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'{{Short description|Overview of golf in Scotland}} {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}} [[File:18th Green and Clubhouse.jpg|thumb|The [[Old Course at St Andrews]]]] '''Golf in Scotland''' was first recorded in the [[Scotland in the late Middle Ages|Scottish late Middle Ages]], and the modern game of [[golf]] was first developed and established in the country. The game plays a key role in the [[Sport in Scotland|national sporting consciousness]].<ref>{{cite conference |first = Hutchison |last = I. G. C. |title = Scottish Newspapers and Scottish National Identity in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries |book-title = Newspapers in international librarianship, 68th IFLA Council and General Conference |page = 8 |publisher = [[University of Stirling]] |year = 2002 |location = [[Glasgow]] |url = https://www.scribd.com/doc/328222/Scottish-Newspapers-and-Scottish-National-Identity-in-the-Nineteenth-and-Twentieth-Centuries |id = 3-598-21837-0 |access-date = 2008-12-04 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name=SGU>{{cite web |url=http://www.scottishgolf.org/index.cfm?objectid=ACB68141-AD7B-80A3-DB0DC742474DEC30 |title=About the SGU - What is the Scottish Golf Union? |publisher=[[Scottish Golf Union]] official website |access-date=2008-12-06 |quote=The game of golf is one of Scotland’s greatest assets. A national icon, thousands of golfers from across the world descend upon the Home of Golf each year to take up the challenge of some of the planet’s most famous courses and some of the game’s finest hidden gems. Golf is a vital part of Scotland’s economy and vitally important to our nation’s psyche. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090917201328/http://www.scottishgolf.org/index.cfm?objectid=ACB68141-AD7B-80A3-DB0DC742474DEC30 |archive-date=2009-09-17 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[The Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews|The Royal and Ancient Golf Club]] of [[St Andrews]], known as the R&A, was the world [[Sport governing body|governing body]] for the game (except in the United States and Mexico). [[The R&A]], a separate organisation from the club, was created in 2004 as the governing body. The Scottish Ladies' Golfing Association was founded in 1904 and the [[Scottish Golf Union]] (SGU) in 1920. They merged in 2015 into a new organization, Scottish Golf. To many golfers, the [[Old Course at St Andrews]], an ancient [[Links (golf)|links]] course dating to before 1574, is considered to be a site of pilgrimage.<ref>Cochrane, Alistair (ed) ''Science and Golf IV: proceedings of the World Scientific Congress of Golf''. Page 849. Routledge.</ref> There are many other famous golf courses in Scotland, including [[Carnoustie Golf Links|Carnoustie]], [[Gleneagles Hotel|Gleneagles]], [[Muirfield]], [[Kingsbarns Golf Links|Kingsbarns]], [[Turnberry (golf course)|Turnberry]] and [[Royal Troon]]. The world's first [[The Open Championship|Open Championship]] was held at [[Prestwick Golf Club|Prestwick]] in [[1860 Open Championship|1860]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pgatour.com/2007/travel/05/01/prestwick_cow/index.html |title=Historic Prestwick - Birthplace of the British Open |publisher=[[PGA Tour]] official website |access-date=2008-12-04 |quote=The very first Open Championship was held here in 1860, to determine golf's champion player. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080724011010/http://www.pgatour.com/2007/travel/05/01/prestwick_cow/index.html |archive-date=2008-07-24 }}</ref> and Scots golfers have the most victories at the Open at 42 wins, one ahead of the United States. Although golf is often seen as an [[elitist]] sport elsewhere in the world, in the land of its birth it enjoys widespread appeal across the [[Scottish society|social spectrum]], in line with the country's [[Egalitarianism|egalitarian]] tradition. For example, the Old Course at St Andrews is a charitable trust and [[Musselburgh Links]] are [[Municipal ownership|public]] courses. [[Local government of Scotland|Council]]-owned courses, with low fees and easy access, are