforce training and support, and its cultural development and exchange.<ref name="Brent2">{{Cite web |last=Moser |first=Mary Anne |title=What is Smart about the Smart Communities Movement? |url=https://www.ucalgary.ca/ejournal/archive/v10-11/v10-11n1Moser-browse.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170210151210/http://www.ucalgary.ca/ejournal/archive/v10-11/v10-11n1Moser-browse.html |archive-date=10 February 2017 |access-date=20 December 2016 |website=www.ucalgary.ca |publisher=University of Calgary EJournal 10–11(1)}}</ref>',
69 => 'Numerous Smart city programs also focus on soft infrastructure development, like increasing access to voluntary organizations and designated safe zones.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Glaeser |first1=Edward L. |last2=Berry |first2=Christopher R. |title=Why Are Smart Places Getting Smarter? |url=https://www.hks.harvard.edu/sites/default/files/centers/rappaport/files/brief_divergence.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190828222613/https://www.hks.harvard.edu/sites/default/files/centers/rappaport/files/brief_divergence.pdf |archive-date=28 August 2019 |access-date=11 August 2018 |website=Harvard University}}</ref> This focus on social and relational capital means diversity, inclusion, and ubiquitous access to public services is worked in to city planning.<ref name=":122" />',
70 => 'The development of a [[knowledge economy]] is also central to Smart city projects.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Smarter cities for smarter growth: How cities can optimize their systems for the talent-based economy |url=https://www.zurich.ibm.com/pdf/isl/infoportal/IBV_SC3_report_GBE03348USEN.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221090251/https://www.zurich.ibm.com/pdf/isl/infoportal/IBV_SC3_report_GBE03348USEN.pdf |archive-date=21 December 2016 |access-date=20 December 2016 |website=www.zurich.ibm.com}}</ref> Smart cities seeking to be hubs of economic activity in emerging tech and service sectors stress the value of innovation in city development.<ref name=":122" />',
71 => 'Mobile devices (such as [[Smartphone|smartphones]] and tablets) are a key technology allowing citizens to connect to the smart city services.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 April 2018 |title=With smart cities, your every step will be recorded |url=https://theconversation.com/with-smart-cities-your-every-step-will-be-recorded-94527 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608085508/https://theconversation.com/with-smart-cities-your-every-step-will-be-recorded-94527 |archive-date=8 June 2020 |access-date=8 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Secure, sustainable smart cities and the IoT |url=https://www.thalesgroup.com/en/markets/digital-identity-and-security/iot/inspired/smart-cities |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608085508/https://www.thalesgroup.com/en/markets/digital-identity-and-security/iot/inspired/smart-cities |archive-date=8 June 2020 |access-date=8 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 October 2016 |title=Smartphones – not flying cars – will define the smart cities of the future |url=https://www.information-age.com/smartphones-not-flying-cars-will-define-smart-cities-future-123462622/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608085510/https://www.information-age.com/smartphones-not-flying-cars-will-define-smart-cities-future-123462622/ |archive-date=8 June 2020 |access-date=8 June 2020}}</ref>',
72 => 'Smart cities also rely on [[Smart home|smart homes]] and specifically, the [[Smart home technology|technology used in them]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Klein |first1=Cornel |title=Next Generation Teletraffic and Wired/Wireless Advanced Networking |last2=Kaefer |first2=Gerald |date=2008 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-540-85499-9 |series=Lecture Notes in Computer Science |volume=5174 |location=Berlin, Heidelberg |pages=260 |chapter=From Smart Homes to Smart Cities: Opportunities and Challenges from an Industrial Perspective |doi=10.1007/978-3-540-85500-2_24 |chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-85500-2_24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Mehrotra |first1=Siddharth |title=2015 International Conference on Green Computing and Internet of Things (ICGCIoT) |last2=Dhande |first2=Rashi |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-4673-7910-6 |pages=1236–1239 |chapter=Smart cities and smart homes: From realization to reality |doi=10.1109/ICGCIoT.2015.7380652 |access-date=8 June 2020 |chapter-url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7380652 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608090010/https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7380652 |archive-date=8 June 2020 |url-status=live |s2cid=14156800}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Need to Redefine the Smart Home and its Link to Smart Cities |url=https://hub.beesmart.city/strategy/redefining-the-smart-home-in-smart-cities |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608090011/https://hub.beesmart.city/strategy/redefining-the-smart-home-in-smart-cities |archive-date=8 June 2020 |access-date=8 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 September 2017 |title=How smart homes can connect to smart cities |url=https://www.smartcity.press/how-smart-homes-can-connect-smart-cities/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608090008/https://www.smartcity.press/how-smart-homes-can-connect-smart-cities/ |archive-date=8 June 2020 |access-date=8 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Redefining the smart home in smart cities |url=https://hub.beesmart.city/strategy/redefining-the-smart-home-in-smart-cities |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608090011/https://hub.beesmart.city/strategy/redefining-the-smart-home-in-smart-cities |archive-date=8 June 2020 |access-date=8 June 2020}}</ref>',
73 => '{{See also|Surveillance issues in smart cities}}',
74 => 'Criticisms of smart cities include:<ref name="Hollands2" />',
75 => '* [[Big data]] collection and analytics raised questions over [[Surveillance issues in smart cities|surveillance in smart cities]], particularly over [[predictive policing]].',
76 => '* Over-emphasis on smart cities means ignoring other domains.<ref>{{cite book |author=Greenfield, A. |title=Against the Smart City. |publisher=Verso |year=2013 |location=London |asin=B00FHQ5DBS}}</ref>',
77 => '* Urban development is often haphazard. A data-based approach "can deaden and stupefy the people who live in its all-efficient embrace".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sennett |first=Richard |date=4 December 2012 |title=No one likes a city that's too smart |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/dec/04/smart-city-rio-songdo-masdar |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318004523/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/dec/04/smart-city-rio-songdo-masdar |archive-date=18 March 2017 |access-date=17 March 2017 |work=The Guardian}}</ref>',
78 => '* Technological and networked infrastructures have downsides that may offset the benefits.<ref>{{cite book |author=Graham, S. |title=Telecommunications and the city: electronic spaces, urban place |author2=Marvin, S. |publisher=Routledge |year=1996 |isbn=9780203430453 |location=London}}</ref>',
79 => '* The [[capital mobility]] that allows business to take advantage of smart cities also allows them to leave for a better offer.<ref name="Hollands2" />',
80 => '* Urban data collection involves surveillance, which potentially invades individual privacy. Without protections that have frequently failed scanning, identification, location tracking (including time and direction) can empower bad actors.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rubisz |first=Szymon |date=2020 |title=Some Issues with the Right to Privacy in Smart Cities |journal=Scientific Papers of Silesian University of Technology – Organization and Management Series |volume=2020 |issue=147 |pages=237–246 |doi=10.29119/1641-3466.2020.147.18 |s2cid=232592742 |doi-access=free}}</ref>',
81 => '* Smart citiy approaches are irrelevant to cities without the means to implement the required technologies, such as in developing countries.<ref name=":112" />',
82 => '* Persons with disabilities are not always accommodated by smart city technologies.<ref name=":152" />',
83 => '* Digital technologies can have a significant environmental footprint that may be visited onto other communities.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lange |first1=Steffen |last2=Pohl |first2=Johanna |last3=Santarius |first3=Tilman |date=2020-10-01 |title=Digitalization and energy consumption. Does ICT reduce energy demand? |journal=Ecological Economics |volume=176 |pages=106760 |bibcode=2020EcoEc.17606760L |doi=10.1016/j.ecolecon.2020.106760 |issn=0921-8009 |s2cid=224947774}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Morley |first1=Janine |last2=Widdicks |first2=Kelly |last3=Hazas |first3=Mike |date=2018-04-01 |title=Digitalisation, energy and data demand: The impact of Internet traffic on overall and peak electricity consumption |journal=Energy Research & Social Science |volume=38 |pages=128–137 |bibcode=2018ERSS...38..128M |doi=10.1016/j.erss.2018.01.018 |issn=2214-6296 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sovacool |first1=Benjamin K. |last2=Hook |first2=Andrew |last3=Martiskainen |first3=Mari |last4=Brock |first4=Andrea |last5=Turnheim |first5=Bruno |date=2020-01-01 |title=The decarbonisation divide: Contextualizing landscapes of low-carbon exploitation and toxicity in Africa |journal=Global Environmental Change |volume=60 |pages=102028 |bibcode=2020GEC....6002028S |doi=10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2019.102028 |issn=0959-3780 |s2cid=214411810 |doi-access=free}}</ref>',
84 => '* "Smart city" can be used as a slogan merely to stimulate land revenue generation.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zhou |first1=Yong |last2=Xiao |first2=Fan |last3=Deng |first3=Weipeng |date=23 March 2022 |title=Is smart city a slogan? Evidence from China |journal=Asian Geographer |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=185–202 |doi=10.1080/10225706.2022.2052734 |s2cid=259149515}}</ref>',
85 => '* Clark claimed that technologies actually adopted tended to be those that deliver digital services directly to residents (e.g., [[Ride-hailing service|ride-hailing services]] and [[online food ordering]]) or which solve a specific problem of municipal government, rather than enhancing infrastructure.<ref name="Clark2" />',
86 => '* Digital technology has the potential to be used in negative as well as positive ways, and its use is inherently political.<ref name="Johns2" /> Smart cities can perpetuate or mitigate inequalities<ref name="Nesti2">{{cite journal |last1=Nesti |first1=Giorgia |date=27 August 2019 |title=Mainstreaming gender equality in smart cities: Theoretical, methodological and empirical challenges |journal=Information Polity |volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=289–304 |doi=10.3233/IP-190134 |s2cid=201340073 |hdl-access=free |hdl=11577/3305997}}</ref><ref name="Javiera2">{{cite book |last1=Fernanda Medina Macaya |first1=Javiera |title=14th International Conference on Theory and Practice of Electronic Governance |last2=Ben Dhaou |first2=Soumaya |last3=Cunha |first3=Maria Alexandra |date=6 October 2021 |isbn=9781450390118 |pages=398–405 |chapter=Gendering the Smart Cities:: Addressing gender inequalities in urban spaces |doi=10.1145/3494193.3494308 |access-date=27 August 2022 |chapter-url=http://collections.unu.edu/eserv/UNU:8632/t09-p53-76.pdf |s2cid=245881057}}</ref><ref name="Li2">{{cite journal |last1=Li |first1=Manlin |last2=Woolrych |first2=Ryan |date=13 December 2021 |title=Experiences of Older People and Social Inclusion in Relation to Smart "Age-Friendly" Cities: A Case Study of Chongqing, China |journal=Frontiers in Public Health |volume=9 |pages=779913 |doi=10.3389/fpubh.2021.779913 |pmc=8721664 |pmid=34988053 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Ivan2">{{cite journal |last1=Ivan |first1=Loredana |last2=Beu |first2=Dorin |last3=van Hoof |first3=Joost |date=January 2020 |title=Smart and Age-Friendly Cities in Romania: An Overview of Public Policy and Practice |journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |volume=17 |issue=14 |pages=5202 |doi=10.3390/ijerph17145202 |issn=1660-4601 |pmc=7400252 |pmid=32708488 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Shamsuddin2">{{cite journal |last1=Shamsuddin |first1=Shomon |last2=Srinivasan |first2=Sumeeta |date=2 January 2021 |title=Just Smart or Just and Smart Cities? Assessing the Literature on Housing and Information and Communication Technology |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10511482.2020.1719181?journalCode=rhpd20 |journal=Housing Policy Debate |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=127–150 |doi=10.1080/10511482.2020.1719181 |s2cid=216206034 |access-date=28 August 2022}}</ref>',
87 => '',
88 => '== Initiatives ==',
89 => 'China's smart cities movement began with a pilot program launched in 2012 through its [[Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development]].<ref name=":042" />{{Rp|pages=58–59}} China's [[National New-Type Urbanization Plan]] for 2014-2020 included smart cities.<ref name=":042" />{{Rp|pages=59–60}} It identified six important aspects for developing smart cities:<ref name=":042" />{{Rp|page=60}}',
90 => '* information network and broadband',
91 => '* digitization of planning management',
92 => '* smart infrastructure',
93 => '* convenience of public services',
94 => '* modernizing industrial development',
95 => '* sophisticated social governance.',
96 => '',
97 => 'As of 2016, approximately 500 smart city projects had launched.<ref name=":042" />{{Rp|page=59}} In 2021, [[China]] took first in all categories of the International AI City Challenge – "by some estimates, China has half of the world’s smart cities".<ref name="Johnson2">{{Cite magazine |last=Johnson |first=Khari |title=A Global Smart-City Competition Highlights China's Rise in AI |url=https://www.wired.com/story/global-smart-city-competition-highlights-china-rise-ai/ |access-date=2022-01-07 |magazine=Wired |issn=1059-1028}}</ref>',
98 => 'Alibaba created [[City Brain]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=City Brain |url=https://www.alibabacloud.com/solutions/intelligence-brain/city |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603170824/https://www.alibabacloud.com/solutions/intelligence-brain/city |archive-date=3 June 2020 |access-date=3 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The City Brain: Practice of Large-Scale Artificial Intelligence in the Real World |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333456538 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210313035758/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333456538_The_City_Brain_Practice_of_Large-Scale_Artificial_Intelligence_in_the_Real_World |archive-date=13 March 2021 |access-date=4 June 2020}}</ref> Its first overseas implementation began in 2018 in [[Kuala Lumpur]], Malaysia.<ref name=":42">{{Cite book |last1=Curtis |first1=Simon |title=The Belt and Road City: Geopolitics, Urbanization, and China's Search for a New International Order |last2=Klaus |first2=Ian |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |isbn=9780300266900 |location=New Haven and London |publication-date=2024}}</ref>{{Rp|page=82}}',
99 => 'Baidu developed [[Apolong|Apollo]], a self-driving technology.<ref name="forbes.com2">{{Cite web |title=Baidu, Alibaba, Tencent Clash To Lead China's Tech Future While A New 'B' Arises |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/rebeccafannin/2019/08/23/baidu-alibaba-tencent-clash-to-lead-chinas-tech-future-while-a-new-b-arises/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603170852/https://www.forbes.com/sites/rebeccafannin/2019/08/23/baidu-alibaba-tencent-clash-to-lead-chinas-tech-future-while-a-new-b-arises/ |archive-date=3 June 2020 |access-date=3 June 2020 |website=[[Forbes]]}}</ref> Tencent launched medical technology,<ref name="forbes.com2" /> such as WeChat Intelligent Healthcare, Tencent Doctorwork, and [[Artificial intelligence in healthcare|AI Medical Innovation System (AIMIS)]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 February 2018 |title=How Tencent's medical ecosystem is shaping the future of China's healthcare |url=https://technode.com/2018/02/11/tencent-medical-ecosystem/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603165928/https://technode.com/2018/02/11/tencent-medical-ecosystem/ |archive-date=3 June 2020 |access-date=3 June 2020}}</ref>',
100 => 'As of 2024, "Safe City" digital products were marketed abroad by Chinese companies including [[Dahua Technology]], Huawei, [[ZTE]], and [[Hikvision]].<ref name=":42" />{{Rp|page=80}} Huawei's Safe City Compact Solution focuses on improving safety.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Huawei Announces Safe City Compact Solution to Protect Citizens in Small and Medium Cities |url=https://e.huawei.com/en/news/smart-cities/201810150942 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603170858/https://e.huawei.com/en/news/smart-cities/201810150942 |archive-date=3 June 2020 |access-date=3 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Safe cities: Using smart tech for public security |url=https://www.bbc.com/future/bespoke/specials/connected-world/government.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200210042218/http://www.bbc.com/future/bespoke/specials/connected-world/government.html |archive-date=10 February 2020 |access-date=3 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Hillman |first=Jonathan E. |date=2019-11-04 |title=Watching Huawei's "Safe Cities" |url=https://www.csis.org/analysis/watching-huaweis-safe-cities |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201019214841/https://www.csis.org/analysis/watching-huaweis-safe-cities |archive-date=19 October 2020 |access-date=2020-11-02 |website=Center for Strategic and International Studies}}</ref> In 2018, Serbia announced a Safe City project for [[Belgrade]] in conjunction with Huawei, using one thousand cameras with advanced facial recognition and license plate recognition capabilities.<ref name=":42" />{{Rp|page=82}}',
101 => 'The [[United States]] allocated more than $160 million toward smart city initiatives. Challenges include [[traffic congestion]], [[economic growth]], crime, [[climate change]], and public services.{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}',
102 => 'The "smart communities" movement took shape as a strategy to involve more users in IT.<ref name="Brent2" /> Primary issues included traffic congestion, [[school overcrowding]] and air pollution.<ref name="Brent2" />',
103 => '[[European Union|EU]] members began working on smart city developments and ICT initiatives in the mid 2010s. The Digital Agenda for Europe framework emphasizes harnessing ICTs. The 2014-15 budget of the Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation program, included approximately 200 million Euros to expedite smart cities.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Directorate-General for Communication (European Commission) |url=https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2775/41229 |title=Digital agenda for Europe :rebooting Europe's economy |date=2014 |publisher=Publications Office of the European Union |isbn=978-92-79-41904-1 |location=LU |doi=10.2775/41229}}</ref><ref name="Komninos20092">{{cite journal |last=Komninos |first=N. |year=2009 |title=Intelligent cities: towards interactive and global innovation environments |journal=International Journal of Innovation and Regional Development |volume=1 |issue=4 |pages=337 |doi=10.1504/ijird.2009.022726}}</ref>{{rp|337–355}}<ref name="Paskaleva20092">{{cite journal |author=Paskaleva, K |date=25 January 2009 |title=Enabling the smart city:The progress of e-city governance in Europe |url=http://elartu.tntu.edu.ua/handle/lib/31308 |url-status=live |journal=International Journal of Innovation and Regional Development |volume=1 |issue=4 |pages=405–422(18) |doi=10.1504/ijird.2009.022730 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200616082818/http://elartu.tntu.edu.ua/handle/lib/31308 |archive-date=16 June 2020 |access-date=21 May 2020}}</ref>',
104 => 'As of 2024 [[Estonia]] had proceeded furthest towards digitizing public services.',
105 => 'The [[African Union Commission]] pledged to utilize ICTs to advance sustainable urban development.{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}',
106 => '[[ASEAN Smart Cities Network]] (ASCN) is a collaborative platform to advance smart city efforts across [[ASEAN]] by catalysing bankable projects, and securing funding and support from ASEAN's external partners.{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}',
107 => 'The [[Smart Cities Mission]] is a retrofitting and urban renewal program spearheaded by the Ministry of Urban Development.<ref>{{cite web |date=2015 |title=Smart Cities Mission |url=http://smartcities.gov.in/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170212192239/http://www.smartcities.gov.in/ |archive-date=12 February 2017 |access-date=3 August 2016 |publisher=Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India}}</ref>',
108 => '',
109 => '=== United Nations ===',
110 => 'The New Urban Agenda emphasized the importance of smart city development, establishing a fundamental commitment for the [[United Nations|UN]]'s 193 member states.<ref>{{Cite book |last=European Commission |url=https://ec.europa.eu/research/participants/data/ref/h2020/wp/2018-2020/main/h2020-wp1820-energy_en.pdf |title=Horizon 2020 - Work Programme 2018-2020 |year=2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=United Nations |date=2015 |title=THE 2030 AGENDA FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT |url=https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/21252030%20Agenda%20for%20Sustainable%20Development%20web.pdf |access-date=22 March 2024}}</ref><ref name=":322">{{Cite web |last=United Nations |date=2017 |title=New Urban Agenda |url=https://habitat3.org/wp-content/uploads/NUA-English.pdf |access-date=22 March 2024}}</ref>',
111 => 'The most common characteristics of a "smart city" are networked infrastructure; emphasis on business-led urban development; social inclusion of various resident groups; and an emphasis on the environment.<ref name=":522" /><ref name=":722" />',
112 => 'Smart city initiatives require collaboration and involvement from government agencies, businesses, community organizations, academia, and citizens. Collaborating with [[Business|businesses]] and [[Academy|academia]] brings technical know-how and research capabilities.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Abid |first1=Nabila |last2=Marchesani |first2=Filippo |last3=Ceci |first3=Federica |last4=Masciarelli |first4=Francesca |last5=Ahmad |first5=Fayyaz |date=December 2022 |title=Cities trajectories in the digital era: Exploring the impact of technological advancement and institutional quality on environmental and social sustainability |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0959652622039506 |journal=Journal of Cleaner Production |language=en |volume=377 |pages=134378 |bibcode=2022JCPro.37734378A |doi=10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.134378}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lei |first1=Sut Ieng |last2=Ye |first2=Shun |last3=Wang |first3=Dan |last4=Law |first4=Rob |date=2020 |title=Engaging Customers in Value Co-Creation Through Mobile Instant Messaging in the Tourism and Hospitality Industry |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1096348019893066 |journal=Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research |language=en |volume=44 |issue=2 |pages=229–251 |doi=10.1177/1096348019893066 |issn=1096-3480 |hdl-access=free |hdl=10397/104788}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zhao |first1=Fang |last2=Fashola |first2=Olushola I. |last3=Olarewaju |first3=Tolulope I. |last4=Onwumere |first4=Ijeoma |date=2021 |title=Smart city research: A holistic and state-of-the-art literature review |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S026427512100305X |journal=Cities |language=en |volume=119 |pages=103406 |doi=10.1016/j.cities.2021.103406}}</ref>',
113 => '=== Collaborations with community organizations can improve equity and inclusivity.<ref name=":722" /> ===',
114 => '<references responsive="1"></references>',
115 => '==Further reading==<!--ordered by year of publication, oldest to most recent-->',
116 => '',
117 => '* {{cite book |author=Shepard, Mark |title=Sentient City: Ubiquitous Computing, Architecture, and the Future of Urban Space. New York City |publisher=Architectural League of New York |year=2011 |isbn=978-0262515863}}',
118 => '* {{cite journal |author=Batty, M. |display-authors=etal |year=2012 |title=Smart Cities of the Future |journal=European Physical Journal ST |volume=214 |pages=481–518 |bibcode=2012EPJST.214..481B |doi=10.1140/epjst/e2012-01703-3 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free |hdl=20.500.11850/61793}}',
119 => '* {{cite journal |last1=Stratigea |first1=Anastasia |date=30 October 2012 |title=The concept of 'smart cities'. Towards community development? |journal=Networks and Communication Studies |volume=36 |issue=3/4 |pages=375–388 |doi=10.4000/netcom.1105 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free |hdl=10654/36935}}',
120 => '* {{Cite book |author-last=Townsend |author-first=Antony |title=Smart Cities: Big Data, Civic Hackers, and the Quest for a New Utopia |publisher=W. W. Norton & Company |year=2013 |isbn=978-0393082876}}',
121 => '* {{cite web |last1=Moir |first1=E. |last2=Moonen |first2=T. |last3=Clark |first3=C. |year=2014 |title=What are future cities – origins, meaning and uses |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/337549/14-820-what-are-future-cities.pdf |publisher=Foresight Future of Cities Project and [[Future Cities Catapult]]}}',
122 => '* {{cite journal |last1=Viitanen |first1=J. |last2=Kingston |first2=R. |year=2014 |title=Smart cities and green growth – outsourcing democratic and environmental resilience to the global technology sector |url=http://polired.upm.es/index.php/ciur/article/view/3498 |journal=Environment and Planning A |volume=46 |issue=4 |pages=803–819 |bibcode=2014EnPlA..46..803V |doi=10.1068/a46242 |s2cid=145283799}}',
123 => '* {{cite magazine |last=LaFrance |first=Adrienne |date=10 July 2015 |title=When You Give a Tree an Email Address |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2015/07/when-you-give-a-tree-an-email-address/398210/ |magazine=The Atlantic}}',
124 => '* {{cite book |last1=Caragliu |first1=Andrea |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.74017-7 |title=International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences |last2=D Bo |first2=Chiara |last3=Kourtit |first3=Karima |last4=Nijkamp |first4=Peter |date=1 January 2015 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=9780080970875 |edition=Second |pages=113–117 |chapter=Smart Cities |doi=10.1016/b978-0-08-097086-8.74017-7}}',
125 => '* {{cite journal |last1=Mohanty |first1=Saraju P. |author-link1=Saraju Mohanty |last2=Choppali |first2=Uma |last3=Kougianos |first3=Elias |date=July 2016 |title=Everything You wanted to Know about Smart Cities |url=http://www.smohanty.org/Publications_Journals/2016/Mohanty_IEEE-CEM_2016-July_Smart-Cities.pdf |journal=IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=60–70 |doi=10.1109/MCE.2016.2556879 |s2cid=206450227}}',
126 => '* {{cite journal |last1=Borsekova |first1=Kamila |last2=Vanova |first2=Anna |last3=Vitalisova |first3=Katarina |date=June 2016 |title=The Power of Communities in Smart Urban Development |journal=Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences |volume=223 |pages=51–57 |doi=10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.05.289 |doi-access=free}}',
127 => '* {{citation |last=Hamilton |first=Emily |title=The Benefits and Risks of Policymakers' Use of Smart City Technologies |date=October 31, 2016 |url=https://www.mercatus.org/publications/urban-economics/benefits-and-risks-policymakers-use-smart-city-technology |publisher=Mercatus Center at George Mason University}}',
128 => '* {{cite journal |last1=Cavada |first1=M. |display-authors=etal |year=2016 |title=Do smart cities realise their potential for lower carbon dioxide emissions? |url=https://e-space.mmu.ac.uk/631805/8/Do%20smart%20cities%20realise%20their%20potential%20for%20lower%20carbon%20dioxide%20emissions.pdf |journal=Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Engineering Sustainability |volume=169 |issue=6 |pages=243–252 |doi=10.1680/jensu.15.00032}}',
129 => '* {{cite web |date=April 2017 |title=Smart Cities Technology Roadmap |url=https://www.atis.org/smart-cities-roadmap/ |access-date=28 July 2017 |website=Alliance for Telecommunications Industry Solutions}}',
130 => '* {{cite book |last1=Del Signore |first1=Marcella |title=Urban Machines : public space in a digital culture |date=2018 |isbn=9788898774289 |location=[Trento]}}',
131 => '* {{cite journal |last1=Zhou |first1=Yong |last2=Xiao |first2=Fan |last3=Deng |first3=Weipeng |date=23 March 2022 |title=Is smart city a slogan? Evidence from China |journal=Asian Geographer |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=185–202 |doi=10.1080/10225706.2022.2052734 |s2cid=259149515}}',
132 => '{{Ambient intelligence}}{{Cities}}'
] |
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0 => '{{Copyedit|date=July 2024|for=cohesion, organization, and tone}}[[File:Clean mobility instead of dirty traffic.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|Possible scenario of smart and [[sustainable mobility]]]]',
1 => 'A '''smart city''' is an [[urban area]] that has been developed with a high level of technological advancement, utilising a variety of electronic methods and sensors to [[data collection|collect specific data]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=James |first1=Peggy |last2=Astoria |first2=Ross |last3=Castor |first3=Theresa |last4=Hudspeth |first4=Christopher |last5=Olstinske |first5=Denise |last6=Ward |first6=John |title=Handbook of Smart Cities |date=2020 |publisher=[[Springer International Publishing]] |isbn=978-3-030-15145-4 |pages=1–26 |chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-3-030-15145-4_2-1 |language=en |chapter=Smart Cities: Fundamental Concepts|doi=10.1007/978-3-030-15145-4_2-1 }}</ref> This data is then used to manage assets, resources and services in an efficient manner, with the understanding that this data will in turn be used to improve operations across the city.<ref name="Goldsmith">{{cite news |last1=Goldsmith |first1=Stephen |title=As the Chorus of Dumb City Advocates Increases, How Do We Define the Truly Smart City? |url=https://datasmart.ash.harvard.edu/chorus-dumb-city-advocates-increases-how-do-we-define-truly-smart-city |access-date=27 August 2022 |work=datasmart.ash.harvard.edu |date=September 16, 2021 }}</ref> This data can be collected from a number of sources, including citizens, devices, buildings and assets that is processed and analyzed in order to monitor and manage [[Transportation systems management|traffic and transportation systems]],<ref name="Fourtané">{{cite news |last1=Fourtané |first1=Susan |title=Connected Vehicles in Smart Cities: The Future of Transportation |url=https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/connected-vehicles-in-smart-cities-the-future-of-transportation |access-date=27 August 2022 |work=Interesting Engineering.com |date=16 November 2018}}</ref> [[Power station|power plants]], [[Public utility|utilities]], [[urban forestry]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=César de Lima Araújo |first1=Henrique |last2=Silva Martins |first2=Fellipe |last3=Tucunduva Philippi Cortese |first3=Tatiana |last4=Locosselli |first4=Giuliano Maselli |title=Artificial intelligence in urban forestry—A systematic review |journal=[[Urban Forestry and Urban Greening]] |date=2021 |volume=66 |pages=127410 |doi=10.1016/j.ufug.2021.127410|bibcode=2021UFUG...6627410C |s2cid=244416741 }}</ref> [[water supply network]]s, [[waste management|waste disposal]], [[criminal investigation]]s, [[information system]]s, [[school]]s, [[libraries]], [[hospital]]s, and other [[community service]]s.<ref>{{cite book|last1=McLaren|first1=Duncan|last2=Agyeman|first2=Julian|title=Sharing Cities: A Case for Truly Smart and Sustainable Cities|date=2015|publisher=MIT Press|isbn=9780262029728|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KhvLCgAAQBAJ&q=smart+cities+and+sustainability}}</ref><ref name="Musa">{{cite journal |last1=Musa |first1=Sam |title=Smart Cities-A Road Map for Development |journal=IEEE Potentials |date=March 2018 |volume=37 |issue=2 |pages=19–23 |doi=10.1109/MPOT.2016.2566099 |s2cid=3767125 |url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8307785 |access-date=27 August 2022 |issn=1558-1772}}</ref> The term 'smart city' is defined by two key aspects: the ways in which their [[local government]]s harness technology as well as in how they monitor, analyze, plan, and govern the city. In a smart city, the sharing of data is not confined to the [[Local government|municipal authority]] but extends to businesses, citizens and other third parties who can derive benefit from the utilisation of that data. The pooling of data from disparate systems and sectors creates opportunities for enhanced understanding and economic gain.<ref name="Paiho">{{cite journal | doi=10.1049/smc2.12044 | title=Opportunities of collected city data for smart cities | year=2022 | last1=Paiho | first1=Satu | last2=Tuominen | first2=Pekka | last3=Rökman | first3=Jyri | last4=Ylikerälä | first4=Markus | last5=Pajula | first5=Juha | last6=Siikavirta | first6=Hanne | journal=IET Smart Cities | volume=4 | issue=4 | pages=275–291 | s2cid=253467923 | doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kiran |first1=Dr Deepti |last2=Sharma |first2=Itisha |last3=Garg |first3=Illa |title=Industry 5.0 And Smart Cities: A Futuristic Approach |journal=European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine |date=2020 |volume=7 |issue=8 |pages=2750–2756 |url=https://www.ejmcm.com/article_4786.html |issn=2515-8260}}</ref>',
