Edit count of the user (user_editcount) | null |
Name of the user account (user_name) | '96.83.144.81' |
Age of the user account (user_age) | 0 |
Groups (including implicit) the user is in (user_groups) | [
0 => '*'
] |
Rights that the user has (user_rights) | [
0 => 'createaccount',
1 => 'read',
2 => 'edit',
3 => 'createtalk',
4 => 'writeapi',
5 => 'viewmyprivateinfo',
6 => 'editmyprivateinfo',
7 => 'editmyoptions',
8 => 'abusefilter-log-detail',
9 => 'urlshortener-create-url',
10 => 'centralauth-merge',
11 => 'abusefilter-view',
12 => 'abusefilter-log',
13 => 'vipsscaler-test'
] |
Whether or not a user is editing through the mobile interface (user_mobile) | false |
Whether the user is editing from mobile app (user_app) | false |
Page ID (page_id) | 31853 |
Page namespace (page_namespace) | 0 |
Page title without namespace (page_title) | 'Uzbekistan' |
Full page title (page_prefixedtitle) | 'Uzbekistan' |
Edit protection level of the page (page_restrictions_edit) | [] |
Last ten users to contribute to the page (page_recent_contributors) | [
0 => 'Javlonbekvikkiuz',
1 => 'Beshogur',
2 => 'Muso1996',
3 => 'Gerarge Plublic Alember',
4 => 'Morris80315436',
5 => 'ElderE4',
6 => '2600:4040:7FB7:5700:31E3:DACE:1715:F920',
7 => '84.54.70.85',
8 => '2.132.197.60',
9 => '70.89.44.109'
] |
Page age in seconds (page_age) | 723947733 |
Action (action) | 'edit' |
Edit summary/reason (summary) | 'tnj1' |
Time since last page edit in seconds (page_last_edit_age) | 128201 |
Old content model (old_content_model) | 'wikitext' |
New content model (new_content_model) | 'wikitext' |
Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext) | '{{Short description|Country in Central Asia}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Republic of Uzbekistan
| common_name = Uzbekistan
| native_name = {{native name|uz|{{lang-uz-Latn-Cyrl|O‘zbekiston Respublikasi|<br />Ўзбекистон Республикаси|label=none}}}}
| image_flag = Flag of Uzbekistan.svg
| image_coat = Emblem of Uzbekistan.svg
| symbol_type = [[Emblem of Uzbekistan|Emblem]]
| national_anthem = <br />{{nowrap|{{lang-uz-Latn-Cyrl|O‘zbekiston Respublikasining Davlat Madhiyasi|<br />Ўзбекистон Республикасининг Давлат Мадҳияси|label=none}}}}<br />"[[State Anthem of Uzbekistan|State Anthem of the Republic of Uzbekistan]]"{{parabr}}{{center|[[File:National Anthem of Uzbekistan (Instrumental).ogg]]}}
| image_map = File:Uzbekistan (centered orthographic projection).svg
| map_caption = Location of Uzbekistan (green)
| capital = [[Tashkent]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|41|19|N|69|16|E|type:city_region:UZ}}
| largest_city = capital
| official_languages = [[Uzbek language|Uzbek]]<ref name=law>{{cite web |title=Uzbekistan: Law "On Official Language" |url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b4d328.html |website=Refworld |access-date=26 November 2022 |archive-date=8 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190508060700/https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b4d328.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=UzbekConstit>{{cite web |title=Constitution of the Republic of Uzbekistan |website=constitution.uz |access-date=26 November 2022 |url=http://constitution.uz/en |archive-date=15 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151215043716/http://constitution.uz/en |url-status=live }}</ref>
| regional_languages = [[Karakalpak language|Karakalpak]]
| religion_year = 2021
| ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list
|84.5% [[Uzbeks]]
|4.8% [[Tajiks]]
|2.4% [[Kazakhs]]
|2.2% [[Karakalpaks]]
|2.1% [[Russians in Uzbekistan|Russians]]
|4.0% [[Ethnic groups in Uzbekistan|others]]
}}
| ethnic_groups_year = 2021<ref name=NatEtnicPop>{{cite web |title=Permanent population by national and / or ethnic group, urban / rural place of residence |id=2-001-1779 |website=Data.egov.uz |access-date=2022-09-16 |archive-date=2 February 2023 |url=https://data.egov.uz/eng/data/6117a05996188a0f14ac917b?page=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202184355/https://data.egov.uz/eng/data/6117a05996188a0f14ac917b?page=1 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| religion_ref = <ref>{{cite web|title=2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Uzbekistan|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-report-on-international-religious-freedom/uzbekistan/|access-date=26 November 2022|website=United States Department of State|archive-date=2 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220602232057/https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-report-on-international-religious-freedom/uzbekistan/|url-status=live}}</ref>
| demonym = [[Demographics of Uzbekistan|Uzbekistani]]
| government_type = Unitary [[Presidential system|presidential republic]]
| leader_title1 = [[President of Uzbekistan|President]]
| leader_name1 = [[Shavkat Mirziyoyev]]
| leader_title2 = [[Prime Minister of Uzbekistan|Prime Minister]]
| leader_name2 = [[Abdulla Aripov]]
| legislature = [[Oliy Majlis]]
| upper_house = [[Senate of Uzbekistan|Senate]]
| lower_house = [[Legislative Chamber of Uzbekistan|Legislative Chamber]]
| sovereignty_type = [[History of Uzbekistan|Formation]]
| established_event1 = [[Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic|Uzbek SSR]] established after [[national delimitation in the Soviet Union#National delimitation in Central Asia|national delimitation]]
| established_date1 = 27 October 1924
| established_event2 = Declared independence from the [[Soviet Union]]
| established_date2 = 1 September 1991
| established_event3 = Formally recognised
| established_date3 = 26 December 1991
| established_event4 = [[Constitution of Uzbekistan|Current constitution]]
| established_date4 = 8 December 1992
| area_km2 = 447,400<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/uzbekistan/#geography|title=Uzbekistan|date=27 February 2023|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|via=CIA.gov|access-date=24 February 2023|archive-date=10 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110072816/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/uzbekistan#geography|url-status=live}}</ref>
| area_rank = 55th
| area_sq_mi = 173,348 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]-->
| percent_water = 4.9
| population_estimate = 36,799,000<ref name=UzbekStat2022>{{Cite web |title=Demographic situation in the Republic of Uzbekistan - 1/1/2023 |website=Statistics Agency of Uzbekistan |access-date=23 December 2023 |page=23 |url=https://www.stat.uz/images/uploads/reliz2021/demografiya-press-reliz-27_01_2023-ang.pdf }}</ref>
| population_estimate_year = 2024
| population_estimate_rank = 40th
| population_census_year =
| population_density_km2 = 80.2
| population_density_sq_mi = 207.8 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]-->
| population_density_rank = 138th
| GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $401.838 billion<ref name="IMFWEO.UZ">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/November/weo-report?c=927,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, November 2023 Edition. (Uzbekistan) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=IMF.org |date=10 November 2023 |access-date=12 November 2023}}</ref>
| GDP_PPP_year = 2024
| GDP_PPP_rank = 57th
| GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $10,936<ref name="IMFWEO.UZ"/>
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 122th
| GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $104.41 billion<ref name="IMFWEOUZ">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2019/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=20&pr.y=11&sy=2017&ey=2021&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=927&s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC%2CPCPIPCH&grp=0&a= |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=IMF.org |access-date=12 November 2023}}</ref>
| GDP_nominal_year = 2024
| GDP_nominal_rank = 70th
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $2,667<ref name="IMFWEO.UZ"/>
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 138th
| Gini = 36.7 <!--number only-->
| Gini_year = 2013
| Gini_change = decrease <!--increase/decrease/steady-->
| Gini_ref = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/income-gini-coefficient|title=Income Gini coefficient|website=Human Development Reports|access-date=6 December 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100610232357/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2172.html|archive-date=10 June 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://mecometer.com/whats/uzbekistan/gini-index/|title=GINI index – Uzbekistan|website=MECOMeter – Macro Economy Meter|access-date=6 December 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150404160525/http://mecometer.com/whats/uzbekistan/gini-index/|archive-date=4 April 2015}}</ref>
| HDI = 0.727 <!--number only-->
| HDI_year = 2021<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year-->
| HDI_change = increase<!--increase/decrease/steady-->
| HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web|url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf|title=Human Development Report 2021/2022|language=en|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|date=8 September 2022|access-date=26 November 2022|archive-date=8 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908114232/http://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
| HDI_rank = 101st
| currency = [[Uzbekistani soum|Uzbek sum]]
| currency_code = UZS
| time_zone = [[Uzbekistan Time|UZT]]
| utc_offset = +5
| utc_offset_DST =
| time_zone_DST =
| date_format = dd/mm yyyy<sup>c</sup>
| drives_on = right
| calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Uzbekistan|+998]]
| cctld = [[.uz]]
| footnote_a = Co-official in [[Karakalpakstan]].<ref name=law/>
| footnote_b = On 31 August 1991, the [[Supreme Soviet of the Uzbek SSR]] voted to declare the country independent from the [[Soviet Union]]. The next day was declared a national holiday by the Uzbek government, and became [[Independence Day (Uzbekistan)|an Independence Day]].
| footnote_c = dd.mm.yyyy format is used in [[Cyrillic script]]s, including [[Russian language|Russian]].
| today =
| official_website = {{URL|https://www.gov.uz/en|gov.uz}}
}}
'''Uzbekistan''',{{efn|{{lang-uz-Latn-Cyrl|Oʻzbekiston|Ўзбекистон}}; {{IPAc-en|UK|ʊ|z|ˌ|b|ɛ|k|ᵻ|ˈ|s|t|ɑː|n|,_|ʌ|z|-|,_|-|ˈ|s|t|æ|n}}, {{IPAc-en|US|ʊ|z|ˈ|b|ɛ|k|ᵻ|s|t|æ|n|,_|-|s|t|ɑː|n|audio=En-us-Uzbekistan.ogg}} <ref>{{cite book|last=Wells|first=John C.|year=2008|title=Longman Pronunciation Dictionary|edition=3rd|publisher=Longman|isbn=978-1-4058-8118-0}}. This source gives the British pronunciation as {{IPAc-en|ˌ|ʊ|z|b|ɛ|k|ᵻ|ˈ|s|t|ɑː|n|,_|ʌ|z|-|,_|-|ˈ|s|t|æ|n}}, rather than {{IPAc-en|ʊ|z|ˌ|b|ɛ|k|-}} found in CEPD. It also does not list the {{IPAc-en|ʊ|z|ˈ|b|ɛ|k|ᵻ|s|t|ɑː|n}} variant in American English.</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Roach|first=Peter|year=2011|title=Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary|edition=18th|place=Cambridge|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-0-521-15253-2}} This source does not list the {{IPAc-en|-|ˈ|s|t|æ|n}} pronunciation in British English.</ref>}} officially the '''Republic of Uzbekistan''',{{efn|{{lang-uz-Latn-Cyrl|Oʻzbekiston Respublikasi|Ўзбекистон Республикаси|label=none}}}} is a [[landlocked country#Doubly landlocked|doubly landlocked]] country located in [[Central Asia]]. It is surrounded by five countries: [[Kazakhstan]] to the [[Kazakhstan–Uzbekistan border|north]], [[Kyrgyzstan]] to the [[Kyrgyzstan–Uzbekistan border|northeast]], [[Tajikistan]] to the [[Tajikistan–Uzbekistan border|southeast]], [[Afghanistan]] to the [[Afghanistan–Uzbekistan border|south]], and [[Turkmenistan]] to the [[Turkmenistan–Uzbekistan border|southwest]], making it one of only two doubly landlocked countries on Earth, the other being [[Liechtenstein]]. Uzbekistan is part of the [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] world, as well as a member of the [[Organization of Turkic States]]. [[Uzbek language|Uzbek]] is the majority language, while [[Russian language|Russian]] is widely spoken and understood. [[Islam]] is the predominant religion, and most Uzbeks are [[Sunni Islam|Sunni Muslims]].<ref>"Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation". ''The World's Muslims: Unity and Diversity''. Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. 9 August 2012. Retrieved 4 September 2013.</ref>
The first recorded settlers in the land of what is modern Uzbekistan were [[Eastern Iranian peoples|Eastern Iranian nomads]], known as [[Scythians]], who founded kingdoms in [[Khwarazm]], [[Bactria]], and [[Sogdia]] in the 8th–6th centuries BC, as well as [[Kingdom of Fergana|Fergana]] and [[Margiana]] in the 3rd century BC – 6th century AD.<ref>[https://www.languagesoftheworld.info/language-families/uzbek-the-penguin-of-turkic-languages.html "Uzbek, the penguin of Turkic languages"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211113124345/https://www.languagesoftheworld.info/language-families/uzbek-the-penguin-of-turkic-languages.html |date=13 November 2021 }} Retrieved 26 November 2022.</ref> The area was incorporated into the [[Achaemenid Empire]] and, after a period of [[Greco-Bactrian Kingdom|Greco-Bactrian rule]], was ruled by the [[Parthian Empire]] and later by the [[Sasanian Empire]], until the [[Muslim conquest of Persia]] in the seventh century. The [[early Muslim conquests]] and the subsequent [[Samanid Empire]] converted most of the people into adherents of [[Islam]]. During this period, cities began to grow rich from the [[Silk Road]], and became a center of the [[Islamic Golden Age]]. The local [[Khwarazmian dynasty]] was destroyed by the [[Mongol conquest of Khwarezmia|Mongol invasion]] in the 13th century, leading to a dominance by Turkic peoples. [[Timur]] (Tamerlane) in the 14th century established the [[Timurid Empire]]. Its capital was Samarkand, which became a centre of science under the rule of [[Ulugh Beg]], giving birth to the [[Timurid Renaissance]]. The territories of the [[Timurid dynasty]] were conquered by [[Shaybanids|Uzbek Shaybanids]] in the 16th century. Conquests by Emperor [[Babur]] towards the east led to the foundation of the [[Mughal Empire]] in India. All of Central Asia [[Russian conquest of Central Asia|was gradually incorporated]] into the [[Russian Empire]] during the 19th century, with Tashkent becoming the political center of [[Russian Turkestan]]. In 1924, [[national delimitation in the Soviet Union#National delimitation in Central Asia|national delimitation]] created the [[Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic]] as a [[republic of the Soviet Union]]. It declared [[Independence Day (Uzbekistan)|independence]] as the Republic of Uzbekistan in 1991.
Uzbekistan is a [[secular state]], with a presidential [[Constitution of Uzbekistan|constitutional]] government in place. Uzbekistan comprises 12 [[Regions of Uzbekistan|regions]] (vilayats), Tashkent City, and one [[Autonomy|autonomous]] republic, [[Karakalpakstan]]. While [[non-governmental organization|non-governmental]] organisations have defined Uzbekistan as "an [[Authoritarianism|authoritarian]] state with limited [[Civil and political rights|civil rights]]",<ref name="US State Dept - human rights"/>{{r|UzbekConstit}} significant reforms under Uzbekistan's second president, [[Shavkat Mirziyoyev]], have been made following the death of the first president, [[Islam Karimov]]. Owing to these reforms, relations with the neighbouring countries of [[Kyrgyzstan]], [[Tajikistan]], and [[Afghanistan]] have drastically improved.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Eurasia's Latest Economic Reboot Can Be Found in Uzbekistan |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/kenrapoza/2017/09/14/eurasias-new-perestroika-uzbekistan-silk-road-china/#670f09196f25 |access-date=18 September 2017|magazine=[[Forbes]]|date=14 September 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170914201819/https://www.forbes.com/sites/kenrapoza/2017/09/14/eurasias-new-perestroika-uzbekistan-silk-road-china/ |archive-date=14 September 2017}}</ref><ref name=Lillis2017>{{Cite news |last=Lillis |first=Joanna |date=3 October 2017 |title=Are decades of political repression making way for an 'Uzbek spring'? |newspaper=The Guardian |issn=0261-3077 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/03/are-decades-of-political-repression-making-way-for-an-uzbek-spring |url-status=live |access-date=19 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201080937/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/03/are-decades-of-political-repression-making-way-for-an-uzbek-spring |archive-date=1 December 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.eurasiareview.com/08122017-uzbekistan-a-quiet-revolution-taking-place-analysis/|title=Uzbekistan: A Quiet Revolution Taking Place – Analysis|date=8 December 2017|work=Eurasia Review|access-date=8 December 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171208175149/https://www.eurasiareview.com/08122017-uzbekistan-a-quiet-revolution-taking-place-analysis/|archive-date=8 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://csrskabul.com/en/blog/growing-ties-afghanistan-uzbekistan/|title=The growing ties between Afghanistan and Uzbekistan – CSRS En|date=28 January 2017|work=CSRS En|access-date=25 December 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222053100/http://csrskabul.com/en/blog/growing-ties-afghanistan-uzbekistan/|archive-date=22 December 2017}}</ref> A United Nations report of 2020 found much progress toward achieving the UN's [[Sustainable Development Goals]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Uzbekistan |url=https://sdgs.un.org/basic-page/uzbekistan-24786 |access-date=2021-07-08 |publisher=UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs |archive-date=13 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211113131141/https://sdgs.un.org/basic-page/uzbekistan-24786 |url-status=live }}</ref>
The [[Economy of Uzbekistan|Uzbek economy]] is in a gradual transition to the [[market economy]], with foreign trade policy being based on [[Import substitution industrialization|import substitution]]. In September 2017, the country's currency became fully convertible at market rates. Uzbekistan is a major producer and exporter of [[cotton]]. With the gigantic power-generation facilities from the Soviet era and an ample supply of [[natural gas]], Uzbekistan has become the largest electricity producer in Central Asia.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.globallegalinsights.com/practice-areas/energy-laws-and-regulations/uzbekistan |title=Uzbekistan {{!}} Energy 2018 |publisher=GLI – Global Legal Insights |access-date=2 December 2017 |archive-date=3 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171203153910/https://www.globallegalinsights.com/practice-areas/energy-laws-and-regulations/uzbekistan |url-status=live }}</ref> From 2018 to 2021, the republic received a BB− [[sovereign credit rating]] by both [[Standard and Poor]] (S&P) and [[Fitch Ratings]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Uzbekistan Sovereign credit ratings - data, chart |url=https://www.theglobaleconomy.com/Uzbekistan/credit_rating/|access-date=2021-07-08 |publisher=TheGlobalEconomy.com|language=en}}</ref> The [[Brookings Institution]] described Uzbekistan as having large liquid assets, high economic growth, low [[public debt]], and a low [[Gross domestic product|GDP per capita]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.brookings.edu/blog/future-development/2019/01/23/uzbekistans-star-appears-in-the-credit-rating-universe |title=Uzbekistan's star appears in the credit rating universe |first=Daniel |last=Pajank |newspaper=Brookings |date=23 January 2019 |access-date=30 December 2019 |publisher=[[Brookings Institution]] |archive-date=19 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211219111342/https://www.brookings.edu/blog/future-development/2019/01/23/uzbekistans-star-appears-in-the-credit-rating-universe/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Uzbekistan is a member of the [[Commonwealth of Independent States]] (CIS), [[United Nations]] (UN) and the [[Shanghai Cooperation Organisation]] (SCO).
== Etymology ==
The name "Uzbegistán" appears in the 16th century [[Mirza Muhammad Haidar Dughlat|Tarikh-i Rashidi]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Qazaq Khanate as Documented in Ming Dynasty Sources|author=Kenzheakhmet Nurlan|page=140|year=2013}}</ref>
The origin of the word Uzbek remains disputed.
# "free", "independent" or "own master/leader", requiring an [[amalgamation (linguistics)|amalgamation]] of ''uz'' ([[Turkic language|Turkic]]: "own"), ''bek'' ("master" or "leader")<ref name="H. Keane, A. Hingston Quiggin p.312"/>
# [[eponym]]ously named after [[Oghuz Khagan]], also known as ''Oghuz Beg''<ref name="H. Keane, A. Hingston Quiggin p.312">A. H. Keane, A. Hingston Quiggin, A. C. Haddon, Man: Past and Present, p.312, Cambridge University Press, 2011, Google Books, quoted: "Who take their name from a mythical Uz-beg, Prince Uz (beg in Turki=a chief, or hereditary ruler)."</ref>
# A contraction of ''Uğuz'', earlier Oğuz, that is, [[Oghuz (tribe)]], amalgamated with ''bek'' "[[oghuz (tribe)|oguz]]-leader".<ref>{{cite book|last=MacLeod|first=Calum|title=Uzbekistan: Golden Road to Samarkand|page=31|author2=Bradley Mayhew}}</ref>
All three have the middle syllable/phoneme being [[cognate (linguistics)|cognate]] with the Turkic title ''[[Beg (title)|Beg]]''.
The name of the country was often spelled as "Ўзбекистон" in Uzbek Cyrillic or "Узбекистан" in Russian during Soviet rule.
== History ==
{{Main|History of Uzbekistan}}
[[File:Kaunakes Bactria Louvre AO31917.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Female statuette wearing the [[kaunakes]]. Chlorite and limestone, [[Bactria]], beginning of the second millennium BC.]]
The region currently known as the country of Uzbekistan has been referred to by many names over the millennia. The name, Uzbekistan first appears in 16th century literature.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Qazaq Khanate as Documented in Ming Dynasty Sources|author=Kenzheakhmet Nurlan|page=140|year=2013}}</ref> Other names for the region include: [[Transoxonia|Transoxiana]], [[Sogdia]], and the [[Khanate of Bukhara]]. In the 14th century the region served as the birthplace, home, and capital of [[Tamerlane]]. Under Tamerlane, the region was a part of the [[Timurid Empire]] which extended from the [[Black Sea]] to the [[Arabian Sea]], and to just outside of [[Delhi, India]]
The first people known to have inhabited Central Asia were [[Scythians]] who came from the northern grasslands of what is now Uzbekistan, sometime in the first millennium BC; when these nomads settled in the region they built an extensive irrigation system along the rivers.{{sfnp|Lubin|1997|pp=385-6}} At this time, cities such as Bukhoro ([[Bukhara]]) and Samarqand ([[Samarkand]]) emerged as centres of government and high culture.{{sfnp|Lubin|1997|pp=385-6}} By the fifth century BC, the [[Bactria]]n, [[Sogdia]]n, and [[Yuezhi|Tokharian]] states dominated the region.{{sfnp|Lubin|1997|pp=385-6}}
As [[East Asia]] began to develop its silk trade with the West, Using an extensive network of cities and rural settlements in the province of [[Transoxiana]], and further east in what is today [[Xinjiang]], the Sogdian intermediaries became the wealthiest of these merchants. As a result of this trade on what became known as the [[Silk Route|Silk Road]], Bukhara and Samarkand eventually became extremely wealthy cities, and at times [[Transoxiana]] (Mawarannahr) was one of the most influential and powerful provinces of antiquity.{{sfnp|Lubin|1997|pp=385-6}}
[[File:Napoli BW 2013-05-16 16-24-01.jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[Alexander the Great]] at the [[Battle of Issus]]. [[Mosaic]] in the [[Naples National Archaeological Museum|National Archaeological Museum]], [[Naples, Italy|Naples]].]]
[[File:1872 Vereshchagin Triumphierend anagoria.JPG|thumb|right|Triumphant crowd at [[Registan]], Sher-Dor Madrasah. The [[Emir of Bukhara]] viewing the [[decapitation|severed heads]] of Russian soldiers on poles. Painting by [[Vasily Vereshchagin]] (1872).]]
[[File:KarazinNN VstRusVoyskGRM.jpg|thumb|right|Russian troops taking [[Samarkand]] in 1868, by [[Nikolay Karazin]]]]
In 327 BC, Macedonian ruler [[Alexander the Great]] conquered the [[Achaemenid Empire|Persian Empire]] provinces of Sogdiana and Bactria, which contained the territories of modern Uzbekistan. Popular resistance to the conquest was fierce, causing Alexander's army to be bogged down in the region that became the northern part of the Macedonian [[Greco-Bactrian Kingdom]]. The kingdom was replaced with the Yuezhi-dominated [[Kushan Empire]] in the first century BC. For many centuries thereafter the region of Uzbekistan was ruled by the [[Parthian Empire|Parthian]] and [[Sassanid]] Empires, as well as by other empires, for example, those formed by the Turkic [[Gokturk]] peoples.
The [[Early Muslim conquests|Muslim conquests]] from the seventh century onward saw the [[Arabs]] bring [[Islam]] to Uzbekistan. In the same period, Islam began to take root among the nomadic [[Turkic people]]s.
In the eighth century, Transoxiana, the territory between the [[Amu Darya|Amudarya]] and [[Syr Darya|Syrdarya]] rivers, was conquered by the Arabs ([[Qutayba ibn Muslim]]), becoming a focal point soon after the [[Islamic Golden Age]].
In the ninth and tenth centuries, Transoxiana was brought into the [[Samanid]] State. In the tenth century it was gradually dominated by the Turkic-ruled [[Karakhanids]], as well as their [[Seljuks|Seljuk]] (Sultan Sanjar) overseer's.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Davidovich |first=E.A. |year=1998 |chapter=The Karakhanids (Chapter 6) |editor1=M.S. Asimov |editor2=Clifford Edmund Bosworth |title=History of civilizations of Central Asia |volume=4.1 The age of achievement: A.D. 750 to the end of the fifteenth century; pt. 1, the historical, social and economic setting |publisher=UNESCO Publishing |isbn=92-3-103467-7 |pages=119–44 }}</ref>
The [[Mongol Empire|Mongol]] conquest under [[Genghis Khan]] during the 13th century brought change to the region. The invasions of Bukhara, Samarkand, [[Köneürgenç|Urgench]] and others resulted in [[Destruction under the Mongol Empire|mass murders]] and unprecedented destruction, which saw parts of [[Khwarazmian Empire|Khwarezmia]] being completely razed.<ref>{{cite web |last=Modelski |first=George |title=Central Asian world cities (XI – XIII century) |website=faculty.washington.edu |url=https://faculty.washington.edu/modelski/CAWC.htm |archive-date=18 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118054002/https://faculty.washington.edu/modelski/CAWC.htm }}</ref>
Following the death of Genghis Khan in 1227, his empire was divided among his four sons and his family members. Despite the potential for serious fragmentation, there was an orderly succession for several generations, and control of most of Transoxiana stayed in the hands of the direct descendants of [[Chagatai Khan]], the second son of Genghis Khan. Orderly succession, prosperity, and internal peace prevailed in the Chaghatai lands, and the Mongol Empire as a whole remained a strong and united kingdom, the [[Golden Horde]].{{sfnp|Lubin|1997|pp=389-90}}
In the early 14th century, however, as the Persian empire began to break up into its constituent parts, the Chaghatai territory was disrupted as the princes of various tribal groups competed for influence. One tribal chieftain, Timur (Tamerlane),<ref>Sicker, Martin (2000) ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=v3AdA-Ogl34C&pg=PA154 The Islamic World in Ascendancy: From the Arab Conquests to the Siege of Vienna] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912153747/https://books.google.com/books?id=v3AdA-Ogl34C&pg=PA154 |date=12 September 2015 }}''. [[Greenwood Publishing Group]]. p. 154. {{ISBN|0-275-96892-8}}</ref> emerged from these struggles in the 1380s as the dominant force in Transoxiana. Although he was not a descendant of Genghis Khan, Timur became the ''de facto'' ruler of Transoxiana and proceeded to conquer all of western Central Asia, [[Iran]], the [[Caucasus]], [[Mesopotamia]], [[Asia Minor]], and the southern steppe region north of the [[Aral Sea]]. He also invaded Russia before dying during an invasion of [[Ming dynasty|China]] in 1405.{{sfnp|Lubin|1997|pp=389-90}} Timur was also known for his extreme brutality and his conquests were accompanied by [[genocidal massacre]]s in the cities he occupied.<ref>Totten, Samuel and Bartrop, Paul Robert (2008) ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=rgGA91skoP4C Dictionary of Genocide: A-L] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018194024/https://books.google.com/books?id=rgGA91skoP4C |date=18 October 2017 }}'', ABC-CLIO, p. 422, {{ISBN|0313346429}}</ref>
Timur initiated the last flowering of Transoxiana by gathering together numerous artisans and scholars from the vast lands he had conquered into his capital, Samarkand, thus imbuing his empire with a rich Perso-Islamic culture. During his reign and the reigns of his immediate descendants, a wide range of religious and palatial construction masterpieces were undertaken in Samarkand and other population centres.<ref>Forbes, Andrew, & Henley, David: ''[http://www.cpamedia.com/article.php?pg=archive&acid=120613150427&aiid=120613151433 Timur's Legacy: The Architecture of Samarkand] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130524193127/http://www.cpamedia.com/article.php?pg=archive&acid=120613150427&aiid=120613151433 |date=24 May 2013 }}'' (CPA Media).</ref>
Tamerlane also established an exchange of medical discoveries and patronised physicians, scientists and artists from the neighbouring regions such as India;<ref>Medical Links between India & Uzbekistan in Medieval Times by [[Hakim Syed Zillur Rahman]], Historical and Cultural Links between India & Uzbekistan, [[Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Library]], Patna, 1996. pp. 353–381.</ref> His grandson [[Ulugh Beg]] was one of the world's first great astronomers. It was during the Timurid dynasty that Turkic, in the form of the [[Chagatai language|Chaghatai]] dialect, became a literary language in its own right in Transoxiana, although the Timurids were Persianate in culture. The greatest Chaghataid writer, [[Ali-Shir Nava'i]], was active in the city of [[Herat]] (now in northwestern Afghanistan) in the second half of the 15th century.{{sfnp|Lubin|1997|pp=389-90}}
[[File:Map of 3 Uzbek tribal dynasties in the middle of the 19th century.svg|thumb|253x253px|Areas of three Uzbek Tribal States in the middle of the 19th century
{|
|{{legend|#ccff99|[[Khanate of Kokand]] (Ming dynasty)}}
|{{legend|#fdd99b|[[Khanate of Khiva]] (Qhongirat dynasty)}}
|{{legend|#ffaaaa|[[Emirate of Bukhara]] (Manghit dynasty)}}
|}]]
The Timurid state quickly split in half after the death of Timur. The chronic internal fighting of the Timurids attracted the attention of the Uzbek nomadic tribes living to the north of the Aral Sea. In 1501, the Uzbek forces began a wholesale invasion of Transoxiana.{{sfnp|Lubin|1997|pp=389-90}} The [[History of slavery|slave trade]] in the [[Emirate of Bukhara]] became prominent and was firmly established at this time.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,810930,00.html |title=Adventure in the East |magazine=Time |date=6 April 1959 |access-date=28 January 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110201110849/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,810930,00.html |archive-date=1 February 2011 }}</ref> The Khanate of Bukhara was eventually invaded by the foreign government of Persia in 1510, and then became a part of the Persian empire of the day.
Before the arrival of the Russians, present-day Uzbekistan was divided between the Emirate of Bukhara and the [[khanate]]s of [[Khanate of Khiva|Khiva]] and [[Khanate of Kokand|Kokand]]. [[File:Sartscrop.jpg|thumb|upright=0.85|left|Two [[Sart]] men and two Sart boys in [[Samarkand]], c. 1910]] In the 19th century, the [[Russian Empire]] began to expand and spread into [[Central Asia]]. There were 210,306 Russians living in Uzbekistan in 1912.<ref>Shlapentokh, Vladimir; Sendich, Munir; Payin, Emil (1994) ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=Bg-dn0g0SikC&pg=PA108 The New Russian Diaspora: Russian Minorities in the Former Soviet Republics] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150408005412/http://books.google.com/books?id=Bg-dn0g0SikC&pg=PA108 |date=8 April 2015 }}''. M.E. Sharpe. p. 108. {{ISBN|1-56324-335-0}}.</ref> The "[[Great Game]]" period is generally regarded as running from approximately 1813 to the [[Anglo-Russian Convention of 1907]]. A second, less intensive phase followed the [[October Revolution|Bolshevik Revolution]] of 1917. At the start of the 19th century, there were some {{convert|3,200|km|mi}} separating [[British India]] and the outlying regions of [[Imperial Russia|Tsarist Russia]]. Much of the land between was unmapped. In the early 1890s, [[Sven Hedin]] passed through Uzbekistan, during his first expedition.