common throughout the country wherever [[Demographics of Scotland|demography]] and [[Geography of Scotland|geography]] allow. Therefore, golf courses, whether public or private, are far more common in the [[Scottish Lowlands|Lowlands]] than in the [[Highlands and Islands]], where [[shinty]] (a game which may share a common ancestry with golf)<ref>{{cite web|last=MacLennan |first=Hugh Dan |author-link=Hugh Dan MacLennan |title=Shinty's Place and Space in World Sport 1 |publisher=[[University of Aberdeen]] |url=http://www.robdownie.supanet.com/history.html |access-date=2008-12-06 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202034247/http://www.robdownie.supanet.com/history.html |archive-date=December 2, 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last = McComb|first = David G.|title = Sports in World History|publisher = Routledge|year = 2004|page = 42|isbn = 9780415318112}}</ref> is often the traditional sport. Scotland is widely promoted as the "Home of Golf,"<ref name = SGU/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scotland.gov.uk/News/Releases/2007/03/06090032 |title=The Home of Golf |publisher=[[Scottish Government]] |access-date=2008-12-04 |quote=The Royal & Ancient and three public sector agencies are to continue using the Open Championship to promote Scotland as the worldwide home of golf.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pgatour.com/travel/golf-international/scotland/2008/04/08/trans_atlantic.print.html |title=Scotland is the home of golf |publisher=[[PGA Tour]] official website |access-date=2008-12-04 |quote=Scotland is the home of golf...}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://golf.visitscotland.com/ |title=Golf Breaks in Scotland - The Home of Golf |publisher=[[Visit Scotland]] |access-date=2008-12-04 |quote=Welcome to Scotland, the home of golf... |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090411102438/http://golf.visitscotland.com/ |archive-date=2009-04-11 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and along with [[Scotch whisky|whisky]] and the long list of [[Scottish inventions and discoveries]], [[golf]] is widely seen as being a key national cultural icon throughout the world.<ref name = SGU/><ref>[http://www.homecomingscotland.com/default.html "... celebrating some of Scotland’s great contributions to the world: golf, whisky, great minds and innovations and Scotland’s rich culture and heritage."], Homecoming Scotland 2009</ref> It is frequently used to market the country to potential visitors, for example for the [[Homecoming Scotland 2009|Homecoming year]] in 2009, and [[Sports tourism|golf tourism]] accounted for approximately 2% of overall [[Scottish tourism]] spending in 2004.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thescotsman.scotsman.com/scotland/Tee-is-for-tourism-worth.2564722.jp |title=Tee is for tourism worth £300 million |publisher=[[The Scotsman]] |access-date=2008-12-04 |quote=Golf tourism now accounts for about 2 per cent of overall tourism spending in Scotland...}}</ref> One page that explains the history of golf in Scotland starts off by stating that, "There has been much debate as to the origins of the game and, in some cases, how it was originally played. One thing is certain — the game of golf as we know it was born in Scotland".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.greenfeesavers.co.uk/history.html |title=The history of Golf in Scotland |access-date=2011-03-17 |quote=History of Golf in Scotland |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725032331/http://www.greenfeesavers.co.uk/history.html |archive-date=2011-07-25 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Scotland has 587 courses, the most courses per head of any country, with the majority being in [[Glasgow]] and [[Edinburgh]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ghotw.com/puregolfhotels/2011/02/scottish-golf/ |title=Scottish Golf |access-date=2011-05-09 |quote=Scottish Golf |archive-date=6 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006204549/http://www.ghotw.com/puregolfhotels/2011/02/scottish-golf/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Etymology== [[File:Old and Young Tom Morris.