2 => 'The smart city concept integrates [[information and communication technology]] (ICT), and various physical devices connected to the [[Internet of things]] (IOT) network to optimize the efficiency of city operations and services and connect to citizens.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fastcompany.com/3047795/the-3-generations-of-smart-cities|title=The 3 Generations of Smart Cities|date=10 August 2015|access-date=17 October 2017|archive-date=9 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171009000012/https://www.fastcompany.com/3047795/the-3-generations-of-smart-cities|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Peris-Ortiz|first1=Marta|last2=Bennett|first2=Dag R.|last3=Yábar|first3=Diana Pérez-Bustamante|title=Sustainable Smart Cities: Creating Spaces for Technological, Social and Business Development|date=2016|publisher=Springer|isbn=9783319408958|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AtQ0DQAAQBAJ&q=smart+cities+and+sustainability|access-date=4 October 2020|archive-date=30 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030003828/https://books.google.com/books?id=AtQ0DQAAQBAJ&q=smart+cities+and+sustainability|url-status=live}}</ref> Smart city technology allows city officials to interact directly with both community and city infrastructure and to monitor what is happening in the city and how the city is evolving. ICT is used to enhance quality, performance and interactivity of urban services, to [[cost reduction|reduce costs]] and [[resource consumption]] and to increase contact between citizens and government.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www1.nyc.gov/site/forward/innovations/smartnyc.page|title=Building a Smart City, Equitable City – NYC Forward|access-date=4 December 2015|archive-date=4 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171204115315/http://www1.nyc.gov/site/forward/innovations/smartnyc.page|url-status=live}}</ref> Smart city applications are developed to manage urban flows and allow for real-time responses.<ref name="Komninos_ch">{{cite book |last1=Komninos |first1=Nicos |title=Smart Cities: Governing, Modelling and Analysing the Transition |chapter=What makes cities intelligent? |editor-last=Deakin | editor-first=Mark |publisher=Taylor and Francis |date=22 August 2013 |page=77 |isbn=978-1135124144 }}</ref> A smart city may therefore be more prepared to respond to challenges than one with a conventional "transactional" relationship with its citizens.<ref>{{harvp|Department for Business, Innovation and Skills|2013|p=7}} "As consumers of private goods and services we have been empowered by the Web and, as citizens, we expect the same quality from our public services. In turn, public authorities are seeking to reduce costs and raise performance by adopting similar approaches in the delivery of public services. However, the concept of a Smart City goes way beyond the transactional relationships between citizen and service provider. It is essentially enabling and encouraging the citizen to become a more active and participative member of the community"</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Chan|first1=Karin|title=What Is A 'Smart City'?|url=https://www.expatriatelifestyle.com/life-and-style/What-Is-A-Smart-City|access-date=23 January 2018|publisher=Expatriate Lifestyle|date=3 April 2017|archive-date=24 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180124135638/https://www.expatriatelifestyle.com/life-and-style/What-Is-A-Smart-City|url-status=live}}</ref> Yet, the term itself remains unclear in its specifics and therefore, open to many interpretations.<ref>{{Cite conference|url=http://sciforum.net/conference/wsf-4/paper/2454|title=Smart Cities: Contradicting Definitions and Unclear Measures|last1=Hunt|first1=Dexter|last2=Rogers|first2=Christopher|last3=Cavada|first3=Marianna|pages=f004|conference=4th World Sustainability Forum|publisher=MDPI|access-date=16 March 2016|doi=10.3390/wsf-4-f004|year=2014|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[List of Smart Cities|Many cities]] have already adopted some sort of smart city technology.',
3 => 'Smart city initiatives have been criticized as largely driven by unreliable corporations,<ref name="Hollands" /><ref name="Clark" /> poorly adapted to residents' needs,<ref name=":11" /><ref name=":15" /> as largely unsuccessful,{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}} and as a dangerous move toward totalitarian [[surveillance]].<ref name="Economist12">{{cite news |date=2013-09-07 |title=Clever cities: The multiplexed metropolis |url=https://www.economist.com/news/briefing/21585002-enthusiasts-think-data-services-can-change-cities-century-much-electricity?frsc=dg/a |access-date=2015-05-21 |newspaper=The Economist}}</ref>',
4 => '{{Essay|section|date=July 2024}}',
5 => 'Historically, [[City|cities]] have functioned as centers of innovation, and the advent of the [[Information Age|digital era]] has presented new opportunities and challenges for urban development. As a result, cities are transitioning into "smart cities" with the aim of creating urban environments that are more efficient, [[Sustainable Development Goals and Australia|sustainable]], and livable.<ref name=":52">Albino, V., Berardi, U., & Dangelico, R. M. (2015). Smart cities: Definitions, dimensions, performance, and initiatives. Journal of Urban Technology. doi:10.1080/10630732.2014.942092</ref><ref>Bernardi, M., & Diamantini, D. (2018). Shaping the sharing city: An exploratory study on Seoul and Milan. Journal of Cleaner Production, 203. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.08.132</ref><ref>Caragliu, A., del Bo, C., & Nijkamp, P. (2011). Smart cities in Europe. Journal of Urban Technology, 18(2), 65–82. doi:10.1080/10630732.2011.601117</ref><ref name=":62">Vanolo, A. (2014). Smartmentality: The smart city as disciplinary strategy. Urban Studies, 51(5), 883–898. doi:10.1177/0042098013494427</ref>{{How|date=July 2024}}',
6 => 'This transformation involves the implementation of various technological solutions and data-driven approaches to urban management.<ref name=":72">{{Cite book |last=Marchesani |first=Filippo |url=https://www.emerald.com/insight/publication/doi/10.1108/9781837975754 |title=The Global Smart City |publisher=Emerald |year=2023 |isbn=978-1-83797-576-1 |publication-date=2023 |doi=10.1108/9781837975754}}</ref> The shift to smart cities has implications that extend beyond the urban sphere, encompassing significant social, cultural, and economic impacts. The process necessitates a comprehensive restructuring of both internal and external city management and operations, leading to a reevaluation of [[Governance|urban governance]] models, approaches to [[Participatory democracy|citizen participation]], and methods of public service delivery.<ref name=":62" />',
7 => 'The smart city concept emphasizes the importance of collaboration between various stakeholders, including [[Government|governmental bodies]], [[Private sector|private enterprises]], and [[Citizenship|citizens]], to jointly develop innovative solutions and address complex urban challenges. By adopting this approach, cities seek to not only upgrade their infrastructure and service delivery but also to promote social inclusion, technological adoption, and economic development. The utilization of digital technologies enables the improvement of residents' quality of life, the advancement of sustainability practices, and the stimulation of [[economic growth]] through the creation of new industries and employment opportunities.<ref name=":72" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Caragliu |first1=Andrea |last2=Del Bo |first2=Chiara |last3=Nijkamp |first3=Peter |date=April 2011 |title=Smart Cities in Europe |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10630732.2011.601117 |journal=Journal of Urban Technology |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=65–82 |doi=10.1080/10630732.2011.601117 |issn=1063-0732}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |last1=Linde |first1=Lina |last2=Sjödin |first2=David |last3=Parida |first3=Vinit |last4=Wincent |first4=Joakim |date=2021 |title=Dynamic capabilities for ecosystem orchestration A capability-based framework for smart city innovation initiatives |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.120614 |journal=Technological Forecasting and Social Change |volume=166 |pages=120614 |doi=10.1016/j.techfore.2021.120614 |issn=0040-1625}}</ref><ref name=":62" />',
8 => '',
9 => 'The transformation into a smart city involves internal modifications in urban planning, management, and operational processes, with the implementation of digital technologies serving as both a catalyst and an objective.<ref name=":82">{{Cite journal |last1=Pittaway |first1=Jeffrey J. |last2=Montazemi |first2=Ali Reza |date=October 2020 |title=Know-how to lead digital transformation: The case of local governments |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0740624X1830457X |journal=Government Information Quarterly |volume=37 |issue=4 |pages=101474 |doi=10.1016/j.giq.2020.101474}}</ref> Within the context of smart city development, there is a particular focus on the utilization of data to inform decision-making processes. Smart city technologies, for instance, enable the monitoring of various urban parameters such as [[traffic flow]], [[energy consumption]], and [[Air quality index|air quality]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-23784-8 |title=Empowering Organizations: Enabling Platforms and Artefacts |date=2016 |publisher=Springer International Publishing |isbn=978-3-319-23783-1 |editor-last=Torre |editor-first=Teresina |series=Lecture Notes in Information Systems and Organisation |volume=11 |location=Cham |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-23784-8 |editor-last2=Braccini |editor-first2=Alessio Maria |editor-last3=Spinelli |editor-first3=Riccardo}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last1=Benevolo |first1=Clara |title=Smart Mobility in Smart City: Action Taxonomy, ICT Intensity and Public Benefits |date=2016 |work=Empowering Organizations |volume=11 |pages=13–28 |editor-last=Torre |editor-first=Teresina |url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-23784-8_2 |access-date=2024-03-27 |place=Cham |publisher=Springer International Publishing |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-23784-8_2 |isbn=978-3-319-23783-1 |last2=Dameri |first2=Renata Paola |last3=D’Auria |first3=Beatrice |editor2-last=Braccini |editor2-first=Alessio Maria |editor3-last=Spinelli |editor3-first=Riccardo}}</ref> This data can subsequently be analyzed to identify areas for improvement and optimize urban services. Additionally, smart city technologies facilitate enhanced communication and collaboration among diverse municipal departments and stakeholders.',
10 => 'The concept of smart cities emerged from global cities' recent adoption<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Batty |first1=M. |last2=Axhausen |first2=K. W. |last3=Giannotti |first3=F. |last4=Pozdnoukhov |first4=A. |last5=Bazzani |first5=A. |last6=Wachowicz |first6=M. |last7=Ouzounis |first7=G. |last8=Portugali |first8=Y. |date=2012 |title=Smart cities of the future |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1140/epjst/e2012-01703-3 |journal=The European Physical Journal Special Topics |language=en |volume=214 |issue=1 |pages=481–518 |bibcode=2012EPJST.214..481B |doi=10.1140/epjst/e2012-01703-3 |issn=1951-6355 |hdl-access=free |hdl=20.500.11850/61793}}</ref> of information and communications technologies for urban use, which can be used to improve efficiency, sustainability, and livability in urban environments.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last1=Lim |first1=Yirang |last2=Edelenbos |first2=Jurian |last3=Gianoli |first3=Alberto |date=2019 |title=Identifying the results of smart city development: Findings from systematic literature review |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0264275118314161 |journal=Cities |language=en |volume=95 |pages=102397 |doi=10.1016/j.cities.2019.102397}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last1=Marsal-Llacuna |first1=Maria-Lluïsa |last2=Colomer-Llinàs |first2=Joan |last3=Meléndez-Frigola |first3=Joaquim |date=2015 |title=Lessons in urban monitoring taken from sustainable and livable cities to better address the Smart Cities initiative |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0040162514000456 |journal=Technological Forecasting and Social Change |language=en |volume=90 |pages=611–622 |doi=10.1016/j.techfore.2014.01.012}}</ref> This usage is a central tenet of the smart city concept.{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}} Some examples include the use of sensors, data analytics techniques, and mobile applications to oversee and regulate urban systems, such as systems of [[transport]]ation, [[Electricity|energy]], and [[waste management]]. According to the concept, the real-time data generated thereby then empowers cities to make better-informed decisions and refine the services they offer.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Badii |first1=C. |last2=Bellini |first2=P. |last3=Cenni |first3=D. |last4=Difino |first4=A. |last5=Nesi |first5=P. |last6=Paolucci |first6=M. |date=2017 |title=Analysis and assessment of a knowledge based smart city architecture providing service APIs |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0167739X17302273 |journal=Future Generation Computer Systems |language=en |volume=75 |pages=14–29 |doi=10.1016/j.future.2017.05.001 |hdl-access=free |hdl=2158/1082566}}</ref><ref name=":72"/>',
11 => 'However, the integration of ICTs into cities also presents challenges. These financial limitations in implementation, technical obstacles, and concerns relating to [[Information privacy|privacy]] and security. ICTs are also not always uniformly accessible across communities, contributing to the [[digital divide]] in which certain groups are marginalized with respect to their access to technology.<ref name=":72" />',
12 => 'While the term has gained widespread popularity, the concept of a "smart city" is amorphous and there is no shared understanding or commonly accepted definition of what the term encompasses.<ref name=":52"/><ref name=":04">{{Cite book |last=Hu |first=Richard |title=Reinventing the Chinese City |date=2023 |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |isbn=978-0-231-21101-7 |location=New York}}</ref>{{Rp|page=71}} This presents a paradox, as measuring the impact and outcomes of a concept without a clear definition proves challenging. The absence of a universally accepted definition of a smart city poses a significant challenge for [[policy]]makers, [[Urban planning|planners]], and researchers. Without a clear understanding of its parameters, evaluating the effectiveness and impact of smart city initiatives becomes difficult. It also hampers the ability to compare and derive insights from various smart city projects and identify best practices.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Boes |first1=Kim |title=Conceptualising Smart Tourism Destination Dimensions |date=2015 |work=Information and Communication Technologies in Tourism 2015 |pages=391–403 |editor-last=Tussyadiah |editor-first=Iis |url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-14343-9_29 |access-date=2024-03-27 |place=Cham |publisher=Springer International Publishing |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-14343-9_29 |isbn=978-3-319-14342-2 |last2=Buhalis |first2=Dimitrios |last3=Inversini |first3=Alessandro |editor2-last=Inversini |editor2-first=Alessandro}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Camboim |first1=Guilherme Freitas |last2=Zawislak |first2=Paulo Antônio |last3=Pufal |first3=Nathália Amarante |date=2019 |title=Driving elements to make cities smarter: Evidences from European projects |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0040162517318607 |journal=Technological Forecasting and Social Change |volume=142 |pages=154–167 |doi=10.1016/j.techfore.2018.09.014}}</ref><ref name=":82" />',
13 => 'Deakin and Al Waer list four factors that contribute to the definition of a smart city:<ref name="DeakinAl_jrnl">{{cite journal |year=2011 |title=From Intelligent to Smart Cities |url=http://researchrepository.napier.ac.uk/id/eprint/7295 |journal=Journal of Intelligent Buildings International: From Intelligent Cities to Smart Cities |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=140–152 |doi=10.1080/17508975.2011.586671 |s2cid=110580067 |editor-last1=Deakin |editor-first1=Mark |editor-last2=Al Waer |editor-first2=Husam}}</ref>',
14 => '# The application of a wide range of electronic and digital technologies to communities and cities.',
15 => '# The use of ICT to transform life and working environments within the region.',
16 => '# The embedding of such Information and Communications Technologies in government systems.',
17 => '# The territorialisation of practices that brings ICT and people together to enhance the innovation and knowledge that they offer.',
18 => 'Deakin defines the smart city as one that utilizes ICT to meet the demands of the market (the citizens of the city), and states that community involvement in the process is necessary for a smart city.<ref name="DeakinIntro">{{cite book |last1=Deakin |first1=Mark |title=Smart Cities: Governing, Modelling and Analysing the Transition |date=22 August 2013 |publisher=Taylor and Francis |isbn=978-1135124144 |editor-last=Deakin |editor-first=Mark |page=15 |chapter=From intelligent to smart cities}}</ref> A smart city would thus be a city that not only possesses ICT technology in particular areas, but has also implemented this technology in a manner that positively impacts the local community.',
19 => 'Early examples of smart city definitions include:',
20 => '* Nam and Pardo (2011): “A smart city infuses information into its physical infrastructure to improve conveniences, facilitate mobility, add efficiencies, conserve energy, improve the quality of air and water, identify problems and fix them quickly, recover rapidly from disasters, collect data to make better decisions, deploy resources effectively, and share data to enable collaboration across entities and domains.”<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Nam |first1=Taewoo |last2=Pardo |first2=Theresa A. |chapter=Smart city as urban innovation: Focusing on management, policy, and context |date=2011-09-26 |title=Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Theory and Practice of Electronic Governance |chapter-url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/2072069.2072100 |publisher=ACM |pages=185–194 |doi=10.1145/2072069.2072100 |isbn=978-1-4503-0746-8}}</ref>',
21 => '',
22 => 'These definitions underscore the significance of employing technology and data to enhance urban services and foster [[Sustainability|sustainable]], liveable environments. They also stress the importance of citizen involvement and cross-sector collaboration. However, alongside these shared principles, there are notable disparities among the suggested definitions. For instance, while some definitions concentrate more on the [[Economic development|economic advantages]] of smart city endeavours, others prioritize environmental or [[Social well-being|social]] benefits. Additionally, certain definitions give precedence to specific technologies or sectors over others.<ref name=":72"/>',
23 => 'The process of defining and conceptualizing smart city development is ongoing, resulting in a division within smart city research. Researchers are actively seeking interpretations that can unify and overcome the fragmentation created by the initial two decades of knowledge production in this field. The main issues surrounding early smart city debate the research include the following:<ref name=":03">{{Cite web |title=Untangling Smart Cities: From Utopian Dreams to Innovation Systems for a Technology-Enabled Urban Sustainability |url=https://www.everand.com/book/416393770/Untangling-Smart-Cities-From-Utopian-Dreams-to-Innovation-Systems-for-a-Technology-Enabled-Urban-Sustainability |access-date=2024-03-06 |website=Everand }}</ref>',
24 => '* The absence of intellectual exchange among researchers in the smart city development domain, which is crucial for advancing ICT-driven urban sustainability initiatives.',
25 => '* The inclination of smart city researchers to pursue subjective avenues of research in isolation from their peers.',
26 => '* The resulting division within the scientific community due to this fragmented approach to knowledge production.',
27 => '* The challenge faced by the community in establishing a shared understanding or common ground amidst the diverse knowledge generated by smart city research.<ref name=":03" />',
28 => 'An important motivation for smart cities is the large projected population growth in the future, with the UN forecasting the global population to reach 9.6 to 13.2 billion by 2100, with cities absorbing 80% of this growth. The surge in population poses daunting challenges for cities, which already grapple with meeting the needs of a growing populace sustainably.{{Why|date=July 2024}} According to Mora and Deakin, novel approaches to urban sustainability, and leveraging digital technological advancements, are imperative in order to solve major inefficiencies caused by the growth of urban populations.<ref name=":06">{{Cite web |title=Untangling Smart Cities: From Utopian Dreams to Innovation Systems for a Technology-Enabled Urban Sustainability |url=https://www.everand.com/book/416393770/Untangling-Smart-Cities-From-Utopian-Dreams-to-Innovation-Systems-for-a-Technology-Enabled-Urban-Sustainability |access-date=2024-03-06 |website=Everand |language=en}}</ref>',
29 => 'An important goal of smart city initiatives is the use of information and communication technologies to address the problem of the [[tragedy of the commons]], a phenomenom which happens when each individual acting in their own self-interest leads to the depletion of a communal resource; for example as in overfishing. As individuals capitalize on [[Public service|public resources]] for personal gain, these resources diminish, intensifying competition for access to them and overuse. For example, while each individual driver in a city saves time and flexibility by driving, excessive driving causes [[traffic congestion]] and [[Environmental degradation|environmental issues]]. This leads to a tragedy of the commons situation which is often worsened by reductions to public transportation services due to the high use of personal vehicles.<ref name=":14">{{Cite book |last1=Gassmann |first1=Oliver |url=https://www.emerald.com/insight/publication/doi/10.1108/9781787696136 |title=Smart Cities: Introducing Digital Innovation to Cities |last2=Böhm |first2=Jonas |last3=Palmié |first3=Maximilian |date=2019 |publisher=Emerald Publishing Limited |isbn=978-1-78769-614-3 |doi=10.1108/9781787696136}}. Available at [https://books.google.com/books?id=gzKbDwAAQBAJ Google Books]</ref>{{Clarification needed|reason=How exactly can smart cities help with this?|date=July 2024}}',
30 => 'Philosophical predecessors of the concept of smart cities can be found in utopian works such as [[New Atlantis]] in 1626.<ref name="Cugurullo 2021 p. 50">{{cite book |last=Cugurullo |first=F. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_VolEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT50 |title=Frankenstein Urbanism: Eco, Smart and Autonomous Cities, Artificial Intelligence and the End of the City |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2021 |isbn=978-1-317-31362-5 |page=50 |access-date=2023-03-12}}</ref> Another was, among other utopian works at the time. Ebenezer Howard's concept of [[Garden Cities of To-morrow|Garden Cities]] in 1898.<ref name=":03" /> These were high-density size-limited cities founded in cheap countryside by private collectives, combining the benefits of the city and the country.<ref name=":22">{{Cite web |title=Cities of Tomorrow by Peter Hall - AbeBooks |url=https://www.abebooks.co.uk/book-search/title/cities-of-tomorrow/author/peter-hall/ |access-date=2024-03-06 |website=www.abebooks.co.uk |language=en-GB}}</ref> A number of conceptions like this were created, including by [[Edward Bellamy]], [[Frank Lloyd Wright]], and [[Le Corbusier]], fueled by major problems plaguing Victorian cities.<ref name=":03" /><ref name=":22" /> Some critics of smart cities draw parallels between the weaknesses of these early utopian visions and the shortcomings of conceptions of smart cities today.<ref name=":03" />',
31 => 'The concept of smart cities emerged from global cities' recent adoption<ref name=":2" /> of information and communications technologies for urban use, which can be used to improve efficiency, sustainability, and livability in urban environments.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":5" /> The term "smart city" was a successor to other, earlier terms like "Wired Cities".<ref name=":8">{{Cite journal |last=Montes |first=Jose |date=2020 |title=A Historical View of Smart Cities: Definitions, Features and Tipping Points |url=https://www.ssrn.com/abstract=3637617 |journal=SSRN Electronic Journal |doi=10.2139/ssrn.3637617 |issn=1556-5068 |s2cid=238125868}}</ref> Some of the earliest cybernetic interventions in urban planning include the use of computational statistical analysis by the Community Analysis Bureau in [[Los Angeles]] in the late 1960',<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-06-16 |title=Uncovering the Early History of "Big Data" and the "Smart City" in Los Angeles |url=https://boomcalifornia.org/2015/06/16/uncovering-the-early-history-of-big-data-and-the-smart-city-in-la/ |access-date=2022-01-07 |website=Boom California}}</ref> and the establishment by [[Singapore]] of the National Computer Board in 1981.<ref name=":8" />',
32 => 'The concept of smart cities has gained increasing popularity over time, but it saw a major surge in adoption around 2005, particularly among technology companies. These companies sought to integrate smart city principles into urban infrastructures and services, creating sophisticated information systems to enhance operational efficiency within urban areas or cities.<ref name=":13">{{Cite book |last1=Oke |first1=Ayodeji Emmanuel |url=https://www.emerald.com/insight/publication/doi/10.1108/9781803824550 |title=Smart Cities: A Panacea for Sustainable Development |last2=Stephen |first2=Seyi Segun |last3=Aigbavboa |first3=Clinton Ohis |last4=Ogunsemi |first4=Deji Rufus |last5=Aje |first5=Isaac Olaniyi |date=2022-04-05 |publisher=Emerald Publishing Limited |isbn=978-1-80382-456-7 |doi=10.1108/9781803824550}}</ref><ref>Cisco. (2005). Dubai: The Smart City. Retrieved from <nowiki>http://www.cisco.com/</nowiki> web/learning/le34/downloads/689/nobel/2005/docs/Abdulhakim_Malik.pdf</ref><ref>IBM. (2009). IBM Offers Smarter City assessment tool to help cities. Prepare for challenges and opportunities of unprecedented urbanization. Retrieved from <nowiki>[https://www-03.ibm.com/press/us/en/pressrelease/27791 www-03.ibm.com]{{dead link|date=August 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</nowiki></ref><ref>Siemens. (2004). Stadt der Zukunft. Retrieved from <nowiki>http://www</nowiki>. siemens.com/innovation/de/publikationen/zeitschriften_pic_future/PoF_ Fruehjahr_2004/SmartCity.htm</ref> Smart cities have been criticized as being largely led by this corporate sector, rather than the visions of architects and planners.<ref name=":03" />',
33 => 'Recently, a global movement has emerged advocating the adoption of technological solutions and an approach based on smart cities approach towards urban sustainability.{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}} This movement is associated with a burgeoning technology market projected to experience exponential growth.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |date=2018-07-23 |title=IDC Forecasts Smart Cities Spending to Reach $158 Billion in 2022, with Singapore, Tokyo, and New York City Among Top Spenders |url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20180723005083/en/IDC-Forecasts-Smart-Cities-Spending-to-Reach-158-Billion-in-2022-with-Singapore-Tokyo-and-New-York-City-Among-Top-Spenders |access-date=2024-03-22 |website=www.businesswire.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Smart Cities Market: Growing New IT Markets Analysis Report |url=https://www.bccresearch.com/market-research/information-technology/smart-cities-growing-new-it-markets-report.html |access-date=2024-03-22 |website=www.bccresearch.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Frost & Sullivan |date=2018-04-04 |title=Frost & Sullivan Experts Announce Global Smart Cities to Raise a Market of Over $2 Trillion by 2025 |url=https://www.frost.com/news/press-releases/frost-sullivan-experts-announce-global-smart-cities-raise-market-over-2-trillion-2025/ |access-date=2024-03-22 |website=Frost & Sullivan |language=en-US}}</ref> The three largest sources of spending associated with smart cities as of 2022 are fixed visual surveillance, advanced public transit, and smart outdoor lighting.<ref name=":10" />',
34 => '=== Timeline ===',
35 => '[[IBM]] launched its “Smarter Cities” marketing initiative in 2008,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-11-29 |title=Smart city: smart story? |url=https://smartcityhub.com/governance-economy/smart-city-smart-story/ |access-date=2022-01-07 |website=Smart City Hub}}</ref> called [[Smarter Planet]], which included the IBM Smarter Cities Challenge. In 2010, [[Cisco Systems]], with $25 million from the Clinton Foundation, established its Connected Urban Development program in partnership with San Francisco, Amsterdam, and Seoul. In 2011, a Smart City Expo World Congress was held in Barcelona, in which 6000 people from 50 countries attended. The [[European Commission]] in 2012 established the Smart Cities Marketplace, a centralized hub for urban initiatives in the [[European Union]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Creating smart cities together |url=https://smart-cities-marketplace.ec.europa.eu/ |access-date=28 August 2022 |website=Smart Cities Marketplace}}</ref> ',
36 => 'The 2015 Chancellor’s Budget for the United Kingdom proposed to invest £140 million in the development of smart cities and the Internet of Things (IoT).<ref name="Doe">{{cite web |last1=Doe |first1=Laurence |date=27 March 2015 |title=Budget 2015: IoT and smart cities set for investment |url=http://www.landmobile.co.uk/news/budget-2015-osborne-announces-40-million-investment-into-smart-cities-and-iot/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161124094213/http://www.landmobile.co.uk/news/budget-2015-osborne-announces-40-million-investment-into-smart-cities-and-iot |archive-date=24 November 2016 |access-date=27 March 2015 |website=Land Mobile}}</ref>',
37 => 'Other smart city competitions were launched in the 2010s by [[Bloomberg Philanthropies]], the [[Rockefeller Foundation]], and the [[United States Department of Transportation]] (the latter won by [[Columbus, Ohio]]).<ref name="Clark">{{cite magazine |author=Jennifer Clark |title=Solving for the city |url=https://www.technologyreview.com/2021/04/28/1023104/smart-cities-urban-technology-pandemic-covid/ |magazine=[[MIT Technology Review]] |pages=9–11 |volume=124 |issue=3, May/June 2021}}</ref> In 2016, [[AT&T]] launched an alliance with Cisco, [[Deloitte]], [[Ericsson]], [[General Electric]], IBM, [[Intel]], and [[Qualcomm]], with municipal partners [[Atlanta, Georgia]]; [[Chicago, Illinois]]; and [[Dallas, Texas]].<ref name="Clark" />',
38 => 'Smart cities represent a [[paradigm shift]] in urban development, integrating advanced technologies and data-driven approaches to address the challenges of rapid [[urbanization]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Gracias |first1=Jose Sanchez |last2=Parnell |first2=Gregory S. |last3=Specking |first3=Eric |last4=Pohl |first4=Edward A. |last5=Buchanan |first5=Randy |date=2023-07-11 |title=Smart Cities—A Structured Literature Review |journal=Smart Cities |language=en |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=1719–1743 |doi=10.3390/smartcities6040080 |doi-access=free |issn=2624-6511}}</ref> This section outlines several key characteristics that define these innovative urban environments.',
39 => '',
40 => '# '''Connectivity''': Smart cities rely on extensive [[Internet of things|Internet of Things (IoT)]] networks to collect and transmit data from various sensors and devices throughout the urban environment.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Albino |first1=Vito |last2=Berardi |first2=Umberto |last3=Dangelico |first3=Rosa Maria |date=2015-01-02 |title=Smart Cities: Definitions, Dimensions, Performance, and Initiatives |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10630732.2014.942092 |journal=Journal of Urban Technology |language=en |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=3–21 |doi=10.1080/10630732.2014.942092 |issn=1063-0732}}</ref>',
41 => '# '''Data-driven decision making''': City administrators use advanced analytics and artificial intelligence to process large volumes of data, enabling more informed and responsive governance.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Shahat Osman |first1=Ahmed M. |last2=Elragal |first2=Ahmed |date=2021-02-28 |title=Smart Cities and Big Data Analytics: A Data-Driven Decision-Making Use Case |journal=Smart Cities |language=en |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=286–313 |doi=10.3390/smartcities4010018 |doi-access=free |issn=2624-6511}}</ref>',
42 => '# '''Sustainable infrastructure''': Smart cities prioritize energy-efficient buildings, renewable energy sources, and intelligent transportation systems to reduce their environmental impact.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Smart and Sustainable Cities: What Does It Mean? |url=https://www.beesmart.city/en/smart-city-blog/smart-and-sustainable-cities-what-does-it-mean |access-date=2024-08-07 |website=www.beesmart.city |language=en}}</ref>',
43 => '# '''Urban Optimization''': Smart cities leverage [[state of the art]] technologies to minimize resource usage, reduce ecological footprints, and enhance living standards for their inhabitants. This approach focuses on creating more livable, environmentally responsible urban spaces.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Smart Cities - Fabled Sky Research |url=https://fabledsky.com/knowledge-base/smart-cities/ |access-date=2024-08-07 |language=en-US}}</ref>',
44 => '# '''Citizen engagement''': Digital platforms and mobile applications facilitate communication between residents and local government, promoting participation in urban planning and decision-making processes.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Cardullo |first1=Paolo |last2=Kitchin |first2=Rob |date=2019-02-01 |title=Being a 'citizen' in the smart city: up and down the scaffold of smart citizen participation in Dublin, Ireland |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-018-9845-8 |journal=GeoJournal |language=en |volume=84 |issue=1 |pages=1–13 |doi=10.1007/s10708-018-9845-8 |bibcode=2019GeoJo..84....1C |issn=1572-9893}}</ref>',
45 => '# '''Smart mobility''': [[Integrated design|Integrated]] transportation systems, including public transit, bike-sharing, and autonomous vehicles, aim to reduce congestion and improve accessibility.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Smart Mobility in the Smart Cities of Tomorrow |url=https://rideamigos.com/smart-mobility-in-smart-cities |access-date=2024-08-07 |website=RideAmigos |language=en-US}}</ref>',
46 => '# '''Enhanced public services''': Smart cities utilize technology to improve the delivery of essential services such as healthcare, education, and waste management.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Nam |first1=Taewoo |last2=Pardo |first2=Theresa A. |chapter=Conceptualizing smart city with dimensions of technology, people, and institutions |date=2011-06-12 |title=Proceedings of the 12th Annual International Digital Government Research Conference: Digital Government Innovation in Challenging Times |chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.1145/2037556.2037602 |series=dg.o '11 |location=New York, NY, USA |publisher=Association for Computing Machinery |pages=282–291 |doi=10.1145/2037556.2037602 |isbn=978-1-4503-0762-8}}</ref>',
47 => 'These characteristics work in tandem to create more efficient, sustainable, and livable urban environments. However, it is important to note that the implementation of smart city initiatives also raises concerns about privacy, data security, and digital inclusion.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kitchin |first=Rob |date=2014-02-01 |title=The real-time city? Big data and smart urbanism |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-013-9516-8 |journal=GeoJournal |language=en |volume=79 |issue=1 |pages=1–14 |doi=10.1007/s10708-013-9516-8 |bibcode=2014GeoJo..79....1K |issn=1572-9893}}</ref>',
48 => '{{Copyedit|date=July 2024|section}}',
49 => '',
50 => '# Make more efficient use of physical infrastructure (roads, [[built environment]] and other physical assets) through [[artificial intelligence]] and [[data analytics]] in order to support a strong and healthy economic, social, cultural development.<ref name="Hollands">{{cite journal |last=Hollands |first=R. G |year=2008 |title=Will the real smart city please stand up? |url=https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/79888 |journal=City |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=303–320 |bibcode=2008City...12..303H |doi=10.1080/13604810802479126 |s2cid=143073956}}</ref>',