By the beginning of 1920, Central Asia was firmly in the hands of Russia and, despite some early [[Basmachi movement|resistance]] to the [[Bolsheviks]], Uzbekistan and the rest of Central Asia became a part of the [[Soviet Union]]. On 27 October 1924 the [[Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic]] was created. From 1941 to 1945, during [[World War II]], 1,433,230 people from Uzbekistan fought in the [[Red Army]] against [[Nazi Germany]]. A number also [[Ostlegionen|fought on the German side]]. As many as 263,005 Uzbek soldiers died in the battlefields of the [[Eastern Front (World War II)|Eastern Front]], and 32,670 went missing in action.<ref>Chahryar Adle, Madhavan K. Palat, Anara Tabyshalieva (2005). "''[https://books.google.com/books?id=XPfcfF8LRWQC Towards the Contemporary Period: From the Mid-nineteenth to the End of the Twentieth Century] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329231706/https://books.google.com/books?id=XPfcfF8LRWQC |date=29 March 2018 }}''". UNESCO. p.232. {{ISBN|9231039857}}</ref>
During the [[Soviet-Afghan War]], a number of Uzbek troops fought in neighbouring [[Democratic Republic of Afghanistan|Afghanistan]]. At least 1,500 lost their lives and thousands more paralysed.
On 20 June 1990, Uzbekistan declared its state sovereignty. On 31 August 1991, Uzbekistan declared independence after the [[1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt|failed coup attempt]] in Moscow. 1 September was proclaimed National Independence Day. The Soviet Union was [[Dissolution of the Soviet Union|dissolved]] on 26 December of that year. [[Islam Karimov]], previously first secretary of the Communist Party of Uzbekistan since 1989, was elected president of the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic in 1990. After the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, he was elected president of independent Uzbekistan.<ref>{{cite web|title=Islam Karimov {{!}} president of Uzbekistan|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Islam-Karimov|access-date=2021-07-08|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref> An authoritarian ruler, Karimov died in September 2016.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-37218158|title=Obituary: Uzbekistan President Islam Karimov|website=[[BBC News]]|date=2 October 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160903142534/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-37218158|archive-date=3 September 2016}}</ref> He was replaced by his long-time [[Prime Minister of Uzbekistan|Prime Minister]], [[Shavkat Mirziyoyev]], on 14 December of the same year.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/dec/05/uzbekistan-elects-shavkat-mirziyoyev-president-islam-karimov|title = Uzbekistan elects Shavkat Mirziyoyev as president| website=[[TheGuardian.com]] |date = 5 December 2016}}</ref> On 6 November 2021, Mirziyoyev was sworn into his second term in office, after gaining a landslide victory in presidential [[2021 Uzbek presidential election|election.]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Uzbek president secures second term in landslide election victory |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/10/25/uzbek-president-secures-second-term-in-landslide-election-victory |work=www.aljazeera.com |date=25 October 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Uzbek president pledges constitutional reform {{!}} Eurasianet |url=https://eurasianet.org/uzbek-president-pledges-constitutional-reform |work=eurasianet.org |date=7 November 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
== Geography ==
{{Main|Geography of Uzbekistan}}
{{See also|List of cities in Uzbekistan}}
[[File:UN-Uzbekistan.svg|thumb|left|upright=1.15|Map of Uzbekistan, including the former [[Aral Sea|Oral Dengiz]]]]
Uzbekistan has an area of {{convert|448978|km2|sqmi}}. It is the 56th largest country in the world by area and the 40th by population.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.worldatlas.com/aatlas/populations/ctypopls.htm |title=Countries of the world |publisher=worldatlas.com |access-date=2 May 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100507141553/http://www.worldatlas.com/aatlas/populations/ctypopls.htm |archive-date=7 May 2010}}</ref> Among the [[Commonwealth of Independent States|CIS]] countries, it is the fourth largest by area and the second largest by population.<ref name="uzstat">[http://enews.fergananews.com/article.php?id=2051 Uzbekistan will publish its own book of records – Ferghana.ru] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513010043/http://enews.fergananews.com/article.php?id=2051|date=13 May 2013}}. 18 July 2007. Retrieved 29 July 2009.</ref>
Uzbekistan lies between latitudes [[37th parallel north|37°]] and [[46th parallel north|46° N]], and longitudes [[56th meridian east|56°]] and [[74th meridian east|74° E]]. It stretches {{convert|1425|km|mi}} from west to east and {{convert|930|km|mi}} from north to south. Bordering [[Kazakhstan]] and the [[Aralkum Desert]] (former [[Aral Sea]]) to the north and northwest, [[Turkmenistan]] and [[Afghanistan]] to the southwest, [[Tajikistan]] to the southeast, and [[Kyrgyzstan]] to the northeast, Uzbekistan is one of the largest [[Central Asia]]n states and the only Central Asian state to border all the other four. Uzbekistan also shares a short border (less than {{convert|150|km|mi|0|abbr=on|disp=or}}) with [[Afghanistan]] to the south.
Uzbekistan is a hot, dry, [[landlocked country]]. It is one of two [[doubly landlocked]] countries in the world - that is, a landlocked country completely surrounded by other landlocked countries. The second doubly landlocked country is [[Liechtenstein]]. In addition, due to its location within a series of [[endorheic basin]]s, none of its rivers lead to the sea. Less than 10% of its territory is intensively cultivated irrigated land in river valleys and oases, and formerly in the [[Aral Sea]], which has largely desiccated in one of the world's worst environmental disasters.<ref>{{cite news|title=Aral Sea 'one of the planet's worst environmental disasters'| url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/earthnews/7554679/Aral-Sea-one-of-the-planets-worst-environmental-disasters.html|date=5 April 2010|access-date=1 May 2010| location=London|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100408214552/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/earthnews/7554679/Aral-Sea-one-of-the-planets-worst-environmental-disasters.html|archive-date=8 April 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The rest is the vast [[Kyzylkum Desert]] and mountains.
[[File:Koppen-Geiger Map UZB present.svg|thumb|upright=1.15|left|Köppen climate classification]]
The highest point in Uzbekistan is [[Alpomish|Alpomish Peak]], at {{convert|4668|m|ft}} above sea level, in the southern part of the [[Gissar Range]] in the [[Surxondaryo Region]] on the border with Tajikistan, just northwest of [[Dushanbe]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alpomish - Peakbagger.com |url=https://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=130621 |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=www.peakbagger.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-30 |title=Alpomish, Uzbekistan Highpoint |url=https://www.countryhighpoints.com/alpomish-uzbekistan-highpoint/ |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=Country Highpoints |language=en-US}}</ref>
The climate in Uzbekistan is continental, with little [[precipitation]] expected annually (100–200 millimetres, or 3.9–7.9 inches). The average summer high [[temperature]] tends to be 40 °C {{nowrap|(104 °F)}}, while the average winter low temperature is around −23 °C {{nowrap|(−9 °F)}}.<ref name="LoC:Climate">[http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+uz0029) Climate] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080922172530/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID+uz0029%29|date=22 September 2008}}, Uzbekistan : Country Studies – Federal Research Division, Library of Congress.</ref>
Uzbekistan is home to six terrestrial ecoregions: [[Alai-Western Tian Shan steppe]], [[Gissaro-Alai open woodlands]], [[Badghyz and Karabil semi-desert]], [[Central Asian northern desert]], [[Central Asian riparian woodlands]], and [[Central Asian southern desert]].<ref name="DinersteinOlson2017">{{cite journal |last1=Dinerstein |first1=Eric |last2=Olson |first2=David |last3=Joshi |first3=Anup |last4=Vynne |first4=Carly |last5=Burgess |first5=Neil D. |last6=Wikramanayake |first6=Eric |last7=Hahn |first7=Nathan |last8=Palminteri |first8=Suzanne |last9=Hedao |first9=Prashant |last10=Noss|first10=Reed |last11=Hansen |first11=Matt |last12=Locke |first12=Harvey |last13=Ellis |first13=Erle C. |last14=Jones |first14=Benjamin |last15=Barber |first15=Charles Victor |last16=Hayes |first16=Randy |last17=Kormos |first17=Cyril |last18=Martin |first18=Vance |last19=Crist |first19=Eileen |last20=Sechrest |first20=Wes |last21=Price |first21=Lori |last22=Baillie |first22=Jonathan E. M. |last23=Weeden |first23=Don |last24=Suckling |first24=Kierán |last25=Davis |first25=Crystal |last26=Sizer |first26=Nigel |last27=Moore |first27=Rebecca |last28=Thau |first28=David |last29=Birch |first29=Tanya |last30=Potapov |first30=Peter |last31=Turubanova |first31=Svetlana |last32=Tyukavina |first32=Alexandra |last33=de Souza |first33=Nadia |last34=Pintea |first34=Lilian |last35=Brito |first35=José C. |last36=Llewellyn |first36=Othman A. |last37=Miller |first37=Anthony G. |last38=Patzelt |first38=Annette |last39=Ghazanfar |first39=Shahina A. |last40=Timberlake |first40=Jonathan |last41=Klöser |first41=Heinz |last42=Shennan-Farpón |first42=Yara |last43=Kindt |first43=Roeland |last44=Lillesø |first44=Jens-Peter Barnekow |last45=van Breugel |first45=Paulo |last46=Graudal |first46=Lars |last47=Voge |first47=Maianna |last48=Al-Shammari |first48=Khalaf F. |last49=Saleem |first49=Muhammad |display-authors=1 |title=An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm |journal=BioScience |volume=67 |issue=6 |year=2017 |pages=534–545 |issn=0006-3568 |doi=10.1093/biosci/bix014 |pmid=28608869 |pmc=5451287|doi-access=free}}</ref>
=== Environment ===
[[File:Karakalpakstan Kyzyl Qala Cotton Picking.jpg|thumb|Cotton picking near [[Kyzyl-Kala]], [[Karakalpakstan]]]]
[[File:Water Stress, Top Countries (2020).svg|thumb|Uzbekistan is the seventh most water stressed country in the world.]]
Uzbekistan has a rich and diverse natural environment. However, decades of [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] policies in pursuit of greater [[cotton]] production have resulted in a catastrophic scenario with the agricultural industry being the main contributor to the pollution and devastation of both air and water in the country.<ref>"[http://countrystudies.us/uzbekistan/17.htm Environment] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131208033959/http://countrystudies.us/uzbekistan/17.htm |date=8 December 2013 }}". In Glenn E. Curtis (Ed.), ''[http://countrystudies.us/uzbekistan Uzbekistan: A Country Study] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060923040626/http://countrystudies.us/uzbekistan/ |date=23 September 2006 }}''. Washington: Government Printing Office for the Library of Congress, 1996. Online version retrieved 2 May 2010.</ref>
[[File:AralSea1989 2014.jpg|thumb|left|Comparison of the [[Aral Sea]] between 1989 and 2014]]
The [[Aral Sea]] was once the fourth-largest inland sea on Earth, humidifying the surrounding air and irrigating the arid land.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.msf.org/msfinternational/invoke.cfm?objectid=6589D208-DC2C-11D4-B2010060084A6370&component=toolkit.article&method=full_html|title=Uzbekistan: Environmental disaster on a colossal scale|publisher=[[Médecins Sans Frontières]]|date=1 November 2000|access-date=2 May 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930020327/http://www.msf.org/msfinternational/invoke.cfm?objectid=6589D208-DC2C-11D4-B2010060084A6370&component=toolkit.article&method=full_html|archive-date=30 September 2007}}</ref> Since the 1960s, when the overuse of the Aral Sea water began, it has shrunk to about 10% of its former area and divided into parts, with only the southern part of the narrow western lobe of the [[South Aral Sea]] remaining permanently in Uzbekistan. Much of the water was and continues to be used for the [[Cotton production in Uzbekistan|irrigation of cotton fields]],<ref name="guardian"/> a crop requiring a large amount of water to grow.<ref>[http://www.ejfoundation.org/page146.html Aral Sea Crisis] Environmental Justice Foundation Report {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120407122425/http://www.ejfoundation.org/page146.html |date=7 April 2012 }}</ref>
Due to the Aral Sea loss, high salinity and contamination of the soil with [[heavy elements]] are especially widespread in [[Karakalpakstan]], the region of Uzbekistan adjacent to the Aral Sea. The bulk of the nation's water resources is used for farming, which accounts for nearly 84% of the water use and contributes to high [[soil salinity]]. Heavy use of [[pesticide]]s and [[fertiliser]]s for cotton growing further aggravates [[soil contamination]].<ref name="LoC:Climate"/>
[[File:Suv-ombori.gif|thumb|Map of flooded areas as a result of the collapse of the [[Sardoba Reservoir]]]]
According to the UNDP (United Nations Development Program), [[climate risk]] management in Uzbekistan should consider its ecological safety.<ref>[http://www.ca-crm.info/en/country-climate-risk-profiles/country-climate-risk-profile-uzbekistan Climate Risk Knowledge Management Platform for Central Asia, UNDP] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150926101214/http://www.ca-crm.info/en/country-climate-risk-profiles/country-climate-risk-profile-uzbekistan |date=26 September 2015 }}. Ca-crm.info. Retrieved on 29 November 2015.</ref>
Numerous oil and gas deposits have been discovered in the south of the country.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/uzbekistan-energy-profile |title=Uzbekistan energy profile |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=April 2020 |website=IEA |publisher=International Energy Agency |access-date=22 March 2022 |quote=Uzbekistan is one of the world's largest natural gas producers, annually producing around 60 billion cubic metres (bcm)... |archive-date=22 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322192216/https://www.iea.org/reports/uzbekistan-energy-profile |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thefreelibrary.com/UZBEKISTAN+-+Gas+Production+%26+Reserves.-a0123542903 |title=UZBEKISTAN - Gas Production & Reserves. |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=18 October 2004 |website=The Free Library |publisher=Farlex Inc |access-date=22 March 2022 |quote=The fields in Kokdumalak, Shurtan, Olan, Urgin and South-Tandirchi - all in south-western Uzbekistan - are being developed rapidly. Now they account for more than 90% of the country's output of gas and condensate.}}</ref>
Uzbekistan has also been home to seismic activity, as evidenced by the [[1902 Andijan earthquake]], [[2011 Fergana Valley earthquake]], and [[1966 Tashkent earthquake]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Country Facts (Uzbekistan) |url=https://www.un.int/uzbekistan/uzbekistan/country-facts |website=UN |publisher=United Nations |access-date=10 May 2019}}</ref>
A dam collapse at [[Sardoba Reservoir]] in May 2020 flooded much farmland and many villages. The devastation extended into areas inside neighbouring [[Kazakhstan]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Simonov |first1=Eugene |title=Uzbekistan dam collapse was a disaster waiting to happen |url=https://www.thethirdpole.net/en/regional-cooperation/uzbekistan-dam-collapse/ |website=The Third Pole |access-date=29 December 2021 |date=23 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Image of the Week - Dam Failure in Uzbekistan |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xc52hgvr2QU |website=YouTube |access-date=29 December 2021 |archive-date=29 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211229120043/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xc52hgvr2QU |url-status=live }}</ref>
== Politics ==
{{Main|Politics of Uzbekistan}}
[[File:Oliy Majlis (Parliament of Uzbekistan).jpg|thumb|right|The [[Legislative Chamber of Uzbekistan]] (Lower House)]]
[[File:Islam karimov cropped.jpg|thumb|[[Islam Karimov]], the first President of Uzbekistan, during a visit to the Pentagon in 2002]]
{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = horizontal
| caption_align = center
| image1 = Shavkat Mirziyoyev official portrait (cropped 2).jpg
| width1 = 120
| caption1 = [[Shavkat Mirziyoyev]]<br /><small>2nd [[President of Uzbekistan|President]]</small>
| image2 = Abdulla Aripov.png
| width2 = 120
| caption2 = [[Abdulla Aripov]]<br /><small>4th [[Prime Minister of Uzbekistan|Prime Minister]]</small>
| footer = since 14 December 2016
| footer_align = center
| alt1 = Portrait of Shavkat Mirziyoyev
| alt2 = Portrait of Abdulla Aripov
}}
After Uzbekistan declared independence from the [[Soviet Union]] in 1991, an election was held, and [[Islam Karimov]] was elected as the [[List of Presidents of Uzbekistan|first President]] of Uzbekistan on 29 December 1991. The elections of the [[Oliy Majlis]] (Parliament or Supreme Assembly) were held under a resolution adopted by the 16th Supreme Soviet in 1994. In that year, the Supreme Soviet was replaced by the Oliy Majlis. The third elections for the bicameral 150-member Oliy Majlis, the Legislative Chamber, and the 100-member Senate for five-year terms, were held on 27 December 2009. The second elections were held from December 2004 to January 2005. The Oliy Majlis was unicameral up to 2004. Its size increased from 69 deputies (members) in 1994 to 120 in 2004–05 and currently stands at 150.
{{Confusing|section|reason=the last paragraph seems to lack preceding context|date=August 2018}}
Karimov's first presidential term was extended to 2000 via a [[1995 Uzbek presidential term referendum|referendum]], and he was re-elected in [[2000 Uzbekistani presidential election|2000]], [[2007 Uzbekistani presidential election|2007]], and 2015, each time receiving over 90% of the vote. Most international observers refused to participate in the process and did not recognise the results, dismissing them as not meeting basic standards.
The 2002 referendum also included a plan for a bicameral parliament consisting of a lower house (the Oliy Majlis) and an upper house (Senate). Members of the lower house are to be "full-time" legislators. Elections for the new bicameral parliament took place on 26 December.
Following Islam Karimov's death on 2 September 2016, the [[Oliy Majlis]] appointed Prime Minister [[Shavkat Mirziyoyev]] as interim president.<ref>{{cite news |title=Uzbekistan PM Mirziyoyev named interim president |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-37310718 |work=BBC News |date=8 September 2016 |access-date=20 December 2021 |archive-date=9 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190509070128/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-37310718 |url-status=live }}</ref> Although the chairman of the Senate, [[Nigmatilla Yuldashev]], was constitutionally designated as Karimov's successor, Yuldashev proposed that Mirziyoyev take the post of the interim president instead in light of Mirziyoyev's "many years of experience". Mirziyoyev was subsequently elected as the country's second president in the [[Uzbekistani presidential election, 2016|December 2016 presidential election]], winning 88.6% of the vote, and was sworn in on 14 December.<ref>{{cite news |title=Uzbekistan: President Mirziyoyev takes oath of office |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/uzbekistan-president-mirziyoyev-takes-oath-of-office/706180 |work=Anadolu Agency |first1=Bahtiyar |last1=Abdukerimov |first2=Diyar |last2=Güldoğan |date=14 December 2016 |access-date=20 December 2021 |archive-date=20 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211220121555/https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/uzbekistan-president-mirziyoyev-takes-oath-of-office/706180 |url-status=live }}</ref> Deputy Prime Minister [[Abdulla Aripov]] replaced him as prime minister.<ref>{{cite news |title=Longtime Official Dismissed By Karimov Chosen As Uzbek Prime Minister |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/uzbekistan-prime-minister-nominated/28171532.html |work=RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty |date=12 December 2016 |language=en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230917064418/https://www.rferl.org/a/uzbekistan-prime-minister-nominated/28171532.html |archive-date= Sep 17, 2023 }}</ref>
Mirziyoyev removed most of Karimov's officials and urged the government to employ "new, young people who love their country." After a year in office, Mirziyoyev moved away from many of his predecessor's policies. He visited all the Uzbek regions and big cities to get acquainted with the implementation of the projects and reforms which he ordered. Many analysts and Western media compared his rule with [[Chinese Communist Party]] leader [[Deng Xiaoping]] or [[Soviet Communist Party]] general secretary [[Mikhail Gorbachev]]. His rule has been quoted as being an "Uzbek Spring".<ref>{{Cite news|date=31 March 2018|title=Spring in Tashkent: Is Uzbekistan really opening up?|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-43582371|access-date=5 January 2021|archive-date=9 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109043704/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-43582371|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Can We Call It An Uzbek Spring Yet?|url=https://thediplomat.com/2018/12/can-we-call-it-an-uzbek-spring-yet/|access-date=5 January 2021|website=The Diplomat |archive-date=17 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417215214/https://thediplomat.com/2018/12/can-we-call-it-an-uzbek-spring-yet/|url-status=live}}</ref>{{r|Lillis2017}}
=== Foreign relations ===
{{Main|Foreign relations of Uzbekistan|International organization membership of Uzbekistan}}
Uzbekistan joined the [[Commonwealth of Independent States]] in December 1991. However, it is opposed to reintegration and withdrew from the CIS collective security arrangement in 1999. Since that time, Uzbekistan has participated in the CIS peacekeeping force in Tajikistan and in UN-organized groups to help resolve the Tajikistan and Afghanistan conflicts, both of which it sees as posing threats to its own stability.
Previously close to Washington (which gave Uzbekistan half a billion dollars in aid in 2004, about a quarter of its military budget), the government of Uzbekistan has recently restricted American military use of the airbase at [[Karshi-Khanabad]] for air operations in neighbouring Afghanistan.<ref>Marquardt, Erich and Wolfe, Adam (17 October 2005) [http://www.globalpolicy.org/component/content/article/153/26246.html Rice Attempts to Secure US Influence in Central Asia] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120503094751/http://www.globalpolicy.org/component/content/article/153/26246.html |date=3 May 2012 }}, Global Policy Forum.</ref> Uzbekistan was an active supporter of U.S. efforts against worldwide terrorism.<ref>{{cite news|last=Hill|first=Fiona|date=13 December 2001|title=Contributions of Central Asian Nations to the Campaign Against Terrorism|url=https://www.brookings.edu/testimonies/contributions-of-central-asian-nations-to-the-campaign-against-terrorism/|access-date=2021-07-07|website=Brookings|language=en-US|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709190519/https://www.brookings.edu/testimonies/contributions-of-central-asian-nations-to-the-campaign-against-terrorism/|url-status=live}}</ref>
The relationship between Uzbekistan and the United States began to deteriorate after the so-called "[[colour revolutions]]" in [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] and Ukraine (and to a lesser extent [[Kyrgyzstan]]). When the U.S. joined in a call for an independent international investigation of the bloody events at [[Andijan massacre|Andijan]], the relationship further declined, and President Islam Karimov changed the political alignment of the country to bring it closer to Russia and China.
[[File:Secretary Kerry Meets With President Karimov at the President's Residential Compound in Samarkand (22052330394).jpg|thumb|left|President [[Islam Karimov]] with U.S. Secretary of State [[John Kerry]] in Samarkand in November 2015]]
In late July 2005, the government of Uzbekistan ordered the United States to vacate an airbase in Karshi-Kanabad (near Uzbekistan's border with Afghanistan) within 180 days.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|date=31 July 2005|title=Uzbekistan kicks US out of military base|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/aug/01/usa.nickpatonwalsh|access-date=5 January 2021|website=The Guardian|archive-date=15 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115015423/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/aug/01/usa.nickpatonwalsh|url-status=live}}</ref> Karimov had offered use of the base to the U.S. shortly after [[9/11]]. It is also believed by some Uzbeks that the protests in Andijan were brought about by the UK and U.S. influences in the area of Andijan.<ref name=":1" /> This is another reason for the hostility between Uzbekistan and the West.
Uzbekistan is a member of the [[United Nations]] (UN) (since 2 March 1992), the [[Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council]] (EAPC), [[Partnership for Peace]] (PfP), and the [[Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe]] (OSCE). It belongs to the [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]] (OIC) and the [[Economic Cooperation Organization]] (ECO) (comprising the five Central Asian countries, [[Azerbaijan]], Iran, Turkey, Afghanistan, and Pakistan). In 1999, Uzbekistan joined the [[GUAM]] alliance (Georgia, Ukraine, Azerbaijan and [[Moldova]]), which was formed in 1997 (making it GUUAM), but pulled out of the organisation in 2005.
[[File:SCO meeting (2022-09-16).jpg|thumb|Leaders present at the [[Shanghai Cooperation Organisation|SCO]] summit in [[Samarkand]], Uzbekistan, in 2022 ]]
Uzbekistan is also a member of the [[Shanghai Cooperation Organisation]] (SCO) and hosts the SCO's Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure (RATS) in Tashkent. Uzbekistan joined the new [[Central Asian Cooperation Organisation]] (CACO) in 2002. The CACO consists of Uzbekistan, [[Tajikistan]], [[Kazakhstan]], and Kyrgyzstan. It is a founding member of, and remains involved in, the [[Central Asian Union]], formed with Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan, and joined in March 1998 by Tajikistan.
In December 1994 Uzbekistan applied for the [[World Trade Organization]] membership and received an observer status to start the accession process. The Working Party on the Accession of Uzbekistan to the WTO held its fourth meeting on 7 July 2020 — almost 15 years after its last formal meeting.<ref>{{cite web|title=Uzbekistan resumes WTO membership negotiations|url=https://www.wto.org/english/news_e/news20_e/acc_uzb_07jul20_e.htm|access-date=2021-09-24|website=www.wto.org|language=en|archive-date=8 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908104848/https://www.wto.org/english/news_e/news20_e/acc_uzb_07jul20_e.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
In September 2006, [[UNESCO]] presented Islam Karimov an award for Uzbekistan's preservation of its rich culture and traditions.<ref>{{cite web|date=12 September 2006|title=Surprise at Unesco award for President Karimov {{!}} Reporters without borders|url=https://rsf.org/en/news/surprise-unesco-award-president-karimov|access-date=5 January 2021|website=RSF|archive-date=17 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417205008/https://rsf.org/en/news/surprise-unesco-award-president-karimov|url-status=dead}}</ref> Despite criticism, this seems to be a sign of improving relationships between Uzbekistan and the West.
The month of October 2006 also saw a decrease in the isolation of Uzbekistan from the West. The [[European Union|EU]] announced that it was planning to send a delegation to Uzbekistan to talk about human rights and liberties, after a long period of hostile relations between the two. Although it is equivocal about whether the official or unofficial version of the [[Andijan Massacre]] is true, the EU is evidently willing to ease its economic sanctions against Uzbekistan. Nevertheless, it is generally assumed among Uzbekistan's population that the government will stand firm in maintaining its close ties with the [[Russian Federation]] and in its theory that the 2004–2005 protests in Uzbekistan were promoted by the US and UK.
In January 2008, [[Lola Karimova-Tillyaeva]] was appointed to her current role as Uzbekistan's ambassador to [[UNESCO]]. Karimova-Tillyaeva and her team have been instrumental in promoting inter-cultural dialogue by increasing European society's awareness of Uzbekistan's cultural and historical heritage.
=== Human rights ===
{{Main|Human rights in Uzbekistan}}
{{see also|2005 Andijan unrest}}
[[non-governmental organization|Non-governmental]] human rights organisations, such as [[International Helsinki Federation for Human Rights|IHF]], [[Human Rights Watch]], [[Amnesty International]], as well as [[United States Department of State]] and [[Council of the European Union]], define Uzbekistan as "an authoritarian state with limited civil rights"<ref name="US State Dept - human rights">US Department of State, [https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2008/sca/119143.htm 2008 Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Uzbekistan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200421161732/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2008/sca/119143.htm |date=21 April 2020 }}, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labour, 25 February 2009</ref> and express profound concern about "wide-scale violation of virtually all basic human rights".<ref>IHF,{{cite web|url=http://www.ihf-hr.org/documents/doc_summary.php?sec_id=3&d_id=3860 |title=International Helsinki Federation for Human Rights |access-date=9 February 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100129175624/http://www.ihf-hr.org/documents/doc_summary.php?sec_id=3&d_id=3860 |archive-date=29 January 2010 }}, 23 June 2004</ref>
According to the reports, the most widespread violations are [[torture]], [[arbitrary arrest and detention|arbitrary arrests]], and various restrictions of freedoms: of religion, of speech and press, of free association and assembly. It has also been reported that forced sterilisation of rural Uzbek women has been sanctioned by the government.<ref>[[OMCT]] and [[Legal Aid Society]], [http://www.omct.org/files/2005/07/2984/omctlas_uzb_report_04_05.pdf Denial of justice in Uzbekistan – an assessment of the human rights situation and national system of protection of fundamental rights] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101205023220/http://www.omct.org/files/2005/07/2984/omctlas_uzb_report_04_05.pdf |date=5 December 2010 }}, April 2005.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/newsdesk/2013/01/tweets-from-gulnara-the-dictators-daughter.html|title=Tweets from Gulnara the dictator's daughter|date=21 December 2012|work=New Yorker|author=Antelava, Natalia|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130104001130/http://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/newsdesk/2013/01/tweets-from-gulnara-the-dictators-daughter.html|archive-date=4 January 2013}}</ref>
The reports maintain that the violations are most often committed against members of religious organisations, independent journalists, human rights activists and political activists, including members of the banned opposition parties. As of 2015, reports on violations on human rights in Uzbekistan indicated that violations were still going on without any improvement.<ref>[https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2015/country-chapters/uzbekistan World Report 2015: Uzbekistan | Human Rights Watch] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160323213748/https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2015/country-chapters/uzbekistan |date=23 March 2016 }}. Hrw.org. Retrieved on 20 March 2016.</ref> The [[Freedom House]] has consistently ranked Uzbekistan near the bottom of its Freedom in the World ranking since the country's founding in 1991. In the 2018 report, Uzbekistan was one of the 11 worst countries for [[Political Rights]] and [[Civil Liberties]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Uzbekistan |website=Freedom House |url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2018/uzbekistan|access-date=23 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180223110947/https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2018/uzbekistan |archive-date=23 February 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>
The [[2005 civil unrest in Uzbekistan]], which resulted in several hundred people being killed, is viewed by many as a landmark event in the history of human rights abuse in Uzbekistan.<ref>{{cite web |last=Thomas |first=Jeffrey |date=26 September 2005
|url=http://usinfo.state.gov/eur/Archive/2005/Sep/26-966275.html
|title=Freedom of Assembly, Association Needed in Eurasia, U.S. Says
|website=USINFO.STATE.GOV
|access-date=22 January 2008 |url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070421032553/http://usinfo.state.gov/eur/Archive/2005/Sep/26-966275.html
|archive-date=21 April 2007 }}
</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=McMahon |first=Robert |url=http://www.rferl.org/content/article/1059147.html |title=Uzbekistan: Report Cites Evidence Of Government 'Massacre' In Andijon – Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty/Radio Liberty/Radio Liberty |publisher=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty |date=7 June 2005 |access-date=2 May 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100903120948/http://www.rferl.org/content/article/1059147.html |archive-date=3 September 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGEUR620152005?open&of=ENG-UZB |title=Uzbekistan: Independent international investigation needed into Andizhan events |publisher=Amnesty International |date=23 June 2005 |access-date=2 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012171720/http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGEUR620152005?open&of=ENG-UZB |archive-date=12 October 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
Concern has been expressed and requests for an independent investigation of the events has been made by the United States,<ref>{{cite web|last=Labott|first=Elise|date=18 May 2005|title=Pressure for Uzbek violence probe|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2005/WORLD/asiapcf/05/18/uzbekistan.unrest/|access-date=5 January 2021|website=edition.cnn.com|archive-date=17 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417220920/http://edition.cnn.com/2005/WORLD/asiapcf/05/18/uzbekistan.unrest/|url-status=live}}</ref> the European Union,<ref>{{cite news|title=Uzbekistan: UN, EU Call For International Probe Into Violence|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/1058942.html|access-date=5 January 2021|newspaper=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty|date=8 April 2008 |last1=Donovan |first1=Jeffrey }}</ref> the [[United Nations]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Annan: Uzbekistan rejects inquiry|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2005/5/20/annan-uzbekistan-rejects-inquiry|access-date=5 January 2021|website=www.aljazeera.com|archive-date=17 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417221032/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2005/5/20/annan-uzbekistan-rejects-inquiry|url-status=live}}</ref> the OSCE Chairman-in-Office and the OSCE Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights.<ref>{{cite web|title=OSCE Chairman repeats calls for an investigation into Andijan events following OSCE/ODIHR report|url=https://www.osce.org/cio/46541|access-date=5 January 2021|website=[[osce.org]]|archive-date=17 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417213714/https://www.osce.org/cio/46541|url-status=live}}</ref>
The government of Uzbekistan is accused of unlawful termination of human life and of denying its citizens [[freedom of assembly]] and freedom of expression. The government vehemently rebuffs the accusations, maintaining that it merely conducted an anti-terrorist operation, exercising only necessary force.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.press-service.uz/en/gsection.scm?groupId=5203&contentId=8868 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080308115436/http://www.press-service.uz/en/gsection.scm?groupId=5203&contentId=8868 |archive-date=8 March 2008 |title=Press-service of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan |publisher=Press-service.uz |date=17 May 2005 |access-date=2 May 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In addition, some officials claim that "an [[information warfare|information war]] on Uzbekistan has been declared" and the human rights violations in Andijan are invented by the enemies of Uzbekistan as a convenient pretext for intervention in the country's internal affairs.<ref>{{cite web|author=Акмаль Саидов|url=http://www.kreml.org/interview/100931204|title=Андижанские события стали поводом для беспрецедентного давления на Узбекистан|publisher=Kreml.Org|date=27 October 2005|access-date=2 May 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140805161349/http://www.kreml.org/interview/100931204|archive-date=5 August 2014}}</ref> Male [[LGBT rights in Uzbekistan|homosexuality]] is illegal in Uzbekistan.<ref>{{cite news |first=Daniel |last=Avery |title=71 Countries Where Homosexuality is Illegal |url=https://www.newsweek.com/73-countries-where-its-illegal-be-gay-1385974 |work=Newsweek |date=4 April 2019 |access-date=18 August 2019 |archive-date=11 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211204842/https://www.newsweek.com/73-countries-where-its-illegal-be-gay-1385974 |url-status=live }}</ref> Punishment ranges from a fine to 3 years in prison.<ref>{{cite web|title=State-Sponsored Homophobia|url=https://ilga.org/state-sponsored-homophobia-report|website=International Lesbian Gay Bisexual Trans and Intersex Association|date=20 March 2019|access-date=18 August 2019|archive-date=8 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200208040345/https://ilga.org/state-sponsored-homophobia-report|url-status=live}}</ref>
There are an estimated 1.2 million modern slaves in Uzbekistan,<ref name="globalslaveryindex1">[http://www.globalslaveryindex.org/findings/ Findings – Walk Free Foundation – Global Slavery Index 2014] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141226154749/http://www.globalslaveryindex.org/findings/|date=26 December 2014}}. Globalslaveryindex.org. Retrieved on 29 November 2015.</ref> most work in the cotton industry. The government allegedly forces state employees to pick cotton in the autumn months.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.rferl.org/a/global-slavery-index-uzbekistan-pakistan-worst-offenders/27770928.html|title=Forced Cotton-Picking Earns Uzbekistan Shameful Spot In 'Slavery Index'|work=rferl.org|access-date=14 January 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116164029/http://www.rferl.org/a/global-slavery-index-uzbekistan-pakistan-worst-offenders/27770928.html|archive-date=16 January 2017}}</ref> World Bank loans have been connected to projects that use child labour and forced labour practices in the cotton industry.<ref name="wbloans">{{cite web|title=Uzbekistan: Forced Labor Linked to World Bank|date=27 June 2017|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/06/27/uzbekistan-forced-labor-linked-world-bank|publisher=Human Rights Watch|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170718053021/https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/06/27/uzbekistan-forced-labor-linked-world-bank|archive-date=18 July 2017}}</ref>
=== Recent developments ===
Islam Karimov died in 2016 and his successor Shavkat Mirziyoyev is considered by most to be pursuing a less autocratic path by increasing co-operation with human rights NGOs,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/human-rights-watch-delegation-visit-uzbekistan/28629300.html|title=Human Rights Watch Delegation To Visit Uzbekistan|newspaper=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty|date=20 July 2017 |access-date=22 February 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180222104846/https://www.rferl.org/a/human-rights-watch-delegation-visit-uzbekistan/28629300.html|archive-date=22 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://tashkenttimes.uz/national/1451-shavkat-mirziyoyev-meets-un-high-commissioner-for-human-rights|title=Shavkat Mirziyoyev meets UN High Commissioner for Human Rights|last=akbaryusupov|access-date=22 February 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180222225601/http://tashkenttimes.uz/national/1451-shavkat-mirziyoyev-meets-un-high-commissioner-for-human-rights|archive-date=22 February 2018}}</ref> scheduling Soviet-style [[exit visa]]s to be abolished in 2019,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/uzbekistan-exit-visa-scrapped-2019-mirziyoev/28680124.html|title=Uzbekistan To Abolish Exit Visa System In 2019|newspaper=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty|date=16 August 2017 |access-date=22 February 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180222104911/https://www.rferl.org/a/uzbekistan-exit-visa-scrapped-2019-mirziyoev/28680124.html|archive-date=22 February 2018}}</ref> and reducing sentences for certain misdemeanor offences.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://geopoliticalfutures.com/uzbekistan-flirts-disaster/|title=Uzbekistan Flirts With Disaster – Geopolitical Futures|date=11 July 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170711120617/https://geopoliticalfutures.com/uzbekistan-flirts-disaster/|archive-date=11 July 2017}}</ref>
The Amnesty International report on the country for 2017–2018 found some remnant repressive measures and lack of rule of law in eradicating modern slavery.<ref name="auto">{{cite web|title=Uzbekistan 2017/2018|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/countries/europe-and-central-asia/uzbekistan/report-uzbekistan/|publisher=Amnesty International|access-date=26 May 2018|archive-date=20 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220113216/https://www.amnesty.org/en/countries/europe-and-central-asia/uzbekistan/report-uzbekistan/|url-status=live}}</ref> In February 2020, the United Nations announced that Uzbekistan had made "major progress" on stamping out forced labour in its cotton harvest as 94% of pickers worked voluntarily.<ref>[https://news.trust.org/item/20200205173450-nltm5/ U.N. sees 'major progress' on forced labour in Uzbek cotton harvest] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200425131330/https://news.trust.org/item/20200205173450-nltm5/ |date=25 April 2020 }}, Reuters, 5 February 2020</ref>
== Administrative divisions ==
{{Main|Regions of Uzbekistan|Districts of Uzbekistan}}
Uzbekistan is divided into twelve [[region]]s (''viloyatlar'', singular ''[[viloyat]]'', compound noun ''viloyati'' e.g., Toshkent ''viloyati'', Samarqand ''viloyati'', etc.), one [[autonomous republic]] (''respublika'', compound noun ''respublikasi'' e.g. Qoraqalpog{{okina}}iston Muxtor ''Respublikasi'', Karakalpakstan ''Autonomous Republic'', etc.), and one [[independent city]] (''shahar'', compound noun ''shahri'', e.g., Toshkent ''shahri''). Names are given below in [[Uzbek language|Uzbek]], [[Russian language|Russian]], and [[Karakalpak language|Karakalpak]] languages when applicable, although numerous variations of the transliterations of each name exist.