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Old Tom Morris]] with [[Young Tom Morris]] ca. 1870-75]] The word ''golf'' was first recorded in the 15th century, appearing twice in an [[List of acts of the Parliament of Scotland|act]] of the [[Parliament of Scotland|Scots Parliament]] of 6 March 1457<!-- 1457 O.S. (1458 N.S.) - see Old Style and New Style dates -->, in the reign of [[James II of Scotland|James II]]. The act, which ordered the holding of ''wappenschaws'' ({{lang-en|[[Muster (military)|musterings]]}}) four times a year for the purpose of [[archery]] practice, stated that "the fut bal ande the golf" ([[Medieval football|football]] and golf) were to be "vtterly criyt done" (''condemned''; lit. "cried down") and "nocht vsyt" (''not engaged in''; lit. "not used").<ref name=DOST>{{cite book |last = hthf |first = William A |author-link = William Craigie |title = A Dictionary of the Older Scottish Tongue: from the Twelfth Century to the End of the Seventeenth |publisher = [[Aberdeen University Press]], [[Oxford University Press]] |url = http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?query=golf |display-authors = etal |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120213075118/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?query=golf |archive-date = 2012-02-13 }}</ref> Offenders were to be punished by the [[Scottish feudal barony|barony]] courts, otherwise they were "to be tane be the kingis officiaris" (''arrested by the king's officers''). Football (see [[Football in Scotland]]) and golf are again both explicitly named and forbidden in two further 15th century Scottish [[statute]]s encouraging archery practice, in 1470 and 1491<!-- O.S. -->. The 1470 Act, in the reign of [[James III of Scotland|James III]], again uses the spelling ''golf'', but the 1491 Act, in the reign of [[James IV of Scotland|James IV]], spells it {{lang|gd|gouff'}};<ref>[http://www.rps.ac.uk/ James IV: Manuscript, 1491, 28 April, Edinburgh, Parliament, Parliamentary Register, 18 May 1491]</ref> and variants such as {{lang|gd|gowf}}, {{lang|gd|gowff}}, {{lang|gd|gouf}} became the usual spellings during the [[Scotland in the Early Modern Era|Early Modern Period]]. The [[Scottish National Dictionary]] states that "''golf'' represents a revival of the [[Middle Scots]] form; Loudoun Gowf Club, [[Newmilns]], retains the old form in its title";<ref>[http://www.dsl.ac.uk/getent4.php?query=gowf&sset=1&fset=20&printset=20&searchtype Gowf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110526195237/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/getent4.php?query=gowf&sset=1&fset=20&printset=20&searchtype |date=2011-05-26 }}, Dictionary of the Scots Language, accessed 2008-12-05</ref> i.e. the spelling changed from Medieval ''golf'' to Early Modern ''gowf'', and then back again. The [[Dictionary of the Older Scottish Tongue]] gives the [[etymology]] of the word ''golf'' or {{lang|gd|gouf}} (with many alternative spellings) as probably from the [[Dutch language|Dutch]] ''kolf'' (see [[Kolven]], a Dutch indoor ballgame); although the dictionary also records the noun ''golf'' (with alternative spellings ''golfe'' or ''golph'') as deriving from [[Middle English]] ''golf'' or {{lang|enm|goulf}} or [[Old French]] {{lang|fro|golfe}}, meaning "a deep pool or hollow; an abyss"; a [[cognate]] of [[modern English]] ''gulf''.<ref name=DOST/> ===Other golfing words of Scots origin=== {{further|List of English words of Scots origin}} *''[[Links (golf)|Links]]'': first recorded in 1453 – "Et de ... s. de le [[Leith Links|lynkis de Leith]]" *''[[Golf club (equipment)|Golf club]]'': first recorded in 1503–1504 – "For golf clubbes and balles to [[James IV of Scotland|the King]] that he playit with" *''[[Golfball]]'': first recorded as a term in 1545 (although also referred to in the 1503–1504 Treasury account) – "Three [[Dozen|dossoun]] and thre goif bawis" *''Drive'': first recorded in 1583 - "[[1 (number)|Ane]] golf staff to driffe the ball vithe all" *''Tee'' ([[Teeing ground]]): first recorded in 1721 – "Driving their Baws frae [[Ulex europaeus|Whins]] or Tee, There’s no ae Gowfer to be seen." *''[[Golf#Types