51 => '# Engage effectively with local governance<ref name="Johns">{{cite journal |last1=Johns |first1=Fleur |date=13 October 2021 |title=Governance by Data |journal=Annual Review of Law and Social Science |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=53–71 |doi=10.1146/annurev-lawsocsci-120920-085138 |issn=1550-3585 |s2cid=235546816 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free |hdl=1959.4/unsworks_75698}}</ref> by use of [[open innovation]] processes and [[e-participation]], improving the collective intelligence of the city's institutions through [[e-governance]],<ref name="Komninos_ch" /> with emphasis placed on citizen participation and [[co-design]].<ref name="Deakin2007">{{cite journal |author=Deakin, M |year=2007 |title=From city of bits to e-topia: taking the thesis on digitally-inclusive regeneration full circle |url=http://markdeakin.cgpublisher.com/product/pub.85/prod.395 |url-status=dead |journal=Journal of Urban Technology |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=131–143 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160318212436/http://markdeakin.cgpublisher.com/product/pub.85/prod.395/ |archive-date=18 March 2016 |access-date=3 November 2014}}</ref><ref name="DeakinAllwinkle2007">{{cite journal |author=Deakin, M |author2=Allwinkle, S |year=2007 |title=Urban regeneration and sustainable communities: the role of networks, innovation and creativity in building successful partnerships |url=http://researchrepository.napier.ac.uk/id/eprint/1998 |journal=Journal of Urban Technology |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=77–91 |doi=10.1080/10630730701260118 |s2cid=153965022}}</ref>',
52 => '# Learn, adapt and innovate and thereby respond more effectively and promptly to changing circumstances by improving the intelligence of the city.<ref name="Komninos_ch" /><ref>{{cite journal |last=Coe |first=A. |author2=Paquet, G. |author3=Roy, J. |year=2001 |title=E-governance and smart communities: a social learning challenge |url=http://www.gouvernance.ca/publications/00-53.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Social Science Computer Review |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=80–93 |doi=10.1177/089443930101900107 |s2cid=53380562 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303233136/http://www.gouvernance.ca/publications/00-53.pdf |archive-date=3 March 2016 |access-date=3 November 2014}}</ref>',
53 => 'They evolve towards a strong integration of all dimensions of [[Intelligence#Human intelligence|human intelligence]], [[collective intelligence]], and also [[artificial intelligence]] within the [[city]].<ref name="Komninos2008">{{cite book |last=Komninos |first=N. |title=Intelligent Cities and Globalisation of Innovation Networks |publisher=Routledge |year=2008 |isbn=9780415455923}}</ref>{{rp|112–113}}<ref>{{cite book |author1=Atlee, T. |url=http://www.evolutionarynexus.org/wiki/collective_intelligence_tom_atlee_and_george_p%C3%B3r |title=Evolutionary Nexus: connecting communities for emergence |author2=Pór, George |year=2006 |access-date=6 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019204929/http://www.evolutionarynexus.org/wiki/collective_intelligence_tom_atlee_and_george_p%C3%B3r |archive-date=19 October 2015 |url-status=live |name-list-style=amp}}</ref> According to Mitchell, the intelligence of cities "resides in the increasingly effective combination of digital [[telecommunication network]]s (the nerves), ubiquitously [[embedded intelligence]] (the brain), sensors and [[Smart label|tags]] (the sensory organs), and [[software]] (the knowledge and cognitive competence)".<ref>{{cite journal |author=Mitchell, W. |year=2007 |title=Intelligent cities |url=http://www.uoc.edu/uocpapers/5/dt/eng/mitchell.html |url-status=live |journal=e-Journal on the Knowledge Society |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170228194411/http://www.uoc.edu/uocpapers/5/dt/eng/mitchell.html |archive-date=28 February 2017 |access-date=1 February 2015}}</ref>',
54 => 'The physical components of IT systems are crucial to early-stage smart city development. Wired infrastructure is required to support the IoT and wireless technologies central to more interconnected living.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Smart cities are about people |url=https://www.smartcitiesworld.net/news/news/smart-cities-are-about-people-2932 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629040256/https://www.smartcitiesworld.net/news/news/smart-cities-are-about-people-2932 |archive-date=29 June 2019 |access-date=2019-06-29 |website=Smart Cities World}}</ref> A wired city environment provides general access to continually updated digital and physical infrastructure. The latest in telecommunications, [[robotics]], IoT, and various connected technologies can then be deployed to support human capital and productivity.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Intelligent Cities: R&D offshoring, web 2.0 product development and globalization of innovation systems |url=http://www.urenio.org/wp-content/uploads/2008/11/Intelligent-Cities-Shenzhen-2009-Komninos-Sefertzi.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180516180354/http://www.urenio.org/wp-content/uploads/2008/11/Intelligent-Cities-Shenzhen-2009-Komninos-Sefertzi.pdf |archive-date=16 May 2018 |access-date=20 December 2016}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last1=Nam |first1=Taewoo |last2=Pardo |first2=Theresa A |title=Conceptualizing Smart City with Dimensions of Technology, People, and Institutions |url=https://www.ctg.albany.edu/media/pubs/pdfs/dgo_2011_smartcity.pdf |department=Center for Technology in Government University at Albany, State University of New York, U.S. |journal=The Proceedings of the 12th Annual International Conference on Digital Government Research}}</ref>',
55 => '[[File:Bletchley Park - Draco2008.jpg|thumbnail|right|Bletchley Park is often considered to be the first smart community.]]Intelligence in smart cities has been demonstrated in three ways:{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}',
56 => '# '''Orchestration intelligence''':<ref name="Komninos_ch" /> Cities establish institutions and community-based problem solving and collaborations, such as in [[Bletchley Park]], where the Nazi Enigma cipher was decoded by a team led by [[Alan Turing]]. This has been referred to as the first example of a smart city or an intelligent community.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Deakin |first1=Mark |last2=Al Waer |first2=Husam |year=2011 |title=From intelligent to smart cities |journal=Journal of Intelligent Buildings International: From Intelligent Cities to Smart Cities |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=140–152 |doi=10.1080/17508975.2011.586671 |s2cid=110580067}}</ref>',
57 => '# '''Empowerment intelligence''': Cities provide [[open platform]]s, experimental facilities and smart city infrastructure in order to cluster innovation in certain districts. These are seen in the Kista Science City in Stockholm and the Cyberport Zone in Hong Kong. Similar facilities have also been established in [[Melbourne]] and [[Kyiv]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Department of Sustainability and Environment |date=2005 |title=Melbourne 2030 |url=http://www.nre.vic.gov.au/melbourne2030online/content/implementation_plans/03b_actions.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530120605/http://www.nre.vic.gov.au/melbourne2030online/content/implementation_plans/03b_actions.html |archive-date=30 May 2015 |access-date=30 May 2015 |publisher=State Government of Victoria}}</ref>',
58 => '# '''Instrumentation intelligence''': City infrastructure is made smart through [[real-time data]] collection, with analysis and [[predictive modelling]] across city districts. There is much controversy surrounding this, particularly with regards to [[surveillance issues in smart cities]]. ',
59 => 'Examples of instrumentation intelligence are those implemented in [[Amsterdam]].<ref name="Amsterdam">{{cite web |author=Amsterdam Smart City |title=Amsterdam Smart City ~ Projects |url=http://amsterdamsmartcity.com/projects |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120922030047/http://amsterdamsmartcity.com/projects |archive-date=22 September 2012 |access-date=30 May 2015}}</ref> This is realized through:<ref name="Komninos_ch" />',
60 => '# A number of homes being provided with [[smart energy meter]]s to become aware of energy consumption and reduce energy usage.',
61 => '# [[Solar power]] [[garbage compactor]]s, [[Charging station|car recharging stations]] and [[energy saving lamp]]s.',
62 => 'Smart cities use data and technology to create efficiencies, improve sustainability, create economic development, and enhance quality of life factors for people living and working in the city.{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}} A variety of different datasets may need to be integrated to create a smart energy infrastructure.<ref name="Donti">{{cite journal |last1=Donti |first1=Priya L. |last2=Kolter |first2=J. Zico |date=18 October 2021 |title=Machine Learning for Sustainable Energy Systems |journal=Annual Review of Environment and Resources |volume=46 |issue=1 |pages=719–747 |doi=10.1146/annurev-environ-020220-061831 |issn=1543-5938 |s2cid=238321691 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Employment of smart technologies enables the more efficient application of integrated energy technologies in the city allowing the development of more self-sustaining areas or even [[Positive Energy District|positive energy district]]s that produce more energy than they consume.<ref name="Tuominen">{{cite news |last1=Tuominen |first1=Pekka |date=May 12, 2020 |title=Yes to positive energy districts |url=https://www.vttresearch.com/en/news-and-ideas/yes-positive-energy-districts-how-make-it-happen |access-date=28 August 2022 |work=VTT News - Beyond the Obvious |agency=VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland}}</ref>{{How|date=July 2024}}',
63 => '[[Smart grid]]s are an important technology in smart cities. The improved flexibility of the smart grid permits greater penetration of highly variable renewable energy sources such as solar power and wind power.{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}',
64 => 'For a smart city to function, it is necessary for it to manage an enormous amount of data collected through the embedded devices and systems in its environment.<ref name=":1" /> This is also important for the cities growth and security.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nisenbaum |first=Amit |title=What's Holding Smart Cities Back? |url=https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/whats-holding-smart-cities-back/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629040251/https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/whats-holding-smart-cities-back/ |archive-date=29 June 2019 |access-date=2019-06-29 |website=Scientific American Blog Network}}</ref> Smart cities use a variety of data collection, processing, and disseminating technologies, in conjunction with data security and privacy measures, in attempting to encourage innovation and improve citizens' quality of life.<ref name=":1" /> This can relate to topics including utilities, health, transportation, entertainment and government services.<ref name=":1">{{cite journal |last1=Gharaibeh |first1=A. |last2=Salahuddin |first2=M. A. |last3=Hussini |first3=S. J. |last4=Khreishah |first4=A. |last5=Khalil |first5=I. |last6=Guizani |first6=M. |last7=Al-Fuqaha |first7=A. |year=2017 |title=Smart Cities: A Survey on Data Management, Security, and Enabling Technologies |journal=IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials |volume=19 |issue=4 |pages=2456–2501 |doi=10.1109/COMST.2017.2736886 |s2cid=206578345}}</ref>',
65 => 'Electronic cards (known as [[smart card]]s) are another common component in smart city contexts. These cards possess a unique encrypted identifier that allows the owner to log into a range of government provided services (or [[e-service]]s) without setting up multiple accounts. The single identifier allows governments to aggregate [[big data|data]] [[Mass surveillance|about citizens]] and their preferences to improve the provision of services and to determine common interests of groups. This technology has been implemented in Southampton.<ref name="DeakinAl_jrnl" />',
66 => 'Cognitive technologies, such as [[artificial intelligence]] and [[machine learning]], can be trained on the data generated by connected city devices to identify patterns. The efficacy and impact of particular policy decisions can be quantified by cognitive systems studying the continuous interactions of humans with their urban surroundings.<ref name="Ark">{{cite news |last1=Ark |first1=Tom Vander |date=June 26, 2018 |title=How Cities Are Getting Smart Using Artificial Intelligence |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/tomvanderark/2018/06/26/how-cities-are-getting-smart-using-artificial-intelligence/#7e6178503803 |access-date=28 August 2022 |work=Forbes}}</ref>',
67 => '[[Bicycle-sharing system]]s are an important element in smart cities.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Chiariotti |first1=Federico |title=2018 7th International Conference on Modern Circuits and Systems Technologies (MOCAST) |last2=Pielli |first2=Chiara |last3=Cenedese |first3=Angelo |last4=Zanella |first4=Andrea |last5=Zorzi |first5=Michele |date=May 2018 |isbn=978-1-5386-4788-2 |pages=1–6 |chapter=Bike sharing as a key smart city service: State of the art and future developments |doi=10.1109/MOCAST.2018.8376628 |chapter-url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8376628 |s2cid=49187242}}</ref>',
68 => '[[Intelligent transportation system]]s and [[Closed-circuit television|CCTV]] systems are also being developed.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pribadi |first1=Arif |title=2017 International Seminar on Intelligent Technology and Its Applications (ISITIA) |last2=Kumiawan |first2=Fachrul |last3=Hariadi |first3=Mochamad |last4=Nugroho |first4=Supeno Mardi Susiki |date=August 2017 |isbn=978-1-5386-2708-2 |pages=21–24 |chapter=Urban distribution CCTV for smart city using decision tree methods |doi=10.1109/ISITIA.2017.8124048 |s2cid=194177}}</ref>',
69 => '[[Bollard#Removable bollards|Retractable bollard]]s allow to restrict access inside city centers (i.e. to delivery trucks resupplying outlet stores). Opening and closing of such barriers is traditionally done manually, through an electronic pass<ref>Carbon Zero: Imagining Cities that can save the planet by Alex Steffen, page 54</ref> but can even be done by means of [[Automatic number-plate recognition|ANPR]] cameras connected to the bollard system.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 December 2018 |title=Call for retractable 'coffin' bollards and no-driving zones outside Bristol schools |url=https://www.bristolpost.co.uk/news/call-retractable-coffin-bollards-no-2295946 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810083504/https://www.bristolpost.co.uk/news/call-retractable-coffin-bollards-no-2295946 |archive-date=10 August 2020 |access-date=1 September 2020}}</ref>',
70 => 'According to McKinsey, smart city initiatives can have measurable positive impacts on the quality of life of its citizens and visitors.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Smart city technology for a more liveable future {{!}} McKinsey |url=https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/capital-projects-and-infrastructure/our-insights/smart-cities-digital-solutions-for-a-more-livable-future |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626221105/https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/capital-projects-and-infrastructure/our-insights/smart-cities-digital-solutions-for-a-more-livable-future |archive-date=26 June 2019 |access-date=2019-06-29 |website=www.mckinsey.com}}</ref> The human framework of a smart city – its economy, knowledge networks, and human support systems – is an important indicator of its success.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |title=United Smart Cities (USC) – United Nations Partnerships for SDGs platform |url=https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/partnership/?p=10009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190828222617/https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/partnership/?p=10009 |archive-date=28 August 2019 |access-date=2019-06-29 |website=sustainabledevelopment.un.org}}</ref>',
71 => 'For example, arts and culture initiatives are common focus areas in smart city planning.<ref>{{Cite web |title=engagingcommunities2005.org |url=http://www.engagingcommunities2005.org/abstracts/Bartlet-%20Leo-final.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227235327/http://www.engagingcommunities2005.org/abstracts/Bartlet-%20Leo-final.pdf |archive-date=27 February 2017 |access-date=20 December 2016 |website=www.engagingcommunities2005.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Borda |first1=Ann |title=Museums and Digital Culture |last2=Bowen |first2=Jonathan P. |author-link2=Jonathan Bowen |date=2019 |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]] |isbn=978-3-319-97456-9 |editor1-last=Giannini |editor1-first=Tula |editor-link1=Tula Giannini |series=Series on Cultural Computing |pages=523–549 |chapter=Smart Cities and Digital Culture: Models of Innovation |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-97457-6_27 |issn=2195-9064 |editor2-last=Bowen |editor2-first=Jonathan P. |editor-link2=Jonathan Bowen |s2cid=159042161}}</ref> Innovation is associated with intellectual curiosity and creativeness, and various projects have demonstrated that knowledge workers participate in a diverse mix of cultural and artistic activities.<ref name="Eger">{{cite news |last1=Eger |first1=John M. |date=24 July 2015 |title=Creativity in the Smart City Is What Makes a City Really Smart |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/creativity-in-the-smart-c_b_7648342 |access-date=27 August 2022 |work=HuffPost}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Malanga |first1=Steven |date=23 December 2015 |title=The Curse of the Creative Class |url=https://www.city-journal.org/html/curse-creative-class-12491.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180811195230/https://www.city-journal.org/html/curse-creative-class-12491.html |archive-date=11 August 2018 |access-date=11 August 2018 |website=City Journal}}</ref>',
72 => 'Since mobility is a key area of smart city development, building a capable workforce through education initiatives is necessary.<ref name=":02" />{{Clarification needed|reason=How does the workforce help with this? What exactly is meant by "mobility"?|date=July 2024}} A city's learning capacity includes its education system, including available workforce training and support, and its cultural development and exchange.<ref name="Brent">{{Cite web |last=Moser |first=Mary Anne |title=What is Smart about the Smart Communities Movement? |url=https://www.ucalgary.ca/ejournal/archive/v10-11/v10-11n1Moser-browse.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170210151210/http://www.ucalgary.ca/ejournal/archive/v10-11/v10-11n1Moser-browse.html |archive-date=10 February 2017 |access-date=20 December 2016 |website=www.ucalgary.ca |publisher=University of Calgary EJournal 10–11(1)}}</ref>',
73 => 'Numerous Smart city programs also focus on soft infrastructure development, like increasing access to voluntary organizations and designated safe zones.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Glaeser |first1=Edward L. |last2=Berry |first2=Christopher R. |title=Why Are Smart Places Getting Smarter? |url=https://www.hks.harvard.edu/sites/default/files/centers/rappaport/files/brief_divergence.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190828222613/https://www.hks.harvard.edu/sites/default/files/centers/rappaport/files/brief_divergence.pdf |archive-date=28 August 2019 |access-date=11 August 2018 |website=Harvard University}}</ref> This focus on social and relational capital means diversity, inclusion, and ubiquitous access to public services is worked in to city planning.<ref name=":12" />',
74 => 'The development of a [[knowledge economy]] is also central to Smart city projects.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Smarter cities for smarter growth: How cities can optimize their systems for the talent-based economy |url=https://www.zurich.ibm.com/pdf/isl/infoportal/IBV_SC3_report_GBE03348USEN.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221090251/https://www.zurich.ibm.com/pdf/isl/infoportal/IBV_SC3_report_GBE03348USEN.pdf |archive-date=21 December 2016 |access-date=20 December 2016 |website=www.zurich.ibm.com}}</ref> Smart cities seeking to be hubs of economic activity in emerging tech and service sectors stress the value of innovation in city development.<ref name=":12" />',
75 => 'Mobile devices (such as [[smartphone]]s and tablets) are a key technology allowing citizens to connect to the smart city services.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 April 2018 |title=With smart cities, your every step will be recorded |url=https://theconversation.com/with-smart-cities-your-every-step-will-be-recorded-94527 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608085508/https://theconversation.com/with-smart-cities-your-every-step-will-be-recorded-94527 |archive-date=8 June 2020 |access-date=8 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Secure, sustainable smart cities and the IoT |url=https://www.thalesgroup.com/en/markets/digital-identity-and-security/iot/inspired/smart-cities |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608085508/https://www.thalesgroup.com/en/markets/digital-identity-and-security/iot/inspired/smart-cities |archive-date=8 June 2020 |access-date=8 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 October 2016 |title=Smartphones – not flying cars – will define the smart cities of the future |url=https://www.information-age.com/smartphones-not-flying-cars-will-define-smart-cities-future-123462622/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608085510/https://www.information-age.com/smartphones-not-flying-cars-will-define-smart-cities-future-123462622/ |archive-date=8 June 2020 |access-date=8 June 2020}}</ref>',
76 => '',
77 => 'Smart cities also rely on [[smart home]]s and specifically, the [[Smart home technology|technology used in them]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Klein |first1=Cornel |chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-85500-2_24 |title=Next Generation Teletraffic and Wired/Wireless Advanced Networking |last2=Kaefer |first2=Gerald |date=2008 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-540-85499-9 |series=Lecture Notes in Computer Science |volume=5174 |location=Berlin, Heidelberg |pages=260 |chapter=From Smart Homes to Smart Cities: Opportunities and Challenges from an Industrial Perspective |doi=10.1007/978-3-540-85500-2_24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Mehrotra |first1=Siddharth |title=2015 International Conference on Green Computing and Internet of Things (ICGCIoT) |last2=Dhande |first2=Rashi |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-4673-7910-6 |pages=1236–1239 |chapter=Smart cities and smart homes: From realization to reality |doi=10.1109/ICGCIoT.2015.7380652 |access-date=8 June 2020 |chapter-url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7380652 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608090010/https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7380652 |archive-date=8 June 2020 |url-status=live |s2cid=14156800}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Need to Redefine the Smart Home and its Link to Smart Cities |url=https://hub.beesmart.city/strategy/redefining-the-smart-home-in-smart-cities |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608090011/https://hub.beesmart.city/strategy/redefining-the-smart-home-in-smart-cities |archive-date=8 June 2020 |access-date=8 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 September 2017 |title=How smart homes can connect to smart cities |url=https://www.smartcity.press/how-smart-homes-can-connect-smart-cities/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608090008/https://www.smartcity.press/how-smart-homes-can-connect-smart-cities/ |archive-date=8 June 2020 |access-date=8 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Redefining the smart home in smart cities |url=https://hub.beesmart.city/strategy/redefining-the-smart-home-in-smart-cities |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608090011/https://hub.beesmart.city/strategy/redefining-the-smart-home-in-smart-cities |archive-date=8 June 2020 |access-date=8 June 2020}}</ref>',
78 => '{{See also|Surveillance issues in smart cities}}{{Copyedit|date=July 2024|section|for=list format and lack of organization}}',
79 => 'The criticisms of smart cities are varied:<ref name="Hollands" />',
80 => '* The high level of [[big data]] collection and analytics has raised questions regarding [[surveillance issues in smart cities|surveillance in smart cities]], particularly as it relates to [[predictive policing]] and abuse by law enforcement.',
81 => '* A bias in strategic interest may lead to ignoring non-ICT centered modes of promising urban development.<ref>{{cite book |author=Greenfield, A. |title=Against the Smart City. |publisher=Verso |year=2013 |location=London |asin=B00FHQ5DBS}}</ref>',
82 => '* A smart city, as a scientifically planned city, would defy the fact that real development in cities is often haphazard and participatory. In that line of criticism, the smart city is seen as unattractive for citizens as they "can deaden and stupefy the people who live in its all-efficient embrace".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sennett |first=Richard |date=4 December 2012 |title=No one likes a city that's too smart |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/dec/04/smart-city-rio-songdo-masdar |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318004523/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/dec/04/smart-city-rio-songdo-masdar |archive-date=18 March 2017 |access-date=17 March 2017 |work=The Guardian}}</ref> ',
83 => '* The focus of the concept of smart city may lead to an underestimation of the possible negative effects of the development of the new technological and networked infrastructures needed for a city to be smart.<ref>{{cite book |author=Graham, S. |title=Telecommunications and the city: electronic spaces, urban place |author2=Marvin, S. |publisher=Routledge |year=1996 |isbn=9780203430453 |location=London}}</ref>',
84 => '* As a [[globalization|globalized]] [[business model]] is based on [[capital mobility]], following a business-oriented model may result in a losing long-term strategy: "The 'spatial fix' inevitably means that mobile capital can often 'write its own deals' to come to town, only to move on when it receives a better deal elsewhere. This is no less true for the smart city than it was for the industrial, [or] manufacturing city."<ref name="Hollands" />',
85 => '*In the smart city environment there are many threats that affect the privacy of individuals. The technology is involved in scanning, identification, checking the current location, including time and direction of movement. Residents may feel that they are constantly monitored and controlled.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rubisz |first=Szymon |date=2020 |title=Some Issues with the Right to Privacy in Smart Cities |journal=Scientific Papers of Silesian University of Technology – Organization and Management Series |volume=2020 |issue=147 |pages=237–246 |doi=10.29119/1641-3466.2020.147.18 |s2cid=232592742 |doi-access=free}}</ref>',
86 => '* As of August 2018, the discussion on smart cities centers around the usage and implementation of technology rather than on the inhabitants of the cities and how they can be involved in the process.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Marrone |first1=Mauricio |last2=Hammerle |first2=Mara |year=2018 |title=Smart Cities: A Review and Analysis of Stakeholders' Literature |journal=Business & Information Systems Engineering |volume=60 |issue=3 |pages=197–213 |doi=10.1007/s12599-018-0535-3 |s2cid=207433624}}</ref>',
87 => '*Especially in low-income countries, smart cities are irrelevant to the urban population which lives in poverty with limited access to basic services. A focus on smart cities may worsen inequality and marginalization.<ref name=":11">{{Cite journal |last=Watson |first=Vanessa |date=6 December 2013 |title=African urban fantasies: dreams or nightmares? |journal=Environment and Urbanization |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=215–231 |doi=10.1177/0956247813513705 |issn=0956-2478 |s2cid=154398313 |doi-access=free}}</ref>',
88 => '*If a smart city strategy is not planned for people with accessibility problems, such as persons with disabilities affecting mobility, vision, hearing, and cognitive function, the implementation of new technologies could create new barriers.<ref name=":15">{{Cite web |last=Woyke |first=Elizabeth |title=Smart cities could be lousy to live in if you have a disability |url=https://www.technologyreview.com/s/612712/smart-cities-coule-be-lousy-if-you-have-a-disability/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190305211109/https://www.technologyreview.com/s/612712/smart-cities-coule-be-lousy-if-you-have-a-disability/ |archive-date=5 March 2019 |access-date=2019-03-15 |website=MIT Technology Review}}</ref>',
89 => '*Digitalization can have a significant environmental footprint and there is potential for the externalization of environmental costs onto outside communities.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lange |first1=Steffen |last2=Pohl |first2=Johanna |last3=Santarius |first3=Tilman |date=2020-10-01 |title=Digitalization and energy consumption. Does ICT reduce energy demand? |journal=Ecological Economics |volume=176 |pages=106760 |bibcode=2020EcoEc.17606760L |doi=10.1016/j.ecolecon.2020.106760 |issn=0921-8009 |s2cid=224947774}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Morley |first1=Janine |last2=Widdicks |first2=Kelly |last3=Hazas |first3=Mike |date=2018-04-01 |title=Digitalisation, energy and data demand: The impact of Internet traffic on overall and peak electricity consumption |journal=Energy Research & Social Science |volume=38 |pages=128–137 |bibcode=2018ERSS...38..128M |doi=10.1016/j.erss.2018.01.018 |issn=2214-6296 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sovacool |first1=Benjamin K. |last2=Hook |first2=Andrew |last3=Martiskainen |first3=Mari |last4=Brock |first4=Andrea |last5=Turnheim |first5=Bruno |date=2020-01-01 |title=The decarbonisation divide: Contextualizing landscapes of low-carbon exploitation and toxicity in Africa |journal=Global Environmental Change |volume=60 |pages=102028 |bibcode=2020GEC....6002028S |doi=10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2019.102028 |issn=0959-3780 |s2cid=214411810 |doi-access=free}}</ref>',
90 => '*Smart city can be used as a slogan only for land revenue generation, especially in the Global South.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zhou |first1=Yong |last2=Xiao |first2=Fan |last3=Deng |first3=Weipeng |date=23 March 2022 |title=Is smart city a slogan? Evidence from China |journal=Asian Geographer |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=185–202 |doi=10.1080/10225706.2022.2052734 |s2cid=259149515}}</ref>',
91 => '* Urban planning professor Jennifer Clark writes<ref name="Clark" /> that the 2010s smart city craze in the United States was largely created by companies trying to sell various technologies to municipal customers. She says the technologies actually adopted tended to not be those trying to change physical infrastructure citywide, but those that deliver digital services directly to residents (like [[ride-hailing service]]s and [[online food ordering]]) or which solve a specific problem of municipal government.',
92 => '* As has been noted by [[Fleur Johns]], the increasing and evolving use of data has significant implications at multiple levels of governance.<ref name="Johns" /> Data and infrastructure include digital platforms, algorithms, and the embedding of information technology in the physical infrastructure of smart cities.<ref name="Johns" /> Digital technology has the potential to be used in negative as well as positive ways, and its use is inherently political.<ref name="Johns" /> Care needs to be taken to ensure that the development of smart cities does not perpetuate inequalities and exclude marginalized groups in relation to gender,<ref name="Nesti">{{cite journal |last1=Nesti |first1=Giorgia |date=27 August 2019 |title=Mainstreaming gender equality in smart cities: Theoretical, methodological and empirical challenges |journal=Information Polity |volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=289–304 |doi=10.3233/IP-190134 |s2cid=201340073 |hdl-access=free |hdl=11577/3305997}}</ref><ref name="Javiera">{{cite book |last1=Fernanda Medina Macaya |first1=Javiera |title=14th International Conference on Theory and Practice of Electronic Governance |last2=Ben Dhaou |first2=Soumaya |last3=Cunha |first3=Maria Alexandra |date=6 October 2021 |isbn=9781450390118 |pages=398–405 |chapter=Gendering the Smart Cities:: Addressing gender inequalities in urban spaces |doi=10.1145/3494193.3494308 |access-date=27 August 2022 |chapter-url=http://collections.unu.edu/eserv/UNU:8632/t09-p53-76.pdf |s2cid=245881057}}</ref> age,<ref name="Li">{{cite journal |last1=Li |first1=Manlin |last2=Woolrych |first2=Ryan |date=13 December 2021 |title=Experiences of Older People and Social Inclusion in Relation to Smart "Age-Friendly" Cities: A Case Study of Chongqing, China |journal=Frontiers in Public Health |volume=9 |pages=779913 |doi=10.3389/fpubh.2021.779913 |pmc=8721664 |pmid=34988053 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Ivan">{{cite journal |last1=Ivan |first1=Loredana |last2=Beu |first2=Dorin |last3=van Hoof |first3=Joost |date=January 2020 |title=Smart and Age-Friendly Cities in Romania: An Overview of Public Policy and Practice |journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |volume=17 |issue=14 |pages=5202 |doi=10.3390/ijerph17145202 |issn=1660-4601 |pmc=7400252 |pmid=32708488 |doi-access=free}}</ref> race, and other human characteristics.<ref name="Shamsuddin">{{cite journal |last1=Shamsuddin |first1=Shomon |last2=Srinivasan |first2=Sumeeta |date=2 January 2021 |title=Just Smart or Just and Smart Cities? Assessing the Literature on Housing and Information and Communication Technology |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10511482.2020.1719181?journalCode=rhpd20 |journal=Housing Policy Debate |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=127–150 |doi=10.1080/10511482.2020.1719181 |s2cid=216206034 |access-date=28 August 2022}}</ref>',
93 => '== By country or region ==',
94 => 'China's smart cities movement began with a pilot program launched in 2012 through its [[Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development]].<ref name=":04" />{{Rp|pages=58–59}} The development of smart cities is addressed in China's [[National New-Type Urbanization Plan]] for 2014-2020.<ref name=":04" />{{Rp|pages=59–60}} It identifies six important aspects for developing smart cities: (1) information network and broadband, (2) digitization of planning management, (3) smart infrastructure, (4) convenience of public services, (5) modernizing industrial development, and (6) sophisticated social governance.<ref name=":04" />{{Rp|page=60}}',
95 => 'As of 2016, there were approximately 500 smart city projects in China.<ref name=":04" />{{Rp|page=59}} In 2021, [[China]] took first in all categories of the International AI City Challenge, demonstrating the national commitment to smart city programs – "by some estimates, China has half of the world’s smart cities".<ref name="Johnson">{{Cite magazine |last=Johnson |first=Khari |title=A Global Smart-City Competition Highlights China's Rise in AI |url=https://www.wired.com/story/global-smart-city-competition-highlights-china-rise-ai/ |access-date=2022-01-07 |magazine=Wired |issn=1059-1028}}</ref> As time goes on the percentage of smart cities in the world will keep increasing, and by 2050, up to 70% of the world's population is expected to inhabit a city.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-02-28 |title=History of smart cities: Timeline |url=https://www.verdict.co.uk/smart-cities-timeline/ |access-date=2021-12-08 |website=Verdict}}</ref>',