{{Uzbekistan Regions Labelled Map}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- style="background:#efefef;"
! Division !! Capital City !! Area<br />(km<sup>2</sup>)!! Population<br />(1/1/2024)<ref name="stat.uz">{{cite web|url=https://www.stat.uz/uz/matbuot-markazi/qo-mita-yangiliklar/49354-hududlar-kesimida-2024-yil-boshiga-doimiy-aholi-soni|title=Hududlar kesimida 2024 yil boshiga doimiy aholi soni|publisher=O‘ZBEKISTON RESPUBLIKASI PREZIDENTI HUZURIDAGI STATISTIKA AGENTLIGI|language=uz}}</ref>!! Key
|-
| '''[[Andijan Region]]'''<br />Uzbek: ''Андижон вилояти/Andijon Viloyati''
| [[Andijan]]<br />''Andijon'' ||4,303 || 3394,4 || 2
|-
| '''[[Bukhara Region]]'''<br />Uzbek: ''Бухоро вилояти/Buxoro Viloyati''
| [[Bukhara]]<br />''Buxoro'' || 41,937 || 2044,0 || 3
|-
| '''[[Fergana Region]]'''<br />Uzbek: ''Фарғона вилояти/Farg{{okina}}ona Viloyati''
| [[Fergana]]<br />''Farg{{okina}}ona'' || 7,005 || 4061,5 || 4
|-
| '''[[Jizzakh Region]]'''<br />Uzbek: ''Жиззах вилояти/Jizzax Viloyati''
| [[Jizzakh]]<br />''Jizzax'' || 21,179 || 1507,4 || 5
|-
| '''[[Karakalpakstan|Republic of Karakalpakstan]]'''<br />Karakalpak: ''Қарақалпақстан Республикасы/Qaraqalpaqstan Respublikasi{{okina}}''<br />Uzbek: ''Қорақалпоғистон Республикаси/Qoraqalpog{{okina}}iston Respublikasi''
| [[Nukus]]<br />''No‘kis''<br />''Nukus'' || 161,358 || 2002,7 || 14
|-
| '''[[Qashqadaryo Region|Kashkadarya Region]]'''<br />Uzbek: ''Қашқадарё вилояти/Qashqadaryo Viloyati''
| [[Qarshi|Karshi]]<br />''Qarshi'' || 28,568 || 3560,6 || 8
|-
| '''[[Xorazm Region|Khorezm Region]]'''<br />Uzbek: ''Хоразм вилояти/Xorazm Viloyati''
| [[Urgench]]<br />''Urganch'' || 6,464 || 1995,6 || 13
|-
| '''[[Namangan Region]]'''<br />Uzbek: ''Наманган вилояти/Namangan Viloyati''
| [[Namangan]]<br />''Namangan'' ||7,181 || 3066,1 || 6
|-
| '''[[Navoiy Region]]'''<br />Uzbek: ''Навоий вилояти/Navoiy Viloyati''
| [[Navoiy]]<br />''Navoiy'' || 109,375 || 1075,3 || 7
|-
| '''[[Samarqand Region|Samarkand Region]]'''<br />Uzbek: ''Самарқанд вилояти/Samarqand Viloyati''
| [[Samarkand]]<br />''Samarqand'' || 16,773 || 4208,5 || 9
|-
| '''[[Surxondaryo Region|Surkhandarya Region]]'''<br />Uzbek: ''Сурхондарё вилояти/Surxondaryo Viloyati''
| [[Termez]]<br />''Termiz'' || 20,099 || 2877,1 || 11
|-
| '''[[Sirdaryo Region|Syrdarya Region]]'''<br />Uzbek: ''Сирдарё вилояти/Sirdaryo Viloyati''
| [[Guliston|Gulistan]]<br />''Guliston'' || 4,276 || 914,0 || 10
|-
| '''[[Tashkent|Tashkent City]]'''<br />Uzbek:''Тошкент/Toshkent Shahri''
| [[Tashkent]]<br />''Toshkent'' || 327 || 3040,8 || 1
|-
| '''[[Tashkent Region]]'''<br />Uzbek: ''Тошкент вилояти/Toshkent Viloyati''
| [[Nurafshon]]<br />''Nurafshon'' || 15,258 || 3051,8 || 12
|}
The regions are further divided into [[Districts of Uzbekistan|districts]] (''tuman'').
=== Largest cities ===
{{Largest cities
|country = Uzbekistan
|stat_ref =  <!-- sourced individually on each row -->
|div_name = Region
|city_1 = Tashkent
|div_1 = Tashkent<!-- city; not the same as the region -->
|pop_1 = 2,955,700{{r|UzbekStat2022}}
|img_1 = Tashkent skyline 2019.jpg
|city_2 = Namangan
|div_2 = Namangan Region
|pop_2 = 678,200{{r|UzbekStat2022}}
|img_2 = Moellah Kirigizmadrassa.jpg
|city_3 = Samarkand
|div_3 = Samarkand Region
|pop_3 = 573,200{{r|UzbekStat2022}}
|img_3 = 20230615 Samarkand025.jpg
|city_4 = Andijan
|div_4 = Andijan Region
|pop_4 = 468,100{{r|UzbekStat2022}}
|img_4 = Navoi Square (Formerly Bobur Square) - Where 2005 Massacre Took Place - Andijon - Uzbekistan (7544000842).jpg
|city_5 = Nukus
|div_5 = Karakalpakstan<!-- autonomous republic -->
|pop_5 = 310,000<ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.gov.uz/ru/datasets/4948|title=Число постоянных жителей в Республики Каракалпакстан|publisher=Портал открытых данных Республики Узбекистан|access-date=25 January 2018|archive-date=18 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180818170634/https://data.gov.uz/ru/datasets/4948|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|city_6 = Fergana
|div_6 = Fergana Region
|pop_6 = 299,000<ref name="data.gov.uz">{{cite web|url=https://data.gov.uz/ru/datasets/1657|title=Демографическая ситуация в Ферганской области|publisher=Портал открытых данных Республики Узбекистан|access-date=25 January 2018|archive-date=24 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924013337/https://data.gov.uz/ru/datasets/1657|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|city_7 = Bukhara
|div_7 = Bukhara Region
|pop_7 = 285,000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.poltavareview.com/?p=18105|title=Численность населения Узбекистана по городам, 2018|publisher=poltavareview.com|access-date=25 January 2018|archive-date=11 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180311191639/http://www.poltavareview.com/?p=18105|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|city_8 = Qarshi
|div_8 = Qashqadaryo Region
|pop_8 = 260,000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stat.uz/upload/str2.jpg|title=Численность населения Кашкадарьи|publisher=Statistics|access-date=25 January 2018|archive-date=14 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141014235825/http://www.stat.uz/upload/str2.jpg|url-status=live}}</ref>
|city_9 = Kokand
|div_9 = Fergana Region
|pop_9 = 260,000<ref name="data.gov.uz"/>
|city_10 = Margilan
|div_10 = Fergana Region
|pop_10 = 242,500<ref name="data.gov.uz"/>
}}
== Economy ==
{{Main|Economy of Uzbekistan}}
[[File:Real GDP per capita development of Uzbekistan.svg|thumb|Development of real GDP per capita]]
Uzbekistan mines 80 tons of gold annually, seventh in the world. Uzbekistan's copper deposits rank tenth in the world and its uranium deposits twelfth. The country's uranium production ranks seventh globally.<ref>[http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf75.html Supply of Uranium] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509123211/http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf75.html |date=9 May 2008 }}. World Nuclear Association. August 2012.</ref><ref>[http://www.euronuclear.org/info/encyclopedia/u/uranium-reserves.htm Uranium resources] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080522121613/http://www.euronuclear.org/info/encyclopedia/u/uranium-reserves.htm |date=22 May 2008 }}. European Nuclear Society</ref><ref>[http://www.bgs.ac.uk/mineralsuk/statistics/worldStatistics.html The World Mineral Statistics dataset: 100 years and counting] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020095042/http://www.bgs.ac.uk/mineralsuk/statistics/worldStatistics.html |date=20 October 2013 }}. British Geological Survey</ref> The Uzbek national gas company, [[Uzbekneftegas|Uzbekneftegaz]], ranks 11th in the world in natural gas production with an annual output of {{convert|60|to(-)|70|e9m3|abbr=off}}. The country has significant untapped reserves of oil and gas: there are 194 deposits of hydrocarbons in Uzbekistan, including 98 condensate and natural gas deposits and 96 gas condensate deposits.<ref>{{cite web |title=New head of NHC Uzbekneftegaz appointed |url=http://www.gazprom-international.com/en/news-media/articles/new-head-nhc-uzbekneftegaz-appointed |website=Gazprom International |publisher=Gazprom |access-date=21 April 2019 |archive-date=21 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190421182440/http://www.gazprom-international.com/en/news-media/articles/new-head-nhc-uzbekneftegaz-appointed |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://invest-in-uzbekistan.org/en/ekonomika/|title=Economy|website=Invest in Uzbekistan|publisher=Uzbekistani Government|access-date=21 April 2019}}</ref>
Uzbekistan improved marginally in the ''2020 Ease of Doing Business'' ranking by the [[World Bank]].<ref name="edbwb2020">{{cite web |title=2020 Ease of Doing Business report |url=https://www.doingbusiness.org/en/data/exploreeconomies/uzbekistan |publisher=The World Bank}}</ref>
The largest corporations involved in Uzbekistan's energy sector are the [[China National Petroleum Corporation]] (CNPC), [[Petronas]], the [[Korea National Oil Corporation]], [[Gazprom]], [[Lukoil]], and [[Uzbekneftegas|Uzbekneftegaz]].{{citation needed|date=August 2013}}
Along with many [[Commonwealth of Independent States]] or CIS economies, Uzbekistan's economy declined during the first years of transition and then recovered after 1995, as the cumulative effect of policy reforms began to be felt.<ref>{{cite news |title=Republic of Uzbekistan |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Countries/UZB |newspaper=Imf |access-date=22 April 2019 |archive-date=22 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190422080928/https://www.imf.org/en/Countries/UZB |url-status=live }}</ref> It has shown robust growth, rising by 4% per year between 1998 and 2003 and accelerating thereafter to 7%–8% per year. According to IMF estimates,<ref name=imf>[http://www.imf.org/external/data.htm IMF World Economic Outlook Database] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006220934/http://www.imf.org/external/data.htm |date=6 October 2014 }}, October 2007</ref> the GDP in 2008 will be almost double its value in 1995 (in constant prices). Since 2003, annual inflation rates varied, reaching almost 40% in 2010 and less than 20% in 2019.<ref>{{cite web|title=Inflation, GDP deflator (annual %) - Uzbekistan {{!}} Data|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.DEFL.KD.ZG?end=2019&locations=UZ&start=1988&view=chart|access-date=5 January 2021|website=data.worldbank.org|archive-date=17 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417210507/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.DEFL.KD.ZG?end=2019&locations=UZ&start=1988&view=chart|url-status=live}}</ref>
Uzbekistan has a GNI per capita of US$2,020 in current dollars in 2018, giving a [[Purchasing power parity|PPP]] equivalent of US$7,230.<ref>{{cite web |title=World Bank Country Profile |url=https://databank.worldbank.org/views/reports/reportwidget.aspx?Report_Name=CountryProfile&Id=b450fd57&tbar=y&dd=y&inf=n&zm=n&country=UZB |website=World Bank |access-date=19 November 2019 |archive-date=9 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200309215328/https://databank.worldbank.org/views/reports/reportwidget.aspx?Report_Name=CountryProfile&Id=b450fd57&tbar=y&dd=y&inf=n&zm=n&country=UZB |url-status=live }}</ref> Economic production is concentrated in commodities. In 2011, Uzbekistan was the world's seventh-largest producer and fifth-largest exporter of [[cotton]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cotton.org/econ/cropinfo/cropdata/rankings.cfm |title=The National Cotton Council of America: Rankings |year=2011 |access-date=26 April 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415113812/http://www.cotton.org/econ/cropinfo/cropdata/rankings.cfm |archive-date=15 April 2012 }}</ref> as well as the seventh-largest world producer of gold. It is also a regionally significant producer of natural gas, coal, copper, oil, silver and uranium.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.irinnews.org/country.aspx?CountryCode=UZ&RegionCode=ASI |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100827203828/http://www.irinnews.org/country.aspx?CountryCode=UZ&RegionCode=ASI |archive-date=27 August 2010 |title=Country Profile: Uzbekistan |agency=IRIN |access-date=2 May 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
[[Agriculture in Uzbekistan|Agriculture]] employs 27% of Uzbekistan's labour force and contributes 17.4% of its GDP (2012 data).<ref name=uzstat/> Cultivable land is 4.4 million hectares, or about 10% of Uzbekistan's total area. While official unemployment is very low, underemployment – especially in rural areas – is estimated to be at least 20%.<ref name=cia1>{{cite web|url=https://stat.uz/en/435-analiticheskie-materialy-en1/2075-demographic-situation-in-the-republic-of-uzbekistan|title=Demographic situation in the Republic of Uzbekistan|publisher=The State Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan on statistics|access-date=28 January 2011|archive-date=17 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191117233559/https://stat.uz/en/435-analiticheskie-materialy-en1/2075-demographic-situation-in-the-republic-of-uzbekistan|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Cotton production in Uzbekistan]] is important to the national economy of the country.<ref name="guardian">{{cite news |title=Cotton production linked to images of the dried up Aral Sea basin |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/sustainable-fashion-blog/2014/oct/01/cotton-production-linked-to-images-of-the-dried-up-aral-sea-basin |work=The Guardian |date=1 October 2014 |access-date=18 August 2019 |archive-date=25 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200325050154/https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/sustainable-fashion-blog/2014/oct/01/cotton-production-linked-to-images-of-the-dried-up-aral-sea-basin |url-status=live }}</ref> Uzbek cotton is even used to make banknotes in South Korea.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://bs-agro.com/index.php/news/other-countries/23906-uzbekistan-korean-government-uses-uzbek-cotton-to-make-banknotes |title=Uzbekistan: Korean government uses Uzbek cotton to make banknotes |publisher=BS-AGRO |date=12 December 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220192936/http://bs-agro.com/index.php/news/other-countries/23906-uzbekistan-korean-government-uses-uzbek-cotton-to-make-banknotes |archive-date=20 December 2013 }}</ref> Uzbek cotton exports have become the cause of a scandal related to the Russian-Ukrainian war and sanctions imposed on the Russian military industry. According to the Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project (OCCRP), Vlast, and iStories, after February 24, 2022, Uzbekistan significantly increased its exports of cotton pulp and nitrocellulose to Russia, key components for the manufacture of explosives and gunpowder. According to Ekonomichna Pravda, at least two large Uzbek exporters have been working with Russian military-industrial complex enterprises. Documents from the Federal Tax Service of the Russian Federation confirm that at least three Russian companies - Bina Group, Khimtrade, and Lenakhim - sold imported cotton pulp in Russia to military plants under US sanctions.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.occrp.org/en/investigations/central-asian-cotton-powers-russias-sanctioned-gunpowder-plants|title= Central Asian Cotton Powers Russia's Sanctioned Gunpowder Plants}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pravda.com.ua/eng/articles/2024/01/10/7436569/
|title= White and fluffy death. How Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan help Russians produce gunpowder}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/russian/articles/c51d7n1ze92o
|title= Порох, хлопок и принудительный труд. Кто поставляет сырье российским оружейным заводам?|date= 30 January 2024}}{{in lang|ru}}</ref>
The country has a considerable production of carrots as well. The use of child labour in Uzbekistan has led several companies, including Tesco,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ejfoundation.org/pdf/Uzbekistan_Cotton%20Tesco_letter_to_%20suppliers.pdf |title=Tesco Ethical Assessment Programme |access-date=2 May 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100706003257/http://www.ejfoundation.org/pdf/Uzbekistan_Cotton%20Tesco_letter_to_%20suppliers.pdf |archive-date=6 July 2010 }}</ref> C&A,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.c-and-a.com/aboutUs/socialResponsibility/ |title=C&A Code of Conduct for Uzbekistan |publisher=C&A |access-date=2 May 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100527204731/http://www.c-and-a.com/aboutUs/socialResponsibility/ |archive-date=27 May 2010 }}</ref> Marks & Spencer, Gap, and H&M, to boycott Uzbek cotton.<ref>{{cite news
|last = Saidazimova
|first = Gulnoza
|title = Central Asia: Child Labor Alive And Thriving
|publisher = Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
|date = 12 June 2008
|url = http://www.rferl.org/content/article/1144612.html
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110727184416/http://www.rferl.org/content/article/1144612.html
|archive-date = 27 July 2011
|access-date = 8 July 2008
|url-status=dead
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref>
[[File:Yodgorlik Silk Factory (5982822980).jpg|thumb|Yodgorlik [[silk]] factory]]
Facing a multitude of economic challenges upon acquiring independence, the government adopted an evolutionary reform strategy, with an emphasis on state control, reduction of imports and self-sufficiency in energy. Since 1994, the state-controlled media have repeatedly proclaimed the success of this "Uzbekistan Economic Model"<ref>{{cite web |title=Islam Karimov's interview to Rossijskaya Gazeta |date=7 July 1995|url=http://2004.press-service.uz/rus/knigi/9tom/3tom_12.htm |website=Пресс-служба Президента Республики Узбекистан |access-date=22 November 2005 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080922045122/http://2004.press-service.uz/rus/knigi/9tom/3tom_12.htm |archive-date=22 September 2008 |language=ru}}</ref> and suggested that it is a unique example of a smooth transition to the market economy while avoiding shock, pauperism and stagnation. As of 2019, Uzbekistan's economy is one of the most diversified in Central Asia which makes the country an attractive economic partner for China.<ref>Vakulchuk, Roman and Indra Overland (2019) "[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329310641 China's Belt and Road Initiative through the Lens of Central Asia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024180554/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329310641_China%27s_Belt_and_Road_Initiative_through_the_lens_of_Central_Asia |date=24 October 2021 }}", in Fanny M. Cheung and Ying-yi Hong (eds) ''Regional Connection under the Belt and Road Initiative. The Prospects for Economic and Financial Cooperation''. London: Routledge, pp. 115–133. {{ISBN|9781138607491}}.</ref>
The gradualist reform strategy has involved postponing significant macroeconomic and structural reforms. The state in the hands of the [[new class|bureaucracy]] has remained a dominant influence in the economy. Corruption permeates the society and grows more rampant over time: Uzbekistan's 2005 [[Corruption Perception Index]] was 137 out of 159 countries, whereas in 2007 Uzbekistan was 175th out of 179 countries. A February 2006 report on the country by the [[International Crisis Group]] suggests that revenues earned from key exports, especially [[cotton]], [[gold]], [[maize]] and increasingly gas, are distributed among a very small circle of the ruling elite, with little or no benefit for the populace at large.<ref>Thomas, Gary (16 February 2006). {{cite web |url=http://www.voanews.com/english/archive/2006-02/New-Report-Paints-Grim-Picture-of-Uzbekistan.cfm?CFID=281017252&CFTOKEN=40626492&jsessionid=00308b85b39c112dba1e6241221e37211353 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20090825223014/http://www.voanews.com/english/archive/2006-02/New-Report-Paints-Grim-Picture-of-Uzbekistan.cfm?CFID=281017252&CFTOKEN=40626492&jsessionid=00308b85b39c112dba1e6241221e37211353 |archive-date=25 August 2009 |title=New Report Paints Grim Picture of Uzbekistan |url-status=dead |access-date=1 June 2016}}. ''Voice of America''.</ref> The early-2010s high-profile corruption scandals involving government contracts and large international companies, notably [[Telecom corruption scandal|TeliaSonera]], have shown that businesses are particularly vulnerable to corruption when operating in Uzbekistan.<ref>{{cite web |title=Business Corruption in Uzbekistan |url=http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/europe-central-asia/uzbekistan/business-corruption-in-uzbekistan.aspx|publisher=Business Anti-Corruption Portal|access-date=27 March 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140324230655/http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/europe-central-asia/uzbekistan/business-corruption-in-uzbekistan.aspx |archive-date=24 March 2014}}</ref>
According to the [[Economist Intelligence Unit]], "the government is hostile to allowing the development of an independent private sector, over which it would have no control".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eurasiacenter.org/Country%20reports/Central%20Asia/Uzbekistan%20Economic%20Highlights.doc |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511170759/http://www.eurasiacenter.org/Country%20reports/Central%20Asia/Uzbekistan%20Economic%20Highlights.doc |archive-date=11 May 2011 |title=Uzbekistan: Economic Overview |publisher=eurasiacenter.org |access-date=2 May 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
The economic policies have repelled foreign investment, which is the lowest per capita in the CIS.<ref>[https://2009-2017.state.gov/e/eb/rls/othr/ics/2011/157382.htm 2011 Investment Climate Statement – Uzbekistan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200421160423/https://2009-2017.state.gov/e/eb/rls/othr/ics/2011/157382.htm |date=21 April 2020 }}. US Department of State, March 2011</ref> For years, the largest barrier to foreign companies entering the Uzbekistan market has been the difficulty of converting currency. In 2003 the government accepted the obligations of Article VIII under the [[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.imf.org/external/np/sec/pr/2003/pr03188.htm |title=Press Release: The Republic of Uzbekistan Accepts Article VIII Obligations |publisher=Imf.org |access-date=2 May 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101121134806/http://www.imf.org/external/np/sec/pr/2003/pr03188.htm |archive-date=21 November 2010 }}</ref> providing for full currency convertibility. However, strict currency controls and the tightening of borders have lessened the effect of this measure.
[[File:Urgut Sunday market bread sellers.JPG|thumb|Bread sellers in [[Urgut]]]]
Uzbekistan experienced rampant [[inflation]] of around 1000% per year immediately after independence (1992–1994). Stabilisation efforts implemented with guidance from the IMF<ref>[http://mfa.uz/eng/inter_cooper/econ_org/Inter_MF/ Uzbekistan's Ministry of Foreign Affairs on IMF's role in economic stabilisation] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510075000/http://mfa.uz/eng/inter_cooper/econ_org/Inter_MF/ |date=10 May 2011 }}. Retrieved 22 June 2009</ref> paid off. The inflation rates were brought down to 50% in 1997 and then to 22% in 2002. Since 2003 annual inflation rates averaged less than 10%.<ref name=imf/> Tight economic policies in 2004 resulted in a drastic reduction of inflation to 3.8% (although alternative estimates based on the price of a true [[market basket]] put it at 15%).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.adb.org/Documents/Books/ADO/2005/uzb.asp |title=Asian Development Outlook 2005 – Uzbekistan |publisher=ADB.org |date=1 January 2005 |access-date=2 May 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101120065551/http://www.adb.org/Documents/Books/ADO/2005/uzb.asp |archive-date=20 November 2010 }}</ref> The inflation rates moved up to 6.9% in 2006 and 7.6% in 2007 but have remained in the single-digit range.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indexmundi.com/uzbekistan/inflation_rate_(consumer_prices).html |title=Uzbekistan CPI 2003–2007 |publisher=Indexmundi.com |date=19 February 2010 |access-date=2 May 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510074954/http://www.indexmundi.com/uzbekistan/inflation_rate_(consumer_prices).html |archive-date=10 May 2011 }}</ref>
The government of Uzbekistan restricts foreign imports in many ways, including high import duties. Excise taxes are applied in a highly discriminatory manner to protect locally produced goods,<ref>{{cite web|title=Doing Business in Usbekistan - 2014 |website=www.pwc.de|publisher=PWC |url=https://www.pwc.de/de/internationale-maerkte/assets/doing-business-in-usbekistan-2014.pdf |access-date=5 January 2021 |archive-date=17 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417215226/https://www.pwc.de/de/internationale-maerkte/assets/doing-business-in-usbekistan-2014.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> although the excises taxes were removed for foreign cars in 2020.<ref>{{Cite news|date=4 June 2020|title=Uzbekistan to scrap excise tax on imported cars|work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uzbekistan-autos-tax-idUSL8N2DH1L8|access-date=5 January 2021|archive-date=1 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210101173611/https://www.reuters.com/article/uzbekistan-autos-tax-idUSL8N2DH1L8|url-status=live}}</ref> Official tariffs are combined with unofficial, discriminatory charges resulting in total charges amounting to as much as 100 to 150% of the actual value of the product, making imported products virtually unaffordable.<ref>{{cite web |title=UZBEKISTAN |url=http://www.ustr.gov/assets/Document_Library/Reports_Publications/2004/2004_National_Trade_Estimate/2004_NTE_Report/asset_upload_file327_4803.pdf |work=FOREIGN TRADE BARRIERS |access-date=20 December 2005 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080815015618/http://www.ustr.gov/assets/Document_Library/Reports_Publications/2004/2004_National_Trade_Estimate/2004_NTE_Report/asset_upload_file327_4803.pdf |archive-date=15 August 2008 }}. NTE 2004 FINAL 3.30.04</ref> [[Import substitution]] is an officially declared policy and the government proudly reports a reduction by a factor of two in the volume of consumer goods imported. A number of CIS countries are officially exempt from Uzbekistan import duties. Uzbekistan has a Bilateral Investment Treaty with fifty other countries.<ref name="bitUZ">{{cite web|title=Uzbekistan Bilateral Investment Treaties |website=UNCTAD Division on Investment and Enterprise |publisher=United Nations |url=http://investmentpolicyhub.unctad.org/IIA/CountryBits/226#iiaInnerMenu|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107055442/http://investmentpolicyhub.unctad.org/IIA/CountryBits/226#iiaInnerMenu |archive-date=7 November 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
The [[Tashkent Stock Exchange|Republican Stock Exchange]] (RSE) opened in 1994. The stocks of all Uzbek joint stock companies (around 1,250) are traded on RSE. The number of listed companies as of January 2013 exceeds 110. Securities market volume reached 2 trillion in 2012, and the number is rapidly growing due to the rising interest by companies of attracting necessary resources through the capital market. According to Central Depository as of January 2013 par value of outstanding shares of Uzbek emitters exceeded 9 trillion.{{Citation needed|date=September 2022}}
Thanks in part to the recovery of world market prices of gold and cotton (the country's key export commodities), expanded natural gas and some manufacturing exports, and increasing labour migrant transfers, the current account turned into a large surplus (between 9% and 11% of GDP from 2003 to 2005). In 2018, foreign exchange reserves, including gold, totalled around US$25 billion.<ref>{{cite web |title=Uzbekistan's gold and foreign exchange reserves at US$ 25.49 billion |url=http://tashkenttimes.uz/finances/3050-uzbekistan-s-gold-and-foreign-exchange-reserves-at-us-25-49-billion |website=Tashkent Times |access-date=1 May 2019 |archive-date=1 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190501060527/http://tashkenttimes.uz/finances/3050-uzbekistan-s-gold-and-foreign-exchange-reserves-at-us-25-49-billion |url-status=live }}</ref>
Foreign exchange reserves amounted in 2010 to US$13 billion.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/EXTRUSSIANHOME/EXTRUSSIANCOUNTRIES/ECAINRUSSIANEXT/EXTUZBEKISTANINRUS/0,,contentMDK:20546336~menuPK:1151287~pagePK:1497618~piPK:217854~theSitePK:1151265,00.html#contact|publisher=The world bank|language=ru |title=Uzbekistan|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605175712/http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/EXTRUSSIANHOME/EXTRUSSIANCOUNTRIES/ECAINRUSSIANEXT/EXTUZBEKISTANINRUS/0,,contentMDK:20546336~menuPK:1151287~pagePK:1497618~piPK:217854~theSitePK:1151265,00.html#contact|archive-date=5 June 2013}}</ref>
Uzbekistan is predicted to be one of the fastest-growing economies in the world (top 26) in future decades, according to a survey by global bank HSBC.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hsbc.com.mx/1/PA_esf-ca-app-content/content/home/empresas/archivos/world_2050.pdf |publisher=HSBC|title=the World in 2050|page=2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171014100813/https://www.hsbc.com.mx/1/PA_esf-ca-app-content/content/home/empresas/archivos/world_2050.pdf |archive-date=14 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
Uzbekistan was ranked 82nd in the [[Global Innovation Index]] in 2023.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=WIPO |title=Global Innovation Index 2023, 15th Edition |url=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2023/index.html |access-date=2023-10-29 |website=www.wipo.int |doi=10.34667/tind.46596 |language=en}}</ref>
== Demographics ==
{{Main|Demographics of Uzbekistan|Uzbeks}}
{|class="wikitable" style="float: right; margin-left: 10px"
! colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#cfb;"|Population{{UN_Population|ref}}
|-
! style="background:#cfb;"|Year
! style="background:#cfb;"|Million
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|1950 ||style="text-align:right;"|6.2
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|2000 ||style="text-align:right;"|24.8
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|{{UN_Population|Year}} ||style="text-align:right;"|{{#expr:{{formatnum:{{UN_Population|Uzbekistan}}|R}}/1e6 round 1}}
|-
|2023
|36.2
|}
[[File:Jeunes Mariés dans le parc dAk Saray (Shahrisabz) (6018352949).jpg|left|thumb|Newlywed couples visit [[Tamerlane|Tamerlane's]] statues to receive wedding blessings.]]