of shots|Putt]]'': first recorded in 1743 – "Let each social soul Drink to the [[putter]], the balls, and the hole." *''[[Caddie]]'': first recorded in 1773 – "In order to preserve the holes, no Golfer or Cadie shall be allowed to make any Tee within ten yards of the hole.rules are to score a goal" ==Origins== [[File:The MacDonald boys playing golf.jpg|thumb|left|upright|''The MacDonald boys playing golf'' by the 18thC portrait painter [[Jeremiah Davison]]]] The exact origins of the sport of [[golf]] are unclear. The most widely accepted theory is that the modern game of golf originated in Scotland in the [[Scotland in the High Middle Ages|High Middle Ages]].<ref>[http://www.abc-of-golf.com/golf-basics/golf-history.asp Golf History @ ABC-of-Golf<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120516003553/http://www.abc-of-golf.com/golf-basics/golf-history.asp |date=2012-05-16 }}</ref> The first golf courses and clubs were established in the country.<ref>{{cite book | last = Campbell | first = Malcolm |author2=Glyn Satterley | title = The Scottish Golf Book | publisher = Sports Publishing LLC | year = 1999 |page=54 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=l-IUIch4FLIC&dq=golf+developed+Scotland&pg=PA54 | isbn = 1-58382-053-1 |id={{ISBN|9781583820537}}}}</ref> The first written rules originated in Scotland, as did the establishment of the 18-hole course. The first tournament structures developed and competitions were held between various [[burgh]]s. The modern game was spread by Scots to the rest of the world. The earliest reference to golf is the purchase of a set of golf clubs by [[James IV of Scotland|James IV]] from a bowmaker of St Johnston ([[Perth, Scotland|Perth]]) in 1502. Where he played is not known, but it is likely to have been on the open ground called the North Inch at Perth. It is recorded that Robert Maule of [[Panmure House|Panmure]] played golf at [[Carnoustie Golf Links|Carnoustie]] in the mid 16th century, as a wager for drink.<ref name=rps>An erroneous date of 1527 is sometimes given, but this occurs earlier Maule's narrative and relates to possession of the Mill of Strathdighty.<br /> :''lykwayes he exerciset the gowf, and oftymes past to Barry lynkes, quhan the wadfie vos for drink. If he tint, he newir vald entir in ane browster hows, bot cawsit ane of his serwandis to gange and pay for al.'' The old road leading from Panmure estate to the coast terminates at the eastern part of Barry Links, occupied now by [[Carnoustie Golf Links]].<br /> *{{citation | title = Registrum de Panmure. Records of the families of Maule, De Valoniis, Brechin, and Brechin-Barclay, united in the line of the Barons and Earls of Panmure | last = Maule | first = Harry | year = 1874 | location = Edinburgh | editor = Stuart, John | publisher = Fox Maule-Ramsay}}</ref> Around the same time, in 1552, [[John Hamilton (archbishop)|John Hamilton]] the [[Archbishop of St Andrews]] granted the right of the people of [[St Andrews]] to play golf and gather turf on the links, retaining his rights to the rabbit warrens there.<ref>{{citation | title = Routing the golf course: the art & science that forms the golf journey | first = Forrest L. | last = Richardson | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=xYU1eWI37xEC&pg=PA34 | access-date = November 10, 2010 | year = 2002 | publisher = John Wiley & Sons | location = Hoboken, New Jersey| isbn = 9780471434801 }}</ref> The Old Links at [[Musselburgh Racecourse]] is claimed to be the oldest playing golf course in the world. Evidence has shown that golf was played on [[Musselburgh Links]] in 1672, although [[Mary, Queen of Scots]] reputedly played there even earlier in 1567.<ref name = ML>{{cite web | title = The Oldest Playing Golf Course in the World | publisher = Musselburgh Links | url = http://www.musselburgholdlinks.co.uk/history/ | access-date = 2008-12-06 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080722093114/http://www.musselburgholdlinks.co.uk/history/ <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date = 2008-07-22}} </ref> An entry in the [[Edinburgh]] burgh records for 19 April 1592 includes golf in a list of pastimes to be avoided on the Sabbath.