96 => 'Alibaba has created the [[City Brain]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=City Brain |url=https://www.alibabacloud.com/solutions/intelligence-brain/city |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603170824/https://www.alibabacloud.com/solutions/intelligence-brain/city |archive-date=3 June 2020 |access-date=3 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The City Brain: Practice of Large-Scale Artificial Intelligence in the Real World |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333456538 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210313035758/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333456538_The_City_Brain_Practice_of_Large-Scale_Artificial_Intelligence_in_the_Real_World |archive-date=13 March 2021 |access-date=4 June 2020}}</ref> Its first overseas implementation began in 2018 in [[Kuala Lumpur]], Malaysia.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last1=Curtis |first1=Simon |title=The Belt and Road City: Geopolitics, Urbanization, and China's Search for a New International Order |last2=Klaus |first2=Ian |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |isbn=9780300266900 |location=New Haven and London |publication-date=2024}}</ref>{{Rp|page=82}}',
97 => 'Baidu is working on [[Apolong|Apollo]], a self-driving technology.<ref name="forbes.com">{{Cite web |title=Baidu, Alibaba, Tencent Clash To Lead China's Tech Future While A New 'B' Arises |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/rebeccafannin/2019/08/23/baidu-alibaba-tencent-clash-to-lead-chinas-tech-future-while-a-new-b-arises/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603170852/https://www.forbes.com/sites/rebeccafannin/2019/08/23/baidu-alibaba-tencent-clash-to-lead-chinas-tech-future-while-a-new-b-arises/ |archive-date=3 June 2020 |access-date=3 June 2020 |website=[[Forbes]]}}</ref> Tencent is working on medical technology,<ref name="forbes.com" /> such as WeChat Intelligent Healthcare, Tencent Doctorwork, and [[artificial intelligence in healthcare|AI Medical Innovation System (AIMIS)]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 February 2018 |title=How Tencent's medical ecosystem is shaping the future of China's healthcare |url=https://technode.com/2018/02/11/tencent-medical-ecosystem/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603165928/https://technode.com/2018/02/11/tencent-medical-ecosystem/ |archive-date=3 June 2020 |access-date=3 June 2020}}</ref>',
98 => 'As of at least 2024, "Safe City" digital products have been increasingly marketed abroad by Chinese companies like [[Dahua Technology]], Huawei, [[ZTE]], and [[Hikvision]].<ref name=":4" />{{Rp|page=80}} Huawei has its Safe City Compact Solution which focuses on improving safety in cities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Huawei Announces Safe City Compact Solution to Protect Citizens in Small and Medium Cities |url=https://e.huawei.com/en/news/smart-cities/201810150942 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603170858/https://e.huawei.com/en/news/smart-cities/201810150942 |archive-date=3 June 2020 |access-date=3 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Safe cities: Using smart tech for public security |url=https://www.bbc.com/future/bespoke/specials/connected-world/government.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200210042218/http://www.bbc.com/future/bespoke/specials/connected-world/government.html |archive-date=10 February 2020 |access-date=3 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Hillman |first=Jonathan E. |date=2019-11-04 |title=Watching Huawei's "Safe Cities" |url=https://www.csis.org/analysis/watching-huaweis-safe-cities |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201019214841/https://www.csis.org/analysis/watching-huaweis-safe-cities |archive-date=19 October 2020 |access-date=2020-11-02 |website=Center for Strategic and International Studies}}</ref> In 2018, the Serbian government announced a Safe City project for [[Belgrade]] in conjunction with Huawei, through which a thousand cameras with advanced facial recognition and license plate recognition capabilities would be installed in the city.<ref name=":4" />{{Rp|page=82}}',
99 => 'The [[United States]] has allocated more than $160 million toward smart city initiatives aimed at leveraging ICT to address challenges within local communities. These challenges include alleviating [[traffic congestion]], fostering [[economic growth]], combating crime and [[climate change]], and enhancing the delivery of public services. This decision aligns with the findings of a trend analysis conducted by the [[National Intelligence Council]] (NIC), a think tank focused on long-term strategic planning that reports directly to the [[President of the United States]].{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}',
100 => 'According to Mary Anne Moser, since the 1990s, the "smart communities" movement in Canada took shape as a strategy to broaden the base of users involved in IT.<ref name="Brent" /> Members of these Communities are people that share their interest and work in a partnership with government and other institutional organizations to push the use of IT to improve the quality of daily life as a consequence of different worsening in daily actions.<ref name="Brent" /> Again Moser explained that "building and planning a smart community seeks for smart growth"; smart growth is essential for the partnership between citizen and institutional organizations to react to worsening trends in daily issues like traffic congestion, [[school overcrowding]] and air pollution.<ref name="Brent" />',
101 => 'Members of the [[European Union|EU]] have been working on smart city developments and ICT initiatives for over a decade. In order to optimize the benefits of digital technologies for both [[Citizenship|citizens]] and [[business]]es, the European Union and its 28 member states have initiated the Digital Agenda for Europe. This strategic framework emphasizes the imperative for [[Europe]] to harness ICTs to confront numerous global challenges confronting modern society, and to foster the [[sustainability]] of urban environments. Within the 2014-15 budget of the Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation program, the [[European Commission]] allocated approximately 200 million Euros to expedite advancements in the domain of smart cities and communities, as well as to expand the implementation of ICT solutions for addressing urban sustainability concerns.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Directorate-General for Communication (European Commission) |url=https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2775/41229 |title=Digital agenda for Europe :rebooting Europe's economy |date=2014 |publisher=Publications Office of the European Union |isbn=978-92-79-41904-1 |location=LU |doi=10.2775/41229}}</ref>',
102 => '[[European Union|Europe]]'s endeavours to adopt an [[Information and communications technology|ICT]]-driven approach toward urban sustainability align with its contributions to the implementation of the 2030 Agenda for [[Sustainable development|Sustainable Development]] and the New Urban Agenda, both pivotal policy frameworks outlined by the [[United Nations]] (UN). These documents highlight the imperative for transformative actions aimed at fostering inclusivity, safety, resilience, and sustainability on a global scale. Specifically, the New Urban Agenda emphasizes the importance of supporting cities in facilitating smart city development, marking it as a fundamental commitment for the [[United Nations|UN]]'s 193 member states. This underscores the significance of addressing urban challenges through the deployment of ICT-related innovations. Such actions are crucial for: (1) fostering environmentally friendly, resource-efficient, safe, inclusive, and accessible urban environments; (2) sustaining [[economic growth]] grounded in principles of environmental sustainability and inclusive prosperity; and (3) ensuring equitable access for all to public goods and high-quality services.<ref>{{Cite book |last=European Commission |url=https://ec.europa.eu/research/participants/data/ref/h2020/wp/2018-2020/main/h2020-wp1820-energy_en.pdf |title=Horizon 2020 - Work Programme 2018-2020 |year=2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=United Nations |date=2015 |title=THE 2030 AGENDA FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT |url=https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/21252030%20Agenda%20for%20Sustainable%20Development%20web.pdf |access-date=22 March 2024}}</ref><ref name=":32">{{Cite web |last=United Nations |date=2017 |title=New Urban Agenda |url=https://habitat3.org/wp-content/uploads/NUA-English.pdf |access-date=22 March 2024}}</ref>',
103 => '',
104 => 'The European Union (EU) has devoted constant efforts to devising a strategy for achieving "smart" [[urban growth]] for its [[metropole|metropolitan]] city-regions.<ref name="Komninos2009">{{cite journal |last=Komninos |first=N. |year=2009 |title=Intelligent cities: towards interactive and global innovation environments |journal=International Journal of Innovation and Regional Development |volume=1 |issue=4 |pages=337 |doi=10.1504/ijird.2009.022726}}</ref>{{rp|337–355}}<ref name="Paskaleva2009">{{cite journal |author=Paskaleva, K |date=25 January 2009 |title=Enabling the smart city:The progress of e-city governance in Europe |url=http://elartu.tntu.edu.ua/handle/lib/31308 |url-status=live |journal=International Journal of Innovation and Regional Development |volume=1 |issue=4 |pages=405–422(18) |doi=10.1504/ijird.2009.022730 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200616082818/http://elartu.tntu.edu.ua/handle/lib/31308 |archive-date=16 June 2020 |access-date=21 May 2020}}</ref>',
105 => 'In [[Africa]], the advancement of smart city development stands as a central component of the national agenda for socioeconomic progress. The 55 member states of the [[African Union Commission]], representing nearly the entire continent, have pledged to utilize ICTs to advance sustainable urban development.{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}',
106 => '[[ASEAN Smart Cities Network]] (ASCN) is a collaborative platform which aims to synergise Smart city development efforts across [[ASEAN]] by facilitating cooperation on smart city development, catalysing bankable projects with the private sector, and securing funding and support from ASEAN's external partners.{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}',
107 => 'The [[Smart Cities Mission]] is a retrofitting and urban renewal program being spearheaded by the Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India. The Government of India has the ambitious vision of developing 100 cities by modernizing existing mid-sized cities.<ref>{{cite web |date=2015 |title=Smart Cities Mission |url=http://smartcities.gov.in/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170212192239/http://www.smartcities.gov.in/ |archive-date=12 February 2017 |access-date=3 August 2016 |publisher=Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India}}</ref>',
108 => '',
109 => '=== Dimensions ===',
110 => 'The characteristics of smart cities can be divided into different dimensions (e.g. economy, environment, mobility) for evaluation in a number of different ways.<ref name=":52"/> These can be derived from studies of smart city projects, and can be used as an alternative to difficult-to-define broad definitions in order to clarify what smart cities are.<ref name=":0" /> In general, the most common characteristics given for a "smart city" are having a networked infrastructure, which enables political efficiency as well as social and cultural development; an emphasis on business-led urban development; social inclusion of various residents; and an emphasis on the environment.<ref name=":52" /> In general terms, smart cities are intended to be efficient, technologically advanced, green, and socially inclusive cities.<ref name=":62"/>',
111 => '',
112 => 'According to Camboim et al, cities ought to establish comprehensive plans which address all dimensions of smart cities.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Camboim |first1=Guilherme Freitas |last2=Zawislak |first2=Paulo Antônio |last3=Pufal |first3=Nathália Amarante |date=May 2019 |title=Driving elements to make cities smarter: Evidences from European projects |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0040162517318607 |journal=Technological Forecasting and Social Change |language=en |volume=142 |pages=154–167 |doi=10.1016/j.techfore.2018.09.014}}</ref> This allows them to synchronize the goals of each dimension. According to Marchesani, by taking into account smart city objectives during [[urban planning]], cities can streamline [[resource allocation]] and save effort that would otherwise be duplicated. For example, cities can consider smart mobility goals for infrastructure while the [[infrastructure]] initiatives are planned.<ref name=":72" />',
113 => '{{Copyedit|date=July 2024|section|for=tone}}',
114 => 'The effective implementation of smart city initiatives requires active collaboration and involvement from diverse stakeholders, including government agencies, businesses, community organizations, academia, and citizens. Collaborative partnerships enable cities to harness a wide range of expertise, resources, and perspectives to tackle complex challenges and devise innovative solutions. Involving stakeholders in decision-making processes fosters [[Social inclusion|inclusivity]], [[ownership]], and a shared vision for the city's future. For instance, engaging citizens in co-creating smart city initiatives ensures that solutions are tailored to meet the community's specific needs and aspirations. Collaborating with [[business]]es and [[Academy|academia]] brings technical know-how and research capabilities, driving innovation and the adoption of state-of-the-art technologies.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Abid |first1=Nabila |last2=Marchesani |first2=Filippo |last3=Ceci |first3=Federica |last4=Masciarelli |first4=Francesca |last5=Ahmad |first5=Fayyaz |date=December 2022 |title=Cities trajectories in the digital era: Exploring the impact of technological advancement and institutional quality on environmental and social sustainability |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0959652622039506 |journal=Journal of Cleaner Production |language=en |volume=377 |pages=134378 |doi=10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.134378|bibcode=2022JCPro.37734378A }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lei |first1=Sut Ieng |last2=Ye |first2=Shun |last3=Wang |first3=Dan |last4=Law |first4=Rob |date=2020 |title=Engaging Customers in Value Co-Creation Through Mobile Instant Messaging in the Tourism and Hospitality Industry |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1096348019893066 |journal=Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research |language=en |volume=44 |issue=2 |pages=229–251 |doi=10.1177/1096348019893066 |issn=1096-3480 |hdl-access=free |hdl=10397/104788}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zhao |first1=Fang |last2=Fashola |first2=Olushola I. |last3=Olarewaju |first3=Tolulope I. |last4=Onwumere |first4=Ijeoma |date=2021 |title=Smart city research: A holistic and state-of-the-art literature review |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S026427512100305X |journal=Cities |language=en |volume=119 |pages=103406 |doi=10.1016/j.cities.2021.103406}}</ref>',
115 => 'These partnerships also facilitate the exchange of knowledge and insights among stakeholders. By sharing best practices and lessons learned, cities can expedite their smart city development efforts and circumvent potential challenges. Moreover, collaborations with community organizations guarantee that the social dimensions of a smart city, such as equity and inclusivity, are adequately considered in both planning and implementation phases.<ref name=":72" />',
116 => '{{Reflist}}',
117 => '==Further reading==',
118 => '<!-- ordered by year of publication, oldest to most recent -->',
119 => '* {{cite book|author=Shepard, Mark|title=Sentient City: Ubiquitous Computing, Architecture, and the Future of Urban Space. New York City|year=2011|publisher=Architectural League of New York |isbn=978-0262515863}}',
120 => '* {{cite journal|author=Batty, M.|title=Smart Cities of the Future|journal=European Physical Journal ST|volume=214|pages=481–518|doi=10.1140/epjst/e2012-01703-3|year=2012|display-authors=etal|bibcode=2012EPJST.214..481B|doi-access=free|hdl=20.500.11850/61793|hdl-access=free}}',
121 => '* {{cite journal |last1=Stratigea |first1=Anastasia |title=The concept of 'smart cities'. Towards community development? |journal=Networks and Communication Studies |date=30 October 2012 |volume=36 |issue=3/4 |pages=375–388 |doi=10.4000/netcom.1105 |doi-access=free |hdl=10654/36935 |hdl-access=free }}',
122 => '* {{Cite book|title=Smart Cities: Big Data, Civic Hackers, and the Quest for a New Utopia|author-last=Townsend|author-first= Antony |year=2013 |publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|isbn=978-0393082876}}',
123 => '* {{cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/337549/14-820-what-are-future-cities.pdf|title=What are future cities – origins, meaning and uses|last1=Moir |first1=E.|last2=Moonen |first2=T. |last3=Clark |first3=C.|publisher=Foresight Future of Cities Project and [[Future Cities Catapult]]|year=2014}}',
124 => '* {{cite journal |last1=Viitanen |first1=J. |last2=Kingston |first2=R. |year=2014 |title=Smart cities and green growth – outsourcing democratic and environmental resilience to the global technology sector |journal=Environment and Planning A |volume=46 |issue=4 |pages=803–819 |doi=10.1068/a46242|bibcode=2014EnPlA..46..803V |s2cid=145283799 |url=http://polired.upm.es/index.php/ciur/article/view/3498 }}',
125 => '* {{cite magazine |magazine=The Atlantic |date=10 July 2015 |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2015/07/when-you-give-a-tree-an-email-address/398210/ |first=Adrienne |last=LaFrance |title=When You Give a Tree an Email Address}}',
126 => '* {{cite book |last1=Caragliu |first1=Andrea |last2=D Bo |first2=Chiara |last3=Kourtit |first3=Karima |last4=Nijkamp |first4=Peter |chapter=Smart Cities |title=International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences |date=1 January 2015 |pages=113–117 |doi=10.1016/b978-0-08-097086-8.74017-7 |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.74017-7 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=9780080970875 |edition=Second }}',
127 => '* {{cite journal |author-link1=Saraju Mohanty |first1=Saraju P. |last1=Mohanty |first2= Uma |last2=Choppali |first3= Elias |last3= Kougianos |url=http://www.smohanty.org/Publications_Journals/2016/Mohanty_IEEE-CEM_2016-July_Smart-Cities.pdf |title=Everything You wanted to Know about Smart Cities |journal=IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine |volume=6 |issue=3 |date=July 2016 |pages=60–70|doi=10.1109/MCE.2016.2556879 |s2cid=206450227 }}',
128 => '* {{cite journal |last1=Borsekova |first1=Kamila |last2=Vanova |first2=Anna |last3=Vitalisova |first3=Katarina |title=The Power of Communities in Smart Urban Development |journal=Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences |date=June 2016 |volume=223 |pages=51–57 |doi=10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.05.289 |doi-access=free }}',
129 => '* {{citation |last=Hamilton |first=Emily |date=October 31, 2016 |title=The Benefits and Risks of Policymakers' Use of Smart City Technologies |publisher=Mercatus Center at George Mason University |url=https://www.mercatus.org/publications/urban-economics/benefits-and-risks-policymakers-use-smart-city-technology}}',
130 => '* {{cite journal |last1=Cavada |first1=M. |display-authors=etal |year=2016 |title=Do smart cities realise their potential for lower carbon dioxide emissions? |journal=Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Engineering Sustainability |volume=169 |issue=6 |pages=243–252 |doi=10.1680/jensu.15.00032|url=https://e-space.mmu.ac.uk/631805/8/Do%20smart%20cities%20realise%20their%20potential%20for%20lower%20carbon%20dioxide%20emissions.pdf }}',
131 => '* {{cite web|url=https://www.atis.org/smart-cities-roadmap/|title=Smart Cities Technology Roadmap|date=April 2017 |website=Alliance for Telecommunications Industry Solutions |access-date=28 July 2017}}',
132 => '* {{cite book |last1=Del Signore |first1=Marcella |title=Urban Machines : public space in a digital culture |date=2018 |location=[Trento] |isbn=9788898774289}}',
133 => '* {{cite journal |last1=Zhou |first1=Yong |last2=Xiao |first2=Fan |last3=Deng |first3=Weipeng |title=Is smart city a slogan? Evidence from China |journal=Asian Geographer |date=23 March 2022 |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=185–202 |doi=10.1080/10225706.2022.2052734|s2cid=259149515 }}',
134 => '',
135 => '{{Ambient intelligence}}',
136 => '{{Cities}}',
137 => ''
] |
Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City using integrated information and communication technology</div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the 2006 film, see <a href="/wiki/Smart_City_(film)" title="Smart City (film)">Smart City (film)</a>. For a list of smart cities, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_smart_cities" title="List of smart cities">List of smart cities</a>.</div>
<p class="mw-empty-elt">
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Clean_mobility_instead_of_dirty_traffic.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Clean_mobility_instead_of_dirty_traffic.jpg/220px-Clean_mobility_instead_of_dirty_traffic.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Clean_mobility_instead_of_dirty_traffic.jpg/330px-Clean_mobility_instead_of_dirty_traffic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Clean_mobility_instead_of_dirty_traffic.jpg/440px-Clean_mobility_instead_of_dirty_traffic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2067" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption>Possible scenario of smart and <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_mobility" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable mobility">sustainable mobility</a></figcaption></figure>
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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Government_by_algorithm" title="Category:Government by algorithm">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:180%;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Government_by_algorithm" title="Government by algorithm">Algocracy</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AlgorithmicGovernance.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/AlgorithmicGovernance.svg/100px-AlgorithmicGovernance.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/AlgorithmicGovernance.svg/150px-AlgorithmicGovernance.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/AlgorithmicGovernance.svg/200px-AlgorithmicGovernance.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="808" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;">
Examples</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="hlist">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_in_government" title="Artificial intelligence in government">AI in government</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/COMPAS_(software)" title="COMPAS (software)">COMPAS</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Project_Cybersyn" title="Project Cybersyn">Cybersyn</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Decentralized_autonomous_organization" title="Decentralized autonomous organization">DAO</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_childcare_benefits_scandal" title="Dutch childcare benefits scandal">Dutch childcare benefits scandal</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/IT-backed_authoritarianism" title="IT-backed authoritarianism">IT-backed authoritarianism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/OGAS" title="OGAS">OGAS</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ofqual_exam_results_algorithm" title="Ofqual exam results algorithm">Ofqual exam results algorithm</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_Intelligent_Advisor" title="Oracle Intelligent Advisor">OIA</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prescription_monitoring_program" title="Prescription monitoring program">PMPs</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Predictive_policing" title="Predictive policing">Predictive policing</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Robodebt_scheme" title="Robodebt scheme">Robodebt scheme</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Smart city</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/SyRI" class="mw-redirect" title="SyRI">SyRI</a></li></ul>
</div></td>
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<p>A <b>smart city</b> is an <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">urban area</a> that uses digital technology to <a href="/wiki/Data_collection" title="Data collection">collect data</a> and to operate/provide services.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Goldsmith2_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goldsmith2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Data can be collected from citizens, devices, buildings, cameras. Applications include <a href="/wiki/Transportation_systems_management" title="Transportation systems management">traffic and transportation systems</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Fourtané2_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fourtané2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Power_station" title="Power station">power plants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Public_utility" title="Public utility">utilities</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urban_forestry" title="Urban forestry">urban forestry</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Water_supply_network" title="Water supply network">water supply networks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Waste_management" title="Waste management">waste disposal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Criminal_investigation" title="Criminal investigation">criminal investigations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Information_system" title="Information system">information systems</a>, <a href="/wiki/School" title="School">schools</a>, <a href="/wiki/Libraries" class="mw-redirect" title="Libraries">libraries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hospital" title="Hospital">hospitals</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Community_service" title="Community service">community services</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Musa2_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Musa2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Smart cities are characterized by the ways in which their <a href="/wiki/Local_government" title="Local government">local governments</a> monitor, analyze, plan, and govern the city. In a smart city, the sharing of data extends to businesses, citizens and other third parties who can derive benefit from using that data.<sup id="cite_ref-Paiho2_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paiho2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The three largest sources of spending associated with smart cities as of 2022 were visual surveillance, public transit, and outdoor lighting.<sup id="cite_ref-:102_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:102-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Smart cities integrate <a href="/wiki/Information_and_communication_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Information and communication technology">information and communication technology</a> (ICT), and devices connected to the <a href="/wiki/Internet_of_things" title="Internet of things">Internet of things</a> (IOT) network to optimize city services and connect to citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ICT cab be used to enhance quality, performance, and interactivity of urban services, to <a href="/wiki/Cost_reduction" title="Cost reduction">reduce costs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Resource_consumption" title="Resource consumption">resource consumption</a> and to increase contact between citizens and government.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Smart city applications manage urban flows and allow for real-time responses.<sup id="cite_ref-Komninos_ch2_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Komninos_ch2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A smart city may be more prepared to respond to challenges than one with a conventional "transactional" relationship with its citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yet, the term is open to many interpretations.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Smart_Cities" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Smart Cities">Many cities</a> have already adopted some sort of smart city technology.
</p><p>Smart city initiatives have been criticized as driven by corporations,<sup id="cite_ref-Hollands2_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hollands2-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Clark2_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clark2-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> poorly adapted to residents' needs,<sup id="cite_ref-:112_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:112-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:152_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:152-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as largely unsuccessful,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and as a move toward totalitarian <a href="/wiki/Surveillance" title="Surveillance">surveillance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Economist122_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Economist122-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Background"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Background</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Information_and_communication_technologies"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Information and communication technologies</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Definition"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Definition</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Early_definitions"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Early definitions</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Research"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Research</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Motivations"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Motivations</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Population_growth"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Population growth</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Tragedy_of_the_commons"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Tragedy of the commons</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Characteristics"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Characteristics</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Methods"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Methods</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Information_and_communications_technologies"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Information and communications technologies</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Forms_of_intelligence"><span class="tocnumber">6.2</span> <span class="toctext">Forms of intelligence</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Energy_usage"><span class="tocnumber">6.3</span> <span class="toctext">Energy usage</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Data_management"><span class="tocnumber">6.4</span> <span class="toctext">Data management</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Transportation"><span class="tocnumber">6.5</span> <span class="toctext">Transportation</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Human_factors"><span class="tocnumber">6.6</span> <span class="toctext">Human factors</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Other_technologies"><span class="tocnumber">6.7</span> <span class="toctext">Other technologies</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#Criticism"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Criticism</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#Initiatives"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Initiatives</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#China"><span class="tocnumber">8.1</span> <span class="toctext">China</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-22"><a href="#Commercial_companies"><span class="tocnumber">8.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Commercial companies</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#United_States"><span class="tocnumber">8.2</span> <span class="toctext">United States</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#Canada"><span class="tocnumber">8.3</span> <span class="toctext">Canada</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#Europe"><span class="tocnumber">8.4</span> <span class="toctext">Europe</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#Africa"><span class="tocnumber">8.5</span> <span class="toctext">Africa</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="#Southeast_Asia"><span class="tocnumber">8.6</span> <span class="toctext">Southeast Asia</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="#India"><span class="tocnumber">8.7</span> <span class="toctext">India</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="#United_Nations"><span class="tocnumber">8.8</span> <span class="toctext">United Nations</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-30"><a href="#Implementation"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Implementation</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-31"><a href="#Partnerships"><span class="tocnumber">9.1</span> <span class="toctext">Partnerships</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-32"><a href="#Collaborations_with_community_organizations_can_improve_equity_and_inclusivity.[26]"><span class="tocnumber">9.2</span> <span class="toctext">Collaborations with community organizations can improve equity and inclusivity.<sup><span>[</span>26<span>]</span></sup></span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-33"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-34"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-35"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-36"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">13</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smart_city&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smart_city&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Background">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>Historically, <a href="/wiki/City" title="City">cities</a> functioned as centers of innovation, and the advent of the <a href="/wiki/Information_Age" title="Information Age">digital era</a> presented opportunities and challenges to apply technology to create urban environments that are more efficient, <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals_and_Australia" title="Sustainable Development Goals and Australia">sustainable</a>, and livable.<sup id="cite_ref-:522_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:522-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:622_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:622-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Please clarify the preceding statement or statements with a good explanation from a reliable source. (July 2024)">how?</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-:722_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:722-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The shift to smart cities necessitates a comprehensive restructuring of city management and operations, leading <a href="/wiki/Participatory_democracy" title="Participatory democracy">citizen participation</a>, and methods of public service delivery.<sup id="cite_ref-:622_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:622-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Cities seek to upgrade their infrastructure and service delivery, to promote social inclusion, technological adoption, and economic development.<sup id="cite_ref-:722_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:722-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:92_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:92-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:622_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:622-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The transformation into a smart city involves modifications in planning, management, and operational processes.<sup id="cite_ref-:822_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:822-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This data can subsequently be analyzed to identify areas for improvement and optimize urban services.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Information_and_communication_technologies">Information and communication technologies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smart_city&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Information and communication technologies" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smart_city&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Information and communication technologies">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>The concept of smart cities emerged from cities' adoption<sup id="cite_ref-:23_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:23-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of information and communications technologies.<sup id="cite_ref-:33_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:33-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:53_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:53-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>ICTs present challenges given financial limitations, technical obstacles, and <a href="/wiki/Information_privacy" title="Information privacy">privacy</a> and security concerns. ICTs are also not uniformly accessible across communities, contributing to the <a href="/wiki/Digital_divide" title="Digital divide">digital divide</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:722_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:722-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smart_city&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Definition" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smart_city&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Definition">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>No commonly accepted definition of "smart city" has emerged.<sup id="cite_ref-:522_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:522-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:042_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:042-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 71">: 71 </span></sup> Evaluating smart city initiatives becomes difficult without agreement on parameters. It also hampers the ability to compare projects and identify best practices.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:822_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:822-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Deakin and Al Waer list four factors that contribute to the definition of a smart city:<sup id="cite_ref-DeakinAl_jrnl2_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeakinAl_jrnl2-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<ul><li>Electronic and digital technologies</li>