As of 2022, Uzbekistan has the largest population out of all the countries in Central Asia. Its 36 million citizens comprise nearly half the region's total population.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tashkenttimes.uz/national/10147-uzbekistan-population-surpasses-36-million|title=Uzbekistan population surpasses 36 million|language=en|publisher=ashkenttimes.uz|date=2022-12-09|access-date=2022-12-12|archive-date=12 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221212110418/http://tashkenttimes.uz/national/10147-uzbekistan-population-surpasses-36-million|url-status=live}}</ref> The population of Uzbekistan is very young though it is slowly aging. 23.1% of its people are younger than 16 (2020 estimate).<ref name=cia1/> According to official sources, [[Uzbeks]] comprise a majority (84.5%) of the total population. Other ethnic groups include [[Russians]] 2.1%, [[Tājik people|Tajiks]] 4.8%, [[Kazakhs]] 2.4%, [[Karakalpaks]] 2.2% and [[Tatars]] 0.5% as of 2021.{{r|NatEtnicPop}}
There is some controversy about the percentage of the Tajik population. While official state numbers from Uzbekistan put the number around 5%, the number is said to be an understatement and some Western scholars put the number up to 10%–20%.<ref name="Karl Cordell 1999. pg 201"/><ref name="Lena Jonson 2006. pg 108">Jonson, Lena (1976) ''Tajikistan in the New Central Asia'', I.B.Tauris, {{ISBN|085771726X}}, p. 108: "According to official Uzbek statistics there are slightly over 1.7 million Tajiks in Uzbekistan or about 5% of the population. The unofficial figure is over 6 million Tajiks. They are concentrated in the Sukhandarya, Samarqand and Bukhara regions."</ref>{{sfnp|Foltz|1996|pp=213–6}}<ref name="cornellcaspian.com">{{cite journal|doi=10.1080/09662830008407454 |url=http://www.cornellcaspian.com/pub/0010uzbekistan.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090505153156/http://www.cornellcaspian.com/pub/0010uzbekistan.htm |archive-date=5 May 2009|title=Uzbekistan: A Regional Player in Eurasian Geopolitics?|year=2000|last1=Cornell|first1=Svante E.|journal=European Security|volume=9|issue=2|page=115|s2cid=154194469|url-status=dead}}</ref> Uzbekistan has an [[Koryo-saram|ethnic Korean]] population that was [[Deportation of Koreans in the Soviet Union|forcibly relocated]] to the region by Stalin from the [[Russian Far East|Soviet Far East]] in 1937–1938. There are also small groups of [[Armenians in Uzbekistan]], mostly in Tashkent and Samarkand.
The nation is 96% Muslim (mostly [[Sunnis|Sunni]], with a [[Shi'a]] minority), 2.3% [[Eastern Orthodox]] and 1.7% other faiths. The U.S. State Department's International Religious Freedom Report 2004 reports that 0.2% of the population are [[Buddhist]] (these being ethnic Koreans). The [[Bukharan Jews]] have lived in Central Asia, mostly in Uzbekistan, for thousands of years. There were 94,900 [[Jew]]s in Uzbekistan in 1989<ref>{{cite book |date=2001 |title=World Jewish Population 2001 |series=American Jewish Yearbook |volume=101 |page=561 |archive-date=6 December 2013 |url=http://www.ajcarchives.org/AJC_DATA/Files/2001_13_WJP.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206165604/http://www.ajcarchives.org/AJC_DATA/Files/2001_13_WJP.pdf }}</ref> (about 0.5% of the population according to the [[Ethnic groups in Uzbekistan|1989 census]]), but now, since the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]], most Central Asian Jews left the region for the [[United States]], [[Germany]], or [[Israel]]. Fewer than 5,000 Jews remained in Uzbekistan in 2007.<ref>{{cite book |date=2007 |title=World Jewish Population 2007 |series=American Jewish Yearbook |volume=107 |page=592 |url=http://www.ajcarchives.org/AJC_DATA/Files/AJYB727.CV.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326020910/http://www.ajcarchives.org/AJC_DATA/Files/AJYB727.CV.pdf |archive-date=26 March 2009 }}</ref>
[[Russians in Uzbekistan]] represented 5.5% of the total population in 1989. During the Soviet period, Russians and [[Ukrainians]] constituted more than half the population of [[Tashkent]].<ref>Allworth, Edward (1994) ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=X2XpddVB0l0C&pg=PA102 Central Asia, 130 years of Russian dominance: a historical overview] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150915152247/https://books.google.com/books?id=X2XpddVB0l0C&pg=PA102 |date=15 September 2015 }}''. [[Duke University Press]]. p. 102. {{ISBN|0-8223-1521-1}}</ref> The country counted nearly 1.5 million Russians, 12.5% of the population, in the 1970 census.<ref>"[http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/OP297.pdf The Russian Minority in Central Asia: Migration, Politics, and Language] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206184216/http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/OP297.pdf |date=6 December 2013 }}" (PDF). Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars.</ref> After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, significant emigration of ethnic Russians has taken place, mostly for economic reasons.<ref>[http://www.turkishweekly.net/news/874/the-russians-are-still-leaving-uzbekistan-for-kazakhstan-now.html The Russians are Still Leaving Uzbekistan For Kazakhstan Now] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211171635/http://turkishweekly.net/news/874/the-russians-are-still-leaving-uzbekistan-for-kazakhstan-now.html |date=11 February 2009 }}. Journal of Turkish Weekly. 16 December 2004.</ref>
[[File:Uzbek Kids.JPG|alt=Uzbek children|left|thumb|Uzbek children]]
[[File:Gorskii 03978u.jpg|right|thumb|Shakh-i Zindeh mosque, Samarkand, in the early 20th century]]
In the 1940s, the Crimean Tatars, along with the [[Volga Germans]], Chechens, Pontic<ref>{{Cite journal |title=The Persecution of Pontic Greeks in the Soviet Union |journal=Journal of Refugee Studies |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=372–381 |doi=10.1093/jrs/4.4.372 |issn=0951-6328|year=1991 |last1=Agtzidis |first1=Vlasis }}</ref> Greeks, Kumaks and many other nationalities were [[Population transfer in the Soviet Union|deported]] to Central Asia. Approximately 100,000 [[Crimean Tatars]] continue to live in Uzbekistan.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Kuzio |first=Taras|date=24 June 2009 |title=Crimean Tatars Divide Ukraine and Russia |journal=Eurasia Daily Monitor |volume=6 |issue=121 |publisher=The Jamestown Foundation |url=https://jamestown.org/program/crimean-tatars-divide-ukraine-and-russia/ }}</ref> The number of [[Greeks in Uzbekistan|Greeks]] in Tashkent has decreased from 35,000 in 1974 to about 12,000 in 2004.<ref>[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/greece-overcomes-its-ancient-history-finally-552207.html Greece overcomes its ancient history, finally] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925190532/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/greece-overcomes-its-ancient-history-finally-552207.html |date=25 September 2015 }}. The Independent. 6 July 2004.</ref> The majority of [[Meskhetian Turks]] left the country after the [[pogrom]]s in the Fergana valley in June 1989.<ref>[http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/topic,463af2212,488edfe22,49749c843c,0.html World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples – Uzbekistan : Meskhetian Turks] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016183834/http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/topic,463af2212,488edfe22,49749c843c,0.html|date=16 October 2012}}. Minority Rights Group International.</ref>
Almost 10% of Uzbekistan's labour force works abroad, mostly in Russia and [[Kazakhstan]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Uzbekistan: Labor Migrants Looking Beyond Russia|url=http://www.eurasianet.org/node/78701 |date=10 May 2016|via=EurasiaNet |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225130718/http://www.eurasianet.org/node/78701 |archive-date=25 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |publisher=[[International Crisis Group]] |url=http://www.crisisgroup.org/home/index.cfm?id=5027&l=1 |title=Uzbekistan: Stagnation and Uncertainty |access-date=15 September 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091111025921/http://www.crisisgroup.org/home/index.cfm?id=5027&l=1 |archive-date=11 November 2009 |work=Asia Briefing N°67 |date=22 August 2007}}</ref>
[[File:Nukus Art Museum.JPG|thumb|Nukus Art Museum named after Savicky.]]
Uzbekistan has a 100% literacy rate among adults older than 15 (2019 estimate).<ref>{{cite web | url=https://knoema.com/atlas/Uzbekistan/topics/Education/Literacy/Adult-literacy-rate?mode=amp | title=Uzbekistan Adult literacy rate, 1960-2021 }}</ref>
Life expectancy in Uzbekistan is 75 years average. 72 years among men and 78 years among women.<ref name="bbc.com">{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-37260375 |title=Islam Karimov: Uzbekistan president's death confirmed |work=BBC News |access-date=4 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160903231914/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-37260375 |archive-date=3 September 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>
President Shavkat Mirziyoyev signed a law in March 2020 that demands a national census take place at least every 10 years.<ref>{{cite web|title=ЗРУ-611-сон 16.03.2020. О переписи населения|url=https://lex.uz/ru/docs/4766085|access-date=2021-07-09|website=lex.uz|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709190631/https://lex.uz/ru/docs/4766085|url-status=live}}</ref> The population has not been officially counted in over 30 years. In November 2020, the first census was cancelled due to concerns about coronavirus and the sheer size of the task. It now has been postponed to 2023.<ref>{{cite web|title=Uzbekistan postpones first census because of coronavirus {{!}} Eurasianet|url=https://eurasianet.org/uzbekistan-postpones-first-census-because-of-coronavirus|access-date=2021-07-09|website=eurasianet.org|language=en|archive-date=17 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210617003227/https://eurasianet.org/uzbekistan-postpones-first-census-because-of-coronavirus|url-status=live}}</ref>
=== Religion ===
{{Main|Religion in Uzbekistan}}
[[File:Le_minaret_et_la_mosquée_Kalon_(Boukhara,_Ouzbékistan)_(5658826884).jpg|thumb|right|Mosque of [[Bukhara]]]]
Uzbekistan is a secular country and Article 61 of its constitution states that religious organizations and associations shall be separated from the state and equal before law. The state shall not interfere in the activity of religious associations.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://constitution.uz/en/clause/index#section7 |title=Constitution of Uzbekistan. Part II. Basic human and civil rights, freedoms and duties. |access-date=24 October 2020 |archive-date=9 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209112241/https://constitution.uz/en/clause/index#section7 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Islam in Uzbekistan|Islam]] is the dominant religion in Uzbekistan, although Soviet power (1924–1991) discouraged the expression of religious belief, and it was repressed during its existence as a [[Soviet Union|Soviet Republic]]. The CIA Factbook (2004) estimates that [[Muslims]] constitute 88% of the population, while 9% of the population follow [[Russian Orthodox Church in Uzbekistan|Russian Orthodox Christianity]], 3% other religions and non-religious,<ref>{{cite web|title=Uzbekistan|date=19 October 2021|publisher=CIA|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/uzbekistan/|access-date=24 January 2021|archive-date=3 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203042919/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/uzbekistan/|url-status=live}}</ref> while a 2020 [[Pew Research Center]] projection stated that Uzbekistan's population is 96.7% Muslim and [[Christianity in Uzbekistan|Christians]] (mostly [[Russian Orthodox Church in Uzbekistan|Russian Orthodox Christians]]) comprised 2.3% of the population (630,000).<ref>{{cite web|title=Religions in Uzbekistan {{!}} PEW-GRF|url=http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/uzbekistan/religious_demography#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2010|access-date=6 June 2020|website=www.globalreligiousfutures.org|archive-date=29 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180129141645/http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/uzbekistan/religious_demography#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2010|url-status=live}}</ref> An estimated 93,000 [[Jews]] lived in the country in the early 1990s.<ref name="lcweb2">{{cite web |url= http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/uztoc.html |title= A Country Study: Uzbekistan |publisher= Federal Research Division |date= 1988–1998 |access-date= 27 December 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130831195935/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/uztoc.html |archive-date= 31 August 2013 |df= dmy-all }}</ref>
In addition, there are about 7,400 Zoroastrians left in Uzbekistan, mostly in Tajik areas like [[Khojand]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://zoroastrians.net/2013/08/21/uzbekistan-zoroastrian-association-registered/|title=UZBEKISTAN Zoroastrian Association Registered|date=21 August 2013|website=Zoroastrians.net|access-date=24 July 2019|archive-date=6 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191106080944/https://zoroastrians.net/2013/08/21/uzbekistan-zoroastrian-association-registered/|url-status=live}}</ref>
Despite the predominance of Islam and its rich history in the country, the practice of the faith is far from monolithic. Uzbeks have practised many versions of Islam. The conflict of Islamic tradition with various agendas of [[reform movement|reform]] or [[secularisation]] throughout the 20th century has left a wide variety of Islamic practices in [[Central Asia]].<ref name="lcweb2"/>
The end of Soviet control in Uzbekistan in 1991 did not bring an immediate upsurge of religion-associated [[fundamentalism]], as many had predicted, but rather a gradual re-acquaintance with the precepts of the Islamic faith and a gradual resurgence of [[Islam in Uzbekistan|Islam]] in the country.<ref>{{cite web|last=AFP|date=27 May 2019|title=Muslims seek voice in changing Uzbekistan {{!}} New Straits Times|url=https://www.nst.com.my/world/2019/05/491858/muslims-seek-voice-changing-uzbekistan|access-date=6 June 2020|website=NST Online|archive-date=6 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606194627/https://www.nst.com.my/world/2019/05/491858/muslims-seek-voice-changing-uzbekistan|url-status=live}}</ref> However, since 2015 there has been a slight increase in [[Islamism|Islamist]] activity, with small organisations such as the [[Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan]] declaring allegiance to [[ISIL]] and contributing fighters abroad,<ref>{{cite news|title= The Rising Islamic State threat in Central Asia|url= http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/opinion/editorials/ct-central-asia-islamic-state-edit-20170203-story.html|newspaper= Chicago Tribune|access-date= 3 August 2017|url-status=live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170803221345/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/opinion/editorials/ct-central-asia-islamic-state-edit-20170203-story.html|archive-date= 3 August 2017|df= dmy-all}}</ref> although the terror threat in Uzbekistan itself remains low.<ref>{{cite news|title= Uzbekistan's real problem is not terrorism, it's politics|url= http://www.politico.eu/article/uzbekistans-real-problem-is-not-terrorism-its-politics-aliyev-karimov/|newspaper= Politico|access-date= 3 August 2017|url-status=live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170803212101/http://www.politico.eu/article/uzbekistans-real-problem-is-not-terrorism-its-politics-aliyev-karimov/|archive-date= 3 August 2017|df= dmy-all|date= 6 September 2016}}</ref> (See [[Terrorism in Uzbekistan]]).
==== Jewish community ====
{{main|Uzbek Jews|Bukharan Jews}}
The Jewish community in the Uzbek lands flourished for centuries, with occasional hardships during the reigns of certain rulers. During the rule of [[Tamerlane]] in the 14th century, [[Jews]] contributed greatly to his efforts to rebuild [[Samarkand]], and a great Jewish centre was established there.<ref name=JVL>{{cite web |date=30 July 2004 |title=Uzbekistan |website=Jewish Virtual Library |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/Uzbekistan.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150712005324/http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/Uzbekistan.html |archive-date=12 July 2015 |access-date=29 November 2015 }}</ref>
[[File:Bukharan Jews (before 1899).jpg|thumb|Bukharan Jews, c. 1899]]
After the area came under Russian rule in 1868, Jews were granted equal rights with the local Muslim population.{{r|JVL}} In that period some 50,000 Jews lived in Samarkand and 20,000 in [[Bukhara]].{{r|JVL}}
After the Russian revolutions in 1917 and the establishment of the Soviet regime, Jewish religious life (as with all religions) became restricted. By 1935 only one synagogue out of 30 remained in Samarkand; nevertheless, underground Jewish community life continued during the Soviet era.{{r|JVL}}
By 1970 there were 103,000 Jews registered in the [[Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic|Uzbek SSR]].{{r|JVL}} Since the 1980s most of the Jews of Uzbekistan emigrated to Israel or to the United States of America.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.jweekly.com/2002/09/20/bukharan-jews-now-in-queens-recreate-their-sukkot-memories/ | title=Bukharan Jews now in Queens recreate their Sukkot memories | work=The Jewish News of Northern California | date=20 September 2002 | access-date=30 July 2019 | archive-date=30 July 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190730203728/https://www.jweekly.com/2002/09/20/bukharan-jews-now-in-queens-recreate-their-sukkot-memories/ | url-status=live }}</ref> A small community of several thousand remained in the country {{as of | 2013 | lc = on}}: some 7,000 lived in Tashkent, 3,000 in Bukhara and 700 in Samarkand.<ref>
[http://eajc.org/page277 Euro-Asian Jewish Congress] {{webarchive
|url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131224120130/http://eajc.org/page277
|date= 24 December 2013 }} (retrieved 29 December 2013)
</ref>
=== Languages ===
{{Main|Languages of Uzbekistan}}
[[File:Adib-i sani.jpg|thumb|upright|A page in [[Uzbek language]] written in [[Nastaʿlīq]] script printed in Tashkent in 1911]]
The Uzbek language is one of the [[Turkic languages]], close to the [[Uyghur language]], and both of them belong to the [[Karluk languages|Karluk]] branch of the Turkic language family. It is the only official national language and since 1992 is officially written in the [[Latin alphabet]].<ref>Anthony J. Liddicoat, "Uzbekistan", in Liddicoat and Andy Kirkpatrick, eds., ''The Routledge International Handbook of Language Education Policy in Asia'' (London: Routledge, 2019), 495. {{ISBN|9781317354499}}</ref>
Before the 1920s, the written language of Uzbeks was called Turki (known to Western scholars as [[Chagatai language|Chagatai]]) and used the [[Nastaʿlīq]] script. In 1926 the Latin alphabet was introduced and went through several revisions throughout the 1930s. Finally, in 1940, the [[Cyrillic alphabets|Cyrillic alphabet]] was introduced by Soviet authorities and was used until the fall of Soviet Union. In 1993 Uzbekistan shifted back to the Latin script ([[Uzbek alphabet]]), which was modified in 1996 and is being taught in schools since 2000. Educational establishments teach only the Latin notation. At the same time, the Cyrillic notation is common among the older generation.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XYZVvJSdLBkC&pg=PP14|title=The New Woman in Uzbekistan: Islam, Modernity, and Unveiling Under Communism|last=Kamp|first=Marianne|publisher=University of Washington Press|year=2008|isbn=978-0-295-98819-1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150405011646/http://books.google.com/books?id=XYZVvJSdLBkC&pg=PP14|archive-date=5 April 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Even though the Cyrillic notation of Uzbek has now been abolished for official documents, it is still used by a number of some newspapers and websites.
[[Karakalpak language|Karakalpak]], belonging to the [[Kipchak languages|Kipchak]] branch of the Turkic language family and thus closer to [[Kazakh language|Kazakh]], is spoken by half a million people, primarily in the [[Karakalpakstan|Republic of Karakalpakstan]], and has an official status in that territory.
Although the [[Russian language]] is not an official language in the country, it is widely used in many fields as a second official de-facto language. Digital information from the government is bilingual.<ref>{{cite web |title=State Education Portal of Uzbekistan |url=http://ziyonet.uz/ru |website=Ziyonet |publisher=Government of Uzbekistan |access-date=26 August 2018 |archive-date=26 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180826065220/http://ziyonet.uz/ru |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="fbuz">{{cite web |title=President's FaceBook |url=https://www.facebook.com/Mirziyoyev |website=FaceBook |access-date=26 August 2018}}</ref><ref name="pres.uz">{{cite web |title=Presidential Site of Uzbekistan |url=http://www.president.uz/ru |website=President.uz |publisher=The Government of Uzbekistan |access-date=26 August 2018 |archive-date=2 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180902221632/http://president.uz/ru |url-status=live }}</ref> The country is also home to approximately one million native Russian speakers. Signs throughout the country are both in Uzbek and Russian.<ref name="AA">{{cite web|author=Юрий Подпоренко|title=Бесправен, но востребован. Русский язык в Узбекистане|url=http://mytashkent.uz/2015/04/27/bespraven-no-vostrebovan-russkij-yazyk-v-uzbekistane/|date=2001|publisher=Дружба Народов|access-date=27 May 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513012627/http://mytashkent.uz/2015/04/27/bespraven-no-vostrebovan-russkij-yazyk-v-uzbekistane/|archive-date=13 May 2016}}</ref><ref name="Шухрат Хуррамов">{{cite web|author=Шухрат Хуррамов|title=Почему русский язык нужен узбекам?|url=http://365info.kz/2015/09/russkij-yazyk-v-uzbekistane/|date=11 September 2015|publisher=365info.kz|access-date=27 May 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701175737/http://365info.kz/2015/09/russkij-yazyk-v-uzbekistane/|archive-date=1 July 2016}}</ref><ref name="AB">{{cite web|author=Евгений Абдуллаев|title=Русский язык: жизнь после смерти. Язык, политика и общество в современном Узбекистане|url=http://magazines.russ.ru/nz/2009/4/ab21.html|date=2009|publisher=Неприкосновенный запас|access-date=27 May 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160623201807/http://magazines.russ.ru/nz/2009/4/ab21.html|archive-date=23 June 2016}}</ref><ref name="AC">{{cite web|author=А. Е. Пьянов|title=СТАТУС РУССКОГО ЯЗЫКА В СТРАНАХ СНГ|url=http://www.philology.ru/linguistics2/pyanov-11.htm|publisher=2011|access-date=27 May 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160528192438/http://www.philology.ru/linguistics2/pyanov-11.htm|archive-date=28 May 2016}}</ref><ref name="FFF">[http://factsanddetails.com/central-asia/Uzbekistan/sub8_3d/entry-4699.html Languages in Uzbekistan] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911061953/http://factsanddetails.com/central-asia/Uzbekistan/sub8_3d/entry-4699.html |date=11 September 2016 }} – Facts and Details</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/insight/articles/eav091906.shtml |title=Uzbekistan's Russian-Language Conundrum |publisher=Eurasianet.org |date=19 September 2006 |access-date=2 May 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101129214857/http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/insight/articles/eav091906.shtml |archive-date=29 November 2010 }}</ref>
The [[Tajik language]] (a variety of [[Persian language|Persian]]) is widespread in the cities of [[Bukhara]] and [[Samarkand]] because of their relatively large population of ethnic [[Tajik people|Tajiks]].{{sfnp|Foltz|1996|pp=213–6}}<ref name="Karl Cordell 1999. pg 201" /><ref name="Lena Jonson 2006. pg 108" /> It is also found in large pockets in the [[Tashkent]] region, and [[Kosonsoy|Kasansay]], [[Chust, Uzbekistan|Chust]], [[Rishton, Uzbekistan|Rishtan]] and [[Sokh District|Sokh]] in [[Fergana|Ferghana Valley]], as well as in [[Burchmulla]], [[Okhangaron District|Ahangaran]], Baghistan in the middle [[Syr Darya]] district, and finally in, [[Shahrisabz]], [[Qarshi]], [[Kitob District|Kitab]] and the river valleys of Kafiringan and Chaganian, forming altogether, approximately 25–30% of the population of Uzbekistan.<ref name="Karl Cordell 1999. pg 201">Cordell, Karl (1998) ''Ethnicity and Democratisation in the New Europe'', Routledge, {{ISBN|0415173124}}, p. 201: "Consequently, the number of citizens who regard themselves as Tajiks is difficult to determine. Tajikis within and outside of the republic, Samarkand State University (SamGU) academic and international commentators suggest that there may be between six and seven million Tajiks in Uzbekistan, constituting 30% of the republic's 22 million population, rather than the official figure of 4.7% ({{harvnb|Foltz|1996|p=213}}; Carlisle 1995:88{{Incomplete short citation|date=December 2023}}).</ref><ref name="Lena Jonson 2006. pg 108" />{{sfnp|Foltz|1996|pp=213–6}}
There are no language requirements to attain citizenship in Uzbekistan.<ref name="FFF"/>
In April 2020, a draft bill was introduced in Uzbekistan to regulate the exclusive use of the Uzbek language in government affairs. Under this legislation, government workers could incur fines for doing work in languages other than Uzbek. Though unsuccessful, it was met with criticism by the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Russia)|Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs]] spokeswoman, [[Maria Zakharova]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Tolipov |first1=Farkhod |title=Soft or Hard Power? Russia Reacts to Uzbekistan's Draft Language Policy |url=https://www.cacianalyst.org/publications/analytical-articles/item/13623-soft-or-hard-power?-russia-reacts-to-uzbekistans-draft-language-policy.html |website=The Central Asia-Caucasus Analyst |publisher=CACI Analyst |access-date=1 September 2020 |archive-date=14 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814104221/https://cacianalyst.org/publications/analytical-articles/item/13623-soft-or-hard-power?-russia-reacts-to-uzbekistans-draft-language-policy.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In response, a group of Uzbek intellectuals signed an open letter arguing for the instatement of Russian as an official language alongside Uzbek, citing historical ties, the large Russian-speaking population in Uzbekistan, and the usefulness of Russian in higher education, together with the argument that only Russian language opened the communication with the other peoples of the region and the literature of the outside world.<ref>{{cite web |title=Russian is not foreign to us |url=https://vesti.uz/russkij-yazyk-nam-ne-chuzhoj/ |website=Vesti.uz |date=30 April 2019 |access-date=1 September 2020 |archive-date=3 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803142909/https://vesti.uz/russkij-yazyk-nam-ne-chuzhoj/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The Cyrillic Uzbek alphabet is still widely used, and 862 Russian-language schools are functioning in the country, compared to 1,100 in 1991, despite the fact that the Russian minority there has decreased from 1,7 million in 1990 to nearly 700,000 in 2022. In business, the Russian language outpaces Uzbek. Many Uzbeks in urban areas, as of 2019, are feeling more comfortable to speak in Russian, while Uzbek is more present in the agricultural regions. Uzbek did not manage to become a state language, and many blame the [[intelligentsia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eurasianet.org/uzbekistan-a-second-coming-for-the-russian-language|title=Uzbekistan: A second coming for the Russian language? {{!}} Eurasianet|website=eurasianet.org|language=en|access-date=2022-08-01|archive-date=1 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220801141112/https://eurasianet.org/uzbekistan-a-second-coming-for-the-russian-language|url-status=live}}</ref>
== Communications ==
{{Main|Communications in Uzbekistan}}
According to the official source report, as of 10 March 2008, the number of cellular phone users in Uzbekistan reached 7 million, up from 3.7 million on 1 July 2007.<ref>Uzbekistan agency for Communication and Information (UzACI) [http://www.aci.uz] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070715223738/http://aci.uz/|date=15 July 2007}} and UzDaily.com [http://www.uzdaily.com] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070626054241/http://www.uzdaily.com/|date=26 June 2007}}</ref> Mobile users in 2017 were more than 24 million.<ref>{{cite web | title=ITU Statistics | url=https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Documents/statistics/2019/Mobile_cellular_2000-2018_Jun2019.xls | website=ITU | access-date=20 November 2019 | archive-date=17 April 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200417035600/https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Documents/statistics/2019/Mobile_cellular_2000-2018_Jun2019.xls | url-status=live }}</ref> The largest mobile operator in terms of number of subscribers is MTS-Uzbekistan (former [[Uzdunrobita]] and part of Russian Mobile TeleSystems) and it is followed by Beeline (part of Russia's Beeline) and UCell (ex Coscom) (originally part of the U.S. MCT Corp., now a subsidiary of the Nordic/Baltic telecommunication company [[TeliaSonera]] AB).<ref>[http://www.uzdaily.com/articles-id-832.htm TeleSonera AB acquires Coscom] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100608035053/http://www.uzdaily.com/articles-id-832.htm |date=8 June 2010 }}, UzDaily.com, 17 July 2007. Retrieved 18 January 2009.</ref>
As of 2019, the estimated number of internet users was more than 22 million<ref>{{cite web|last=uz|first=Kun|title=Number of Internet users in Uzbekistan exceeds 22.1 million|url=https://kun.uz/en/news/2020/12/12/number-of-internet-users-in-uzbekistan-exceeds-221-million|access-date=5 January 2021|website=Kun.uz|archive-date=19 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119025120/https://kun.uz/en/news/2020/12/12/number-of-internet-users-in-uzbekistan-exceeds-221-million|url-status=live}}</ref> or about 52% of the population.<ref>{{cite web|title=Individuals using the Internet (% of population) - Uzbekistan {{!}} Data|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/IT.NET.USER.ZS?locations=UZ|access-date=5 January 2021|website=data.worldbank.org|archive-date=17 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417212019/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/IT.NET.USER.ZS?locations=UZ|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[Internet Censorship]] exists in Uzbekistan and in October 2012 the government toughened internet censorship by blocking access to proxy servers.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20131224094142/http://www.uznews.net/news_single.php?lng=en&cid=30&nid=20980 Uzbekistan toughens Internet censorship]. uznews.net (11 October 2012)</ref> [[Reporters Without Borders]] has named Uzbekistan's government an "Enemy of the Internet" and government control over the internet has increased dramatically since the start of the [[Arab Spring]].<ref name=BBC_1>{{cite web |date=5 January 2012 |title=Uzbekistan profile |website=BBC News |access-date=29 November 2015 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-16218808 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130821021943/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-16218808 |archive-date=21 August 2013 }}</ref>
The press in Uzbekistan practices [[self-censorship]] and foreign journalists have been gradually expelled from the country since the [[Andijan massacre]] of 2005 when government troops fired into crowds of protesters killing 187 according to official reports and estimates of several hundred by unofficial and witness accounts.{{r|BBC_1}}
== Transportation ==
{{Main|Transport in Uzbekistan}}
[[File:Toshkent Railway Station.jpg|right|thumb|Central Station of Tashkent]]
[[File:Afrosiyob Express Train in Station - Samarkand - Uzbekistan (7502824436) (3).jpg|thumb|right|The Afrosiyob high-speed train]]
[[Tashkent]], the nation's capital and largest city, has a four-line [[Tashkent Metro|metro]] built in 1977, and expanded in 2001 after ten years' independence from the [[Soviet Union]]. Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan are currently the only two countries in Central Asia with a subway system. It is promoted as one of the cleanest systems in the former Soviet Union.<ref>[http://www.tashkent.org/uzland/subway.html Tashkent Subway for Quick Travel to Hotels, Resorts, and Around the City!] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118202134/http://www.tashkent.org/uzland/subway.html |date=18 January 2012 }} tashkent.org</ref> The stations are exceedingly ornate. For example, the station ''Kosmonavtlar'' built in 1984 is decorated using a [[Human spaceflight|space travel]] theme to recognise the achievements of humankind in space exploration and to commemorate the role of [[Vladimir Dzhanibekov]], the Soviet [[cosmonaut]] of Uzbek origin. A statue of Vladimir Dzhanibekov stands near a station entrance.