<ref>{{cite book | editor-last = Wood | editor-first = Marguerite | title = Extracts From The Records Of The Burgh Of Edinburgh | publisher = Oliver And Boyd | year = 1927 |page=63}}</ref> The parish register for neighbouring [[Leith|South Leith]] records the appearance of four parishioners before the [[Session (Presbyterianism)| kirk session]] on 7 December 1610 who "confessed they had prophaned the Sabbath be playing at the gowffe in tyme off preaching and thairfore was ordained to mak thair publict repentance the nixt Sabboth."<ref>{{cite book | last = Robertson | first = D | title = South Leith Records | publisher = Andrew Elliot | year = 1911 | location = Edinburgh |page=9}}</ref> ==Golf course evolution== Golf courses have not always consisted of eighteen holes. The [[St Andrews Links]] occupy a narrow strip of land along the sea-shore. As early as the 15th century, golfers at [[St Andrews]] established a trench through the undulating terrain, playing to holes whose locations were dictated by topography. The course that emerged featured eleven holes, laid out end to end from the clubhouse to the far end of the property. One played the holes out, turned around, and played the holes in, for a total of 22 holes. In 1764, several of the holes were deemed too short and therefore combined. The number was thereby reduced from 11 to nine so that a complete round of the links comprised 18 holes. Due to the status of St Andrews as the 'home of golf', other courses followed suit and the 18-hole course became the standard which has remained to the present day. There are now more than 550 golf courses throughout the country, with at least 21 courses in [[Edinburgh]] alone. {{wide image|18th hole, Carnoustie, Open 2007.jpg|800px|align-cap=center|The 18th hole at [[Carnoustie Golf Links|Carnoustie]], [[Angus, Scotland]].}} ==Spreading the game outside Scotland== When [[James VI]] succeeded to the [[Throne of England|thrones of England]] and [[Throne of Ireland|Ireland]] in 1603 (see [[Union of the Crowns]]) a large number of his Scottish [[courtiers]] followed him to [[London]]. The King resided at [[Greenwich Palace]], and there is documentary evidence that some of these Scottish noblemen played golf on [[Blackheath, London|Blackheath]], on the hill behind the palace. [[Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales]], the king's eldest son, was playing golf in 1606. The Royal Blackheath Golf Club traces its origins from these Scottish noblemen, thus claiming a pre-1745 foundation date. Although it is certainly the oldest English golf club and the oldest outside Scotland, there is no evidence that it is the oldest golf club in the world, as is sometimes claimed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scottishgolfhistory.org/oldest-golf-societies/1766-royal-blackheath-golf-club |title=Royal Blackheath Golf Club |publisher=scottishgolfhistory.org |access-date=2008-12-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.royalblackheath.com/index.php?section=&content_id=47 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303233138/http://www.royalblackheath.com/index.php?section=&content_id=47 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2016-03-03 |title=Golf at Blackheath through the centuries |publisher=Royal Blackheath Golf Club |access-date=2008-12-09}}</ref> This accolade is claimed by The Royal Burgess Golfing Society of Edinburgh who date back to 1735. The first record of North American golf was a consignment of 96 golf clubs and 432 golf balls which was shipped from [[Leith]] to [[Charleston, South Carolina|Charleston]], [[South Carolina]], in 1743;<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.scotland.org/about/entertainment-and-sport/features/culture/golf.html |title=Golf – the 64 million dollar question |publisher=Scotland.org - the official online gateway to Scotland |access-date=2008-12-09 |quote=in 1743 a shipment of 96 clubs and 432 golf balls were sent from Leith in Scotland to Charleston, South Carolina. Some time later the South Carolina Golf Club was established, the first of the many in the USA. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121053503/http://www.scotland.org/about/entertainment-and-sport/features/culture/golf.html |archive-date=2008-11-21 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and on 29 September 1786 Scottish merchants established the South Carolina Golf Club in Charleston, the first golf club in the United States.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sciway.net/facts/firsts.html |title=South Carolina – Firsts |publisher=SCIway.net – South Carolina's Front Door |access-date=2008-12-09 |quote=Scottish merchants formed the South Carolina Golf Club in Charleston. Club members played on Harleston's Green in Charleston until 1800.}}</ref> ==Players== [[File:TommyArmour1927.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Tommy Armour]], 'The Silver Scot']] Several Scots golfers are members of the [[World Golf Hall of Fame]]. Players marked * are also members of the [[Scottish Sports Hall of Fame]]: *[[Willie Anderson (golfer)|Willie Anderson]]* (1879–1910) *[[Tommy Armour]]* (1894–1968) *[[James Braid (golfer)|James Braid]]* (1870–1950) *[[Dorothy Campbell]] (1883–1945) *[[Jock Hutchison]] (1884–1977) *[[Sandy Lyle]] (1958– ) *[[Alister MacKenzie]] (1870–1934) – [[golf course architect]] *[[Colin Montgomerie]] (1963– ) *[[Tom Morris, Sr.|Old Tom Morris]]* (1821–1908) *[[Tom Morris, Jr.|Young Tom Morris]]* (1851–1875) *[[Willie Park, Sr.]] (1834–1903) *[[Allan Robertson]] (1815–1859) *[[Donald Ross (golfer)|Donald Ross]] (1872–1948) – [[golf course architect]] [[Belle Robertson]] (born 1936) and [[Jessie Valentine]] (1915–2006) are all inducted into the Scottish Sports Hall of Fame, but not the World Golf Hall of Fame. ==See also== {{Portal|Scotland}} * [[Sport in Scotland]] * [[Scottish Golf Union]] * [[R&A World Golf Museum]] * [[Timeline of golf history (1353-1850)]] * [[Timeline of golf history (1851-1945)]] * [[Timeline of golf history (1945-1999)]] * [[Timeline of golf (2000-present)]] * [[History of golf]] * [[Football Act 1424]] * [[Sports tourism]] ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Further reading== *2010, ''18 Greatest Scottish Golf Holes'', 18 Greatest *Browning, Robert, 1955, ''A History of Golf'', A & C Black, London *Campbell, Malcolm, 2001, ''The Scottish Golf Book'', Lomond Books *Clark, Robert, 1875 and 1893, ''Golf: A Royal and Ancient Game'', EP Publishing *Cameron, Robbie J, 1936, ''Chronicle of Royal Burgess Golfing Society of Edinburgh'', Morrison & Gibb *Cruden, Stewart, 1992, ''Bruntsfield Links Golfing Society'', BLGS and John Donald Publishers *Geddes, Olive, 1992, ''A Swing Through Time Golf in Scotland 1457–1743'', [[HMSO]] for the [[National Library of Scotland]] *Hamilton, David, 1998, ''Golf Scotland’s Game'', Patrick Press *Jarrett, Tom, 1995, ''St Andrews Golf Links The First 600 Years'', [[Mainstream Publishing]] *Kidd, Roger, 2002, ''Golf in Scotland'', Roger Kidd's Golf Guides *[[Norman Mair|Mair, Norman]], 1994, ''Muirfield'', Mainstream Publishing *Price, Robert, 1989, ''Scotland's Golf Courses'', [[Mercat Press]] *Royal & Ancient, ''The 2004 Golfer's Handbook'', Renton Laidlaw Macmillan Publishers *Stirk, David I, 1987, ''Golf: the history of an obsession'', [[Phaidon Press]] ==External links== *[https://web.archive.org/web/20090411102438/http://golf.visitscotland.com/ Scotland - The Home of Golf], the official golf site of Scotland's national tourism organisation [[VisitScotland]] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080914004633/http://www.scotland.org/about/entertainment-and-sport/features/education/golf-history.html Golf History], at Scotland.org - the official online gateway to Scotland *[https://web.archive.org/web/20081209013014/http://www.geo.ed.ac.uk/home/scotland/sports.html Sport - Golf], at the [[Gazetteer for Scotland]] *[http://www.scottishgolfhistory.org/ Scottish Golf History], at www.scottishgolfhistory.org *[http://sport.scotsman.com/golf Golf] at ''[[The Scotsman]]'' newspaper [https://www.whatsoninmotherwell.com/golf-clubs/ Golf Motherwell] {{Golf}} {{Europe topic|Golf in|UK_only=no}} {{Sport in Scotland}}{{Tourism in Scotland}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Golf In Scotland}} [[Category:Golf in Scotland| ]]'