<li>ICT</li>
<li>ICT in government systems</li>
<li>The territorialisation of practices that brings ICT and people together to enhance innovation and knowledge.</li></ul>
<p>Deakin defines the smart city as one that uses ICT to meet the demands of the market (the citizens of the city), based on community involvement.<sup id="cite_ref-DeakinIntro2_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeakinIntro2-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Studies of smart city projects can be used as an alternative to difficult-to-define broad definitions in order to clarify what smart cities are.<sup id="cite_ref-:522_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:522-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:05_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:05-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_definitions">Early definitions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smart_city&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early definitions" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smart_city&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Early definitions">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>Notable disparities among smart city definitions include the relative focus on <a href="/wiki/Economic_development" title="Economic development">economic advantages</a> versus environmental or <a href="/wiki/Social_well-being" class="mw-redirect" title="Social well-being">social</a> benefits and specific technology choices.<sup id="cite_ref-:722_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:722-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Smart city definitions include:
</p>
<ul><li>Caragliu et al. (2011): “A city is smart when investments in human and social capital and traditional (transport) and modern (ICT) communication infrastructure fuel sustainable economic growth and a high quality of life, with a wise management of natural resources, through participatory governance.”<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>Bakici, Almirall, & Wareham (2013): “Smart city as a high-tech intensive and advanced city that connects people, information, and city elements using new technologies in order to create a sustainable, greener city, competitive and innovative commerce, and an increased life quality.”<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>Nam and Pardo (2011): “A smart city infuses information into its physical infrastructure to improve conveniences, facilitate mobility, add efficiencies, conserve energy, improve the quality of air and water, identify problems and fix them quickly, recover rapidly from disasters, collect data to make better decisions, deploy resources effectively, and share data to enable collaboration across entities and domains.”<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Research">Research</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smart_city&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Research" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smart_city&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Research">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>The main issues surrounding smart city research include:<sup id="cite_ref-:032_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:032-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<ul><li>Absence of intellectual exchange;</li>
<li>Researcher inclination to pursue subjective avenues of research in isolation from their peers;</li>
<li>Division within the scientific community;</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Motivations">Motivations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smart_city&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Motivations" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smart_city&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Motivations">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Population_growth">Population growth</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smart_city&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Population growth" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smart_city&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Population growth">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>An important motivation for smart cities is projected population growth. The UN forecasts global population to reach 9.6 to 13.2 billion by 2100, with cities absorbing 80% of this growth.<sup id="cite_ref-:062_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:062-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tragedy_of_the_commons">Tragedy of the commons</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smart_city&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Tragedy of the commons" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smart_city&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Tragedy of the commons">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>The <a href="/wiki/Tragedy_of_the_commons" title="Tragedy of the commons">tragedy of the commons</a> happens when individuals acting in their own self-interest deplete a communal resource; for example, overfishing. For example, while each individual driver in a city saves time and flexibility by driving, excessive driving causes <a href="/wiki/Traffic_congestion" title="Traffic congestion">traffic congestion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Environmental_degradation" title="Environmental degradation">environmental issues</a>. The tragedy is that public transportation services get little attention due to the use of personal vehicles.<sup id="cite_ref-:142_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:142-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="How exactly can smart cities help with this? (July 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smart_city&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: History" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smart_city&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: History">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>Philosophical predecessors of smart cities can be found in utopian works such as <a href="/wiki/New_Atlantis" title="New Atlantis">New Atlantis</a> (1626).<sup id="cite_ref-Cugurullo_2021_p._502_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cugurullo_2021_p._502-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another was <a href="/wiki/Ebenezer_Howard" title="Ebenezer Howard">Ebenezer Howard</a>'s 1898 concept of <a href="/wiki/Garden_Cities_of_To-morrow" title="Garden Cities of To-morrow">Garden Cities</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:032_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:032-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These were dense, size-limited cities founded in rural areas by private groups, combining the benefits of the city and the country.<sup id="cite_ref-:222_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:222-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other conceptions include those of <a href="/wiki/Edward_Bellamy" title="Edward Bellamy">Edward Bellamy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frank_Lloyd_Wright" title="Frank Lloyd Wright">Frank Lloyd Wright</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Le_Corbusier" title="Le Corbusier">Le Corbusier</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:032_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:032-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:222_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:222-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Critics of smart cities draw parallels between the weaknesses of these visions and those around smart cities.<sup id="cite_ref-:032_42-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:032-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Smart cities emerged from global cities' recent adoption of information and communications technologies for urban use, which can be used to improve efficiency, sustainability, and livability in urban environments.<sup id="cite_ref-:23_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:23-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:33_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:33-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:53_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:53-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the earliest interventions in urban planning include the use of computational statistical analysis by the Community Analysis Bureau in <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a> in the late 1960's<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the establishment by <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> of the National Computer Board in 1981.<sup id="cite_ref-:83_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:83-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The smart city concept experienced a major surge around 2005. Tech companies sought to create information systems to enhance operational efficiency for cities.<sup id="cite_ref-:132_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:132-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>A global movement emerged advocating smart cities.<sup id="cite_ref-:102_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:102-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> launched its <a href="/wiki/Smarter_Planet" title="Smarter Planet">Smarter Planet</a> marketing initiative in 2008,<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which included the IBM Smarter Cities Challenge. In 2010, <a href="/wiki/Cisco_Systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Cisco Systems">Cisco Systems</a>, with $25 million from the <a href="/wiki/Clinton_Foundation" title="Clinton Foundation">Clinton Foundation</a>, established its Connected Urban Development program in partnership with San Francisco, Amsterdam, and Seoul. In 2011, a Smart City Expo World Congress in Barcelona attracted 6000 people from 50 countries. The <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> in 2012 established the Smart Cities Marketplace, a centralized hub for urban initiatives in the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 2015 Chancellor’s Budget for the United Kingdom proposed to invest £140 million in smart cities and IoT.<sup id="cite_ref-Doe2_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Doe2-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Smart city competitions were launched in the 2010s by <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_Philanthropies" title="Bloomberg Philanthropies">Bloomberg Philanthropies</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Rockefeller_Foundation" title="Rockefeller Foundation">Rockefeller Foundation</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Transportation" title="United States Department of Transportation">United States Department of Transportation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Clark2_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clark2-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2016, <a href="/wiki/AT%26T" title="AT&T">AT&T</a>launched an alliance with Cisco, <a href="/wiki/Deloitte" title="Deloitte">Deloitte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ericsson" title="Ericsson">Ericsson</a>, <a href="/wiki/General_Electric" title="General Electric">General Electric</a>, IBM, <a href="/wiki/Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Qualcomm" title="Qualcomm">Qualcomm</a>, with municipal partners <a href="/wiki/Atlanta,_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlanta, Georgia">Atlanta, Georgia</a>; <a href="/wiki/Chicago,_Illinois" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago, Illinois">Chicago, Illinois</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Dallas,_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="Dallas, Texas">Dallas, Texas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Clark2_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clark2-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smart_city&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Characteristics" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smart_city&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Characteristics">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>Key characteristics that define innovative urban environments include:<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<ul><li>Connectivity: IoT networks collect and transmit data from sensors throughout the urban environment.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>Data-driven decision making: Advanced analytics and artificial intelligence enable more informed and responsive governance.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>Sustainable infrastructure: Energy-efficient buildings, renewable energy, and intelligent transportation systems.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>Urban Optimization: Reduce resource usage, reduce ecological footprints, and enhance living standards to create more environmentally responsible urban spaces.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>Citizen engagement: Facilitate communication between residents and government, promoting participation in urban planning and decision-making processes.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>Smart mobility: <a href="/wiki/Integrated_design" title="Integrated design">Integrate</a> public transit, bike-sharing, and autonomous vehicles, aim to reduce congestion and improve accessibility.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>Enhanced public services: Improve the delivery of essential services.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Methods">Methods</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smart_city&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Methods" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smart_city&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Methods">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Information_and_communications_technologies">Information and communications technologies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smart_city&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Information and communications technologies" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smart_city&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Information and communications technologies">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>It has been suggested that a smart city (or other community) uses information technologies to:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p>
<ol><li>Make more efficient use of physical infrastructure (roads, <a href="/wiki/Built_environment" title="Built environment">built environment</a> and other physical assets) through <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Data_analytics" class="mw-redirect" title="Data analytics">data analytics</a> in order to support a strong and healthy economic, social, cultural development.<sup id="cite_ref-Hollands2_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hollands2-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>Engage effectively with local governance<sup id="cite_ref-Johns2_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johns2-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by use of <a href="/wiki/Open_innovation" title="Open innovation">open innovation</a> processes and <a href="/wiki/E-participation" title="E-participation">e-participation</a>, improving the collective intelligence of the city's institutions through <a href="/wiki/E-governance" title="E-governance">e-governance</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Komninos_ch2_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Komninos_ch2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with emphasis placed on citizen participation and <a href="/wiki/Co-design" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-design">co-design</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Deakin20072_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deakin20072-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DeakinAllwinkle20072_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeakinAllwinkle20072-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>Learn, adapt and innovate and thereby respond more effectively and promptly to changing circumstances by improving the intelligence of the city.<sup id="cite_ref-Komninos_ch2_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Komninos_ch2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol>
<p>They evolve towards a strong integration of all dimensions of <a href="/wiki/Intelligence#Human_intelligence" title="Intelligence">human intelligence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Collective_intelligence" title="Collective intelligence">collective intelligence</a>, and also <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a> within the <a href="/wiki/City" title="City">city</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Komninos20082_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Komninos20082-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 112–113">: 112–113 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Mitchell, the intelligence of cities "resides in the increasingly effective combination of digital <a href="/wiki/Telecommunication_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunication network">telecommunication networks</a> (the nerves), ubiquitously <a href="/wiki/Embedded_intelligence" title="Embedded intelligence">embedded intelligence</a> (the brain), sensors and <a href="/wiki/Smart_label" title="Smart label">tags</a> (the sensory organs), and <a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">software</a> (the knowledge and cognitive competence)".<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The physical components of IT systems are crucial to early-stage smart city development. Wired infrastructure is required to support the IoT and wireless technologies central to more interconnected living.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A wired city environment provides general access to continually updated digital and physical infrastructure. The latest in telecommunications, <a href="/wiki/Robotics" title="Robotics">robotics</a>, IoT, and various connected technologies can then be deployed to support human capital and productivity.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:122_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:122-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Forms_of_intelligence">Forms of intelligence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smart_city&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Forms of intelligence" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smart_city&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Forms of intelligence">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bletchley_Park_-_Draco2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Bletchley_Park_-_Draco2008.jpg/220px-Bletchley_Park_-_Draco2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Bletchley_Park_-_Draco2008.jpg/330px-Bletchley_Park_-_Draco2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Bletchley_Park_-_Draco2008.jpg/440px-Bletchley_Park_-_Draco2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption>Bletchley Park is often considered to be the first smart community.</figcaption></figure>
<p>Intelligence in smart cities has been demonstrated in three ways:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p>
<ol><li><b>Orchestration intelligence</b>:<sup id="cite_ref-Komninos_ch2_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Komninos_ch2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cities establish institutions and community-based problem solving and collaborations, such as in <a href="/wiki/Bletchley_Park" title="Bletchley Park">Bletchley Park</a>, where the Nazi Enigma cipher was decoded by a team led by <a href="/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing">Alan Turing</a>. This has been referred to as the first example of a smart city or an intelligent community.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><b>Empowerment intelligence</b>: Cities provide <a href="/wiki/Open_platform" title="Open platform">open platforms</a>, experimental facilities and smart city infrastructure in order to cluster innovation in certain districts. These are seen in the Kista Science City in Stockholm and the Cyberport Zone in Hong Kong. Similar facilities have also been established in <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><b>Instrumentation intelligence</b>: City infrastructure is made smart through <a href="/wiki/Real-time_data" title="Real-time data">real-time data</a> collection, with analysis and <a href="/wiki/Predictive_modelling" title="Predictive modelling">predictive modelling</a> across city districts. There is much controversy surrounding this, particularly with regards to <a href="/wiki/Surveillance_issues_in_smart_cities" title="Surveillance issues in smart cities">surveillance issues in smart cities</a>.</li></ol>
<p>Examples of instrumentation intelligence are those implemented in <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Amsterdam2_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amsterdam2-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is realized through:<sup id="cite_ref-Komninos_ch2_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Komninos_ch2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<ol><li>A common <a href="/wiki/Internet_Protocol" title="Internet Protocol">IP</a> infrastructure that is open to researchers to develop applications.</li>
<li>Wireless meters and devices transmit information at the point in time.</li>
<li>A number of homes being provided with <a href="/wiki/Smart_energy_meter" class="mw-redirect" title="Smart energy meter">smart energy meters</a> to become aware of energy consumption and reduce energy usage.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power" title="Solar power">Solar power</a> <a href="/wiki/Garbage_compactor" class="mw-redirect" title="Garbage compactor">garbage compactors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charging_station" title="Charging station">car recharging stations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Energy_saving_lamp" title="Energy saving lamp">energy saving lamps</a>.</li></ol>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energy_usage">Energy usage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smart_city&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Energy usage" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smart_city&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Energy usage">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>Smart cities use data and technology to create efficiencies, improve sustainability, create economic development, and enhance quality of life factors for people living and working in the city.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> A variety of different datasets may need to be integrated to create a smart energy infrastructure.<sup id="cite_ref-Donti2_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Donti2-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Employment of smart technologies enables the more efficient application of integrated energy technologies in the city allowing the development of more self-sustaining areas or even <a href="/wiki/Positive_Energy_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Positive Energy District">positive energy districts</a> that produce more energy than they consume.<sup id="cite_ref-Tuominen2_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tuominen2-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Please clarify the preceding statement or statements with a good explanation from a reliable source. (July 2024)">how?</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p><p>A smart city is powered by "smart connections" for various items such as street lighting, <a href="/wiki/Building_automation" title="Building automation">smart buildings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Distributed_generation" title="Distributed generation">distributed energy resources</a> (DER), <a href="/wiki/Data_analysis" title="Data analysis">data analytics</a>, and smart transportation. Amongst these things, energy is paramount; this is why utility companies play a key role in smart cities. Electric companies, working partnership with city officials, technology companies and a number of other institutions, are among the major players that helped accelerate the growth of America's smart cities.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>According to David K. Owens, the former executive vice president of the <a href="/wiki/Edison_Electric_Institute" title="Edison Electric Institute">Edison Electric Institute</a>, two key elements that a smart city must have are an integrated communications platform and a "dynamic resilient grid."<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/wiki/Smart_grid" title="Smart grid">Smart grids</a> are an important technology in smart cities. The improved flexibility of the smart grid permits greater penetration of highly variable renewable energy sources such as solar power and wind power.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p><p>Energy Data Management Systems (EDMS) can help to save cities <a href="/wiki/Energy_conservation" title="Energy conservation">energy</a> by recording data and using it to increase efficiency.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Data_management">Data management</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smart_city&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Data management" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smart_city&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: Data management">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>For a smart city to function, it is necessary for it to manage an enormous amount of data collected through the embedded devices and systems in its environment.<sup id="cite_ref-:16_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is also important for the cities growth and security.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Smart cities use a variety of data collection, processing, and disseminating technologies, in conjunction with data security and privacy measures, in attempting to encourage innovation and improve citizens' quality of life.<sup id="cite_ref-:16_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This can relate to topics including utilities, health, transportation, entertainment and government services.<sup id="cite_ref-:16_84-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Online collaborative sensor data management platforms are on-line database services that allow sensor owners to register and connect their devices to feed data into an on-line database for storage and allow developers to connect to the database and build their own applications based on that data.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Electronic cards (known as <a href="/wiki/Smart_card" title="Smart card">smart cards</a>) are another common component in smart city contexts. These cards possess a unique encrypted identifier that allows the owner to log into a range of government provided services (or <a href="/wiki/E-service" class="mw-redirect" title="E-service">e-services</a>) without setting up multiple accounts. The single identifier allows governments to aggregate <a href="/wiki/Big_data" title="Big data">data</a> <a href="/wiki/Mass_surveillance" title="Mass surveillance">about citizens</a> and their preferences to improve the provision of services and to determine common interests of groups. This technology has been implemented in Southampton.<sup id="cite_ref-DeakinAl_jrnl2_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeakinAl_jrnl2-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Cognitive technologies, such as <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Machine_learning" title="Machine learning">machine learning</a>, can be trained on the data generated by connected city devices to identify patterns. The efficacy and impact of particular policy decisions can be quantified by cognitive systems studying the continuous interactions of humans with their urban surroundings.<sup id="cite_ref-Ark2_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ark2-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transportation">Transportation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smart_city&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Transportation" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smart_city&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section's source code: Transportation">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p><a href="/wiki/Bicycle-sharing_system" title="Bicycle-sharing system">Bicycle-sharing systems</a> are an important element in smart cities.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_transportation_system" title="Intelligent transportation system">Intelligent transportation systems</a> and <a href="/wiki/Closed-circuit_television" title="Closed-circuit television">CCTV</a> systems are also being developed.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/wiki/Bollard#Removable_bollards" title="Bollard">Retractable bollards</a> allow to restrict access inside city centers (i.e. to delivery trucks resupplying outlet stores). Opening and closing of such barriers is traditionally done manually, through an electronic pass<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but can even be done by means of <a href="/wiki/Automatic_number-plate_recognition" title="Automatic number-plate recognition">ANPR</a> cameras connected to the bollard system.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_factors">Human factors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smart_city&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Human factors" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smart_city&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section's source code: Human factors">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>According to McKinsey, smart city initiatives can have measurable positive impacts on the quality of life of its citizens and visitors.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The human framework of a smart city – its economy, knowledge networks, and human support systems – is an important indicator of its success.<sup id="cite_ref-:022_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:022-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>For example, arts and culture initiatives are common focus areas in smart city planning.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Innovation is associated with intellectual curiosity and creativeness, and various projects have demonstrated that knowledge workers participate in a diverse mix of cultural and artistic activities.<sup id="cite_ref-Eger2_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eger2-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Since mobility is a key area of smart city development, building a capable workforce through education initiatives is necessary.<sup id="cite_ref-:022_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:022-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="How does the workforce help with this? What exactly is meant by "mobility"? (July 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> A city's learning capacity includes its education system, including available workforce training and support, and its cultural development and exchange.<sup id="cite_ref-Brent2_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brent2-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Numerous Smart city programs also focus on soft infrastructure development, like increasing access to voluntary organizations and designated safe zones.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This focus on social and relational capital means diversity, inclusion, and ubiquitous access to public services is worked in to city planning.<sup id="cite_ref-:122_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:122-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The development of a <a href="/wiki/Knowledge_economy" title="Knowledge economy">knowledge economy</a> is also central to Smart city projects.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Smart cities seeking to be hubs of economic activity in emerging tech and service sectors stress the value of innovation in city development.<sup id="cite_ref-:122_75-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:122-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_technologies">Other technologies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smart_city&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Other technologies" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smart_city&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section's source code: Other technologies">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