There are government-operated trams and buses running across the city. There are also many taxis, registered and unregistered. Uzbekistan has plants that produce modern cars. The car production is supported by the government and the Korean auto company [[Daewoo]]. In May 2007 [[UzDaewooAuto]], the car maker, signed a strategic agreement with General Motors-Daewoo Auto and Technology ([[GM Daewoo|GMDAT]], see [[GM Uzbekistan]] also).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.uzdaily.com/?c=118&a=1315 |title=Uzbekistan, General Motors sign strategic deal |publisher=Uzdaily.com |access-date=2 May 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516011802/http://www.uzdaily.com/?c=118&a=1315 |archive-date=16 May 2011 }}</ref> The government bought a stake in Turkey's Koc in [[SamKochAvto]], a producer of small buses and lorries. Afterward, it signed an agreement with [[Isuzu]] Motors of Japan to produce Isuzu buses and lorries.<ref>[http://www.uzdaily.com/?c=118&a=1242 SamAuto supplies 100 buses to Samarkand firms] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927084418/http://www.uzdaily.com/?c=118&a=1242 |date=27 September 2007 }}, UZDaily.com. [http://www.uzdaily.com/?c=118&a=1336 Japanese firm buys 8% shares in SamAuto] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927084406/http://www.uzdaily.com/?c=118&a=1336 |date=27 September 2007 }}, UZDaily.com.</ref>
Train links connect many towns in Uzbekistan, as well as neighbouring former republics of the Soviet Union. Moreover, after independence two fast-running train systems were established. Uzbekistan launched the first [[Tashkent–Samarkand high-speed rail line|high-speed railway in Central Asia]] in September 2011 between [[Tashkent]] and [[Samarqand]]. The new high-speed electric train [[Talgo 250]], called ''Afrosiyob'', was manufactured by [[Talgo|Patentes Talgo S.L.]] (Spain) and took its first trip from Tashkent to Samarkand on 26 August 2011.<ref>[http://www.uzdaily.com/articles-id-15511.htm First high-speed electricity train carries out first trip from Samarkand and Tashkent, 27 August 2011] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111171755/http://www.uzdaily.com/articles-id-15511.htm |date=11 January 2012 }}. Uzdaily (27 August 2011). Retrieved 19 February 2012.</ref>
There is a large aeroplane plant that was built during the Soviet era – [[Tashkent Aviation Production Association|Tashkent Chkalov Aviation Manufacturing Plant]] or ТАПОиЧ in Russian. The plant originated during World War II, when production facilities were evacuated south and east to avoid capture by advancing Nazi forces. Until the late 1980s, the plant was one of the leading aeroplane production centres in the USSR. With dissolution of the Soviet Union, its manufacturing equipment became outdated; most of the workers were laid off. Now it produces only a few planes a year, but with interest from Russian companies growing, there are rumours of production-enhancement plans.
== Military ==
{{Main|Armed Forces of the Republic of Uzbekistan}}
[[File:Ukbekistani troops.jpg|thumb|right|Uzbek troops during a cooperative operation exercise]]
With close to 65,000 servicemen, Uzbekistan possesses the largest armed forces in Central Asia. The military structure is largely inherited from the [[Turkestan Military District]] of the [[Soviet Army]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Uzbekistan {{!}} Countries {{!}} Collection of Cooper Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum|url=https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/countries/23424980/|access-date=2021-07-07|website=collection.cooperhewitt.org|archive-date=13 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130313041638/https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/countries/23424980/|url-status=live}}</ref> The Uzbek Armed Forces' equipment is standard, mostly consisting those of post-Soviet inheritance and newly crafted Russian and some American equipment.
The government has accepted the arms control obligations of the former Soviet Union, acceded to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (as a non-nuclear state), and supported an active program by the U.S. [[Defense Threat Reduction Agency]] (DTRA) in western Uzbekistan ([[Nukus]] and [[Vozrozhdeniye Island]]). The Government of Uzbekistan spends about 3.7% of GDP on the military but has received a growing infusion of Foreign Military Financing (FMF) and other security assistance funds since 1998.
Following 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks in the U.S., Uzbekistan approved the [[U.S. Central Command]]'s request for access to an air base, the [[Karshi-Khanabad]] airfield, in southern Uzbekistan. However, Uzbekistan demanded that the U.S. withdraw from the airbases after the [[Andijan massacre]] and the U.S. reaction to this massacre. The last US troops left Uzbekistan in November 2005.<ref>{{cite web|title=U.S. Troops Leave Uzbekistan|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/us-troops-leave-uzbekistan/|access-date=5 January 2021|website=www.cbsnews.com|date=21 November 2005 |archive-date=30 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140830141914/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/us-troops-leave-uzbekistan/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2020, it was revealed that the former US base was contaminated with radioactive materials which may have resulted in unusually high cancer rates in US personnel stationed there. Yet the government of Uzbekistan has denied this statement claiming that there has never been such a case.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Herridge|first1=Catherine|date=October 26, 2020|first2=Jessica|last2=Kegu|work=CBS News|title=Uzbek base that housed U.S. troops allegedly had "7 to 9 times higher than normal" radiation, yellowcake uranium|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/uzbekistan-k2-karshi-khanabad-base-us-troops-radiation/|access-date=5 January 2021|archive-date=26 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026201758/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/uzbekistan-k2-karshi-khanabad-base-us-troops-radiation/|url-status=live}}</ref>
On 23 June 2006, Uzbekistan became a full participant in the [[Collective Security Treaty Organization]] (CSTO), but informed the CSTO to suspend its membership in June 2012.<ref>{{cite news|title=Uzbekistan Suspends CSTO Membership|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/uzbekistan-csto-suspends-membership/24629244.html|access-date=5 November 2020|newspaper=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty|date=28 June 2012 |archive-date=27 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027121322/https://www.rferl.org/a/uzbekistan-csto-suspends-membership/24629244.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
== Culture ==
{{Main|Culture of Uzbekistan}}
{{See also|Kurash|Islam in Uzbekistan|Scout Association of Uzbekistan}}
[[File:Taschkent - Art of Uzbekistan.jpg|thumb|Traditional Uzbek [[pottery]]]]
[[File:Theatre Alisher Navoi.JPG|thumb|right|[[Navoi Theater|Navoi Opera Theater]] in [[Tashkent]]]]
Uzbekistan has a wide mix of ethnic groups and cultures, with the [[Uzbeks|Uzbek]] being the majority group. In 1995 about 71% of Uzbekistan's population was Uzbek. The chief minority groups were Russians (8%), [[Tajiks]] (3–4.7%),<ref name="Karl Cordell 1999. pg 201"/><ref name="Lena Jonson 2006. pg 108"/>{{sfnp|Foltz|1996|pp=213–6}}<ref name="cornellcaspian.com"/> [[Kazakhs]] (4%), [[Tatars]] (2.5%) and [[Karakalpaks]] (2%). It is said, however, that non-Uzbeks decline as Russians and other minority groups slowly leave and Uzbeks return from other parts of the former [[Soviet Union]].
[[File:Suzani (Boukhara, Ouzbékistan) (5657423581).jpg|thumb|Embroidery from Uzbekistan]]
When Uzbekistan gained independence in 1991, there was concern that [[Muslim fundamentalism]] would spread across the region.<ref>{{Cite magazine|title=Uzbekistan's History With Islam Might Explain a Lot About the New York Attack Suspect|url=https://time.com/5005629/new-york-attack-manhattan-saipov-uzbekistan/|access-date=5 January 2021|magazine=Time|archive-date=9 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109033909/https://time.com/5005629/new-york-attack-manhattan-saipov-uzbekistan/|url-status=live}}</ref> The expectation was that a country long denied freedom of religious practice would undergo a very rapid increase in the expression of its dominant faith.
According to a 2009 Pew Research Center report, Uzbekistan's population is 96.3% Muslim; around 54% identifies as non-denominational Muslim, 18% as Sunni and 1% as Shia. Furthermore, 11% say they belong to a Sufi order.<ref>{{cite web|date=2012-08-09|title=Religious Identity Among Muslims|url=https://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/|access-date=2021-07-08|website=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project|language=en-US|archive-date=20 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180620101838/http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/|url-status=live}}</ref>
=== Media ===
{{Main|Mass media in Uzbekistan}}
=== Music ===
{{main|Music of Uzbekistan}}
[[File:Boukhara 4696a.jpg|thumb|Silk and Spice Festival in [[Bukhara]]]]
Central Asian classical music is called [[Shashmaqam]], which arose in [[Bukhara]] in the late 16th century when that city was a regional capital.<ref>{{cite web|date=2018-10-19|title=Shashmaqam - Music and Poetry of Central Asia|url=https://voicesoncentralasia.org/shashmaqam-music-and-poetry-of-central-asia/|access-date=2021-07-07|website=Voices On Central Asia|language=en-US|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184638/https://voicesoncentralasia.org/shashmaqam-music-and-poetry-of-central-asia/|url-status=live}}</ref> [https://open.spotify.com/album/26g2oEzxzPvvJtz0HqRBt3] Shashmaqam is closely related to [[Azerbaijan]]i [[Mugam]] and [[Uyghur muqam]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Musical and Ontological Possibilities of Mugham Creativity in pre-Soviet, Soviet, and post-Soviet Azerbaijan|url=https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/bitstream/1807/80818/3/Dessiatnitchenko_Polina_201711_PhD_thesis.pdf|access-date=7 July 2021|archive-date=30 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210830072956/https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/bitstream/1807/80818/3/Dessiatnitchenko_Polina_201711_PhD_thesis.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The name, which translates as ''six maqams'' refers to the structure of the music, which contains six sections in six different [[Musical mode]]s, similar to classical [[Persian traditional music]]. Interludes of spoken [[Sufi poetry]] interrupt the music, typically beginning at a lower register and gradually ascending to a climax before calming back down to the beginning tone.
=== Education ===
{{main|Education in Uzbekistan}}
Uzbekistan has a high [[literacy rate]], with 99.9% of adults above the age of 15 being able to read and write.<ref>{{cite web|date=27 November 2016|title=Uzbekistan|url=http://uis.unesco.org/en/country/uz|access-date=5 January 2021|website=uis.unesco.org|archive-date=28 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128044605/http://uis.unesco.org/en/country/uz|url-status=live}}</ref> However, with only 76% of the under-15 population currently enrolled in education (and only 20% of the 3–6 year olds attending pre-school), this figure may drop in the future. Students attend school Monday through Saturday during the school year, and education officially concludes at the end of the 11th grade.
Uzbekistan has encountered severe budget shortfalls in its education program. The education law of 1992 began the process of theoretical reform, but the physical base has deteriorated and curriculum revision has been slow. Corruption within the education system is rampant, with students from wealthier families routinely bribing teachers and school executives to achieve high grades without attending school, or undertaking official examinations.<ref>Kozlova, Marina (21 January 2008) [http://chalkboard.tol.org/uzbekistan-lessons-in-graft Uzbekistan: Lessons in Graft] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120608053517/http://chalkboard.tol.org/uzbekistan-lessons-in-graft |date=8 June 2012 }}. Chalkboard.tol.org</ref>
Several universities, including [[Westminster International University in Tashkent|Westminster University]], [[Turin University]], [[Management Development Institute of Singapore in Tashkent|Management University Institute of Singapore]], Bucheon University in Tashkent, [[TEAM University Tashkent|TEAM University]] and [[Inha University Tashkent]] maintain a campus in Tashkent offering English language courses across several disciplines. The Russian-language high education is provided by most national universities, including foreign [[Moscow State University]] and [[Gubkin Russian State University of Oil and Gas]], maintaining campuses in Tashkent. As of 2019, [[Webster University]], in partnership with the Ministry of Education (now Ministry of Higher Education, Science and Innovation), has opened a graduate school offering an MBA in Project Management and a MA in Teaching English as a Second Language (TESL).
There are three Islamic institutes and an academy in Uzbekistan. They are [[Tashkent islamic institute]], [[Mir Arab high school]], [[School of hadith knowledge]], [[International islamic academy of Uzbekistan]].{{citation needed|date=May 2023}}
=== Holidays ===
{{See also|Public holidays in Uzbekistan}}
{{Div col}}
* 1 January: [[New Year's Day]], "Yangi Yil Bayrami"
* 14 January: [[Defender of the Motherland Day|Day of Defenders of the Motherland]], "Vatan Himoyachilari kuni"
* 8 March: [[International Women's Day]], "Xalqaro Xotin-Qizlar kuni"
* 21 March: [[Nowruz]], "Navro{{okina}}z Bayrami"
* 9 May: [[Day of Remembrance and Honour]], "Xotira va Qadrlash kuni"
* 1 September: [[Independence Day]], "Mustaqillik kuni"
* 1 October: [[List of Teachers' Days|Teachers' Day]], "O{{okina}}qituvchi va Murabbiylar kuni"
* 8 December: [[Constitution Day]], "Konstitutsiya kuni"
{{div col end}}
''Variable date''
* End of [[Ramadan]], Ramazon Hayiti ([[Eid al-Fitr]])
* 70 days later, Qurbon Hayiti ([[Eid al-Adha]])
=== Cuisine ===
{{Main|Uzbek cuisine}}
{{See also|List of Uzbek dishes|Soviet cuisine}}
[[File:Plov.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Pilaf|Palov]]'']]
[[File:Uzbek Manti (bright).jpg|thumb|right|Uzbek [[Manti (food)|manti]]]]
Uzbek cuisine is influenced by local [[agriculture]]; since there is a great deal of grain farming in Uzbekistan, bread and noodles are of importance and Uzbek cuisine has been characterised as "noodle-rich". [[Lamb and mutton|Mutton]] is a popular variety of meat due to the abundance of [[sheep]] in the country and it is part of various Uzbek dishes.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mutton from Central Asia|url=https://www.pilotguides.com/articles/mutton-from-central-asia/|access-date=2021-07-08|website=Pilot Guides|language=en-US|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185344/https://www.pilotguides.com/articles/mutton-from-central-asia/|url-status=live}}</ref>
Uzbekistan's signature dish is [[Pilaf|''palov'']] (or ''plov''), a main course typically made with rice, meat, carrots, and onions, though it was not available to ordinary people until the 1930s.{{Citation needed|date=September 2022}} There are many regional variations of the dish. Often the fat found near the sheep tail, ''qurdiuq'', is used. In the past, the cooking of ''palov'' was reserved for men, but the Soviets allowed women to cook it as well. Since then, it seems, the old gender roles have been restored.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rizvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA226 |pages= |title=Crossroads of Cuisine: The Eurasian Heartland, the Silk Roads and Food |editor1-first=Paul David |editor1-last=Buell |editor2-first=Eugene N. |editor2-last=Anderson |editor3-first=Montserrat de Pablo |editor3-last=Moya |editor4-first=Moldir |editor4-last=Oskenbay |publisher=BRILL |year=2020 |isbn=9789004432109 |access-date=3 July 2022 |archive-date=2 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202184355/https://books.google.com/books?id=rizvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA226 |url-status=live }}</ref>
Other notable national dishes include [[Chorba|shurpa]], a soup made of large pieces of fatty meat (usually mutton), and fresh vegetables;<ref>{{cite web|title=Uzbek shurpa – one of the most popular dishes in the Uzbek cuisine|url=https://www.people-travels.com/about-uzbekistan/uzbek-cuisine/uzbek-shurpa.html|access-date=2021-07-08|website=www.people-travels.com|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185950/https://www.people-travels.com/about-uzbekistan/uzbek-cuisine/uzbek-shurpa.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Naryn (dish)|norin]] and ''[[Laghman (food)|laghman]]'', noodle-based dishes that may be served as a soup or a main course;<ref>{{cite web|title=10 Most Popular Foods You Have To Eat In Uzbekistan (2019)|url=https://uzwifi.com/en/blog/10-most-popular-foods-you-have-to-eat-in-uzbekistan-2019|access-date=2021-07-08|website=uzwifi.com|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184908/https://uzwifi.com/en/blog/10-most-popular-foods-you-have-to-eat-in-uzbekistan-2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Manti (food)|manti]], [[Joshpara|chuchvara]], and ''[[Samsa (food)|somsa]]'', stuffed pockets of [[dough]] served as an appetizer or a main course; [[dimlama]], a meat and vegetable stew; and various [[Kebab|kebabs]], usually served as a main course.
[[Green tea]] is the national hot beverage consumed throughout the day; [[Teahouse|teahouses]] (''chaikhanas'') are of cultural importance.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Guide to Uzbekistan Tea Traditions|work=TeaMuse|url=https://www.teamuse.com/article_210402.html|access-date=2021-07-08|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709190413/https://www.teamuse.com/article_210402.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Black tea]] is preferred in [[Tashkent]], but both green and black teas are consumed daily, without milk or sugar. Tea always accompanies a meal, but it is also a drink of hospitality that is automatically offered: green or black to every guest.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tea traditions in Uzbekistan|url=http://uzbek-travel.com/about-uzbekistan/facts/tea-traditions/|access-date=2021-07-08|website=uzbek-travel.com|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709192144/http://uzbek-travel.com/about-uzbekistan/facts/tea-traditions/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Ayran]], a chilled yogurt drink, is popular in summer.<ref>{{cite web|title=Uzbek sour-milk products – indelible dishes of the Uzbek dastarkhan|url=https://www.people-travels.com/about-uzbekistan/uzbek-food/uzbek-sour-milk-dishes.html|access-date=2021-07-08|website=www.people-travels.com|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185134/https://www.people-travels.com/about-uzbekistan/uzbek-food/uzbek-sour-milk-dishes.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
The use of alcohol is less widespread than in the West, but wine is comparatively popular for a Muslim nation as Uzbekistan is largely secular. Uzbekistan has 14 wineries, the oldest and most famous being the Khovrenko Winery in [[Samarkand]] (established in 1927).<ref>{{cite web|title=What to eat and drink in Uzbekistan|url=https://www.worldtravelguide.net/guides/asia/uzbekistan/|access-date=2021-07-08|website=World Travel Guide|language=en-US|archive-date=24 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210724065732/https://www.worldtravelguide.net/guides/asia/uzbekistan/|url-status=live}}</ref> A number of vineyards in and around Tashkent are also growing in popularity, including Chateau Hamkor.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://perito-burrito.com/posts/ne-tolko-plov-i-golubye-kupola-chem-vpechatlyaet-uzbekistan-za-predelami-khivy-bukhary-i-samarkanda |title=Не только плов и голубые купола: чем впечатляет Узбекистан за | Perito |access-date=22 November 2022 |archive-date=22 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221122174130/https://perito-burrito.com/posts/ne-tolko-plov-i-golubye-kupola-chem-vpechatlyaet-uzbekistan-za-predelami-khivy-bukhary-i-samarkanda |url-status=live }}</ref>
=== Sport ===
{{Main|Sport in Uzbekistan}}
{{See also|Uzbekistan at the Olympics|Football in Uzbekistan|Rugby union in Uzbekistan}}
[[File:Bunyodkor stadium2.jpg|thumb|[[Milliy Stadium]] in [[Tashkent]]]]
Uzbekistan is home to former racing cyclist [[Djamolidine Abdoujaparov]]. Abdoujaparov has won the [[green jersey]] points contest in the [[Tour de France]] three times.<ref>{{cite web |title=Le Tours archive |url=http://www.letour.fr/HISTO/us/TDF/coureur/4976.html |access-date=23 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111162430/http://www.letour.fr/HISTO/us/TDF/coureur/4976.html |archive-date=11 January 2012}}</ref> Abdoujaparov was a specialist at winning stages in tours or one-day races when the bunch or [[peloton]] would finish together. He would often 'sprint' in the final kilometer and had a reputation as being dangerous in these bunch sprints as he would weave from side to side. This reputation earned him the nickname 'The Terror of Tashkent'.<ref>{{cite web|date=2014-05-13 |title=Where Are They Now? Djamolidine Abdoujaparov |url=https://cyclingtips.com/2014/05/where-are-they-now-djamolidine-abdoujaparov/|access-date=2021-07-08 |website=CyclingTips|archive-date=9 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184822/https://cyclingtips.com/2014/05/where-are-they-now-djamolidine-abdoujaparov/|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[Artur Taymazov]] won Uzbekistan's inaugural wrestling medal at the [[2000 Summer Olympics]], followed by three Olympic gold medals in Men's 120 kg in [[2004 Summer Olympics|2004]], [[2008 Summer Olympics|2008]] and [[2012 Summer Olympics|2012]]. His 2008 gold was taken away in 2017 after a re-testing of samples from the Beijing Games and Taymazov was later stripped of his London 2012 Olympic gold medal after re-analysis of stored samples in 2019.<ref>{{cite web|title=artur-taymazov latest news & coverage |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/topic/artur-taymazov|access-date=2021-07-08|website=CNA|language=en|url-status=dead |archive-date=9 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184235/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/topic/artur-taymazov}}</ref> His London gold had made him the most successful freestyle competitor in Olympic history. He is the 60th athlete to be disqualified from the London Olympics after the event.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2019-07-23|title=Uzbek wrestler Taymazov stripped of London 2012 gold medal|language=en|work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-olympics-doping-wrestling-idUSKCN1UI2IW|access-date=2021-07-07|url-status=live|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185057/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-olympics-doping-wrestling-idUSKCN1UI2IW}}</ref>
[[Ruslan Chagaev]] is a former professional boxer representing Uzbekistan in the WBA. He won the WBA champion title in 2007 after defeating Nikolai Valuev.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Starck|first=Peter|date=2007-04-15|title=Chagaev beats Valuev to lift heavyweight title|language=en |work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-boxing-chagaev-idUSL1402374320070415|access-date=2021-07-08 |archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709192012/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-boxing-chagaev-idUSL1402374320070415 |url-status=live}}</ref> Chagaev defended his title twice before losing it to Vladimir Klitschko in 2009. Another young talented boxer [[Hasanboy Dusmatov]], light flyweight champion at the [[2016 Summer Olympics]], won the [[Val Barker Trophy]] for the outstanding male boxer of Rio 2016 on 21 August 2016.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.aiba.org/blog/uzbekistans-new-olympic-light-flyweight-champion-hasanboy-dusmatov-wins-val-barker-trophy-outstanding-male-boxer-rio-2016/ |title= Uzbekistan's new Olympic Light Flyweight Champion Hasanboy Dusmatov wins the Val Barker Trophy for the outstanding male boxer of Rio 2016 |publisher= AIBA |access-date= 21 August 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160823132705/http://www.aiba.org/blog/uzbekistans-new-olympic-light-flyweight-champion-hasanboy-dusmatov-wins-val-barker-trophy-outstanding-male-boxer-rio-2016/ |archive-date= 23 August 2016 |df= dmy-all }}</ref> On 21 December 2016 Dusmatov was honoured with the AIBA Boxer of the Year award at a 70-year anniversary event of [[International Boxing Association|AIBA]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aiba.org/blog/aiba-celebrates-70-year-anniversary-gala-dinner-company-boxing-legends/ |title=AIBA celebrates 70-year anniversary with Gala Dinner in the company of Boxing Legends|publisher=AIBA |access-date=21 December 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161224043205/http://www.aiba.org/blog/aiba-celebrates-70-year-anniversary-gala-dinner-company-boxing-legends/|archive-date=24 December 2016}}</ref>
[[Michael Kolganov]], an Uzbek–born sprint canoer, was world champion and won an Olympic bronze in Sydney in the K1 500-meter in 2000 on behalf of Israel.<ref>{{cite web|last=IOC|title=Sydney 2000 Canoe Sprint - Olympic Results by Discipline |url=https://olympics.com/en/olympic-games/sydney-2000/results/canoe-sprint|access-date=2021-07-08|website=Olympics.com|archive-date=10 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210710081716/https://olympics.com/en/olympic-games/sydney-2000/results/canoe-sprint |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2009 and 2011, another Uzbek émigré, gymnast [[Alexander Shatilov]], won a world bronze medal as an [[Artistic gymnastics|artistic gymnast]] in floor exercise, though he lives in and represents Israel in international competitions.{{citation needed|date=May 2023|reason=Previous URL: <nowiki>https://www.haaretz.com/hblocked</nowiki> is a generic page to subscribe to Haaretz.}} [[Oksana Chusovitina]] has attended eight Olympic games, and won five world medals in artistic gymnastics including an Olympic gold. Some of those medals were won while representing Germany and the Soviet Union, though she currently competes for Uzbekistan.<ref>{{cite web|date=2016-08-03|title=The most incredible athlete in Rio?|url=https://www.espn.com/espnw/sports/article/17211754/41-year-old-oksana-chusovitina-most-incredible-athlete-olympics|access-date=2021-07-08|url-status=live|language=en |website=ESPN.com|archive-date=15 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190815005929/http://www.espn.com/espnw/sports/article/17211754/41-year-old-oksana-chusovitina-most-incredible-athlete-olympics}}</ref>
Uzbekistan is the home of the International [[Kurash]] Association.<ref>{{cite web|title=IKA {{!}} International Kurash Association|url=https://kurash-ika.org/en/|access-date=2021-07-08|archive-date=15 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210715182439/http://kurash-ika.org/en/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Kurash is an internationalised and modernised form of traditional Uzbek wrestling.
[[Association football|Football]] is the most popular sport in Uzbekistan. Uzbekistan's premier football league is the [[Uzbekistan Super League|Uzbek Super League]], which has consisted of 16 teams since 2015. The current champions (2022) are [[Pakhtakor Tashkent FK|FC Pakhtakor]]. [[Pakhtakor Tashkent FK|Pakhtakor]] holds the record for the most Uzbekistan champion titles, having won the league ten times. Uzbekistan's football clubs regularly participate in the [[AFC Champions League]] and the [[AFC Cup]]. [[FC Nasaf|FC Nasaf Qarashi]] won the [[2011 AFC Cup|AFC Cup in 2011]], the first international club cup for Uzbek football.<ref>{{cite web|title=Stock Photo - Players of Uzbekistan's Nasaf FC celebrate their winning AFC Cup 2011 final soccer match against Al-Kuwait of Kuwait in Karshi October 29, 2011. REUTERS/Tariq AlAli|url=https://www.alamy.com/players-of-uzbekistans-nasaf-fc-celebrate-their-winning-afc-cup-2011-final-soccer-match-against-al-kuwait-of-kuwait-in-karshi-october-29-2011-reuterstariq-alali-uzbekistan-tags-sport-soccer-image378277201.html|access-date=2021-07-08|website=Alamy|language=en|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709190434/https://www.alamy.com/players-of-uzbekistans-nasaf-fc-celebrate-their-winning-afc-cup-2011-final-soccer-match-against-al-kuwait-of-kuwait-in-karshi-october-29-2011-reuterstariq-alali-uzbekistan-tags-sport-soccer-image378277201.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Where are they now? FC Nasaf's 2011 AFC Cup winners {{!}} Football {{!}} News {{!}} AFC Cup 2021|url=https://www.the-afc.com/competitions/afc-cup/latest/news/where-are-they-now-fc-nasaf-s-2011-afc-cup-winners|access-date=2021-07-08|website=the-AFC|language=en-GB|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184531/https://www.the-afc.com/competitions/afc-cup/latest/news/where-are-they-now-fc-nasaf-s-2011-afc-cup-winners|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[Humo Tashkent]], a professional ice hockey team was established in 2019 with the aim of joining [[Kontinental Hockey League]] (KHL), a top level Eurasian league in the future.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ice Hockey - Humo Tashkent (Uzbekistan) : palmares, results and name|url=https://www.the-sports.org/ice-hockey-humo-tashkent-results-identity-equ83133.html|access-date=2021-07-07|website=www.the-sports.org|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185009/https://www.the-sports.org/ice-hockey-humo-tashkent-results-identity-equ83133.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Humo will join the second-tier [[Supreme Hockey League]] (VHL) for the 2019–20 season. Humo play their games at the [[Humo Ice Dome]] which cost over €175 million in construction; both the team and arena derive their name from the mythical [[Huma bird]], a symbol of happiness and freedom.<ref name=Logo>{{cite web|title=Bird of Happiness - a symbol of the HC HUMO|url=http://uihf.uz/news#tab115|language=ru|date=22 July 2019|access-date=27 July 2019|archive-date=20 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190720112541/http://www.uihf.uz/news#tab115|url-status=live}}</ref> Uzbekistan Hockey Federation (UHF) began preparation for forming national ice hockey team in joining [[International Ice Hockey Federation|IIHF]] competitions.<ref>{{cite web|last=akbaryusupov|title=Tashkent-based Humo club to play in Higher Hockey League in 2019-2020 season|url=https://tashkenttimes.uz/sports/3971-tashkent-based-humo-club-to-play-in-higher-hockey-league-in-2019-2020-season|access-date=2021-07-08|website=tashkenttimes.uz|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185733/https://tashkenttimes.uz/sports/3971-tashkent-based-humo-club-to-play-in-higher-hockey-league-in-2019-2020-season|url-status=live}}</ref>
Before Uzbekistan's independence in 1991, the country was part of the Soviet Union [[Soviet Union national football team|football]], [[Soviet Union national rugby union team|rugby union]], [[Soviet Union men's national basketball team|basketball]], [[Soviet Union men's national ice hockey team|ice hockey]], and handball national teams. After independence, Uzbekistan created its own [[Uzbekistan national football team|football]], [[Uzbekistan national rugby union team|rugby union]], [[Uzbekistan men's national basketball team|basketball]] and [[Uzbekistan national futsal team|futsal]] national teams.
[[Tennis]] is a very popular sport in Uzbekistan, especially after Uzbekistan's sovereignty in 1991. Uzbekistan has its own Tennis Federation called the "UTF" (Uzbekistan Tennis Federation), created in 2002.<ref>{{cite web|last=UzDaily|title=UTF has played a big role in promotion of tennis in Uzbekistan- Kafelnikov|url=https://www.uzdaily.uz/en/post/15786|access-date=2021-07-07|website=UzDaily.uz|language=ru|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709183359/https://www.uzdaily.uz/en/post/15786|url-status=live}}</ref> Uzbekistan also hosts an International WTA tennis tournament, the "Tashkent Open", held in Uzbekistan's capital city. This tournament has been held since 1999, and is played on outdoor hard courts. The most notable active players from Uzbekistan are [[Denis Istomin]] and [[Akgul Amanmuradova]].<ref>{{cite web|last=UzDaily|title=Denis Istomin wins, Amanmuradova loses|url=https://www.uzdaily.uz/en/post/14230|access-date=2021-07-07|website=UzDaily.uz|language=ru|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709190556/https://www.uzdaily.uz/en/post/14230|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[Chess]] is quite popular in Uzbekistan. The country boasts [[Rustam Kasimdzhanov]], who was the [[FIDE World Chess Championship 2004|FIDE World Chess Champion in 2004]], and many junior players like [[Nodirbek Abdusattorov]], the 2021 [[World Rapid Chess Championship|World Rapid Chess Champion]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Rustam Kasimdzhanov {{!}} Top Chess Players|url=https://www.chess.com/players/rustam-kasimdzhanov|access-date=2021-07-07|website=Chess.com|language=en-US|archive-date=29 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729132753/https://www.chess.com/players/rustam-kasimdzhanov|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Nodirbek Abdusattorov {{!}} Top Chess Players |url=https://www.chess.com/players/nodirbek-abdusattorov |access-date=2022-05-17 |website=Chess.com |language=en-US |archive-date=6 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220506213148/https://www.chess.com/players/nodirbek-abdusattorov |url-status=live }}</ref> The Uzbek team – consisting of GM [[Nodirbek Abdusattorov]], GM [[Nodirbek Yakubboev]], GM [[Javokhir Sindarov]], GM [[Shamsiddin Vokhidov]] and GM [[Jahongir Vakhidov]] won gold at the [[44th Chess Olympiad]] in Chennai.<ref>{{cite web |title=Uzbekistan youngsters surprise winners of 44th Chess Olympiad |url=https://www.fide.com/news/1915 |access-date=2022-08-09 |website=Fide.com |language=en-US |archive-date=9 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809152957/https://www.fide.com/news/1915 |url-status=live }}</ref>
Other popular sports in Uzbekistan include [[basketball]], [[judo]], [[Handball|team handball]], [[baseball]], [[taekwondo]], and [[futsal]].