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<p>Mobile devices (such as <a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphones</a> and tablets) are a key technology allowing citizens to connect to the smart city services.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Smart cities also rely on <a href="/wiki/Smart_home" class="mw-redirect" title="Smart home">smart homes</a> and specifically, the <a href="/wiki/Smart_home_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Smart home technology">technology used in them</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Digital <a href="/wiki/Library" title="Library">libraries</a> have also been established in several smart cities.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Additional supporting technology and trends include <a href="/wiki/Remote_work" title="Remote work">remote work</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Telehealth" title="Telehealth">telehealth</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Blockchain" title="Blockchain">blockchain</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Online_banking" title="Online banking">online banking</a> technology,<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>A "ubiquitous city", one concept of a smart city, provides access to public services through any connected device. U-city is an extension of the digital city concept because of the facility in terms of accessibility to every infrastructure.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smart_city&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Criticism" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smart_city&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section's source code: Criticism">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Surveillance_issues_in_smart_cities" title="Surveillance issues in smart cities">Surveillance issues in smart cities</a></div>
<p>Criticisms of smart cities include:<sup id="cite_ref-Hollands2_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hollands2-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_data" title="Big data">Big data</a> collection and analytics raised questions over <a href="/wiki/Surveillance_issues_in_smart_cities" title="Surveillance issues in smart cities">surveillance in smart cities</a>, particularly over <a href="/wiki/Predictive_policing" title="Predictive policing">predictive policing</a>.</li>
<li>Over-emphasis on smart cities means ignoring other domains.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>Urban development is often haphazard. A data-based approach "can deaden and stupefy the people who live in its all-efficient embrace".<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>Technological and networked infrastructures have downsides that may offset the benefits.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>The <a href="/wiki/Capital_mobility" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital mobility">capital mobility</a> that allows business to take advantage of smart cities also allows them to leave for a better offer.<sup id="cite_ref-Hollands2_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hollands2-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>Urban data collection involves surveillance, which potentially invades individual privacy. Without protections that have frequently failed scanning, identification, location tracking (including time and direction) can empower bad actors.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>Smart citiy approaches are irrelevant to cities without the means to implement the required technologies, such as in developing countries.<sup id="cite_ref-:112_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:112-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>Persons with disabilities are not always accommodated by smart city technologies.<sup id="cite_ref-:152_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:152-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>Digital technologies can have a significant environmental footprint that may be visited onto other communities.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>"Smart city" can be used as a slogan merely to stimulate land revenue generation.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>Clark claimed that technologies actually adopted tended to be those that deliver digital services directly to residents (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Ride-hailing_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Ride-hailing service">ride-hailing services</a> and <a href="/wiki/Online_food_ordering" title="Online food ordering">online food ordering</a>) or which solve a specific problem of municipal government, rather than enhancing infrastructure.<sup id="cite_ref-Clark2_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clark2-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>Digital technology has the potential to be used in negative as well as positive ways, and its use is inherently political.<sup id="cite_ref-Johns2_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johns2-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Smart cities can perpetuate or mitigate inequalities<sup id="cite_ref-Nesti2_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nesti2-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Javiera2_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Javiera2-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Li2_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Li2-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ivan2_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ivan2-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Shamsuddin2_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shamsuddin2-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Initiatives">Initiatives</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smart_city&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Initiatives" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smart_city&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section's source code: Initiatives">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China">China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smart_city&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: China" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smart_city&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section's source code: China">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>China's smart cities movement began with a pilot program launched in 2012 through its <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Housing_and_Urban-Rural_Development" title="Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development">Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:042_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:042-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 58–59">: 58–59 </span></sup> China's <a href="/wiki/National_New-Type_Urbanization_Plan" title="National New-Type Urbanization Plan">National New-Type Urbanization Plan</a> for 2014-2020 included smart cities.<sup id="cite_ref-:042_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:042-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 59–60">: 59–60 </span></sup> It identified six important aspects for developing smart cities:<sup id="cite_ref-:042_33-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:042-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 60">: 60 </span></sup>
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<ul><li>information network and broadband</li>
<li>digitization of planning management</li>
<li>smart infrastructure</li>
<li>convenience of public services</li>
<li>modernizing industrial development</li>
<li>sophisticated social governance.</li></ul>
<p>As of 2016, approximately 500 smart city projects had launched.<sup id="cite_ref-:042_33-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:042-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 59">: 59 </span></sup> In 2021, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> took first in all categories of the International AI City Challenge – "by some estimates, China has half of the world’s smart cities".<sup id="cite_ref-Johnson2_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson2-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Commercial_companies">Commercial companies</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smart_city&veaction=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Commercial companies" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smart_city&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section's source code: Commercial companies">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>Alibaba created <a href="/wiki/City_Brain" title="City Brain">City Brain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its first overseas implementation began in 2018 in <a href="/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur" title="Kuala Lumpur">Kuala Lumpur</a>, Malaysia.<sup id="cite_ref-:42_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:42-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 82">: 82 </span></sup>
</p><p>Baidu developed <a href="/wiki/Apolong" title="Apolong">Apollo</a>, a self-driving technology.<sup id="cite_ref-forbes.com2_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-forbes.com2-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tencent launched medical technology,<sup id="cite_ref-forbes.com2_142-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-forbes.com2-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as WeChat Intelligent Healthcare, Tencent Doctorwork, and <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_in_healthcare" title="Artificial intelligence in healthcare">AI Medical Innovation System (AIMIS)</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>As of 2024, "Safe City" digital products were marketed abroad by Chinese companies including <a href="/wiki/Dahua_Technology" title="Dahua Technology">Dahua Technology</a>, Huawei, <a href="/wiki/ZTE" title="ZTE">ZTE</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hikvision" title="Hikvision">Hikvision</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:42_141-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:42-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 80">: 80 </span></sup> Huawei's Safe City Compact Solution focuses on improving safety.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2018, Serbia announced a Safe City project for <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a> in conjunction with Huawei, using one thousand cameras with advanced facial recognition and license plate recognition capabilities.<sup id="cite_ref-:42_141-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:42-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 82">: 82 </span></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smart_city&veaction=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: United States" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smart_city&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section's source code: United States">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>The <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> allocated more than $160 million toward smart city initiatives. Challenges include <a href="/wiki/Traffic_congestion" title="Traffic congestion">traffic congestion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economic_growth" title="Economic growth">economic growth</a>, crime, <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>, and public services.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smart_city&veaction=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Canada" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smart_city&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section's source code: Canada">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>The "smart communities" movement took shape as a strategy to involve more users in IT.<sup id="cite_ref-Brent2_99-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brent2-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Primary issues included traffic congestion, <a href="/wiki/School_overcrowding" class="mw-redirect" title="School overcrowding">school overcrowding</a> and air pollution.<sup id="cite_ref-Brent2_99-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brent2-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smart_city&veaction=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Europe" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smart_city&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section's source code: Europe">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">EU</a> members began working on smart city developments and ICT initiatives in the mid 2010s. The Digital Agenda for Europe framework emphasizes harnessing ICTs. The 2014-15 budget of the Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation program, included approximately 200 million Euros to expedite smart cities.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Komninos20092_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Komninos20092-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 337–355">: 337–355 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Paskaleva20092_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paskaleva20092-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>As of 2024 <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a> had proceeded furthest towards digitizing public services.
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africa">Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smart_city&veaction=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Africa" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smart_city&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section's source code: Africa">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>The <a href="/wiki/African_Union_Commission" title="African Union Commission">African Union Commission</a> pledged to utilize ICTs to advance sustainable urban development.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Southeast_Asia">Southeast Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smart_city&veaction=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Southeast Asia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smart_city&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section's source code: Southeast Asia">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Smart_Cities_Network" title="ASEAN Smart Cities Network">ASEAN Smart Cities Network</a> (ASCN) is a collaborative platform to advance smart city efforts across <a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">ASEAN</a> by catalysing bankable projects, and securing funding and support from ASEAN's external partners.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smart_city&veaction=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: India" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smart_city&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section's source code: India">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>The <a href="/wiki/Smart_Cities_Mission" title="Smart Cities Mission">Smart Cities Mission</a> is a retrofitting and urban renewal program spearheaded by the Ministry of Urban Development.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Nations">United Nations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smart_city&veaction=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: United Nations" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smart_city&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section's source code: United Nations">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>The New Urban Agenda emphasized the importance of smart city development, establishing a fundamental commitment for the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">UN</a>'s 193 member states.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:322_153-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:322-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Implementation">Implementation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smart_city&veaction=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Implementation" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smart_city&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section's source code: Implementation">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>The most common characteristics of a "smart city" are networked infrastructure; emphasis on business-led urban development; social inclusion of various resident groups; and an emphasis on the environment.<sup id="cite_ref-:522_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:522-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:722_26-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:722-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Partnerships">Partnerships</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smart_city&veaction=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Partnerships" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smart_city&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section's source code: Partnerships">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>Smart city initiatives require collaboration and involvement from government agencies, businesses, community organizations, academia, and citizens. Collaborating with <a href="/wiki/Business" title="Business">businesses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Academy" title="Academy">academia</a> brings technical know-how and research capabilities.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Collaborations_with_community_organizations_can_improve_equity_and_inclusivity.[26]"><span id="Collaborations_with_community_organizations_can_improve_equity_and_inclusivity..5B26.5D"></span>Collaborations with community organizations can improve equity and inclusivity.<sup id="cite_ref-:722_26-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:722-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smart_city&veaction=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Collaborations with community organizations can improve equity and inclusivity.[26]" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smart_city&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section's source code: Collaborations with community organizations can improve equity and inclusivity.[26]">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smart_city&veaction=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: See also" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smart_city&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section's source code: See also">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carfree_city" title="Carfree city">Carfree city</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Career-oriented_social_networking_market" class="mw-redirect" title="Career-oriented social networking market">Career-oriented social networking market</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Connected_car" title="Connected car">Connected car</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Community-driven_development" title="Community-driven development">Community-driven development</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Eco-cities" title="Eco-cities">Eco-cities</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Energy_informatics" title="Energy informatics">Energy informatics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Global_brain" title="Global brain">Global brain</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Government_by_algorithm" title="Government by algorithm">Government by algorithm</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_environment" title="Intelligent environment">Intelligent environment</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_transportation_system" title="Intelligent transportation system">Intelligent transportation system</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mass_surveillance" title="Mass surveillance">Mass surveillance</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_wireless_network" title="Municipal wireless network">Municipal wireless network</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Net_metering" title="Net metering">Net metering</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pervasive_informatics" title="Pervasive informatics">Pervasive informatics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Planned_community" title="Planned community">Planned community</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Resilient_city" class="mw-redirect" title="Resilient city">Resilient city</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Short_food_supply_chains" title="Short food supply chains">Short food supply chains</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Smart_grid" title="Smart grid">Smart grid</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Smart_highway" title="Smart highway">Smart highway</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Smart_port" title="Smart port">Smart port</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Smart_village" title="Smart village">Smart village</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_city" title="Sustainable city">Sustainable city</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ubiquitous_computing" title="Ubiquitous computing">Ubiquitous computing</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Urban_computing" title="Urban computing">Urban computing</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Urban_farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban farming">Urban farming</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Urban_informatics" title="Urban informatics">Urban informatics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Urban_vitality" title="Urban vitality">Urban vitality</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Vertical_farming" title="Vertical farming">Vertical farming</a></li></ul>
</div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smart_city&veaction=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: References" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smart_city&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section's source code: References">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJamesAstoriaCastorHudspeth2020" class="citation book cs1">James, Peggy; Astoria, Ross; Castor, Theresa; Hudspeth, Christopher; Olstinske, Denise; Ward, John (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-3-030-15145-4_2-1">"Smart Cities: Fundamental Concepts"</a>. <i>Handbook of Smart Cities</i>. <a href="/wiki/Springer_International_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Springer International Publishing">Springer International Publishing</a>. pp. 1–26. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-030-15145-4_2-1">10.1007/978-3-030-15145-4_2-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-15145-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-15145-4"><bdi>978-3-030-15145-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Smart+Cities%3A+Fundamental+Concepts&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Smart+Cities&rft.pages=1-26&rft.pub=Springer+International+Publishing&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-030-15145-4_2-1&rft.isbn=978-3-030-15145-4&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=Peggy&rft.au=Astoria%2C+Ross&rft.au=Castor%2C+Theresa&rft.au=Hudspeth%2C+Christopher&rft.au=Olstinske%2C+Denise&rft.au=Ward%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Freferenceworkentry%2F10.1007%2F978-3-030-15145-4_2-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Goldsmith2-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Goldsmith2_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldsmith2021" class="citation news cs1">Goldsmith, Stephen (16 September 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datasmart.ash.harvard.edu/chorus-dumb-city-advocates-increases-how-do-we-define-truly-smart-city">"As the Chorus of Dumb City Advocates Increases, How Do We Define the Truly Smart City?"</a>. <i>datasmart.ash.harvard.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=datasmart.ash.harvard.edu&rft.atitle=As+the+Chorus+of+Dumb+City+Advocates+Increases%2C+How+Do+We+Define+the+Truly+Smart+City%3F&rft.date=2021-09-16&rft.aulast=Goldsmith&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatasmart.ash.harvard.edu%2Fchorus-dumb-city-advocates-increases-how-do-we-define-truly-smart-city&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Fourtané2-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fourtané2_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFourtané2018" class="citation news cs1">Fourtané, Susan (16 November 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/connected-vehicles-in-smart-cities-the-future-of-transportation">"Connected Vehicles in Smart Cities: The Future of Transportation"</a>. <i>Interesting Engineering.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Interesting+Engineering.com&rft.atitle=Connected+Vehicles+in+Smart+Cities%3A+The+Future+of+Transportation&rft.date=2018-11-16&rft.aulast=Fourtan%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finterestingengineering.com%2Finnovation%2Fconnected-vehicles-in-smart-cities-the-future-of-transportation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCésar_de_Lima_AraújoSilva_MartinsTucunduva_Philippi_CorteseLocosselli2021" class="citation journal cs1">César de Lima Araújo, Henrique; Silva Martins, Fellipe; Tucunduva Philippi Cortese, Tatiana; Locosselli, Giuliano Maselli (2021). "Artificial intelligence in urban forestry—A systematic review". <i><a href="/wiki/Urban_Forestry_and_Urban_Greening" title="Urban Forestry and Urban Greening">Urban Forestry and Urban Greening</a></i>. <b>66</b>: 127410. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021UFUG...6627410C">2021UFUG...6627410C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ufug.2021.127410">10.1016/j.ufug.2021.127410</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:244416741">244416741</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Urban+Forestry+and+Urban+Greening&rft.atitle=Artificial+intelligence+in+urban+forestry%E2%80%94A+systematic+review&rft.volume=66&rft.pages=127410&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A244416741%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ufug.2021.127410&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021UFUG...6627410C&rft.aulast=C%C3%A9sar+de+Lima+Ara%C3%BAjo&rft.aufirst=Henrique&rft.au=Silva+Martins%2C+Fellipe&rft.au=Tucunduva+Philippi+Cortese%2C+Tatiana&rft.au=Locosselli%2C+Giuliano+Maselli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Musa2-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Musa2_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMusa2018" class="citation journal cs1">Musa, Sam (March 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8307785">"Smart Cities-A Road Map for Development"</a>. <i>IEEE Potentials</i>. <b>37</b> (2): 19–23. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FMPOT.2016.2566099">10.1109/MPOT.2016.2566099</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1558-1772">1558-1772</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3767125">3767125</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Potentials&rft.atitle=Smart+Cities-A+Road+Map+for+Development&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=19-23&rft.date=2018-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A3767125%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1558-1772&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FMPOT.2016.2566099&rft.aulast=Musa&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fdocument%2F8307785&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Paiho2-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Paiho2_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaihoTuominenRökmanYlikerälä2022" class="citation journal cs1">Paiho, Satu; Tuominen, Pekka; Rökman, Jyri; Ylikerälä, Markus; Pajula, Juha; Siikavirta, Hanne (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1049%2Fsmc2.12044">"Opportunities of collected city data for smart cities"</a>. <i>IET Smart Cities</i>. <b>4</b> (4): 275–291. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1049%2Fsmc2.12044">10.1049/smc2.12044</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:253467923">253467923</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IET+Smart+Cities&rft.atitle=Opportunities+of+collected+city+data+for+smart+cities&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=275-291&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1049%2Fsmc2.12044&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A253467923%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Paiho&rft.aufirst=Satu&rft.au=Tuominen%2C+Pekka&rft.au=R%C3%B6kman%2C+Jyri&rft.au=Yliker%C3%A4l%C3%A4%2C+Markus&rft.au=Pajula%2C+Juha&rft.au=Siikavirta%2C+Hanne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1049%252Fsmc2.12044&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKiranSharmaGarg2020" class="citation journal cs1">Kiran, Dr Deepti; Sharma, Itisha; Garg, Illa (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ejmcm.com/article_4786.html">"Industry 5.0 And Smart Cities: A Futuristic Approach"</a>. <i>European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine</i>. <b>7</b> (8): 2750–2756. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2515-8260">2515-8260</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Molecular+%26+Clinical+Medicine&rft.atitle=Industry+5.0+And+Smart+Cities%3A+A+Futuristic+Approach&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=2750-2756&rft.date=2020&rft.issn=2515-8260&rft.aulast=Kiran&rft.aufirst=Dr+Deepti&rft.au=Sharma%2C+Itisha&rft.au=Garg%2C+Illa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ejmcm.com%2Farticle_4786.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-:102-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:102_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:102_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20180723005083/en/IDC-Forecasts-Smart-Cities-Spending-to-Reach-158-Billion-in-2022-with-Singapore-Tokyo-and-New-York-City-Among-Top-Spenders">"IDC Forecasts Smart Cities Spending to Reach $158 Billion in 2022, with Singapore, Tokyo, and New York City Among Top Spenders"</a>. <i>www.businesswire.com</i>. 23 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.businesswire.com&rft.atitle=IDC+Forecasts+Smart+Cities+Spending+to+Reach+%24158+Billion+in+2022%2C+with+Singapore%2C+Tokyo%2C+and+New+York+City+Among+Top+Spenders&rft.date=2018-07-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.businesswire.com%2Fnews%2Fhome%2F20180723005083%2Fen%2FIDC-Forecasts-Smart-Cities-Spending-to-Reach-158-Billion-in-2022-with-Singapore-Tokyo-and-New-York-City-Among-Top-Spenders&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fastcompany.com/3047795/the-3-generations-of-smart-cities">"The 3 Generations of Smart Cities"</a>. 10 August 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171009000012/https://www.fastcompany.com/3047795/the-3-generations-of-smart-cities">Archived</a> from the original on 9 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+3+Generations+of+Smart+Cities&rft.date=2015-08-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fastcompany.com%2F3047795%2Fthe-3-generations-of-smart-cities&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeris-OrtizBennettYábar2016" class="citation book cs1">Peris-Ortiz, Marta; Bennett, Dag R.; Yábar, Diana Pérez-Bustamante (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AtQ0DQAAQBAJ&q=smart+cities+and+sustainability"><i>Sustainable Smart Cities: Creating Spaces for Technological, Social and Business Development</i></a>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783319408958" title="Special:BookSources/9783319408958"><bdi>9783319408958</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201030003828/https://books.google.com/books?id=AtQ0DQAAQBAJ&q=smart+cities+and+sustainability">Archived</a> from the original on 30 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sustainable+Smart+Cities%3A+Creating+Spaces+for+Technological%2C+Social+and+Business+Development&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9783319408958&rft.aulast=Peris-Ortiz&rft.aufirst=Marta&rft.au=Bennett%2C+Dag+R.&rft.au=Y%C3%A1bar%2C+Diana+P%C3%A9rez-Bustamante&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAtQ0DQAAQBAJ%26q%3Dsmart%2Bcities%2Band%2Bsustainability&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www1.nyc.gov/site/forward/innovations/smartnyc.page">"Building a Smart City, Equitable City – NYC Forward"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171204115315/http://www1.nyc.gov/site/forward/innovations/smartnyc.page">Archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Building+a+Smart+City%2C+Equitable+City+%E2%80%93+NYC+Forward&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww1.nyc.gov%2Fsite%2Fforward%2Finnovations%2Fsmartnyc.page&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Komninos_ch2-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Komninos_ch2_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Komninos_ch2_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Komninos_ch2_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Komninos_ch2_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Komninos_ch2_13-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKomninos2013" class="citation book cs1">Komninos, Nicos (22 August 2013). "What makes cities intelligent?". In Deakin, Mark (ed.). <i>Smart Cities: Governing, Modelling and Analysing the Transition</i>. Taylor and Francis. p. 77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1135124144" title="Special:BookSources/978-1135124144"><bdi>978-1135124144</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=What+makes+cities+intelligent%3F&rft.btitle=Smart+Cities%3A+Governing%2C+Modelling+and+Analysing+the+Transition&rft.pages=77&rft.pub=Taylor+and+Francis&rft.date=2013-08-22&rft.isbn=978-1135124144&rft.aulast=Komninos&rft.aufirst=Nicos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDepartment_for_Business,_Innovation_and_Skills2013">Department for Business, Innovation and Skills (2013)</a>, p. 7<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvp error: no target: CITEREFDepartment_for_Business,_Innovation_and_Skills2013 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span> "As consumers of private goods and services we have been empowered by the Web and, as citizens, we expect the same quality from our public services. In turn, public authorities are seeking to reduce costs and raise performance by adopting similar approaches in the delivery of public services. However, the concept of a Smart City goes way beyond the transactional relationships between citizen and service provider. It is essentially enabling and encouraging the citizen to become a more active and participative member of the community"</span>