[[Ulugbek Rashitov]], won the country's first Olympic gold medal in taekwondo, at the Summer Olympic Games in Tokyo 2021.
In 2022, the [[2022 World Judo Championships|World Judo Championships]] were held in Tashkent.
In 2024, the [[2024 FIFA Futsal World Cup|FIFA Futsal World Cup]] will be held in Uzbekistan.
== See also ==
{{Portal|Uzbekistan}}
* [[Health in Uzbekistan]]
* [[Outline of Uzbekistan]]
== Notes ==
{{notelist}}
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
== Further reading ==
{{See also|Bibliography of the history of Central Asia}}
* Nahaylo, Bohdan and Victor Swoboda. ''Soviet Disunion: A History of the Nationalities problem in the USSR'' (1990) [https://www.amazon.com/Soviet-Disunion-Bohdan-Nahaylo/dp/0029224012/ excerpt]
* Rashid, Ahmed. ''The Resurgence of Central Asia: Islam or Nationalism?'' (2017)
* Smith, Graham, ed. ''The Nationalities Question in the Soviet Union'' (2nd ed. 1995)
* {{cite journal |last=Foltz |first=Richard |author-link=Richard Foltz |year=1996 |title=The Tajiks of Uzbekistan |journal=Central Asian Survey |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=213–216 |doi=10.1080/02634939608400946 }}
* {{cite book |last=Lubin |first=Nancy |date=1997 |chapter=Uzbekistan |editor=Glenn E. Curtis |title=Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan: Country Studies |location=Washington, DC |publisher=Federal Research Division, Library of Congress |isbn=9780844409382 |url=https://archive.org/details/kazakstankyrgyzs00curt_0 }}
== External links ==
{{Commons category|Uzbekistan}}
{{wikivoyage|Uzbekistan}}
* [http://uzreport.uz/?lan=e National Information Agency of Uzbekistan]
* [http://parliament.gov.uz/ Lower House of Uzbekistan parliament]
* [https://2b.uz/en/ Digital Agency] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190210110104/https://2b.uz/en/ |date=10 February 2019 }} Uzbekistan To Business Digital Agency
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130928040933/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-u/uzbekistan.html Chief of State and Cabinet Members]
'''General information'''
* [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/uzbekistan/ Uzbekistan]. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]].
* [http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/europe-central-asia/uzbekistan/business-corruption-in-uzbekistan.aspx Uzbekistan Corruption Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140324230655/http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/europe-central-asia/uzbekistan/business-corruption-in-uzbekistan.aspx |date=24 March 2014 }} from the [[Business-Anti-Corruption Portal|Business Anti-Corruption Portal]]
* [https://2009-2017.state.gov/p/sca/ci/uz/ Uzbekistan] from the U.S. [[Library of Congress]] includes Background Notes, Country Study and major reports
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101210070501/http://www.library.illinois.edu/spx/webct/nationalbib/natbibuzbek.htm Uzbek Publishing and National Bibliography] from the University of Illinois Slavic and East European Library
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080607040200/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/uzbekistan.htm Uzbekistan] at UCB Libraries GovPubs
* [http://world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gcis&lng=en&des=wg&srt=npan&col=abcdefghinoq&msz=1500&geo=-225 List of cities and populations]{{dead link|date=August 2023|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}
* {{curlie|Regional/Asia/Uzbekistan}}
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-16218112 Uzbekistan profile] from the [[BBC News]]
* {{wikiatlas|Uzbekistan}}
* [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=UZ Key Development Forecasts for Uzbekistan] from [[International Futures]]
'''Media'''
* [http://www.mtrk.uz/#uz/uzbekistan/ National Television and Radio Company of Uzbekistan]
{{Uzbekistan topics}}
{{Navboxes
|title = Related articles
|list =
{{Economic Cooperation Organization}}
{{Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)|state=collapsed}}
{{Organisation of Islamic Cooperation|state=collapsed}}
{{Eurasian Economic Community (EURASEC)}}
{{Shanghai Cooperation Organisation}}
{{Organization of Turkic States}}
{{Countries of Asia}}
}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Coord|42|N|64|E|type:country|display=title}}
[[Category:Uzbekistan| ]]<!--Keep with [space] index at start of list (eponymous category) -->
[[Category:Central Asian countries]]
[[Category:Landlocked countries]]
[[Category:Member states of the Commonwealth of Independent States]]
[[Category:Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]]
[[Category:Member states of the United Nations]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1991]]
[[Category:Republics]]
[[Category:1991 establishments in Asia]]
[[Category:Countries in Asia]]
[[Category:Members of the International Organization of Turkic Culture]]
[[Category:Member states of the Organization of Turkic States]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{Short description|Country in Central Asia}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Republic of Uzbekistan
| common_name = Uzbekistan
| native_name = {{native name|uz|{{lang-uz-Latn-Cyrl|O‘zbekiston Respublikasi|<br />Ўзбекистон Республикаси|label=none}}}}
| image_flag = Flag of Uzbekistan.svg
| image_coat = Emblem of Uzbekistan.svg
| symbol_type = [[Emblem of Uzbekistan|Emblem]]
| national_anthem = <br />{{nowrap|{{lang-uz-Latn-Cyrl|O‘zbekiston Respublikasining Davlat Madhiyasi|<br />Ўзбекистон Республикасининг Давлат Мадҳияси|label=none}}}}<br />"[[State Anthem of Uzbekistan|State Anthem of the Republic of Uzbekistan]]"{{parabr}}{{center|[[File:National Anthem of Uzbekistan (Instrumental).ogg]]}}
| image_map = File:Uzbekistan (centered orthographic projection).svg
| map_caption = Location of Uzbekistan (green)
| capital = [[Tashkent]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|41|19|N|69|16|E|type:city_region:UZ}}
| largest_city = capital
| official_languages = [[Uzbek language|Uzbek]]<ref name=law>{{cite web |title=Uzbekistan: Law "On Official Language" |url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b4d328.html |website=Refworld |access-date=26 November 2022 |archive-date=8 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190508060700/https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b4d328.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=UzbekConstit>{{cite web |title=Constitution of the Republic of Uzbekistan |website=constitution.uz |access-date=26 November 2022 |url=http://constitution.uz/en |archive-date=15 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151215043716/http://constitution.uz/en |url-status=live }}</ref>
| regional_languages = [[Karakalpak language|Karakalpak]]
| religion_year = 2021
| ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list
|84.5% [[Uzbeks]]
|4.8% [[Tajiks]]
|2.4% [[Kazakhs]]
|2.2% [[Karakalpaks]]
|2.1% [[Russians in Uzbekistan|Russians]]
|4.0% [[Ethnic groups in Uzbekistan|others]]
}}
| ethnic_groups_year = 2021<ref name=NatEtnicPop>{{cite web |title=Permanent population by national and / or ethnic group, urban / rural place of residence |id=2-001-1779 |website=Data.egov.uz |access-date=2022-09-16 |archive-date=2 February 2023 |url=https://data.egov.uz/eng/data/6117a05996188a0f14ac917b?page=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202184355/https://data.egov.uz/eng/data/6117a05996188a0f14ac917b?page=1 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| religion_ref = <ref>{{cite web|title=2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Uzbekistan|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-report-on-international-religious-freedom/uzbekistan/|access-date=26 November 2022|website=United States Department of State|archive-date=2 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220602232057/https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-report-on-international-religious-freedom/uzbekistan/|url-status=live}}</ref>
| demonym = [[Demographics of Uzbekistan|Uzbekistani]]
| government_type = Unitary [[Presidential system|presidential republic]]
| leader_title1 = [[President of Uzbekistan|President]]
| leader_name1 = [[Shavkat Mirziyoyev]]
| leader_title2 = [[Prime Minister of Uzbekistan|Prime Minister]]
| leader_name2 = [[Abdulla Aripov]]
| legislature = [[Oliy Majlis]]
| upper_house = [[Senate of Uzbekistan|Senate]]
| lower_house = [[Legislative Chamber of Uzbekistan|Legislative Chamber]]
| sovereignty_type = [[History of Uzbekistan|Formation]]
| established_event1 = [[Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic|Uzbek SSR]] established after [[national delimitation in the Soviet Union#National delimitation in Central Asia|national delimitation]]
| established_date1 = 27 October 1924
| established_event2 = Declared independence from the [[Soviet Union]]
| established_date2 = 1 September 1991
| established_event3 = Formally recognised
| established_date3 = 26 December 1991
| established_event4 = [[Constitution of Uzbekistan|Current constitution]]
| established_date4 = 8 December 1992
| area_km2 = 447,400<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/uzbekistan/#geography|title=Uzbekistan|date=27 February 2023|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|via=CIA.gov|access-date=24 February 2023|archive-date=10 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110072816/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/uzbekistan#geography|url-status=live}}</ref>
| area_rank = 55th
| area_sq_mi = 173,348 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]-->
| percent_water = 4.9
| population_estimate = 36,799,000<ref name=UzbekStat2022>{{Cite web |title=Demographic situation in the Republic of Uzbekistan - 1/1/2023 |website=Statistics Agency of Uzbekistan |access-date=23 December 2023 |page=23 |url=https://www.stat.uz/images/uploads/reliz2021/demografiya-press-reliz-27_01_2023-ang.pdf }}</ref>
| population_estimate_year = 2024
| population_estimate_rank = 40th
| population_census_year =
| population_density_km2 = 80.2
| population_density_sq_mi = 207.8 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]-->
| population_density_rank = 138th
| GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $401.838 billion<ref name="IMFWEO.UZ">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/November/weo-report?c=927,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, November 2023 Edition. (Uzbekistan) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=IMF.org |date=10 November 2023 |access-date=12 November 2023}}</ref>
| GDP_PPP_year = 2024
| GDP_PPP_rank = 57th
| GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $10,936<ref name="IMFWEO.UZ"/>
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 122th
| GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $104.41 billion<ref name="IMFWEOUZ">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2019/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=20&pr.y=11&sy=2017&ey=2021&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=927&s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC%2CPCPIPCH&grp=0&a= |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=IMF.org |access-date=12 November 2023}}</ref>
| GDP_nominal_year = 2024
| GDP_nominal_rank = 70th
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $2,667<ref name="IMFWEO.UZ"/>
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 138th
| Gini = 36.7 <!--number only-->
| Gini_year = 2013
| Gini_change = decrease <!--increase/decrease/steady-->
| Gini_ref = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/income-gini-coefficient|title=Income Gini coefficient|website=Human Development Reports|access-date=6 December 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100610232357/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2172.html|archive-date=10 June 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://mecometer.com/whats/uzbekistan/gini-index/|title=GINI index – Uzbekistan|website=MECOMeter – Macro Economy Meter|access-date=6 December 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150404160525/http://mecometer.com/whats/uzbekistan/gini-index/|archive-date=4 April 2015}}</ref>
| HDI = 0.727 <!--number only-->
| HDI_year = 2021<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year-->
| HDI_change = increase<!--increase/decrease/steady-->
| HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web|url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf|title=Human Development Report 2021/2022|language=en|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|date=8 September 2022|access-date=26 November 2022|archive-date=8 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908114232/http://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
| HDI_rank = 101st
| currency = [[Uzbekistani soum|Uzbek sum]]
| currency_code = UZS
| time_zone = [[Uzbekistan Time|UZT]]
| utc_offset = +5
| utc_offset_DST =
| time_zone_DST =
| date_format = dd/mm yyyy<sup>c</sup>
| drives_on = right
| calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Uzbekistan|+998]]
| cctld = [[.uz]]
| footnote_a = Co-official in [[Karakalpakstan]].<ref name=law/>
| footnote_b = On 31 August 1991, the [[Supreme Soviet of the Uzbek SSR]] voted to declare the country independent from the [[Soviet Union]]. The next day was declared a national holiday by the Uzbek government, and became [[Independence Day (Uzbekistan)|an Independence Day]].
| footnote_c = dd.mm.yyyy format is used in [[Cyrillic script]]s, including [[Russian language|Russian]].
| today =
| official_website = {{URL|https://www.gov.uz/en|gov.uz}}
}}
'''Uzbekistan''',{{efn|{{lang-uz-Latn-Cyrl|Oʻzbekiston|Ўзбекистон}}; {{IPAc-en|UK|ʊ|z|ˌ|b|ɛ|k|ᵻ|ˈ|s|t|ɑː|n|,_|ʌ|z|-|,_|-|ˈ|s|t|æ|n}}, {{IPAc-en|US|ʊ|z|ˈ|b|ɛ|k|ᵻ|s|t|æ|n|,_|-|s|t|ɑː|n|audio=En-us-Uzbekistan.ogg}} <ref>{{cite book|last=Wells|first=John C.|year=2008|title=Longman Pronunciation Dictionary|edition=3rd|publisher=Longman|isbn=978-1-4058-8118-0}}. This source gives the British pronunciation as {{IPAc-en|ˌ|ʊ|z|b|ɛ|k|ᵻ|ˈ|s|t|ɑː|n|,_|ʌ|z|-|,_|-|ˈ|s|t|æ|n}}, rather than {{IPAc-en|ʊ|z|ˌ|b|ɛ|k|-}} found in CEPD. It also does not list the {{IPAc-en|ʊ|z|ˈ|b|ɛ|k|ᵻ|s|t|ɑː|n}} variant in American English.</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Roach|first=Peter|year=2011|title=Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary|edition=18th|place=Cambridge|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-0-521-15253-2}} This source does not list the {{IPAc-en|-|ˈ|s|t|æ|n}} pronunciation in British English.</ref>}} officially the '''Republic of Uzbekistan''',{{efn|{{lang-uz-Latn-Cyrl|Oʻzbekiston Respublikasi|Ўзбекистон Республикаси|label=none}}}} is a [[landlocked country#Doubly landlocked|doubly landlocked]] country located in [[Central Asia]]. It is surrounded by five countries: [[Kazakhstan]] to the [[Kazakhstan–Uzbekistan border|north]], [[Kyrgyzstan]] to the [[Kyrgyzstan–Uzbekistan border|northeast]], [[Tajikistan]] to the [[Tajikistan–Uzbekistan border|southeast]], [[Afghanistan]] to the [[Afghanistan–Uzbekistan border|south]], and [[Turkmenistan]] to the [[Turkmenistan–Uzbekistan border|southwest]], making it one of only two doubly landlocked countries on Earth, the other being [[Liechtenstein]]. Uzbekistan is part of the [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] world, as well as a member of the [[Organization of Turkic States]]. [[Uzbek language|Uzbek]] is the majority language, while [[Russian language|Russian]] is widely spoken and understood. [[Islam]] is the predominant religion, and most Uzbeks are [[Sunni Islam|Sunni Muslims]].<ref>"Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation". ''The World's Muslims: Unity and Diversity''. Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. 9 August 2012. Retrieved 4 September 2013.</ref>
The first recorded settlers in the land of what is modern Uzbekistan were [[Eastern Iranian peoples|Eastern Iranian nomads]], known as [[Scythians]], who founded kingdoms in [[Khwarazm]], [[Bactria]], and [[Sogdia]] in the 8th–6th centuries BC, as well as [[Kingdom of Fergana|Fergana]] and [[Margiana]] in the 3rd century BC – 6th century AD.<ref>[https://www.languagesoftheworld.info/language-families/uzbek-the-penguin-of-turkic-languages.html "Uzbek, the penguin of Turkic languages"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211113124345/https://www.languagesoftheworld.info/language-families/uzbek-the-penguin-of-turkic-languages.html |date=13 November 2021 }} Retrieved 26 November 2022.</ref> The area was incorporated into the [[Achaemenid Empire]] and, after a period of [[Greco-Bactrian Kingdom|Greco-Bactrian rule]], was ruled by the [[Parthian Empire]] and later by the [[Sasanian Empire]], until the [[Muslim conquest of Persia]] in the seventh century. The [[early Muslim conquests]] and the subsequent [[Samanid Empire]] converted most of the people into adherents of [[Islam]]. During this period, cities began to grow rich from the [[Silk Road]], and became a center of the [[Islamic Golden Age]]. The local [[Khwarazmian dynasty]] was destroyed by the [[Mongol conquest of Khwarezmia|Mongol invasion]] in the 13th century, leading to a dominance by Turkic peoples. [[Timur]] (Tamerlane) in the 14th century established the [[Timurid Empire]]. Its capital was Samarkand, which became a centre of science under the rule of [[Ulugh Beg]], giving birth to the [[Timurid Renaissance]]. The territories of the [[Timurid dynasty]] were conquered by [[Shaybanids|Uzbek Shaybanids]] in the 16th century. Conquests by Emperor [[Babur]] towards the east led to the foundation of the [[Mughal Empire]] in India. All of Central Asia [[Russian conquest of Central Asia|was gradually incorporated]] into the [[Russian Empire]] during the 19th century, with Tashkent becoming the political center of [[Russian Turkestan]]. In 1924, [[national delimitation in the Soviet Union#National delimitation in Central Asia|national delimitation]] created the [[Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic]] as a [[republic of the Soviet Union]]. It declared [[Independence Day (Uzbekistan)|independence]] as the Republic of Uzbekistan in 1991.
Uzbekistan is a [[secular state]], with a presidential [[Constitution of Uzbekistan|constitutional]] government in place. Uzbekistan comprises 12 [[Regions of Uzbekistan|regions]] (vilayats), Tashkent City, and one [[Autonomy|autonomous]] republic, [[Karakalpakstan]]. While [[non-governmental organization|non-governmental]] organisations have defined Uzbekistan as "an [[Authoritarianism|authoritarian]] state with limited [[Civil and political rights|civil rights]]",<ref name="US State Dept - human rights"/>{{r|UzbekConstit}} significant reforms under Uzbekistan's second president, [[Shavkat Mirziyoyev]], have been made following the death of the first president, [[Islam Karimov]]. Owing to these reforms, relations with the neighbouring countries of [[Kyrgyzstan]], [[Tajikistan]], and [[Afghanistan]] have drastically improved.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Eurasia's Latest Economic Reboot Can Be Found in Uzbekistan |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/kenrapoza/2017/09/14/eurasias-new-perestroika-uzbekistan-silk-road-china/#670f09196f25 |access-date=18 September 2017|magazine=[[Forbes]]|date=14 September 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170914201819/https://www.forbes.com/sites/kenrapoza/2017/09/14/eurasias-new-perestroika-uzbekistan-silk-road-china/ |archive-date=14 September 2017}}</ref><ref name=Lillis2017>{{Cite news |last=Lillis |first=Joanna |date=3 October 2017 |title=Are decades of political repression making way for an 'Uzbek spring'? |newspaper=The Guardian |issn=0261-3077 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/03/are-decades-of-political-repression-making-way-for-an-uzbek-spring |url-status=live |access-date=19 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201080937/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/03/are-decades-of-political-repression-making-way-for-an-uzbek-spring |archive-date=1 December 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.eurasiareview.com/08122017-uzbekistan-a-quiet-revolution-taking-place-analysis/|title=Uzbekistan: A Quiet Revolution Taking Place – Analysis|date=8 December 2017|work=Eurasia Review|access-date=8 December 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171208175149/https://www.eurasiareview.com/08122017-uzbekistan-a-quiet-revolution-taking-place-analysis/|archive-date=8 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://csrskabul.com/en/blog/growing-ties-afghanistan-uzbekistan/|title=The growing ties between Afghanistan and Uzbekistan – CSRS En|date=28 January 2017|work=CSRS En|access-date=25 December 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222053100/http://csrskabul.com/en/blog/growing-ties-afghanistan-uzbekistan/|archive-date=22 December 2017}}</ref> A United Nations report of 2020 found much progress toward achieving the UN's [[Sustainable Development Goals]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Uzbekistan |url=https://sdgs.un.org/basic-page/uzbekistan-24786 |access-date=2021-07-08 |publisher=UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs |archive-date=13 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211113131141/https://sdgs.un.org/basic-page/uzbekistan-24786 |url-status=live }}</ref>
The [[Economy of Uzbekistan|Uzbek economy]] is in a gradual transition to the [[market economy]], with foreign trade policy being based on [[Import substitution industrialization|import substitution]]. In September 2017, the country's currency became fully convertible at market rates. Uzbekistan is a major producer and exporter of [[cotton]]. With the gigantic power-generation facilities from the Soviet era and an ample supply of [[natural gas]], Uzbekistan has become the largest electricity producer in Central Asia.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.globallegalinsights.com/practice-areas/energy-laws-and-regulations/uzbekistan |title=Uzbekistan {{!}} Energy 2018 |publisher=GLI – Global Legal Insights |access-date=2 December 2017 |archive-date=3 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171203153910/https://www.globallegalinsights.com/practice-areas/energy-laws-and-regulations/uzbekistan |url-status=live }}</ref> From 2018 to 2021, the republic received a BB− [[sovereign credit rating]] by both [[Standard and Poor]] (S&P) and [[Fitch Ratings]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Uzbekistan Sovereign credit ratings - data, chart |url=https://www.theglobaleconomy.com/Uzbekistan/credit_rating/|access-date=2021-07-08 |publisher=TheGlobalEconomy.com|language=en}}</ref> The [[Brookings Institution]] described Uzbekistan as having large liquid assets, high economic growth, low [[public debt]], and a low [[Gross domestic product|GDP per capita]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.brookings.edu/blog/future-development/2019/01/23/uzbekistans-star-appears-in-the-credit-rating-universe |title=Uzbekistan's star appears in the credit rating universe |first=Daniel |last=Pajank |newspaper=Brookings |date=23 January 2019 |access-date=30 December 2019 |publisher=[[Brookings Institution]] |archive-date=19 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211219111342/https://www.brookings.edu/blog/future-development/2019/01/23/uzbekistans-star-appears-in-the-credit-rating-universe/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Uzbekistan is a member of the [[Commonwealth of Independent States]] (CIS), [[United Nations]] (UN) and the [[Shanghai Cooperation Organisation]] (SCO).
== Etymology ==
The name "Uzbegistán" appears in the 16th century [[Mirza Muhammad Haidar Dughlat|Tarikh-i Rashidi]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Qazaq Khanate as Documented in Ming Dynasty Sources|author=Kenzheakhmet Nurlan|page=140|year=2013}}</ref>
The origin of the word Uzbek remains disputed.
# "free", "independent" or "own master/leader", requiring an [[amalgamation (linguistics)|amalgamation]] of ''uz'' ([[Turkic language|Turkic]]: "own"), ''bek'' ("master" or "leader")<ref name="H. Keane, A. Hingston Quiggin p.312"/>
# [[eponym]]ously named after [[Oghuz Khagan]], also known as ''Oghuz Beg''<ref name="H. Keane, A. Hingston Quiggin p.312">A. H. Keane, A. Hingston Quiggin, A. C. Haddon, Man: Past and Present, p.312, Cambridge University Press, 2011, Google Books, quoted: "Who take their name from a mythical Uz-beg, Prince Uz (beg in Turki=a chief, or hereditary ruler)."</ref>
# A contraction of ''Uğuz'', earlier Oğuz, that is, [[Oghuz (tribe)]], amalgamated with ''bek'' "[[oghuz (tribe)|oguz]]-leader".<ref>{{cite book|last=MacLeod|first=Calum|title=Uzbekistan: Golden Road to Samarkand|page=31|author2=Bradley Mayhew}}</ref>
All three have the middle syllable/phoneme being [[cognate (linguistics)|cognate]] with the Turkic title ''[[Beg (title)|Beg]]''.
The name of the country was often spelled as "Ўзбекистон" in Uzbek Cyrillic or "Узбекистан" in Russian during Soviet rule.
== History ==
{{Main|History of Uzbekistan}}
[[File:Kaunakes Bactria Louvre AO31917.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Female statuette wearing the [[kaunakes]]. Chlorite and limestone, [[Bactria]], beginning of the second millennium BC.]]
The region currently known as the country of Uzbekistan has been referred to by many names over the millennia. The name, Uzbekistan first appears in 16th century literature.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Qazaq Khanate as Documented in Ming Dynasty Sources|author=Kenzheakhmet Nurlan|page=140|year=2013}}</ref> Other names for the region include: [[Transoxonia|Transoxiana]], [[Sogdia]], and the [[Khanate of Bukhara]]. In the 14th century the region served as the birthplace, home, and capital of [[Tamerlane]]. Under Tamerlane, the region was a part of the [[Timurid Empire]] which extended from the [[Black Sea]] to the [[Arabian Sea]], and to just outside of [[Delhi, India]]
The first people known to have inhabited Central Asia were [[Scythians]] who came from the northern grasslands of what is now Uzbekistan, sometime in the first millennium BC; when these nomads settled in the region they built an extensive irrigation system along the rivers.{{sfnp|Lubin|1997|pp=385-6}} At this time, cities such as Bukhoro ([[Bukhara]]) and Samarqand ([[Samarkand]]) emerged as centres of government and high culture.{{sfnp|Lubin|1997|pp=385-6}} By the fifth century BC, the [[Bactria]]n, [[Sogdia]]n, and [[Yuezhi|Tokharian]] states dominated the region.{{sfnp|Lubin|1997|pp=385-6}}
As [[East Asia]] began to develop its silk trade with the West, Using an extensive network of cities and rural settlements in the province of [[Transoxiana]], and further east in what is today [[Xinjiang]], the Sogdian intermediaries became the wealthiest of these merchants. As a result of this trade on what became known as the [[Silk Route|Silk Road]], Bukhara and Samarkand eventually became extremely wealthy cities, and at times [[Transoxiana]] (Mawarannahr) was one of the most influential and powerful provinces of antiquity.{{sfnp|Lubin|1997|pp=385-6}}
[[File:Napoli BW 2013-05-16 16-24-01.jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[Alexander the Great]] at the [[Battle of Issus]]. [[Mosaic]] in the [[Naples National Archaeological Museum|National Archaeological Museum]], [[Naples, Italy|Naples]].]]
[[File:1872 Vereshchagin Triumphierend anagoria.JPG|thumb|right|Triumphant crowd at [[Registan]], Sher-Dor Madrasah. The [[Emir of Bukhara]] viewing the [[decapitation|severed heads]] of Russian soldiers on poles. Painting by [[Vasily Vereshchagin]] (1872).]]
[[File:KarazinNN VstRusVoyskGRM.jpg|thumb|right|Russian troops taking [[Samarkand]] in 1868, by [[Nikolay Karazin]]]]
In 327 BC, Macedonian ruler [[Alexander the Great]] conquered the [[Achaemenid Empire|Persian Empire]] provinces of Sogdiana and Bactria, which contained the territories of modern Uzbekistan. Popular resistance to the conquest was fierce, causing Alexander's army to be bogged down in the region that became the northern part of the Macedonian [[Greco-Bactrian Kingdom]]. The kingdom was replaced with the Yuezhi-dominated [[Kushan Empire]] in the first century BC. For many centuries thereafter the region of Uzbekistan was ruled by the [[Parthian Empire|Parthian]] and [[Sassanid]] Empires, as well as by other empires, for example, those formed by the Turkic [[Gokturk]] peoples.
The [[Early Muslim conquests|Muslim conquests]] from the seventh century onward saw the [[Arabs]] bring [[Islam]] to Uzbekistan. In the same period, Islam began to take root among the nomadic [[Turkic people]]s.
In the eighth century, Transoxiana, the territory between the [[Amu Darya|Amudarya]] and [[Syr Darya|Syrdarya]] rivers, was conquered by the Arabs ([[Qutayba ibn Muslim]]), becoming a focal point soon after the [[Islamic Golden Age]].
In the ninth and tenth centuries, Transoxiana was brought into the [[Samanid]] State. In the tenth century it was gradually dominated by the Turkic-ruled [[Karakhanids]], as well as their [[Seljuks|Seljuk]] (Sultan Sanjar) overseer's.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Davidovich |first=E.A. |year=1998 |chapter=The Karakhanids (Chapter 6) |editor1=M.S. Asimov |editor2=Clifford Edmund Bosworth |title=History of civilizations of Central Asia |volume=4.1 The age of achievement: A.D. 750 to the end of the fifteenth century; pt. 1, the historical, social and economic setting |publisher=UNESCO Publishing |isbn=92-3-103467-7 |pages=119–44 }}</ref>
The [[Mongol Empire|Mongol]] conquest under [[Genghis Khan]] during the 13th century brought change to the region. The invasions of Bukhara, Samarkand, [[Köneürgenç|Urgench]] and others resulted in [[Destruction under the Mongol Empire|mass murders]] and unprecedented destruction, which saw parts of [[Khwarazmian Empire|Khwarezmia]] being completely razed.<ref>{{cite web |last=Modelski |first=George |title=Central Asian world cities (XI – XIII century) |website=faculty.washington.edu |url=https://faculty.washington.edu/modelski/CAWC.htm |archive-date=18 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118054002/https://faculty.washington.edu/modelski/CAWC.htm }}</ref>
Following the death of Genghis Khan in 1227, his empire was divided among his four sons and his family members. Despite the potential for serious fragmentation, there was an orderly succession for several generations, and control of most of Transoxiana stayed in the hands of the direct descendants of [[Chagatai Khan]], the second son of Genghis Khan. Orderly succession, prosperity, and internal peace prevailed in the Chaghatai lands, and the Mongol Empire as a whole remained a strong and united kingdom, the [[Golden Horde]].{{sfnp|Lubin|1997|pp=389-90}}
In the early 14th century, however, as the Persian empire began to break up into its constituent parts, the Chaghatai territory was disrupted as the princes of various tribal groups competed for influence. One tribal chieftain, Timur (Tamerlane),<ref>Sicker, Martin (2000) ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=v3AdA-Ogl34C&pg=PA154 The Islamic World in Ascendancy: From the Arab Conquests to the Siege of Vienna] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912153747/https://books.google.com/books?id=v3AdA-Ogl34C&pg=PA154 |date=12 September 2015 }}''. [[Greenwood Publishing Group]]. p. 154. {{ISBN|0-275-96892-8}}</ref> emerged from these struggles in the 1380s as the dominant force in Transoxiana. Although he was not a descendant of Genghis Khan, Timur became the ''de facto'' ruler of Transoxiana and proceeded to conquer all of western Central Asia, [[Iran]], the [[Caucasus]], [[Mesopotamia]], [[Asia Minor]], and the southern steppe region north of the [[Aral Sea]]. He also invaded Russia before dying during an invasion of [[Ming dynasty|China]] in 1405.{{sfnp|Lubin|1997|pp=389-90}} Timur was also known for his extreme brutality and his conquests were accompanied by [[genocidal massacre]]s in the cities he occupied.<ref>Totten, Samuel and Bartrop, Paul Robert (2008) ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=rgGA91skoP4C Dictionary of Genocide: A-L] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018194024/https://books.google.com/books?id=rgGA91skoP4C |date=18 October 2017 }}'', ABC-CLIO, p. 422, {{ISBN|0313346429}}</ref>
Timur initiated the last flowering of Transoxiana by gathering together numerous artisans and scholars from the vast lands he had conquered into his capital, Samarkand, thus imbuing his empire with a rich Perso-Islamic culture. During his reign and the reigns of his immediate descendants, a wide range of religious and palatial construction masterpieces were undertaken in Samarkand and other population centres.<ref>Forbes, Andrew, & Henley, David: ''[http://www.cpamedia.com/article.php?pg=archive&acid=120613150427&aiid=120613151433 Timur's Legacy: The Architecture of Samarkand] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130524193127/http://www.cpamedia.com/article.php?pg=archive&acid=120613150427&aiid=120613151433 |date=24 May 2013 }}'' (CPA Media).</ref>
Tamerlane also established an exchange of medical discoveries and patronised physicians, scientists and artists from the neighbouring regions such as India;<ref>Medical Links between India & Uzbekistan in Medieval Times by [[Hakim Syed Zillur Rahman]], Historical and Cultural Links between India & Uzbekistan, [[Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Library]], Patna, 1996. pp. 353–381.</ref> His grandson [[Ulugh Beg]] was one of the world's first great astronomers. It was during the Timurid dynasty that Turkic, in the form of the [[Chagatai language|Chaghatai]] dialect, became a literary language in its own right in Transoxiana, although the Timurids were Persianate in culture. The greatest Chaghataid writer, [[Ali-Shir Nava'i]], was active in the city of [[Herat]] (now in northwestern Afghanistan) in the second half of the 15th century.{{sfnp|Lubin|1997|pp=389-90}}
[[File:Map of 3 Uzbek tribal dynasties in the middle of the 19th century.svg|thumb|253x253px|Areas of three Uzbek Tribal States in the middle of the 19th century
{|
|{{legend|#ccff99|[[Khanate of Kokand]] (Ming dynasty)}}
|{{legend|#fdd99b|[[Khanate of Khiva]] (Qhongirat dynasty)}}
|{{legend|#ffaaaa|[[Emirate of Bukhara]] (Manghit dynasty)}}
|}]]
The Timurid state quickly split in half after the death of Timur. The chronic internal fighting of the Timurids attracted the attention of the Uzbek nomadic tribes living to the north of the Aral Sea. In 1501, the Uzbek forces began a wholesale invasion of Transoxiana.{{sfnp|Lubin|1997|pp=389-90}} The [[History of slavery|slave trade]] in the [[Emirate of Bukhara]] became prominent and was firmly established at this time.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,810930,00.html |title=Adventure in the East |magazine=Time |date=6 April 1959 |access-date=28 January 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110201110849/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,810930,00.html |archive-date=1 February 2011 }}</ref> The Khanate of Bukhara was eventually invaded by the foreign government of Persia in 1510, and then became a part of the Persian empire of the day.
Before the arrival of the Russians, present-day Uzbekistan was divided between the Emirate of Bukhara and the [[khanate]]s of [[Khanate of Khiva|Khiva]] and [[Khanate of Kokand|Kokand]]. [[File:Sartscrop.jpg|thumb|upright=0.85|left|Two [[Sart]] men and two Sart boys in [[Samarkand]], c. 1910]] In the 19th century, the [[Russian Empire]] began to expand and spread into [[Central Asia]]. There were 210,306 Russians living in Uzbekistan in 1912.<ref>Shlapentokh, Vladimir; Sendich, Munir; Payin, Emil (1994) ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=Bg-dn0g0SikC&pg=PA108 The New Russian Diaspora: Russian Minorities in the Former Soviet Republics] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150408005412/http://books.google.com/books?id=Bg-dn0g0SikC&pg=PA108 |date=8 April 2015 }}''. M.E. Sharpe. p. 108. {{ISBN|1-56324-335-0}}.</ref> The "[[Great Game]]" period is generally regarded as running from approximately 1813 to the [[Anglo-Russian Convention of 1907]]. A second, less intensive phase followed the [[October Revolution|Bolshevik Revolution]] of 1917. At the start of the 19th century, there were some {{convert|3,200|km|mi}} separating [[British India]] and the outlying regions of [[Imperial Russia|Tsarist Russia]]. Much of the land between was unmapped. In the early 1890s, [[Sven Hedin]] passed through Uzbekistan, during his first expedition.
By the beginning of 1920, Central Asia was firmly in the hands of Russia and, despite some early [[Basmachi movement|resistance]] to the [[Bolsheviks]], Uzbekistan and the rest of Central Asia became a part of the [[Soviet Union]]. On 27 October 1924 the [[Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic]] was created. From 1941 to 1945, during [[World War II]], 1,433,230 people from Uzbekistan fought in the [[Red Army]] against [[Nazi Germany]]. A number also [[Ostlegionen|fought on the German side]]. As many as 263,005 Uzbek soldiers died in the battlefields of the [[Eastern Front (World War II)|Eastern Front]], and 32,670 went missing in action.<ref>Chahryar Adle, Madhavan K. Palat, Anara Tabyshalieva (2005). "''[https://books.google.com/books?id=XPfcfF8LRWQC Towards the Contemporary Period: From the Mid-nineteenth to the End of the Twentieth Century] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329231706/https://books.google.com/books?id=XPfcfF8LRWQC |date=29 March 2018 }}''". UNESCO. p.232. {{ISBN|9231039857}}</ref>
During the [[Soviet-Afghan War]], a number of Uzbek troops fought in neighbouring [[Democratic Republic of Afghanistan|Afghanistan]]. At least 1,500 lost their lives and thousands more paralysed.
On 20 June 1990, Uzbekistan declared its state sovereignty. On 31 August 1991, Uzbekistan declared independence after the [[1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt|failed coup attempt]] in Moscow. 1 September was proclaimed National Independence Day. The Soviet Union was [[Dissolution of the Soviet Union|dissolved]] on 26 December of that year. [[Islam Karimov]], previously first secretary of the Communist Party of Uzbekistan since 1989, was elected president of the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic in 1990. After the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, he was elected president of independent Uzbekistan.<ref>{{cite web|title=Islam Karimov {{!}} president of Uzbekistan|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Islam-Karimov|access-date=2021-07-08|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref> An authoritarian ruler, Karimov died in September 2016.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-37218158|title=Obituary: Uzbekistan President Islam Karimov|website=[[BBC News]]|date=2 October 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160903142534/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-37218158|archive-date=3 September 2016}}</ref> He was replaced by his long-time [[Prime Minister of Uzbekistan|Prime Minister]], [[Shavkat Mirziyoyev]], on 14 December of the same year.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/dec/05/uzbekistan-elects-shavkat-mirziyoyev-president-islam-karimov|title = Uzbekistan elects Shavkat Mirziyoyev as president| website=[[TheGuardian.com]] |date = 5 December 2016}}</ref> On 6 November 2021, Mirziyoyev was sworn into his second term in office, after gaining a landslide victory in presidential [[2021 Uzbek presidential election|election.]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Uzbek president secures second term in landslide election victory |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/10/25/uzbek-president-secures-second-term-in-landslide-election-victory |work=www.aljazeera.com |date=25 October 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Uzbek president pledges constitutional reform {{!}} Eurasianet |url=https://eurasianet.org/uzbek-president-pledges-constitutional-reform |work=eurasianet.org |date=7 November 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
== Geography ==
{{Main|Geography of Uzbekistan}}
{{See also|List of cities in Uzbekistan}}
[[File:UN-Uzbekistan.svg|thumb|left|upright=1.15|Map of Uzbekistan, including the former [[Aral Sea|Oral Dengiz]]]]
Uzbekistan has an area of {{convert|448978|km2|sqmi}}. It is the 56th largest country in the world by area and the 40th by population.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.worldatlas.com/aatlas/populations/ctypopls.htm |title=Countries of the world |publisher=worldatlas.com |access-date=2 May 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100507141553/http://www.worldatlas.com/aatlas/populations/ctypopls.htm |archive-date=7 May 2010}}</ref> Among the [[Commonwealth of Independent States|CIS]] countries, it is the fourth largest by area and the second largest by population.<ref name="uzstat">[http://enews.fergananews.com/article.php?id=2051 Uzbekistan will publish its own book of records – Ferghana.ru] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513010043/http://enews.fergananews.com/article.php?id=2051|date=13 May 2013}}. 18 July 2007. Retrieved 29 July 2009.</ref>
Uzbekistan lies between latitudes [[37th parallel north|37°]] and [[46th parallel north|46° N]], and longitudes [[56th meridian east|56°]] and [[74th meridian east|74° E]]. It stretches {{convert|1425|km|mi}} from west to east and {{convert|930|km|mi}} from north to south. Bordering [[Kazakhstan]] and the [[Aralkum Desert]] (former [[Aral Sea]]) to the north and northwest, [[Turkmenistan]] and [[Afghanistan]] to the southwest, [[Tajikistan]] to the southeast, and [[Kyrgyzstan]] to the northeast, Uzbekistan is one of the largest [[Central Asia]]n states and the only Central Asian state to border all the other four. Uzbekistan also shares a short border (less than {{convert|150|km|mi|0|abbr=on|disp=or}}) with [[Afghanistan]] to the south.
Uzbekistan is a hot, dry, [[landlocked country]]. It is one of two [[doubly landlocked]] countries in the world - that is, a landlocked country completely surrounded by other landlocked countries. The second doubly landlocked country is [[Liechtenstein]]. In addition, due to its location within a series of [[endorheic basin]]s, none of its rivers lead to the sea. Less than 10% of its territory is intensively cultivated irrigated land in river valleys and oases, and formerly in the [[Aral Sea]], which has largely desiccated in one of the world's worst environmental disasters.<ref>{{cite news|title=Aral Sea 'one of the planet's worst environmental disasters'| url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/earthnews/7554679/Aral-Sea-one-of-the-planets-worst-environmental-disasters.html|date=5 April 2010|access-date=1 May 2010| location=London|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100408214552/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/earthnews/7554679/Aral-Sea-one-of-the-planets-worst-environmental-disasters.html|archive-date=8 April 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The rest is the vast [[Kyzylkum Desert]] and mountains.
[[File:Koppen-Geiger Map UZB present.svg|thumb|upright=1.15|left|Köppen climate classification]]
The highest point in Uzbekistan is [[Alpomish|Alpomish Peak]], at {{convert|4668|m|ft}} above sea level, in the southern part of the [[Gissar Range]] in the [[Surxondaryo Region]] on the border with Tajikistan, just northwest of [[Dushanbe]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alpomish - Peakbagger.com |url=https://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=130621 |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=www.peakbagger.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-30 |title=Alpomish, Uzbekistan Highpoint |url=https://www.countryhighpoints.com/alpomish-uzbekistan-highpoint/ |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=Country Highpoints |language=en-US}}</ref>
The climate in Uzbekistan is continental, with little [[precipitation]] expected annually (100–200 millimetres, or 3.9–7.9 inches). The average summer high [[temperature]] tends to be 40 °C {{nowrap|(104 °F)}}, while the average winter low temperature is around −23 °C {{nowrap|(−9 °F)}}.<ref name="LoC:Climate">[http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+uz0029) Climate] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080922172530/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID+uz0029%29|date=22 September 2008}}, Uzbekistan : Country Studies – Federal Research Division, Library of Congress.</ref>
Uzbekistan is home to six terrestrial ecoregions: [[Alai-Western Tian Shan steppe]], [[Gissaro-Alai open woodlands]], [[Badghyz and Karabil semi-desert]], [[Central Asian northern desert]], [[Central Asian riparian woodlands]], and [[Central Asian southern desert]].<ref name="DinersteinOlson2017">{{cite journal |last1=Dinerstein |first1=Eric |last2=Olson |first2=David |last3=Joshi |first3=Anup |last4=Vynne |first4=Carly |last5=Burgess |first5=Neil D. |last6=Wikramanayake |first6=Eric |last7=Hahn |first7=Nathan |last8=Palminteri |first8=Suzanne |last9=Hedao |first9=Prashant |last10=Noss|first10=Reed |last11=Hansen |first11=Matt |last12=Locke |first12=Harvey |last13=Ellis |first13=Erle C. |last14=Jones |first14=Benjamin |last15=Barber |first15=Charles Victor |last16=Hayes |first16=Randy |last17=Kormos |first17=Cyril |last18=Martin |first18=Vance |last19=Crist |first19=Eileen |last20=Sechrest |first20=Wes |last21=Price |first21=Lori |last22=Baillie |first22=Jonathan E. M. |last23=Weeden |first23=Don |last24=Suckling |first24=Kierán |last25=Davis |first25=Crystal |last26=Sizer |first26=Nigel |last27=Moore |first27=Rebecca |last28=Thau |first28=David |last29=Birch |first29=Tanya |last30=Potapov |first30=Peter |last31=Turubanova |first31=Svetlana |last32=Tyukavina |first32=Alexandra |last33=de Souza |first33=Nadia |last34=Pintea |first34=Lilian |last35=Brito |first35=José C. |last36=Llewellyn |first36=Othman A. |last37=Miller |first37=Anthony G. |last38=Patzelt |first38=Annette |last39=Ghazanfar |first39=Shahina A. |last40=Timberlake |first40=Jonathan |last41=Klöser |first41=Heinz |last42=Shennan-Farpón |first42=Yara |last43=Kindt |first43=Roeland |last44=Lillesø |first44=Jens-Peter Barnekow |last45=van Breugel |first45=Paulo |last46=Graudal |first46=Lars |last47=Voge |first47=Maianna |last48=Al-Shammari |first48=Khalaf F. |last49=Saleem |first49=Muhammad |display-authors=1 |title=An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm |journal=BioScience |volume=67 |issue=6 |year=2017 |pages=534–545 |issn=0006-3568 |doi=10.1093/biosci/bix014 |pmid=28608869 |pmc=5451287|doi-access=free}}</ref>
=== Environment ===
[[File:Karakalpakstan Kyzyl Qala Cotton Picking.jpg|thumb|Cotton picking near [[Kyzyl-Kala]], [[Karakalpakstan]]]]
[[File:Water Stress, Top Countries (2020).svg|thumb|Uzbekistan is the seventh most water stressed country in the world.]]
Uzbekistan has a rich and diverse natural environment. However, decades of [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] policies in pursuit of greater [[cotton]] production have resulted in a catastrophic scenario with the agricultural industry being the main contributor to the pollution and devastation of both air and water in the country.<ref>"[http://countrystudies.us/uzbekistan/17.htm Environment] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131208033959/http://countrystudies.us/uzbekistan/17.htm |date=8 December 2013 }}". In Glenn E. Curtis (Ed.), ''[http://countrystudies.us/uzbekistan Uzbekistan: A Country Study] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060923040626/http://countrystudies.us/uzbekistan/ |date=23 September 2006 }}''. Washington: Government Printing Office for the Library of Congress, 1996. Online version retrieved 2 May 2010.</ref>
[[File:AralSea1989 2014.jpg|thumb|left|Comparison of the [[Aral Sea]] between 1989 and 2014]]
The [[Aral Sea]] was once the fourth-largest inland sea on Earth, humidifying the surrounding air and irrigating the arid land.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.msf.org/msfinternational/invoke.cfm?objectid=6589D208-DC2C-11D4-B2010060084A6370&component=toolkit.article&method=full_html|title=Uzbekistan: Environmental disaster on a colossal scale|publisher=[[Médecins Sans Frontières]]|date=1 November 2000|access-date=2 May 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930020327/http://www.msf.org/msfinternational/invoke.cfm?objectid=6589D208-DC2C-11D4-B2010060084A6370&component=toolkit.article&method=full_html|archive-date=30 September 2007}}</ref> Since the 1960s, when the overuse of the Aral Sea water began, it has shrunk to about 10% of its former area and divided into parts, with only the southern part of the narrow western lobe of the [[South Aral Sea]] remaining permanently in Uzbekistan. Much of the water was and continues to be used for the [[Cotton production in Uzbekistan|irrigation of cotton fields]],<ref name="guardian"/> a crop requiring a large amount of water to grow.<ref>[http://www.ejfoundation.org/page146.html Aral Sea Crisis] Environmental Justice Foundation Report {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120407122425/http://www.ejfoundation.org/page146.html |date=7 April 2012 }}</ref>
Due to the Aral Sea loss, high salinity and contamination of the soil with [[heavy elements]] are especially widespread in [[Karakalpakstan]], the region of Uzbekistan adjacent to the Aral Sea. The bulk of the nation's water resources is used for farming, which accounts for nearly 84% of the water use and contributes to high [[soil salinity]]. Heavy use of [[pesticide]]s and [[fertiliser]]s for cotton growing further aggravates [[soil contamination]].<ref name="LoC:Climate"/>
[[File:Suv-ombori.gif|thumb|Map of flooded areas as a result of the collapse of the [[Sardoba Reservoir]]]]
According to the UNDP (United Nations Development Program), [[climate risk]] management in Uzbekistan should consider its ecological safety.<ref>[http://www.ca-crm.info/en/country-climate-risk-profiles/country-climate-risk-profile-uzbekistan Climate Risk Knowledge Management Platform for Central Asia, UNDP] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150926101214/http://www.ca-crm.info/en/country-climate-risk-profiles/country-climate-risk-profile-uzbekistan |date=26 September 2015 }}. Ca-crm.info. Retrieved on 29 November 2015.</ref>
Numerous oil and gas deposits have been discovered in the south of the country.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/uzbekistan-energy-profile |title=Uzbekistan energy profile |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=April 2020 |website=IEA |publisher=International Energy Agency |access-date=22 March 2022 |quote=Uzbekistan is one of the world's largest natural gas producers, annually producing around 60 billion cubic metres (bcm)... |archive-date=22 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322192216/https://www.iea.org/reports/uzbekistan-energy-profile |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thefreelibrary.com/UZBEKISTAN+-+Gas+Production+%26+Reserves.-a0123542903 |title=UZBEKISTAN - Gas Production & Reserves. |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=18 October 2004 |website=The Free Library |publisher=Farlex Inc |access-date=22 March 2022 |quote=The fields in Kokdumalak, Shurtan, Olan, Urgin and South-Tandirchi - all in south-western Uzbekistan - are being developed rapidly. Now they account for more than 90% of the country's output of gas and condensate.}}</ref>
Uzbekistan has also been home to seismic activity, as evidenced by the [[1902 Andijan earthquake]], [[2011 Fergana Valley earthquake]], and [[1966 Tashkent earthquake]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Country Facts (Uzbekistan) |url=https://www.un.int/uzbekistan/uzbekistan/country-facts |website=UN |publisher=United Nations |access-date=10 May 2019}}</ref>
A dam collapse at [[Sardoba Reservoir]] in May 2020 flooded much farmland and many villages. The devastation extended into areas inside neighbouring [[Kazakhstan]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Simonov |first1=Eugene |title=Uzbekistan dam collapse was a disaster waiting to happen |url=https://www.thethirdpole.net/en/regional-cooperation/uzbekistan-dam-collapse/ |website=The Third Pole |access-date=29 December 2021 |date=23 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Image of the Week - Dam Failure in Uzbekistan |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xc52hgvr2QU |website=YouTube |access-date=29 December 2021 |archive-date=29 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211229120043/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xc52hgvr2QU |url-status=live }}</ref>
== Politics ==
{{Main|Politics of Uzbekistan}}
[[File:Oliy Majlis (Parliament of Uzbekistan).jpg|thumb|right|The [[Legislative Chamber of Uzbekistan]] (Lower House)]]
[[File:Islam karimov cropped.jpg|thumb|[[Islam Karimov]], the first President of Uzbekistan, during a visit to the Pentagon in 2002]]
{{multiple imafortn
| direction = horizontal
| caption2 = [[Abdulla Aripov]]<br /><small>4th [[Prime Minister of Uzbekistan|Prime Minister]]</small>
| footer = since 14 December 2016
| footer_align = center
| alt1 = Portrait of Shavkat Mirziyoyev
| alt2 = Portrait of Abdulla Aripov
}}
After Uzbekistan declared independence from the [[Soviet Union]] in 1991, an election was held, and [[Islam Karimov]] was elected as the [[List of Presidents of Uzbekistan|first P
| caption_align = center
| image1 = Shavkat Mirziyoyev official portrait (cropped 2).jpg
| width1 = 120
| caption1 = [[Shavkat Mirziyoyev]]<br /><small>2nd [[President of Uzbekistan|President]]</small>
| image2 = Abdulla Aripov.png
| width2 = 120resident]] of Uzbekistan on 29 December 1991. T−
== Administrative divisions ==
{{Main|Regions of Uzbekistan|Districts of Uzbekistan}}
Uzbekistan is divided into twelve [[region]]s (''viloyatlar'', singular ''[[viloyat]]'', compound noun ''viloyati'' e.g., Toshkent ''viloyati'', Samarqand ''viloyati'', etc.), one [[autonomous republic]] (''respublika'', compound noun ''respublikasi'' e.g. Qoraqalpog{{okina}}iston Muxtor ''Respublikasi'', Karakalpakstan ''Autonomous Republic'', etc.), and one [[independent city]] (''shahar'', compound noun ''shahri'', e.g., Toshkent ''shahri''). Names are given below in [[Uzbek language|Uzbek]], [[Russian language|Russian]], and [[Karakalpak language|Karakalpak]] languages when applicable, although numerous variations of the transliterations of each name exist.
{{Uzbekistan Regions Labelled Map}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- style="background:#efefef;"
! Division !! Capital City !! Area<br />(km<sup>2</sup>)!! Population<br />(1/1/2024)<ref name="stat.uz">{{cite web|url=https://www.stat.uz/uz/matbuot-markazi/qo-mita-yangiliklar/49354-hududlar-kesimida-2024-yil-boshiga-doimiy-aholi-soni|title=Hududlar kesimida 2024 yil boshiga doimiy aholi soni|publisher=O‘ZBEKISTON RESPUBLIKASI PREZIDENTI HUZURIDAGI STATISTIKA AGENTLIGI|language=uz}}</ref>!! Key
|-
| '''[[Andijan Region]]'''<br />Uzbek: ''Андижон вилояти/Andijon Viloyati''
| [[Andijan]]<br />''Andijon'' ||4,303 || 3394,4 || 2
|-
| '''[[Bukhara Region]]'''<br />Uzbek: ''Бухоро вилояти/Buxoro Viloyati''
| [[Bukhara]]<br />''Buxoro'' || 41,937 || 2044,0 || 3
|-
| '''[[Fergana Region]]'''<br />Uzbek: ''Фарғона вилояти/Farg{{okina}}ona Viloyati''
| [[Fergana]]<br />''Farg{{okina}}ona'' || 7,005 || 4061,5 || 4
|-
| '''[[Jizzakh Region]]'''<br />Uzbek: ''Жиззах вилояти/Jizzax Viloyati''
| [[Jizzakh]]<br />''Jizzax'' || 21,179 || 1507,4 || 5
|-
| '''[[Karakalpakstan|Republic of Karakalpakstan]]'''<br />Karakalpak: ''Қарақалпақстан Республикасы/Qaraqalpaqstan Respublikasi{{okina}}''<br />Uzbek: ''Қорақалпоғистон Республикаси/Qoraqalpog{{okina}}iston Respublikasi''
| [[Nukus]]<br />''No‘kis''<br />''Nukus'' || 161,358 || 2002,7 || 14
|-
| '''[[Qashqadaryo Region|Kashkadarya Region]]'''<br />Uzbek: ''Қашқадарё вилояти/Qashqadaryo Viloyati''
| [[Qarshi|Karshi]]<br />''Qarshi'' || 28,568 || 3560,6 || 8
|-
| '''[[Xorazm Region|Khorezm Region]]'''<br />Uzbek: ''Хоразм вилояти/Xorazm Viloyati''
| [[Urgench]]<br />''Urganch'' || 6,464 || 1995,6 || 13
|-
| '''[[Namangan Region]]'''<br />Uzbek: ''Наманган вилояти/Namangan Viloyati''
| [[Namangan]]<br />''Namangan'' ||7,181 || 3066,1 || 6
|-
| '''[[Navoiy Region]]'''<br />Uzbek: ''Навоий вилояти/Navoiy Viloyati''
| [[Navoiy]]<br />''Navoiy'' || 109,375 || 1075,3 || 7
|-
| '''[[Samarqand Region|Samarkand Region]]'''<br />Uzbek: ''Самарқанд вилояти/Samarqand Viloyati''
| [[Samarkand]]<br />''Samarqand'' || 16,773 || 4208,5 || 9
|-
| '''[[Surxondaryo Region|Surkhandarya Region]]'''<br />Uzbek: ''Сурхондарё вилояти/Surxondaryo Viloyati''
| [[Termez]]<br />''Termiz'' || 20,099 || 2877,1 || 11
|-
| '''[[Sirdaryo Region|Syrdarya Region]]'''<br />Uzbek: ''Сирдарё вилояти/Sirdaryo Viloyati''
| [[Guliston|Gulistan]]<br />''Guliston'' || 4,276 || 914,0 || 10
|-
| '''[[Tashkent|Tashkent City]]'''<br />Uzbek:''Тошкент/Toshkent Shahri''
| [[Tashkent]]<br />''Toshkent'' || 327 || 3040,8 || 1
|-
| '''[[Tashkent Region]]'''<br />Uzbek: ''Тошкент вилояти/Toshkent Viloyati''
| [[Nurafshon]]<br />''Nurafshon'' || 15,258 || 3051,8 || 12
|}
The regions are further divided into [[Districts of Uzbekistan|districts]] (''tuman'').