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<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChan2017" class="citation news cs1">Chan, Karin (3 April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.expatriatelifestyle.com/life-and-style/What-Is-A-Smart-City">"What Is A 'Smart City'?"</a>. Expatriate Lifestyle. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124135638/https://www.expatriatelifestyle.com/life-and-style/What-Is-A-Smart-City">Archived</a> from the original on 24 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=What+Is+A+%27Smart+City%27%3F&rft.date=2017-04-03&rft.aulast=Chan&rft.aufirst=Karin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.expatriatelifestyle.com%2Flife-and-style%2FWhat-Is-A-Smart-City&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuntRogersCavada2014" class="citation conference cs1">Hunt, Dexter; Rogers, Christopher; Cavada, Marianna (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sciforum.net/conference/wsf-4/paper/2454"><i>Smart Cities: Contradicting Definitions and Unclear Measures</i></a>. 4th World Sustainability Forum. MDPI. pp. f004. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fwsf-4-f004">10.3390/wsf-4-f004</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Smart+Cities%3A+Contradicting+Definitions+and+Unclear+Measures&rft.pages=f004&rft.pub=MDPI&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fwsf-4-f004&rft.aulast=Hunt&rft.aufirst=Dexter&rft.au=Rogers%2C+Christopher&rft.au=Cavada%2C+Marianna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsciforum.net%2Fconference%2Fwsf-4%2Fpaper%2F2454&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Hollands2-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hollands2_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hollands2_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hollands2_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hollands2_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHollands2008" class="citation journal cs1">Hollands, R. G (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/79888">"Will the real smart city please stand up?"</a>. <i>City</i>. <b>12</b> (3): 303–320. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008City...12..303H">2008City...12..303H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13604810802479126">10.1080/13604810802479126</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143073956">143073956</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=City&rft.atitle=Will+the+real+smart+city+please+stand+up%3F&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=303-320&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143073956%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13604810802479126&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008City...12..303H&rft.aulast=Hollands&rft.aufirst=R.+G&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepositorio.unal.edu.co%2Fhandle%2Funal%2F79888&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCamboimZawislakPufal2019" class="citation journal cs1">Camboim, Guilherme Freitas; Zawislak, Paulo Antônio; Pufal, Nathália Amarante (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0040162517318607">"Driving elements to make cities smarter: Evidences from European projects"</a>. <i>Technological Forecasting and Social Change</i>. <b>142</b>: 154–167. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.techfore.2018.09.014">10.1016/j.techfore.2018.09.014</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Technological+Forecasting+and+Social+Change&rft.atitle=Driving+elements+to+make+cities+smarter%3A+Evidences+from+European+projects&rft.volume=142&rft.pages=154-167&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.techfore.2018.09.014&rft.aulast=Camboim&rft.aufirst=Guilherme+Freitas&rft.au=Zawislak%2C+Paulo+Ant%C3%B4nio&rft.au=Pufal%2C+Nath%C3%A1lia+Amarante&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0040162517318607&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-DeakinIntro2-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DeakinIntro2_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeakin2013" class="citation book cs1">Deakin, Mark (22 August 2013). "From intelligent to smart cities". In Deakin, Mark (ed.). <i>Smart Cities: Governing, Modelling and Analysing the Transition</i>. Taylor and Francis. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1135124144" title="Special:BookSources/978-1135124144"><bdi>978-1135124144</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=From+intelligent+to+smart+cities&rft.btitle=Smart+Cities%3A+Governing%2C+Modelling+and+Analysing+the+Transition&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Taylor+and+Francis&rft.date=2013-08-22&rft.isbn=978-1135124144&rft.aulast=Deakin&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-:05-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:05_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCamboimZawislakPufal2019" class="citation journal cs1">Camboim, Guilherme Freitas; Zawislak, Paulo Antônio; Pufal, Nathália Amarante (May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0040162517318607">"Driving elements to make cities smarter: Evidences from European projects"</a>. <i>Technological Forecasting and Social Change</i>. <b>142</b>: 154–167. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.techfore.2018.09.014">10.1016/j.techfore.2018.09.014</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Technological+Forecasting+and+Social+Change&rft.atitle=Driving+elements+to+make+cities+smarter%3A+Evidences+from+European+projects&rft.volume=142&rft.pages=154-167&rft.date=2019-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.techfore.2018.09.014&rft.aulast=Camboim&rft.aufirst=Guilherme+Freitas&rft.au=Zawislak%2C+Paulo+Ant%C3%B4nio&rft.au=Pufal%2C+Nath%C3%A1lia+Amarante&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0040162517318607&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBakıcıAlmirallWareham2013" class="citation journal cs1">Bakıcı, Tuba; Almirall, Esteve; Wareham, Jonathan (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s13132-012-0084-9">"A Smart City Initiative: the Case of Barcelona"</a>. <i>Journal of the Knowledge Economy</i>. <b>4</b> (2): 135–148. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs13132-012-0084-9">10.1007/s13132-012-0084-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1868-7865">1868-7865</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Knowledge+Economy&rft.atitle=A+Smart+City+Initiative%3A+the+Case+of+Barcelona&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=135-148&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs13132-012-0084-9&rft.issn=1868-7865&rft.aulast=Bak%C4%B1c%C4%B1&rft.aufirst=Tuba&rft.au=Almirall%2C+Esteve&rft.au=Wareham%2C+Jonathan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2F10.1007%2Fs13132-012-0084-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-:032-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:032_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:032_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:032_42-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:032_42-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.everand.com/book/416393770/Untangling-Smart-Cities-From-Utopian-Dreams-to-Innovation-Systems-for-a-Technology-Enabled-Urban-Sustainability">"Untangling Smart Cities: From Utopian Dreams to Innovation Systems for a Technology-Enabled Urban Sustainability"</a>. <i>Everand</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Everand&rft.atitle=Untangling+Smart+Cities%3A+From+Utopian+Dreams+to+Innovation+Systems+for+a+Technology-Enabled+Urban+Sustainability&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.everand.com%2Fbook%2F416393770%2FUntangling-Smart-Cities-From-Utopian-Dreams-to-Innovation-Systems-for-a-Technology-Enabled-Urban-Sustainability&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilvaGhanemGuo2012" class="citation journal cs1">Silva, Dilshan; Ghanem, Moustafa; Guo, Yike (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3545568">"WikiSensing: An Online Collaborative Approach for Sensor Data Management"</a>. <i>Sensors</i>. <b>12</b> (10): 13295–13332. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012Senso..1213295S">2012Senso..1213295S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fs121013295">10.3390/s121013295</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3545568">3545568</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23201997">23201997</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sensors&rft.atitle=WikiSensing%3A+An+Online+Collaborative+Approach+for+Sensor+Data+Management&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=13295-13332&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3545568%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23201997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fs121013295&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012Senso..1213295S&rft.aulast=Silva&rft.aufirst=Dilshan&rft.au=Ghanem%2C+Moustafa&rft.au=Guo%2C+Yike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3545568&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Ark2-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ark2_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArk2018" class="citation news cs1">Ark, Tom Vander (26 June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/tomvanderark/2018/06/26/how-cities-are-getting-smart-using-artificial-intelligence/#7e6178503803">"How Cities Are Getting Smart Using Artificial Intelligence"</a>. <i>Forbes</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=How+Cities+Are+Getting+Smart+Using+Artificial+Intelligence&rft.date=2018-06-26&rft.aulast=Ark&rft.aufirst=Tom+Vander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Ftomvanderark%2F2018%2F06%2F26%2Fhow-cities-are-getting-smart-using-artificial-intelligence%2F%237e6178503803&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChiariottiPielliCenedeseZanella2018" class="citation book cs1">Chiariotti, Federico; Pielli, Chiara; Cenedese, Angelo; Zanella, Andrea; Zorzi, Michele (May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8376628">"Bike sharing as a key smart city service: State of the art and future developments"</a>. <i>2018 7th International Conference on Modern Circuits and Systems Technologies (MOCAST)</i>. pp. 1–6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FMOCAST.2018.8376628">10.1109/MOCAST.2018.8376628</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5386-4788-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5386-4788-2"><bdi>978-1-5386-4788-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:49187242">49187242</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bike+sharing+as+a+key+smart+city+service%3A+State+of+the+art+and+future+developments&rft.btitle=2018+7th+International+Conference+on+Modern+Circuits+and+Systems+Technologies+%28MOCAST%29&rft.pages=1-6&rft.date=2018-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A49187242%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FMOCAST.2018.8376628&rft.isbn=978-1-5386-4788-2&rft.aulast=Chiariotti&rft.aufirst=Federico&rft.au=Pielli%2C+Chiara&rft.au=Cenedese%2C+Angelo&rft.au=Zanella%2C+Andrea&rft.au=Zorzi%2C+Michele&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fdocument%2F8376628&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPribadiKumiawanHariadiNugroho2017" class="citation book cs1">Pribadi, Arif; Kumiawan, Fachrul; Hariadi, Mochamad; Nugroho, Supeno Mardi Susiki (August 2017). "Urban distribution CCTV for smart city using decision tree methods". <i>2017 International Seminar on Intelligent Technology and Its Applications (ISITIA)</i>. pp. 21–24. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FISITIA.2017.8124048">10.1109/ISITIA.2017.8124048</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5386-2708-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5386-2708-2"><bdi>978-1-5386-2708-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:194177">194177</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Urban+distribution+CCTV+for+smart+city+using+decision+tree+methods&rft.btitle=2017+International+Seminar+on+Intelligent+Technology+and+Its+Applications+%28ISITIA%29&rft.pages=21-24&rft.date=2017-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A194177%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FISITIA.2017.8124048&rft.isbn=978-1-5386-2708-2&rft.aulast=Pribadi&rft.aufirst=Arif&rft.au=Kumiawan%2C+Fachrul&rft.au=Hariadi%2C+Mochamad&rft.au=Nugroho%2C+Supeno+Mardi+Susiki&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carbon Zero: Imagining Cities that can save the planet by Alex Steffen, page 54</span>
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<li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bristolpost.co.uk/news/call-retractable-coffin-bollards-no-2295946">"Call for retractable 'coffin' bollards and no-driving zones outside Bristol schools"</a>. 6 December 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200810083504/https://www.bristolpost.co.uk/news/call-retractable-coffin-bollards-no-2295946">Archived</a> from the original on 10 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Call+for+retractable+%27coffin%27+bollards+and+no-driving+zones+outside+Bristol+schools&rft.date=2018-12-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bristolpost.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fcall-retractable-coffin-bollards-no-2295946&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/capital-projects-and-infrastructure/our-insights/smart-cities-digital-solutions-for-a-more-livable-future">"Smart city technology for a more liveable future | McKinsey"</a>. <i>www.mckinsey.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190626221105/https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/capital-projects-and-infrastructure/our-insights/smart-cities-digital-solutions-for-a-more-livable-future">Archived</a> from the original on 26 June 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.mckinsey.com&rft.atitle=Smart+city+technology+for+a+more+liveable+future+%7C+McKinsey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mckinsey.com%2Findustries%2Fcapital-projects-and-infrastructure%2Four-insights%2Fsmart-cities-digital-solutions-for-a-more-livable-future&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-:022-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:022_94-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:022_94-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/partnership/?p=10009">"United Smart Cities (USC) – United Nations Partnerships for SDGs platform"</a>. <i>sustainabledevelopment.un.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190828222617/https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/partnership/?p=10009">Archived</a> from the original on 28 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sustainabledevelopment.un.org&rft.atitle=United+Smart+Cities+%28USC%29+%E2%80%93+United+Nations+Partnerships+for+SDGs+platform&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsustainabledevelopment.un.org%2Fpartnership%2F%3Fp%3D10009&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170227235327/http://www.engagingcommunities2005.org/abstracts/Bartlet-%20Leo-final.pdf">"engagingcommunities2005.org"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>www.engagingcommunities2005.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.engagingcommunities2005.org/abstracts/Bartlet-%20Leo-final.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 27 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.engagingcommunities2005.org&rft.atitle=engagingcommunities2005.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.engagingcommunities2005.org%2Fabstracts%2FBartlet-%2520Leo-final.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBordaBowen2019" class="citation book cs1">Borda, Ann; <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Bowen" title="Jonathan Bowen">Bowen, Jonathan P.</a> (2019). "Smart Cities and Digital Culture: Models of Innovation". In <a href="/wiki/Tula_Giannini" title="Tula Giannini">Giannini, Tula</a>; <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Bowen" title="Jonathan Bowen">Bowen, Jonathan P.</a> (eds.). <i>Museums and Digital Culture</i>. Series on Cultural Computing. <a href="/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" title="Springer Science+Business Media">Springer</a>. pp. 523–549. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-97457-6_27">10.1007/978-3-319-97457-6_27</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-97456-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-97456-9"><bdi>978-3-319-97456-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2195-9064">2195-9064</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159042161">159042161</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Smart+Cities+and+Digital+Culture%3A+Models+of+Innovation&rft.btitle=Museums+and+Digital+Culture&rft.series=Series+on+Cultural+Computing&rft.pages=523-549&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-97457-6_27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159042161%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2195-9064&rft.isbn=978-3-319-97456-9&rft.aulast=Borda&rft.aufirst=Ann&rft.au=Bowen%2C+Jonathan+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Eger2-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Eger2_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEger2015" class="citation news cs1">Eger, John M. (24 July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffpost.com/entry/creativity-in-the-smart-c_b_7648342">"Creativity in the Smart City Is What Makes a City Really Smart"</a>. <i>HuffPost</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=HuffPost&rft.atitle=Creativity+in+the+Smart+City+Is+What+Makes+a+City+Really+Smart&rft.date=2015-07-24&rft.aulast=Eger&rft.aufirst=John+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffpost.com%2Fentry%2Fcreativity-in-the-smart-c_b_7648342&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalanga2015" class="citation web cs1">Malanga, Steven (23 December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.city-journal.org/html/curse-creative-class-12491.html">"The Curse of the Creative Class"</a>. <i>City Journal</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180811195230/https://www.city-journal.org/html/curse-creative-class-12491.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=City+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Curse+of+the+Creative+Class&rft.date=2015-12-23&rft.aulast=Malanga&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.city-journal.org%2Fhtml%2Fcurse-creative-class-12491.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thalesgroup.com/en/markets/digital-identity-and-security/iot/inspired/smart-cities">"Secure, sustainable smart cities and the IoT"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200608085508/https://www.thalesgroup.com/en/markets/digital-identity-and-security/iot/inspired/smart-cities">Archived</a> from the original on 8 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Secure%2C+sustainable+smart+cities+and+the+IoT&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thalesgroup.com%2Fen%2Fmarkets%2Fdigital-identity-and-security%2Fiot%2Finspired%2Fsmart-cities&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hub.beesmart.city/strategy/redefining-the-smart-home-in-smart-cities">"The Need to Redefine the Smart Home and its Link to Smart Cities"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200608090011/https://hub.beesmart.city/strategy/redefining-the-smart-home-in-smart-cities">Archived</a> from the original on 8 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Need+to+Redefine+the+Smart+Home+and+its+Link+to+Smart+Cities&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhub.beesmart.city%2Fstrategy%2Fredefining-the-smart-home-in-smart-cities&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smartcity.press/how-smart-homes-can-connect-smart-cities/">"How smart homes can connect to smart cities"</a>. 8 September 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200608090008/https://www.smartcity.press/how-smart-homes-can-connect-smart-cities/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+smart+homes+can+connect+to+smart+cities&rft.date=2017-09-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smartcity.press%2Fhow-smart-homes-can-connect-smart-cities%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hub.beesmart.city/strategy/redefining-the-smart-home-in-smart-cities">"Redefining the smart home in smart cities"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200608090011/https://hub.beesmart.city/strategy/redefining-the-smart-home-in-smart-cities">Archived</a> from the original on 8 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Redefining+the+smart+home+in+smart+cities&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhub.beesmart.city%2Fstrategy%2Fredefining-the-smart-home-in-smart-cities&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoukopoulosKoukopoulosJung2019" class="citation book cs1">Koukopoulos, Zois; Koukopoulos, Dimitrios; Jung, Jason J. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/3326467.3326473">"Sustainability Services for Public Libraries within a Smart City Environment"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Web Intelligence, Mining and Semantics</i>. pp. 1–12. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F3326467.3326473">10.1145/3326467.3326473</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781450361903" title="Special:BookSources/9781450361903"><bdi>9781450361903</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:160010103">160010103</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sustainability+Services+for+Public+Libraries+within+a+Smart+City+Environment&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+9th+International+Conference+on+Web+Intelligence%2C+Mining+and+Semantics&rft.pages=1-12&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A160010103%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F3326467.3326473&rft.isbn=9781450361903&rft.aulast=Koukopoulos&rft.aufirst=Zois&rft.au=Koukopoulos%2C+Dimitrios&rft.au=Jung%2C+Jason+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdl.acm.org%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1145%2F3326467.3326473&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sscldl.com/">"Shivamogga Smart City Digital Library"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210222113332/https://www.sscldl.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Shivamogga+Smart+City+Digital+Library&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sscldl.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tumakurudigitallibrary.in/">"Tumakuru Digital Library"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200715110211/https://tumakurudigitallibrary.in/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tumakuru+Digital+Library&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftumakurudigitallibrary.in%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301408856">"Smart cities and telecommuting in Ecuador"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210326050523/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301408856_Smart_cities_and_telecommuting_in_Ecuador">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Smart+cities+and+telecommuting+in+Ecuador&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F301408856&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medium.com/swlh/innovation-vs-technology-redefining-smart-in-smart-cities-8e82857d7004">"Innovation vs Technology. Redefining "Smart" in Smart-Cities"</a>. 11 October 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200609105640/https://medium.com/swlh/innovation-vs-technology-redefining-smart-in-smart-cities-8e82857d7004">Archived</a> from the original on 9 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Innovation+vs+Technology.+Redefining+%22Smart%22+in+Smart-Cities&rft.date=2019-10-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2Fswlh%2Finnovation-vs-technology-redefining-smart-in-smart-cities-8e82857d7004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spicefactory.co/blog/2019/10/25/remote-work-future-of-cities/">"Remote Work Revolution and the Future of (Smart) Cities"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200609104855/https://spicefactory.co/blog/2019/10/25/remote-work-future-of-cities/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Remote+Work+Revolution+and+the+Future+of+%28Smart%29+Cities&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspicefactory.co%2Fblog%2F2019%2F10%2F25%2Fremote-work-future-of-cities%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ceur-ws.org/Vol-2255/paper23.pdf">"Telecommunication Infrastructures for Telemedicine in Smart Cities"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210224072813/http://ceur-ws.org/Vol-2255/paper23.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 24 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Telecommunication+Infrastructures+for+Telemedicine+in+Smart+Cities&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fceur-ws.org%2FVol-2255%2Fpaper23.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://telemedicine.arizona.edu/blog/telemedicine-and-smart-cities">"Telemedicine and Smart Cities"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200609104905/https://telemedicine.arizona.edu/blog/telemedicine-and-smart-cities">Archived</a> from the original on 9 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Telemedicine+and+Smart+Cities&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftelemedicine.arizona.edu%2Fblog%2Ftelemedicine-and-smart-cities&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLi2018" class="citation book cs1">Li, Shuling (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8465562">"Application of Blockchain Technology in Smart City Infrastructure"</a>. <i>2018 IEEE International Conference on Smart Internet of Things (SmartIoT)</i>. pp. 276–2766. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FSmartIoT.2018.00056">10.1109/SmartIoT.2018.00056</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5386-8543-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5386-8543-3"><bdi>978-1-5386-8543-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:52288306">52288306</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Application+of+Blockchain+Technology+in+Smart+City+Infrastructure&rft.btitle=2018+IEEE+International+Conference+on+Smart+Internet+of+Things+%28SmartIoT%29&rft.pages=276-2766&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A52288306%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FSmartIoT.2018.00056&rft.isbn=978-1-5386-8543-3&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Shuling&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fdocument%2F8465562&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKundu2019" class="citation journal cs1">Kundu, Debasish (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0975425319832392">"Blockchain and Trust in a Smart City"</a>. <i>Environment and Urbanization ASIA</i>. <b>10</b> (1): 31–43. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019EnUrA..10...31K">2019EnUrA..10...31K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0975425319832392">10.1177/0975425319832392</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159098611">159098611</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environment+and+Urbanization+ASIA&rft.atitle=Blockchain+and+Trust+in+a+Smart+City&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=31-43&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159098611%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0975425319832392&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019EnUrA..10...31K&rft.aulast=Kundu&rft.aufirst=Debasish&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1177%252F0975425319832392&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310791133">"How Traditional Banks Should Work in Smart City"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210312232742/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310791133_How_Traditional_Banks_Should_Work_in_Smart_City">Archived</a> from the original on 12 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+Traditional+Banks+Should+Work+in+Smart+City&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F310791133&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnthopoulosFitsilis2009" class="citation book cs1">Anthopoulos, Leonidas; Fitsilis, Panos (23 September 2009). "From Online to Ubiquitous Cities: The Technical Transformation of Virtual Communities". In Sideridis, Alexander B.; Patrikakis, Charalampos Z. (eds.). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nextgenerationso00side"><i>Next Generation Society. Technological and Legal Issues</i></a></span>. Lecture Notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering. Vol. 26. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nextgenerationso00side/page/n361">360</a>–372. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-642-11631-5_33">10.1007/978-3-642-11631-5_33</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783642116292" title="Special:BookSources/9783642116292"><bdi>9783642116292</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=From+Online+to+Ubiquitous+Cities%3A+The+Technical+Transformation+of+Virtual+Communities&rft.btitle=Next+Generation+Society.+Technological+and+Legal+Issues&rft.series=Lecture+Notes+of+the+Institute+for+Computer+Sciences%2C+Social+Informatics+and+Telecommunications+Engineering&rft.pages=360-372&rft.pub=Springer+Berlin+Heidelberg&rft.date=2009-09-23&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-642-11631-5_33&rft.isbn=9783642116292&rft.aulast=Anthopoulos&rft.aufirst=Leonidas&rft.au=Fitsilis%2C+Panos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnextgenerationso00side&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenfield,_A.2013" class="citation book cs1">Greenfield, A. (2013). <i>Against the Smart City</i>. London: Verso. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B00FHQ5DBS">B00FHQ5DBS</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Against+the+Smart+City.&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Verso&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB00FHQ5DBS%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.au=Greenfield%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSennett2012" class="citation news cs1">Sennett, Richard (4 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/dec/04/smart-city-rio-songdo-masdar">"No one likes a city that's too smart"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170318004523/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/dec/04/smart-city-rio-songdo-masdar">Archived</a> from the original on 18 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=No+one+likes+a+city+that%27s+too+smart&rft.date=2012-12-04&rft.aulast=Sennett&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2012%2Fdec%2F04%2Fsmart-city-rio-songdo-masdar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraham,_S.Marvin,_S.1996" class="citation book cs1">Graham, S.; Marvin, S. (1996). <i>Telecommunications and the city: electronic spaces, urban place</i>. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780203430453" title="Special:BookSources/9780203430453"><bdi>9780203430453</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Telecommunications+and+the+city%3A+electronic+spaces%2C+urban+place&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9780203430453&rft.au=Graham%2C+S.&rft.au=Marvin%2C+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Johnson2-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Johnson2_138-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson" class="citation magazine cs1">Johnson, Khari. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/story/global-smart-city-competition-highlights-china-rise-ai/">"A Global Smart-City Competition Highlights China's Rise in AI"</a>. <i>Wired</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1059-1028">1059-1028</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired&rft.atitle=A+Global+Smart-City+Competition+Highlights+China%27s+Rise+in+AI&rft.issn=1059-1028&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Khari&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2Fstory%2Fglobal-smart-city-competition-highlights-china-rise-ai%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alibabacloud.com/solutions/intelligence-brain/city">"City Brain"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200603170824/https://www.alibabacloud.com/solutions/intelligence-brain/city">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=City+Brain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.alibabacloud.com%2Fsolutions%2Fintelligence-brain%2Fcity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333456538">"The City Brain: Practice of Large-Scale Artificial Intelligence in the Real World"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210313035758/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333456538_The_City_Brain_Practice_of_Large-Scale_Artificial_Intelligence_in_the_Real_World">Archived</a> from the original on 13 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+City+Brain%3A+Practice+of+Large-Scale+Artificial+Intelligence+in+the+Real+World&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F333456538&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-forbes.com2-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-forbes.com2_142-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-forbes.com2_142-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/rebeccafannin/2019/08/23/baidu-alibaba-tencent-clash-to-lead-chinas-tech-future-while-a-new-b-arises/">"Baidu, Alibaba, Tencent Clash To Lead China's Tech Future While A New 'B' Arises"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200603170852/https://www.forbes.com/sites/rebeccafannin/2019/08/23/baidu-alibaba-tencent-clash-to-lead-chinas-tech-future-while-a-new-b-arises/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=Baidu%2C+Alibaba%2C+Tencent+Clash+To+Lead+China%27s+Tech+Future+While+A+New+%27B%27+Arises&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Frebeccafannin%2F2019%2F08%2F23%2Fbaidu-alibaba-tencent-clash-to-lead-chinas-tech-future-while-a-new-b-arises%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://technode.com/2018/02/11/tencent-medical-ecosystem/">"How Tencent's medical ecosystem is shaping the future of China's healthcare"</a>. 11 February 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200603165928/https://technode.com/2018/02/11/tencent-medical-ecosystem/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+Tencent%27s+medical+ecosystem+is+shaping+the+future+of+China%27s+healthcare&rft.date=2018-02-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftechnode.com%2F2018%2F02%2F11%2Ftencent-medical-ecosystem%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://e.huawei.com/en/news/smart-cities/201810150942">"Huawei Announces Safe City Compact Solution to Protect Citizens in Small and Medium Cities"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200603170858/https://e.huawei.com/en/news/smart-cities/201810150942">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Huawei+Announces+Safe+City+Compact+Solution+to+Protect+Citizens+in+Small+and+Medium+Cities&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fe.huawei.com%2Fen%2Fnews%2Fsmart-cities%2F201810150942&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-:322-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:322_153-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_Nations2017" class="citation web cs1">United Nations (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://habitat3.org/wp-content/uploads/NUA-English.pdf">"New Urban Agenda"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+Urban+Agenda&rft.date=2017&rft.au=United+Nations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhabitat3.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2FNUA-English.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbidMarchesaniCeciMasciarelli2022" class="citation journal cs1">Abid, Nabila; Marchesani, Filippo; Ceci, Federica; Masciarelli, Francesca; Ahmad, Fayyaz (December 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0959652622039506">"Cities trajectories in the digital era: Exploring the impact of technological advancement and institutional quality on environmental and social sustainability"</a>. <i>Journal of Cleaner Production</i>. <b>377</b>: 134378. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022JCPro.37734378A">2022JCPro.37734378A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jclepro.2022.134378">10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.134378</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Cleaner+Production&rft.atitle=Cities+trajectories+in+the+digital+era%3A+Exploring+the+impact+of+technological+advancement+and+institutional+quality+on+environmental+and+social+sustainability&rft.volume=377&rft.pages=134378&rft.date=2022-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jclepro.2022.134378&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022JCPro.37734378A&rft.aulast=Abid&rft.aufirst=Nabila&rft.au=Marchesani%2C+Filippo&rft.au=Ceci%2C+Federica&rft.au=Masciarelli%2C+Francesca&rft.au=Ahmad%2C+Fayyaz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0959652622039506&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeiYeWangLaw2020" class="citation journal cs1">Lei, Sut Ieng; Ye, Shun; Wang, Dan; Law, Rob (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1096348019893066">"Engaging Customers in Value Co-Creation Through Mobile Instant Messaging in the Tourism and Hospitality Industry"</a>. <i>Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research</i>. <b>44</b> (2): 229–251. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1096348019893066">10.1177/1096348019893066</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10397%2F104788">10397/104788</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1096-3480">1096-3480</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Hospitality+%26+Tourism+Research&rft.atitle=Engaging+Customers+in+Value+Co-Creation+Through+Mobile+Instant+Messaging+in+the+Tourism+and+Hospitality+Industry&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=229-251&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10397%2F104788&rft.issn=1096-3480&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1096348019893066&rft.aulast=Lei&rft.aufirst=Sut+Ieng&rft.au=Ye%2C+Shun&rft.au=Wang%2C+Dan&rft.au=Law%2C+Rob&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1177%2F1096348019893066&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhaoFasholaOlarewajuOnwumere2021" class="citation journal cs1">Zhao, Fang; Fashola, Olushola I.; Olarewaju, Tolulope I.; Onwumere, Ijeoma (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S026427512100305X">"Smart city research: A holistic and state-of-the-art literature review"</a>. <i>Cities</i>. <b>119</b>: 103406. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cities.2021.103406">10.1016/j.cities.2021.103406</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cities&rft.atitle=Smart+city+research%3A+A+holistic+and+state-of-the-art+literature+review&rft.volume=119&rft.pages=103406&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cities.2021.103406&rft.aulast=Zhao&rft.aufirst=Fang&rft.au=Fashola%2C+Olushola+I.&rft.au=Olarewaju%2C+Tolulope+I.&rft.au=Onwumere%2C+Ijeoma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS026427512100305X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smart_city&veaction=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smart_city&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section's source code: Further reading">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShepard,_Mark2011" class="citation book cs1">Shepard, Mark (2011). <i>Sentient City: Ubiquitous Computing, Architecture, and the Future of Urban Space. New York City</i>. Architectural League of New York. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0262515863" title="Special:BookSources/978-0262515863"><bdi>978-0262515863</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sentient+City%3A+Ubiquitous+Computing%2C+Architecture%2C+and+the+Future+of+Urban+Space.+New+York+City&rft.pub=Architectural+League+of+New+York&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0262515863&rft.au=Shepard%2C+Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBatty,_M.2012" class="citation journal cs1">Batty, M.; et al. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1140%2Fepjst%2Fe2012-01703-3">"Smart Cities of the Future"</a>. <i>European Physical Journal ST</i>. <b>214</b>: 481–518. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012EPJST.214..481B">2012EPJST.214..481B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1140%2Fepjst%2Fe2012-01703-3">10.1140/epjst/e2012-01703-3</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11850%2F61793">20.500.11850/61793</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Physical+Journal+ST&rft.atitle=Smart+Cities+of+the+Future&rft.volume=214&rft.pages=481-518&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F20.500.11850%2F61793&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1140%2Fepjst%2Fe2012-01703-3&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012EPJST.214..481B&rft.au=Batty%2C+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1140%252Fepjst%252Fe2012-01703-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStratigea2012" class="citation journal cs1">Stratigea, Anastasia (30 October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fnetcom.1105">"The concept of 'smart cities'. Towards community development?"</a>. <i>Networks and Communication Studies</i>. <b>36</b> (3/4): 375–388. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fnetcom.1105">10.4000/netcom.1105</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10654%2F36935">10654/36935</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Networks+and+Communication+Studies&rft.atitle=The+concept+of+%27smart+cities%27.+Towards+community+development%3F&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=3%2F4&rft.pages=375-388&rft.date=2012-10-30&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10654%2F36935&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Fnetcom.1105&rft.aulast=Stratigea&rft.aufirst=Anastasia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.4000%252Fnetcom.1105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTownsend2013" class="citation book cs1">Townsend, Antony (2013). <i>Smart Cities: Big Data, Civic Hackers, and the Quest for a New Utopia</i>. W. W. Norton & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0393082876" title="Special:BookSources/978-0393082876"><bdi>978-0393082876</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Smart+Cities%3A+Big+Data%2C+Civic+Hackers%2C+and+the+Quest+for+a+New+Utopia&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0393082876&rft.aulast=Townsend&rft.aufirst=Antony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoirMoonenClark2014" class="citation web cs1">Moir, E.; Moonen, T.; Clark, C. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/337549/14-820-what-are-future-cities.pdf">"What are future cities – origins, meaning and uses"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Foresight Future of Cities Project and <a href="/wiki/Future_Cities_Catapult" class="mw-redirect" title="Future Cities Catapult">Future Cities Catapult</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+are+future+cities+%E2%80%93+origins%2C+meaning+and+uses&rft.pub=Foresight+Future+of+Cities+Project+and+Future+Cities+Catapult&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Moir&rft.aufirst=E.&rft.au=Moonen%2C+T.&rft.au=Clark%2C+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.uk%2Fgovernment%2Fuploads%2Fsystem%2Fuploads%2Fattachment_data%2Ffile%2F337549%2F14-820-what-are-future-cities.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFViitanenKingston2014" class="citation journal cs1">Viitanen, J.; Kingston, R. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://polired.upm.es/index.php/ciur/article/view/3498">"Smart cities and green growth – outsourcing democratic and environmental resilience to the global technology sector"</a>. <i>Environment and Planning A</i>. <b>46</b> (4): 803–819. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014EnPlA..46..803V">2014EnPlA..46..803V</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1068%2Fa46242">10.1068/a46242</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145283799">145283799</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environment+and+Planning+A&rft.atitle=Smart+cities+and+green+growth+%E2%80%93+outsourcing+democratic+and+environmental+resilience+to+the+global+technology+sector&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=803-819&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145283799%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1068%2Fa46242&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014EnPlA..46..803V&rft.aulast=Viitanen&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Kingston%2C+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpolired.upm.es%2Findex.php%2Fciur%2Farticle%2Fview%2F3498&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaFrance2015" class="citation magazine cs1">LaFrance, Adrienne (10 July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2015/07/when-you-give-a-tree-an-email-address/398210/">"When You Give a Tree an Email Address"</a>. <i>The Atlantic</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=When+You+Give+a+Tree+an+Email+Address&rft.date=2015-07-10&rft.aulast=LaFrance&rft.aufirst=Adrienne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Ftechnology%2Farchive%2F2015%2F07%2Fwhen-you-give-a-tree-an-email-address%2F398210%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaragliuD_BoKourtitNijkamp2015" class="citation book cs1">Caragliu, Andrea; D Bo, Chiara; Kourtit, Karima; Nijkamp, Peter (1 January 2015). "Smart Cities". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.74017-7"><i>International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences</i></a> (Second ed.). Elsevier. pp. 113–117. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fb978-0-08-097086-8.74017-7">10.1016/b978-0-08-097086-8.74017-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780080970875" title="Special:BookSources/9780080970875"><bdi>9780080970875</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Smart+Cities&rft.btitle=International+Encyclopedia+of+the+Social+%26+Behavioral+Sciences&rft.pages=113-117&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2015-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fb978-0-08-097086-8.74017-7&rft.isbn=9780080970875&rft.aulast=Caragliu&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rft.au=D+Bo%2C+Chiara&rft.au=Kourtit%2C+Karima&rft.au=Nijkamp%2C+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%2FB978-0-08-097086-8.74017-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohantyChoppaliKougianos2016" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Saraju_Mohanty" title="Saraju Mohanty">Mohanty, Saraju P.</a>; Choppali, Uma; Kougianos, Elias (July 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smohanty.org/Publications_Journals/2016/Mohanty_IEEE-CEM_2016-July_Smart-Cities.pdf">"Everything You wanted to Know about Smart Cities"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine</i>. <b>6</b> (3): 60–70. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FMCE.2016.2556879">10.1109/MCE.2016.2556879</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:206450227">206450227</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Consumer+Electronics+Magazine&rft.atitle=Everything+You+wanted+to+Know+about+Smart+Cities&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=60-70&rft.date=2016-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FMCE.2016.2556879&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A206450227%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Mohanty&rft.aufirst=Saraju+P.&rft.au=Choppali%2C+Uma&rft.au=Kougianos%2C+Elias&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smohanty.org%2FPublications_Journals%2F2016%2FMohanty_IEEE-CEM_2016-July_Smart-Cities.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorsekovaVanovaVitalisova2016" class="citation journal cs1">Borsekova, Kamila; Vanova, Anna; Vitalisova, Katarina (June 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.sbspro.2016.05.289">"The Power of Communities in Smart Urban Development"</a>. <i>Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences</i>. <b>223</b>: 51–57. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.sbspro.2016.05.289">10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.05.289</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Procedia+-+Social+and+Behavioral+Sciences&rft.atitle=The+Power+of+Communities+in+Smart+Urban+Development&rft.volume=223&rft.pages=51-57&rft.date=2016-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.sbspro.2016.05.289&rft.aulast=Borsekova&rft.aufirst=Kamila&rft.au=Vanova%2C+Anna&rft.au=Vitalisova%2C+Katarina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.sbspro.2016.05.289&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamilton2016" class="citation cs2">Hamilton, Emily (31 October 2016), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mercatus.org/publications/urban-economics/benefits-and-risks-policymakers-use-smart-city-technology"><i>The Benefits and Risks of Policymakers' Use of Smart City Technologies</i></a>, Mercatus Center at George Mason University</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Benefits+and+Risks+of+Policymakers%27+Use+of+Smart+City+Technologies&rft.pub=Mercatus+Center+at+George+Mason+University&rft.date=2016-10-31&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.aufirst=Emily&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mercatus.org%2Fpublications%2Furban-economics%2Fbenefits-and-risks-policymakers-use-smart-city-technology&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCavada2016" class="citation journal cs1">Cavada, M.; et al. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://e-space.mmu.ac.uk/631805/8/Do%20smart%20cities%20realise%20their%20potential%20for%20lower%20carbon%20dioxide%20emissions.pdf">"Do smart cities realise their potential for lower carbon dioxide emissions?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Engineering Sustainability</i>. <b>169</b> (6): 243–252. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1680%2Fjensu.15.00032">10.1680/jensu.15.00032</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Institution+of+Civil+Engineers+-+Engineering+Sustainability&rft.atitle=Do+smart+cities+realise+their+potential+for+lower+carbon+dioxide+emissions%3F&rft.volume=169&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=243-252&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1680%2Fjensu.15.00032&rft.aulast=Cavada&rft.aufirst=M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fe-space.mmu.ac.uk%2F631805%2F8%2FDo%2520smart%2520cities%2520realise%2520their%2520potential%2520for%2520lower%2520carbon%2520dioxide%2520emissions.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.atis.org/smart-cities-roadmap/">"Smart Cities Technology Roadmap"</a>. <i>Alliance for Telecommunications Industry Solutions</i>. April 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Alliance+for+Telecommunications+Industry+Solutions&rft.atitle=Smart+Cities+Technology+Roadmap&rft.date=2017-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.atis.org%2Fsmart-cities-roadmap%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDel_Signore2018" class="citation book cs1">Del Signore, Marcella (2018). <i>Urban Machines : public space in a digital culture</i>. [Trento]. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788898774289" title="Special:BookSources/9788898774289"><bdi>9788898774289</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Urban+Machines+%3A+public+space+in+a+digital+culture&rft.place=%5BTrento%5D&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9788898774289&rft.aulast=Del+Signore&rft.aufirst=Marcella&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhouXiaoDeng2022" class="citation journal cs1">Zhou, Yong; Xiao, Fan; Deng, Weipeng (23 March 2022). "Is smart city a slogan? Evidence from China". <i>Asian Geographer</i>. <b>40</b> (2): 185–202. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10225706.2022.2052734">10.1080/10225706.2022.2052734</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:259149515">259149515</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Geographer&rft.atitle=Is+smart+city+a+slogan%3F+Evidence+from+China&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=185-202&rft.date=2022-03-23&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10225706.2022.2052734&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A259149515%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Zhou&rft.aufirst=Yong&rft.au=Xiao%2C+Fan&rft.au=Deng%2C+Weipeng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
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<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bsigroup.com/en-GB/smart-cities/">British Standards Institute initiative on Smart Cities</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/future-of-cities">Future of Cities</a> UK government 'Foresight' project on cities</li></ul>
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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambient_IoT" title="Ambient IoT">Ambient IoT</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Context_awareness" title="Context awareness">Context awareness</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Device_ecology" title="Device ecology">Device ecology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Internet_of_things" title="Internet of things">Internet of things</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Object_hyperlinking" title="Object hyperlinking">Object hyperlinking</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Profiling_(information_science)" title="Profiling (information science)">Profiling</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Spime" title="Spime">Spime</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Supranet" title="Supranet">Supranet</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ubiquitous_computing" title="Ubiquitous computing">Ubiquitous computing</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Web_of_Things" title="Web of Things">Web of Things</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_sensor_network" title="Wireless sensor network">Wireless sensor networks</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/6LoWPAN" title="6LoWPAN">6LoWPAN</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ANT%2B" class="mw-redirect" title="ANT+">ANT+</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/DASH7" title="DASH7">DASH7</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.15.4" title="IEEE 802.15.4">IEEE 802.15.4</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Internet_0" title="Internet 0">Internet 0</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Machine_to_machine" title="Machine to machine">Machine to machine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Radio-frequency_identification" title="Radio-frequency identification">Radio-frequency identification</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Smartdust" title="Smartdust">Smartdust</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/XBee" title="XBee">XBee</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Platforms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arduino" title="Arduino">Arduino</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Contiki" title="Contiki">Contiki</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/.NET_Gadgeteer" title=".NET Gadgeteer">Gadgeteer</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/IoBridge" title="IoBridge">ioBridge</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Netduino" title="Netduino">Netduino</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Raspberry_Pi" title="Raspberry Pi">Raspberry Pi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/TinyOS" title="TinyOS">TinyOS</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wiring_(development_platform)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiring (development platform)">Wiring</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Xively" title="Xively">Xively</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/NodeMCU" title="NodeMCU">NodeMCU</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambient_device" title="Ambient device">Ambient device</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/CeNSE" title="CeNSE">CeNSE</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Connected_car" title="Connected car">Connected car</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Home_automation" title="Home automation">Home automation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/HomeOS" title="HomeOS">HomeOS</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Internet_refrigerator" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet refrigerator">Internet refrigerator</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nabaztag" title="Nabaztag">Nabaztag</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Smart city</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Smart_TV" title="Smart TV">Smart TV</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Smarter_Planet" title="Smarter Planet">Smarter Planet</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pioneers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Ashton" title="Kevin Ashton">Kevin Ashton</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Borriello" title="Gaetano Borriello">Gaetano Borriello</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Dunkels" title="Adam Dunkels">Adam Dunkels</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Stefano_Marzano" title="Stefano Marzano">Stefano Marzano</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Don_Norman" title="Don Norman">Don Norman</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Roel_Pieper" title="Roel Pieper">Roel Pieper</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Preishuber-Pfl%C3%BCgl" title="Josef Preishuber-Pflügl">Josef Preishuber-Pflügl</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_Seely_Brown" title="John Seely Brown">John Seely Brown</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Sterling" title="Bruce Sterling">Bruce Sterling</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Weiser" title="Mark Weiser">Mark Weiser</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambient_Devices" title="Ambient Devices">Ambient Devices</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/AmbieSense" title="AmbieSense">AmbieSense</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Framework_Programmes_for_Research_and_Technological_Development" title="Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development">Ebbits project</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/IPSO_Alliance" title="IPSO Alliance">IPSO Alliance</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cities" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cities" title="Template:Cities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cities" title="Template talk:Cities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cities" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/City" title="City">Cities</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Urban_geography" title="Urban geography">Urban geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">Urban area</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/City_centre" title="City centre">City centre</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Downtown" title="Downtown">Downtown</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Suburb" title="Suburb">Suburb</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Exurb" title="Exurb">Exurb</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Core_city" title="Core city">Core city</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Twin_cities" title="Twin cities">Twin cities</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_city" title="Satellite city">Satellite city</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Edge_city" title="Edge city">Edge city</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Commuter_town" title="Commuter town">Commuter town</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/City_proper" title="City proper">City proper</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/City_limits" title="City limits">limits</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Conurbation" title="Conurbation">Conurbation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">Metropolitan area</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Metropolis" title="Metropolis">Metropolis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Megacity" title="Megacity">Megacity</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Megalopolis" title="Megalopolis">Megalopolis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_with_the_most_skyscrapers" title="List of cities with the most skyscrapers">Cities with the most skyscrapers</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Urbanization" title="Urbanization">Urbanization</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Suburbanization" title="Suburbanization">Suburbanization</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shrinking_city" title="Shrinking city">Shrinking cities</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_town" title="Ghost town">Ghost town</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abandoned_village" title="Abandoned village">Abandoned village</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lost_city" title="Lost city">Lost city</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tent_city" title="Tent city">Tent city</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Closed_city" title="Closed city">Closed city</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/College_town" title="College town">College town</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Municipal_corporation" title="Municipal corporation">Urban government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/City_status" title="City status">City status</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Municipality" title="Municipality">Municipality</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Direct-controlled_municipality" title="Direct-controlled municipality">direct-controlled</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Independent_city" title="Independent city">Independent city</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">City-state</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_city" title="Autonomous city">Autonomous city</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">Capital city</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Urban_economics" title="Urban economics">Urban economics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_by_GDP" title="List of cities by GDP">World's cities by GDP</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Global_city" title="Global city">Global city</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Central_business_district" title="Central business district">Central business district</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_cities_for_expatriate_employees" title="List of most expensive cities for expatriate employees">Most expensive cities</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cheapest_cities" title="List of cheapest cities">Cheapest cities</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Most_livable_cities" class="mw-redirect" title="Most livable cities">Most livable cities</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Urban_decay" title="Urban decay">Urban decay</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghetto" title="Ghetto">Ghetto</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Modern_ruins" title="Modern ruins">Modern ruins</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/No-go_area" title="No-go area">No-go area</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shanty_town" title="Shanty town">Shanty town</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Skid_row" title="Skid row">Skid row</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Slum" title="Slum">Slum</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Squatting" title="Squatting">Squatting</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Urban_renewal" title="Urban renewal">Urban renewal</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_bond" title="Municipal bond">Municipal bond</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Habitat_III" title="Habitat III">Habitat III</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Peri-urban_agriculture" title="Peri-urban agriculture">Peri-urban agriculture</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning" title="Urban planning">Urban planning</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_urban_planning" title="History of urban planning">History of urban planning</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Theories_of_urban_planning" title="Theories of urban planning">Theories of urban planning</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Technical_aspects_of_urban_planning" title="Technical aspects of urban planning">Technical aspects of urban planning</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planner" title="Urban planner">Urban planners</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Public_open_space" title="Public open space">Public open space</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_green_space" title="Urban green space">Green space</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Urban_wild" title="Urban wild">Urban wild</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zoning" title="Zoning">Zoning</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-use_development" title="Mixed-use development">Mixed-use development</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Urban_design" title="Urban design">Urban design</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Grid_plan" title="Grid plan">Grid plan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Concentric_zone_model" title="Concentric zone model">Concentric zone model</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sector_model" title="Sector model">Sector model</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_nuclei_model" title="Multiple nuclei model">Multiple nuclei model</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Linear_settlement" title="Linear settlement">Linear settlement</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Land_use" title="Land use">Land use</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Smart city</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bicycle-friendly" title="Bicycle-friendly">Bicycle-friendly</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cyclability" title="Cyclability">Cyclability</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cycling_infrastructure" title="Cycling infrastructure">Cycling infrastructure</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pedestrian_zone" title="Pedestrian zone">Pedestrian zone</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Walkability" title="Walkability">Walkability</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/World_population" title="World population">Urban population</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities" title="List of largest cities">World's largest cities</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities_throughout_history" title="List of largest cities throughout history">throughout history</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_proper_by_population_density" title="List of cities proper by population density">Most densely populated cities</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_capitals_by_population" title="List of national capitals by population">Most populous national capitals</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_satellite_cities_by_population" title="List of satellite cities by population">Most populous satellite cities</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Urbanism" title="Urbanism">Urbanism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Urbanism" title="New Urbanism">New Urbanism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Urban_warfare" title="Urban warfare">Urban warfare</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Urban_studies" title="Urban studies">Urban studies</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Urban_morphology" title="Urban morphology">Urban morphology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Urban_culture" title="Urban culture">Urban culture</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Urban_sociology" title="Urban sociology">Urban sociology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anti-urbanism" title="Anti-urbanism">Anti-urbanism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Urban_exploration" title="Urban exploration">Urban exploration</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Urban_homesteading" title="Urban homesteading">Urban homesteading</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Unitary_urbanism" title="Unitary urbanism">Unitary urbanism</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Environment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_cities" title="Climate change and cities">Climate change</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Eco-cities" title="Eco-cities">Eco-cities</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_engineering" title="Ecological engineering">Ecological engineering</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Green_infrastructure" title="Green infrastructure">Green infrastructure</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Green_urbanism" title="Green urbanism">Green urbanism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Million_Tree_Initiative" title="Million Tree Initiative">Million Tree Initiative</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_city" title="Sustainable city">Sustainable city</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goal_11" title="Sustainable Development Goal 11">Sustainable Development Goal 11</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_urbanism" title="Sustainable urbanism">Sustainable urbanism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Urban_ecology" title="Urban ecology">Urban ecology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Urban_forest_inequity" title="Urban forest inequity">Urban forest inequity</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Urban_forest" title="Urban forest">Urban forest</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Urban_forestry" title="Urban forestry">Urban forestry</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Urban_heat_island" title="Urban heat island">Urban heat island</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Urban_park" title="Urban park">Urban park</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Urban_prairie" title="Urban prairie">Urban prairie</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Urban_reforestation" title="Urban reforestation">Urban reforestation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zero-carbon_city" title="Zero-carbon city">Zero-carbon city</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/28px-COL-city_icon.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/42px-COL-city_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/56px-COL-city_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Cities" title="Portal:Cities">Cities portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>' |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | '1727737037' |