=== Largest cities ===
{{Largest cities
|country = Uzbekistan
|stat_ref =  <!-- sourced individually on each row -->
|div_name = Region
|city_1 = Tashkent
|div_1 = Tashkent<!-- city; not the same as the region -->
|pop_1 = 2,955,700{{r|UzbekStat2022}}
|img_1 = Tashkent skyline 2019.jpg
|city_2 = Namangan
|div_2 = Namangan Region
|pop_2 = 678,200{{r|UzbekStat2022}}
|img_2 = Moellah Kirigizmadrassa.jpg
|city_3 = Samarkand
|div_3 = Samarkand Region
|pop_3 = 573,200{{r|UzbekStat2022}}
|img_3 = 20230615 Samarkand025.jpg
|city_4 = Andijan
|div_4 = Andijan Region
|pop_4 = 468,100{{r|UzbekStat2022}}
|img_4 = Navoi Square (Formerly Bobur Square) - Where 2005 Massacre Took Place - Andijon - Uzbekistan (7544000842).jpg
|city_5 = Nukus
|div_5 = Karakalpakstan<!-- autonomous republic -->
|pop_5 = 310,000<ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.gov.uz/ru/datasets/4948|title=Число постоянных жителей в Республики Каракалпакстан|publisher=Портал открытых данных Республики Узбекистан|access-date=25 January 2018|archive-date=18 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180818170634/https://data.gov.uz/ru/datasets/4948|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|city_6 = Fergana
|div_6 = Fergana Region
|pop_6 = 299,000<ref name="data.gov.uz">{{cite web|url=https://data.gov.uz/ru/datasets/1657|title=Демографическая ситуация в Ферганской области|publisher=Портал открытых данных Республики Узбекистан|access-date=25 January 2018|archive-date=24 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924013337/https://data.gov.uz/ru/datasets/1657|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|city_7 = Bukhara
|div_7 = Bukhara Region
|pop_7 = 285,000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.poltavareview.com/?p=18105|title=Численность населения Узбекистана по городам, 2018|publisher=poltavareview.com|access-date=25 January 2018|archive-date=11 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180311191639/http://www.poltavareview.com/?p=18105|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|city_8 = Qarshi
|div_8 = Qashqadaryo Region
|pop_8 = 260,000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stat.uz/upload/str2.jpg|title=Численность населения Кашкадарьи|publisher=Statistics|access-date=25 January 2018|archive-date=14 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141014235825/http://www.stat.uz/upload/str2.jpg|url-status=live}}</ref>
|city_9 = Kokand
|div_9 = Fergana Region
|pop_9 = 260,000<ref name="data.gov.uz"/>
|city_10 = Margilan
|div_10 = Fergana Region
|pop_10 = 242,500<ref name="data.gov.uz"/>
}}
== Economy ==
{{Main|Economy of Uzbekistan}}
[[File:Real GDP per capita development of Uzbekistan.svg|thumb|Development of real GDP per capita]]
Uzbekistan mines 80 tons of gold annually, seventh in the world. Uzbekistan's copper deposits rank tenth in the world and its uranium deposits twelfth. The country's uranium production ranks seventh globally.<ref>[http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf75.html Supply of Uranium] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509123211/http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf75.html |date=9 May 2008 }}. World Nuclear Association. August 2012.</ref><ref>[http://www.euronuclear.org/info/encyclopedia/u/uranium-reserves.htm Uranium resources] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080522121613/http://www.euronuclear.org/info/encyclopedia/u/uranium-reserves.htm |date=22 May 2008 }}. European Nuclear Society</ref><ref>[http://www.bgs.ac.uk/mineralsuk/statistics/worldStatistics.html The World Mineral Statistics dataset: 100 years and counting] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020095042/http://www.bgs.ac.uk/mineralsuk/statistics/worldStatistics.html |date=20 October 2013 }}. British Geological Survey</ref> The Uzbek national gas company, [[Uzbekneftegas|Uzbekneftegaz]], ranks 11th in the world in natural gas production with an annual output of {{convert|60|to(-)|70|e9m3|abbr=off}}. The country has significant untapped reserves of oil and gas: there are 194 deposits of hydrocarbons in Uzbekistan, including 98 condensate and natural gas deposits and 96 gas condensate deposits.<ref>{{cite web |title=New head of NHC Uzbekneftegaz appointed |url=http://www.gazprom-international.com/en/news-media/articles/new-head-nhc-uzbekneftegaz-appointed |website=Gazprom International |publisher=Gazprom |access-date=21 April 2019 |archive-date=21 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190421182440/http://www.gazprom-international.com/en/news-media/articles/new-head-nhc-uzbekneftegaz-appointed |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://invest-in-uzbekistan.org/en/ekonomika/|title=Economy|website=Invest in Uzbekistan|publisher=Uzbekistani Government|access-date=21 April 2019}}</ref>
Uzbekistan improved marginally in the ''2020 Ease of Doing Business'' ranking by the [[World Bank]].<ref name="edbwb2020">{{cite web |title=2020 Ease of Doing Business report |url=https://www.doingbusiness.org/en/data/exploreeconomies/uzbekistan |publisher=The World Bank}}</ref>
The largest corporations involved in Uzbekistan's energy sector are the [[China National Petroleum Corporation]] (CNPC), [[Petronas]], the [[Korea National Oil Corporation]], [[Gazprom]], [[Lukoil]], and [[Uzbekneftegas|Uzbekneftegaz]].{{citation needed|date=August 2013}}
Along with many [[Commonwealth of Independent States]] or CIS economies, Uzbekistan's economy declined during the first years of transition and then recovered after 1995, as the cumulative effect of policy reforms began to be felt.<ref>{{cite news |title=Republic of Uzbekistan |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Countries/UZB |newspaper=Imf |access-date=22 April 2019 |archive-date=22 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190422080928/https://www.imf.org/en/Countries/UZB |url-status=live }}</ref> It has shown robust growth, rising by 4% per year between 1998 and 2003 and accelerating thereafter to 7%–8% per year. According to IMF estimates,<ref name=imf>[http://www.imf.org/external/data.htm IMF World Economic Outlook Database] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006220934/http://www.imf.org/external/data.htm |date=6 October 2014 }}, October 2007</ref> the GDP in 2008 will be almost double its value in 1995 (in constant prices). Since 2003, annual inflation rates varied, reaching almost 40% in 2010 and less than 20% in 2019.<ref>{{cite web|title=Inflation, GDP deflator (annual %) - Uzbekistan {{!}} Data|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.DEFL.KD.ZG?end=2019&locations=UZ&start=1988&view=chart|access-date=5 January 2021|website=data.worldbank.org|archive-date=17 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417210507/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.DEFL.KD.ZG?end=2019&locations=UZ&start=1988&view=chart|url-status=live}}</ref>
Uzbekistan has a GNI per capita of US$2,020 in current dollars in 2018, giving a [[Purchasing power parity|PPP]] equivalent of US$7,230.<ref>{{cite web |title=World Bank Country Profile |url=https://databank.worldbank.org/views/reports/reportwidget.aspx?Report_Name=CountryProfile&Id=b450fd57&tbar=y&dd=y&inf=n&zm=n&country=UZB |website=World Bank |access-date=19 November 2019 |archive-date=9 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200309215328/https://databank.worldbank.org/views/reports/reportwidget.aspx?Report_Name=CountryProfile&Id=b450fd57&tbar=y&dd=y&inf=n&zm=n&country=UZB |url-status=live }}</ref> Economic production is concentrated in commodities. In 2011, Uzbekistan was the world's seventh-largest producer and fifth-largest exporter of [[cotton]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cotton.org/econ/cropinfo/cropdata/rankings.cfm |title=The National Cotton Council of America: Rankings |year=2011 |access-date=26 April 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415113812/http://www.cotton.org/econ/cropinfo/cropdata/rankings.cfm |archive-date=15 April 2012 }}</ref> as well as the seventh-largest world producer of gold. It is also a regionally significant producer of natural gas, coal, copper, oil, silver and uranium.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.irinnews.org/country.aspx?CountryCode=UZ&RegionCode=ASI |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100827203828/http://www.irinnews.org/country.aspx?CountryCode=UZ&RegionCode=ASI |archive-date=27 August 2010 |title=Country Profile: Uzbekistan |agency=IRIN |access-date=2 May 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
[[Agriculture in Uzbekistan|Agriculture]] employs 27% of Uzbekistan's labour force and contributes 17.4% of its GDP (2012 data).<ref name=uzstat/> Cultivable land is 4.4 million hectares, or about 10% of Uzbekistan's total area. While official unemployment is very low, underemployment – especially in rural areas – is estimated to be at least 20%.<ref name=cia1>{{cite web|url=https://stat.uz/en/435-analiticheskie-materialy-en1/2075-demographic-situation-in-the-republic-of-uzbekistan|title=Demographic situation in the Republic of Uzbekistan|publisher=The State Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan on statistics|access-date=28 January 2011|archive-date=17 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191117233559/https://stat.uz/en/435-analiticheskie-materialy-en1/2075-demographic-situation-in-the-republic-of-uzbekistan|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Cotton production in Uzbekistan]] is important to the national economy of the country.<ref name="guardian">{{cite news |title=Cotton production linked to images of the dried up Aral Sea basin |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/sustainable-fashion-blog/2014/oct/01/cotton-production-linked-to-images-of-the-dried-up-aral-sea-basin |work=The Guardian |date=1 October 2014 |access-date=18 August 2019 |archive-date=25 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200325050154/https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/sustainable-fashion-blog/2014/oct/01/cotton-production-linked-to-images-of-the-dried-up-aral-sea-basin |url-status=live }}</ref> Uzbek cotton is even used to make banknotes in South Korea.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://bs-agro.com/index.php/news/other-countries/23906-uzbekistan-korean-government-uses-uzbek-cotton-to-make-banknotes |title=Uzbekistan: Korean government uses Uzbek cotton to make banknotes |publisher=BS-AGRO |date=12 December 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220192936/http://bs-agro.com/index.php/news/other-countries/23906-uzbekistan-korean-government-uses-uzbek-cotton-to-make-banknotes |archive-date=20 December 2013 }}</ref> Uzbek cotton exports have become the cause of a scandal related to the Russian-Ukrainian war and sanctions imposed on the Russian military industry. According to the Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project (OCCRP), Vlast, and iStories, after February 24, 2022, Uzbekistan significantly increased its exports of cotton pulp and nitrocellulose to Russia, key components for the manufacture of explosives and gunpowder. According to Ekonomichna Pravda, at least two large Uzbek exporters have been working with Russian military-industrial complex enterprises. Documents from the Federal Tax Service of the Russian Federation confirm that at least three Russian companies - Bina Group, Khimtrade, and Lenakhim - sold imported cotton pulp in Russia to military plants under US sanctions.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.occrp.org/en/investigations/central-asian-cotton-powers-russias-sanctioned-gunpowder-plants|title= Central Asian Cotton Powers Russia's Sanctioned Gunpowder Plants}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pravda.com.ua/eng/articles/2024/01/10/7436569/
|title= White and fluffy death. How Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan help Russians produce gunpowder}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/russian/articles/c51d7n1ze92o
|title= Порох, хлопок и принудительный труд. Кто поставляет сырье российским оружейным заводам?|date= 30 January 2024}}{{in lang|ru}}</ref>
The country has a considerable production of carrots as well. The use of child labour in Uzbekistan has led several companies, including Tesco,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ejfoundation.org/pdf/Uzbekistan_Cotton%20Tesco_letter_to_%20suppliers.pdf |title=Tesco Ethical Assessment Programme |access-date=2 May 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100706003257/http://www.ejfoundation.org/pdf/Uzbekistan_Cotton%20Tesco_letter_to_%20suppliers.pdf |archive-date=6 July 2010 }}</ref> C&A,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.c-and-a.com/aboutUs/socialResponsibility/ |title=C&A Code of Conduct for Uzbekistan |publisher=C&A |access-date=2 May 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100527204731/http://www.c-and-a.com/aboutUs/socialResponsibility/ |archive-date=27 May 2010 }}</ref> Marks & Spencer, Gap, and H&M, to boycott Uzbek cotton.<ref>{{cite news
|last = Saidazimova
|first = Gulnoza
|title = Central Asia: Child Labor Alive And Thriving
|publisher = Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
|date = 12 June 2008
|url = http://www.rferl.org/content/article/1144612.html
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110727184416/http://www.rferl.org/content/article/1144612.html
|archive-date = 27 July 2011
|access-date = 8 July 2008
|url-status=dead
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref>
[[File:Yodgorlik Silk Factory (5982822980).jpg|thumb|Yodgorlik [[silk]] factory]]
Facing a multitude of economic challenges upon acquiring independence, the government adopted an evolutionary reform strategy, with an emphasis on state control, reduction of imports and self-sufficiency in energy. Since 1994, the state-controlled media have repeatedly proclaimed the success of this "Uzbekistan Economic Model"<ref>{{cite web |title=Islam Karimov's interview to Rossijskaya Gazeta |date=7 July 1995|url=http://2004.press-service.uz/rus/knigi/9tom/3tom_12.htm |website=Пресс-служба Президента Республики Узбекистан |access-date=22 November 2005 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080922045122/http://2004.press-service.uz/rus/knigi/9tom/3tom_12.htm |archive-date=22 September 2008 |language=ru}}</ref> and suggested that it is a unique example of a smooth transition to the market economy while avoiding shock, pauperism and stagnation. As of 2019, Uzbekistan's economy is one of the most diversified in Central Asia which makes the country an attractive economic partner for China.<ref>Vakulchuk, Roman and Indra Overland (2019) "[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329310641 China's Belt and Road Initiative through the Lens of Central Asia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024180554/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329310641_China%27s_Belt_and_Road_Initiative_through_the_lens_of_Central_Asia |date=24 October 2021 }}", in Fanny M. Cheung and Ying-yi Hong (eds) ''Regional Connection under the Belt and Road Initiative. The Prospects for Economic and Financial Cooperation''. London: Routledge, pp. 115–133. {{ISBN|9781138607491}}.</ref>
The gradualist reform strategy has involved postponing significant macroeconomic and structural reforms. The state in the hands of the [[new class|bureaucracy]] has remained a dominant influence in the economy. Corruption permeates the society and grows more rampant over time: Uzbekistan's 2005 [[Corruption Perception Index]] was 137 out of 159 countries, whereas in 2007 Uzbekistan was 175th out of 179 countries. A February 2006 report on the country by the [[International Crisis Group]] suggests that revenues earned from key exports, especially [[cotton]], [[gold]], [[maize]] and increasingly gas, are distributed among a very small circle of the ruling elite, with little or no benefit for the populace at large.<ref>Thomas, Gary (16 February 2006). {{cite web |url=http://www.voanews.com/english/archive/2006-02/New-Report-Paints-Grim-Picture-of-Uzbekistan.cfm?CFID=281017252&CFTOKEN=40626492&jsessionid=00308b85b39c112dba1e6241221e37211353 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20090825223014/http://www.voanews.com/english/archive/2006-02/New-Report-Paints-Grim-Picture-of-Uzbekistan.cfm?CFID=281017252&CFTOKEN=40626492&jsessionid=00308b85b39c112dba1e6241221e37211353 |archive-date=25 August 2009 |title=New Report Paints Grim Picture of Uzbekistan |url-status=dead |access-date=1 June 2016}}. ''Voice of America''.</ref> The early-2010s high-profile corruption scandals involving government contracts and large international companies, notably [[Telecom corruption scandal|TeliaSonera]], have shown that businesses are particularly vulnerable to corruption when operating in Uzbekistan.<ref>{{cite web |title=Business Corruption in Uzbekistan |url=http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/europe-central-asia/uzbekistan/business-corruption-in-uzbekistan.aspx|publisher=Business Anti-Corruption Portal|access-date=27 March 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140324230655/http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/europe-central-asia/uzbekistan/business-corruption-in-uzbekistan.aspx |archive-date=24 March 2014}}</ref>
According to the [[Economist Intelligence Unit]], "the government is hostile to allowing the development of an independent private sector, over which it would have no control".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eurasiacenter.org/Country%20reports/Central%20Asia/Uzbekistan%20Economic%20Highlights.doc |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511170759/http://www.eurasiacenter.org/Country%20reports/Central%20Asia/Uzbekistan%20Economic%20Highlights.doc |archive-date=11 May 2011 |title=Uzbekistan: Economic Overview |publisher=eurasiacenter.org |access-date=2 May 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
The economic policies have repelled foreign investment, which is the lowest per capita in the CIS.<ref>[https://2009-2017.state.gov/e/eb/rls/othr/ics/2011/157382.htm 2011 Investment Climate Statement – Uzbekistan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200421160423/https://2009-2017.state.gov/e/eb/rls/othr/ics/2011/157382.htm |date=21 April 2020 }}. US Department of State, March 2011</ref> For years, the largest barrier to foreign companies entering the Uzbekistan market has been the difficulty of converting currency. In 2003 the government accepted the obligations of Article VIII under the [[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.imf.org/external/np/sec/pr/2003/pr03188.htm |title=Press Release: The Republic of Uzbekistan Accepts Article VIII Obligations |publisher=Imf.org |access-date=2 May 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101121134806/http://www.imf.org/external/np/sec/pr/2003/pr03188.htm |archive-date=21 November 2010 }}</ref> providing for full currency convertibility. However, strict currency controls and the tightening of borders have lessened the effect of this measure.
[[File:Urgut Sunday market bread sellers.JPG|thumb|Bread sellers in [[Urgut]]]]
Uzbekistan experienced rampant [[inflation]] of around 1000% per year immediately after independence (1992–1994). Stabilisation efforts implemented with guidance from the IMF<ref>[http://mfa.uz/eng/inter_cooper/econ_org/Inter_MF/ Uzbekistan's Ministry of Foreign Affairs on IMF's role in economic stabilisation] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510075000/http://mfa.uz/eng/inter_cooper/econ_org/Inter_MF/ |date=10 May 2011 }}. Retrieved 22 June 2009</ref> paid off. The inflation rates were brought down to 50% in 1997 and then to 22% in 2002. Since 2003 annual inflation rates averaged less than 10%.<ref name=imf/> Tight economic policies in 2004 resulted in a drastic reduction of inflation to 3.8% (although alternative estimates based on the price of a true [[market basket]] put it at 15%).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.adb.org/Documents/Books/ADO/2005/uzb.asp |title=Asian Development Outlook 2005 – Uzbekistan |publisher=ADB.org |date=1 January 2005 |access-date=2 May 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101120065551/http://www.adb.org/Documents/Books/ADO/2005/uzb.asp |archive-date=20 November 2010 }}</ref> The inflation rates moved up to 6.9% in 2006 and 7.6% in 2007 but have remained in the single-digit range.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indexmundi.com/uzbekistan/inflation_rate_(consumer_prices).html |title=Uzbekistan CPI 2003–2007 |publisher=Indexmundi.com |date=19 February 2010 |access-date=2 May 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510074954/http://www.indexmundi.com/uzbekistan/inflation_rate_(consumer_prices).html |archive-date=10 May 2011 }}</ref>
The government of Uzbekistan restricts foreign imports in many ways, including high import duties. Excise taxes are applied in a highly discriminatory manner to protect locally produced goods,<ref>{{cite web|title=Doing Business in Usbekistan - 2014 |website=www.pwc.de|publisher=PWC |url=https://www.pwc.de/de/internationale-maerkte/assets/doing-business-in-usbekistan-2014.pdf |access-date=5 January 2021 |archive-date=17 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417215226/https://www.pwc.de/de/internationale-maerkte/assets/doing-business-in-usbekistan-2014.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> although the excises taxes were removed for foreign cars in 2020.<ref>{{Cite news|date=4 June 2020|title=Uzbekistan to scrap excise tax on imported cars|work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uzbekistan-autos-tax-idUSL8N2DH1L8|access-date=5 January 2021|archive-date=1 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210101173611/https://www.reuters.com/article/uzbekistan-autos-tax-idUSL8N2DH1L8|url-status=live}}</ref> Official tariffs are combined with unofficial, discriminatory charges resulting in total charges amounting to as much as 100 to 150% of the actual value of the product, making imported products virtually unaffordable.<ref>{{cite web |title=UZBEKISTAN |url=http://www.ustr.gov/assets/Document_Library/Reports_Publications/2004/2004_National_Trade_Estimate/2004_NTE_Report/asset_upload_file327_4803.pdf |work=FOREIGN TRADE BARRIERS |access-date=20 December 2005 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080815015618/http://www.ustr.gov/assets/Document_Library/Reports_Publications/2004/2004_National_Trade_Estimate/2004_NTE_Report/asset_upload_file327_4803.pdf |archive-date=15 August 2008 }}. NTE 2004 FINAL 3.30.04</ref> [[Import substitution]] is an officially declared policy and the government proudly reports a reduction by a factor of two in the volume of consumer goods imported. A number of CIS countries are officially exempt from Uzbekistan import duties. Uzbekistan has a Bilateral Investment Treaty with fifty other countries.<ref name="bitUZ">{{cite web|title=Uzbekistan Bilateral Investment Treaties |website=UNCTAD Division on Investment and Enterprise |publisher=United Nations |url=http://investmentpolicyhub.unctad.org/IIA/CountryBits/226#iiaInnerMenu|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107055442/http://investmentpolicyhub.unctad.org/IIA/CountryBits/226#iiaInnerMenu |archive-date=7 November 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
The [[Tashkent Stock Exchange|Republican Stock Exchange]] (RSE) opened in 1994. The stocks of all Uzbek joint stock companies (around 1,250) are traded on RSE. The number of listed companies as of January 2013 exceeds 110. Securities market volume reached 2 trillion in 2012, and the number is rapidly growing due to the rising interest by companies of attracting necessary resources through the capital market. According to Central Depository as of January 2013 par value of outstanding shares of Uzbek emitters exceeded 9 trillion.{{Citation needed|date=September 2022}}
Thanks in part to the recovery of world market prices of gold and cotton (the country's key export commodities), expanded natural gas and some manufacturing exports, and increasing labour migrant transfers, the current account turned into a large surplus (between 9% and 11% of GDP from 2003 to 2005). In 2018, foreign exchange reserves, including gold, totalled around US$25 billion.<ref>{{cite web |title=Uzbekistan's gold and foreign exchange reserves at US$ 25.49 billion |url=http://tashkenttimes.uz/finances/3050-uzbekistan-s-gold-and-foreign-exchange-reserves-at-us-25-49-billion |website=Tashkent Times |access-date=1 May 2019 |archive-date=1 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190501060527/http://tashkenttimes.uz/finances/3050-uzbekistan-s-gold-and-foreign-exchange-reserves-at-us-25-49-billion |url-status=live }}</ref>
Foreign exchange reserves amounted in 2010 to US$13 billion.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/EXTRUSSIANHOME/EXTRUSSIANCOUNTRIES/ECAINRUSSIANEXT/EXTUZBEKISTANINRUS/0,,contentMDK:20546336~menuPK:1151287~pagePK:1497618~piPK:217854~theSitePK:1151265,00.html#contact|publisher=The world bank|language=ru |title=Uzbekistan|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605175712/http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/EXTRUSSIANHOME/EXTRUSSIANCOUNTRIES/ECAINRUSSIANEXT/EXTUZBEKISTANINRUS/0,,contentMDK:20546336~menuPK:1151287~pagePK:1497618~piPK:217854~theSitePK:1151265,00.html#contact|archive-date=5 June 2013}}</ref>
Uzbekistan is predicted to be one of the fastest-growing economies in the world (top 26) in future decades, according to a survey by global bank HSBC.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hsbc.com.mx/1/PA_esf-ca-app-content/content/home/empresas/archivos/world_2050.pdf |publisher=HSBC|title=the World in 2050|page=2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171014100813/https://www.hsbc.com.mx/1/PA_esf-ca-app-content/content/home/empresas/archivos/world_2050.pdf |archive-date=14 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
Uzbekistan was ranked 82nd in the [[Global Innovation Index]] in 2023.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=WIPO |title=Global Innovation Index 2023, 15th Edition |url=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2023/index.html |access-date=2023-10-29 |website=www.wipo.int |doi=10.34667/tind.46596 |language=en}}</ref>
== Demographics ==
{{Main|Demographics of Uzbekistan|Uzbeks}}
{|class="wikitable" style="float: right; margin-left: 10px"
! colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#cfb;"|Population{{UN_Population|ref}}
|-
! style="background:#cfb;"|Year
! style="background:#cfb;"|Million
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|1950 ||style="text-align:right;"|6.2
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|2000 ||style="text-align:right;"|24.8
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|{{UN_Population|Year}} ||style="text-align:right;"|{{#expr:{{formatnum:{{UN_Population|Uzbekistan}}|R}}/1e6 round 1}}
|-
|2023
|36.2
|}
[[File:Jeunes Mariés dans le parc dAk Saray (Shahrisabz) (6018352949).jpg|left|thumb|Newlywed couples visit [[Tamerlane|Tamerlane's]] statues to receive wedding blessings.]]
As of 2022, Uzbekistan has the largest population out of all the countries in Central Asia. Its 36 million citizens comprise nearly half the region's total population.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tashkenttimes.uz/national/10147-uzbekistan-population-surpasses-36-million|title=Uzbekistan population surpasses 36 million|language=en|publisher=ashkenttimes.uz|date=2022-12-09|access-date=2022-12-12|archive-date=12 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221212110418/http://tashkenttimes.uz/national/10147-uzbekistan-population-surpasses-36-million|url-status=live}}</ref> The population of Uzbekistan is very young though it is slowly aging. 23.1% of its people are younger than 16 (2020 estimate).<ref name=cia1/> According to official sources, [[Uzbeks]] comprise a majority (84.5%) of the total population. Other ethnic groups include [[Russians]] 2.1%, [[Tājik people|Tajiks]] 4.8%, [[Kazakhs]] 2.4%, [[Karakalpaks]] 2.2% and [[Tatars]] 0.5% as of 2021.{{r|NatEtnicPop}}
There is some controversy about the percentage of the Tajik population. While official state numbers from Uzbekistan put the number around 5%, the number is said to be an understatement and some Western scholars put the number up to 10%–20%.<ref name="Karl Cordell 1999. pg 201"/><ref name="Lena Jonson 2006. pg 108">Jonson, Lena (1976) ''Tajikistan in the New Central Asia'', I.B.Tauris, {{ISBN|085771726X}}, p. 108: "According to official Uzbek statistics there are slightly over 1.7 million Tajiks in Uzbekistan or about 5% of the population. The unofficial figure is over 6 million Tajiks. They are concentrated in the Sukhandarya, Samarqand and Bukhara regions."</ref>{{sfnp|Foltz|1996|pp=213–6}}<ref name="cornellcaspian.com">{{cite journal|doi=10.1080/09662830008407454 |url=http://www.cornellcaspian.com/pub/0010uzbekistan.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090505153156/http://www.cornellcaspian.com/pub/0010uzbekistan.htm |archive-date=5 May 2009|title=Uzbekistan: A Regional Player in Eurasian Geopolitics?|year=2000|last1=Cornell|first1=Svante E.|journal=European Security|volume=9|issue=2|page=115|s2cid=154194469|url-status=dead}}</ref> Uzbekistan has an [[Koryo-saram|ethnic Korean]] population that was [[Deportation of Koreans in the Soviet Union|forcibly relocated]] to the region by Stalin from the [[Russian Far East|Soviet Far East]] in 1937–1938. There are also small groups of [[Armenians in Uzbekistan]], mostly in Tashkent and Samarkand.
The nation is 96% Muslim (mostly [[Sunnis|Sunni]], with a [[Shi'a]] minority), 2.3% [[Eastern Orthodox]] and 1.7% other faiths. The U.S. State Department's International Religious Freedom Report 2004 reports that 0.2% of the population are [[Buddhist]] (these being ethnic Koreans). The [[Bukharan Jews]] have lived in Central Asia, mostly in Uzbekistan, for thousands of years. There were 94,900 [[Jew]]s in Uzbekistan in 1989<ref>{{cite book |date=2001 |title=World Jewish Population 2001 |series=American Jewish Yearbook |volume=101 |page=561 |archive-date=6 December 2013 |url=http://www.ajcarchives.org/AJC_DATA/Files/2001_13_WJP.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206165604/http://www.ajcarchives.org/AJC_DATA/Files/2001_13_WJP.pdf }}</ref> (about 0.5% of the population according to the [[Ethnic groups in Uzbekistan|1989 census]]), but now, since the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]], most Central Asian Jews left the region for the [[United States]], [[Germany]], or [[Israel]]. Fewer than 5,000 Jews remained in Uzbekistan in 2007.<ref>{{cite book |date=2007 |title=World Jewish Population 2007 |series=American Jewish Yearbook |volume=107 |page=592 |url=http://www.ajcarchives.org/AJC_DATA/Files/AJYB727.CV.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326020910/http://www.ajcarchives.org/AJC_DATA/Files/AJYB727.CV.pdf |archive-date=26 March 2009 }}</ref>
[[Russians in Uzbekistan]] represented 5.5% of the total population in 1989. During the Soviet period, Russians and [[Ukrainians]] constituted more than half the population of [[Tashkent]].<ref>Allworth, Edward (1994) ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=X2XpddVB0l0C&pg=PA102 Central Asia, 130 years of Russian dominance: a historical overview] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150915152247/https://books.google.com/books?id=X2XpddVB0l0C&pg=PA102 |date=15 September 2015 }}''. [[Duke University Press]]. p. 102. {{ISBN|0-8223-1521-1}}</ref> The country counted nearly 1.5 million Russians, 12.5% of the population, in the 1970 census.<ref>"[http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/OP297.pdf The Russian Minority in Central Asia: Migration, Politics, and Language] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206184216/http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/OP297.pdf |date=6 December 2013 }}" (PDF). Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars.</ref> After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, significant emigration of ethnic Russians has taken place, mostly for economic reasons.<ref>[http://www.turkishweekly.net/news/874/the-russians-are-still-leaving-uzbekistan-for-kazakhstan-now.html The Russians are Still Leaving Uzbekistan For Kazakhstan Now] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211171635/http://turkishweekly.net/news/874/the-russians-are-still-leaving-uzbekistan-for-kazakhstan-now.html |date=11 February 2009 }}. Journal of Turkish Weekly. 16 December 2004.</ref>
[[File:Uzbek Kids.JPG|alt=Uzbek children|left|thumb|Uzbek children]]
[[File:Gorskii 03978u.jpg|right|thumb|Shakh-i Zindeh mosque, Samarkand, in the early 20th century]]
In the 1940s, the Crimean Tatars, along with the [[Volga Germans]], Chechens, Pontic<ref>{{Cite journal |title=The Persecution of Pontic Greeks in the Soviet Union |journal=Journal of Refugee Studies |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=372–381 |doi=10.1093/jrs/4.4.372 |issn=0951-6328|year=1991 |last1=Agtzidis |first1=Vlasis }}</ref> Greeks, Kumaks and many other nationalities were [[Population transfer in the Soviet Union|deported]] to Central Asia. Approximately 100,000 [[Crimean Tatars]] continue to live in Uzbekistan.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Kuzio |first=Taras|date=24 June 2009 |title=Crimean Tatars Divide Ukraine and Russia |journal=Eurasia Daily Monitor |volume=6 |issue=121 |publisher=The Jamestown Foundation |url=https://jamestown.org/program/crimean-tatars-divide-ukraine-and-russia/ }}</ref> The number of [[Greeks in Uzbekistan|Greeks]] in Tashkent has decreased from 35,000 in 1974 to about 12,000 in 2004.<ref>[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/greece-overcomes-its-ancient-history-finally-552207.html Greece overcomes its ancient history, finally] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925190532/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/greece-overcomes-its-ancient-history-finally-552207.html |date=25 September 2015 }}. The Independent. 6 July 2004.</ref> The majority of [[Meskhetian Turks]] left the country after the [[pogrom]]s in the Fergana valley in June 1989.<ref>[http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/topic,463af2212,488edfe22,49749c843c,0.html World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples – Uzbekistan : Meskhetian Turks] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016183834/http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/topic,463af2212,488edfe22,49749c843c,0.html|date=16 October 2012}}. Minority Rights Group International.</ref>
Almost 10% of Uzbekistan's labour force works abroad, mostly in Russia and [[Kazakhstan]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Uzbekistan: Labor Migrants Looking Beyond Russia|url=http://www.eurasianet.org/node/78701 |date=10 May 2016|via=EurasiaNet |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225130718/http://www.eurasianet.org/node/78701 |archive-date=25 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |publisher=[[International Crisis Group]] |url=http://www.crisisgroup.org/home/index.cfm?id=5027&l=1 |title=Uzbekistan: Stagnation and Uncertainty |access-date=15 September 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091111025921/http://www.crisisgroup.org/home/index.cfm?id=5027&l=1 |archive-date=11 November 2009 |work=Asia Briefing N°67 |date=22 August 2007}}</ref>
[[File:Nukus Art Museum.JPG|thumb|Nukus Art Museum named after Savicky.]]
Uzbekistan has a 100% literacy rate among adults older than 15 (2019 estimate).<ref>{{cite web | url=https://knoema.com/atlas/Uzbekistan/topics/Education/Literacy/Adult-literacy-rate?mode=amp | title=Uzbekistan Adult literacy rate, 1960-2021 }}</ref>
Life expectancy in Uzbekistan is 75 years average. 72 years among men and 78 years among women.<ref name="bbc.com">{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-37260375 |title=Islam Karimov: Uzbekistan president's death confirmed |work=BBC News |access-date=4 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160903231914/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-37260375 |archive-date=3 September 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>
President Shavkat Mirziyoyev signed a law in March 2020 that demands a national census take place at least every 10 years.<ref>{{cite web|title=ЗРУ-611-сон 16.03.2020. О переписи населения|url=https://lex.uz/ru/docs/4766085|access-date=2021-07-09|website=lex.uz|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709190631/https://lex.uz/ru/docs/4766085|url-status=live}}</ref> The population has not been officially counted in over 30 years. In November 2020, the first census was cancelled due to concerns about coronavirus and the sheer size of the task. It now has been postponed to 2023.<ref>{{cite web|title=Uzbekistan postpones first census because of coronavirus {{!}} Eurasianet|url=https://eurasianet.org/uzbekistan-postpones-first-census-because-of-coronavirus|access-date=2021-07-09|website=eurasianet.org|language=en|archive-date=17 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210617003227/https://eurasianet.org/uzbekistan-postpones-first-census-because-of-coronavirus|url-status=live}}</ref>
=== Religion ===
{{Main|Religion in Uzbekistan}}
[[File:Le_minaret_et_la_mosquée_Kalon_(Boukhara,_Ouzbékistan)_(5658826884).jpg|thumb|right|Mosque of [[Bukhara]]]]
Uzbekistan is a secular country and Article 61 of its constitution states that religious organizations and associations shall be separated from the state and equal before law. The state shall not interfere in the activity of religious associations.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://constitution.uz/en/clause/index#section7 |title=Constitution of Uzbekistan. Part II. Basic human and civil rights, freedoms and duties. |access-date=24 October 2020 |archive-date=9 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209112241/https://constitution.uz/en/clause/index#section7 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Islam in Uzbekistan|Islam]] is the dominant religion in Uzbekistan, although Soviet power (1924–1991) discouraged the expression of religious belief, and it was repressed during its existence as a [[Soviet Union|Soviet Republic]]. The CIA Factbook (2004) estimates that [[Muslims]] constitute 88% of the population, while 9% of the population follow [[Russian Orthodox Church in Uzbekistan|Russian Orthodox Christianity]], 3% other religions and non-religious,<ref>{{cite web|title=Uzbekistan|date=19 October 2021|publisher=CIA|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/uzbekistan/|access-date=24 January 2021|archive-date=3 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203042919/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/uzbekistan/|url-status=live}}</ref> while a 2020 [[Pew Research Center]] projection stated that Uzbekistan's population is 96.7% Muslim and [[Christianity in Uzbekistan|Christians]] (mostly [[Russian Orthodox Church in Uzbekistan|Russian Orthodox Christians]]) comprised 2.3% of the population (630,000).<ref>{{cite web|title=Religions in Uzbekistan {{!}} PEW-GRF|url=http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/uzbekistan/religious_demography#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2010|access-date=6 June 2020|website=www.globalreligiousfutures.org|archive-date=29 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180129141645/http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/uzbekistan/religious_demography#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2010|url-status=live}}</ref> An estimated 93,000 [[Jews]] lived in the country in the early 1990s.<ref name="lcweb2">{{cite web |url= http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/uztoc.html |title= A Country Study: Uzbekistan |publisher= Federal Research Division |date= 1988–1998 |access-date= 27 December 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130831195935/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/uztoc.html |archive-date= 31 August 2013 |df= dmy-all }}</ref>
In addition, there are about 7,400 Zoroastrians left in Uzbekistan, mostly in Tajik areas like [[Khojand]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://zoroastrians.net/2013/08/21/uzbekistan-zoroastrian-association-registered/|title=UZBEKISTAN Zoroastrian Association Registered|date=21 August 2013|website=Zoroastrians.net|access-date=24 July 2019|archive-date=6 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191106080944/https://zoroastrians.net/2013/08/21/uzbekistan-zoroastrian-association-registered/|url-status=live}}</ref>
Despite the predominance of Islam and its rich history in the country, the practice of the faith is far from monolithic. Uzbeks have practised many versions of Islam. The conflict of Islamic tradition with various agendas of [[reform movement|reform]] or [[secularisation]] throughout the 20th century has left a wide variety of Islamic practices in [[Central Asia]].<ref name="lcweb2"/>
The end of Soviet control in Uzbekistan in 1991 did not bring an immediate upsurge of religion-associated [[fundamentalism]], as many had predicted, but rather a gradual re-acquaintance with the precepts of the Islamic faith and a gradual resurgence of [[Islam in Uzbekistan|Islam]] in the country.<ref>{{cite web|last=AFP|date=27 May 2019|title=Muslims seek voice in changing Uzbekistan {{!}} New Straits Times|url=https://www.nst.com.my/world/2019/05/491858/muslims-seek-voice-changing-uzbekistan|access-date=6 June 2020|website=NST Online|archive-date=6 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606194627/https://www.nst.com.my/world/2019/05/491858/muslims-seek-voice-changing-uzbekistan|url-status=live}}</ref> However, since 2015 there has been a slight increase in [[Islamism|Islamist]] activity, with small organisations such as the [[Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan]] declaring allegiance to [[ISIL]] and contributing fighters abroad,<ref>{{cite news|title= The Rising Islamic State threat in Central Asia|url= http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/opinion/editorials/ct-central-asia-islamic-state-edit-20170203-story.html|newspaper= Chicago Tribune|access-date= 3 August 2017|url-status=live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170803221345/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/opinion/editorials/ct-central-asia-islamic-state-edit-20170203-story.html|archive-date= 3 August 2017|df= dmy-all}}</ref> although the terror threat in Uzbekistan itself remains low.<ref>{{cite news|title= Uzbekistan's real problem is not terrorism, it's politics|url= http://www.politico.eu/article/uzbekistans-real-problem-is-not-terrorism-its-politics-aliyev-karimov/|newspaper= Politico|access-date= 3 August 2017|url-status=live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170803212101/http://www.politico.eu/article/uzbekistans-real-problem-is-not-terrorism-its-politics-aliyev-karimov/|archive-date= 3 August 2017|df= dmy-all|date= 6 September 2016}}</ref> (See [[Terrorism in Uzbekistan]]).
==== Jewish community ====
{{main|Uzbek Jews|Bukharan Jews}}
The Jewish community in the Uzbek lands flourished for centuries, with occasional hardships during the reigns of certain rulers. During the rule of [[Tamerlane]] in the 14th century, [[Jews]] contributed greatly to his efforts to rebuild [[Samarkand]], and a great Jewish centre was established there.<ref name=JVL>{{cite web |date=30 July 2004 |title=Uzbekistan |website=Jewish Virtual Library |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/Uzbekistan.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150712005324/http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/Uzbekistan.html |archive-date=12 July 2015 |access-date=29 November 2015 }}</ref>
[[File:Bukharan Jews (before 1899).jpg|thumb|Bukharan Jews, c. 1899]]
After the area came under Russian rule in 1868, Jews were granted equal rights with the local Muslim population.{{r|JVL}} In that period some 50,000 Jews lived in Samarkand and 20,000 in [[Bukhara]].{{r|JVL}}
After the Russian revolutions in 1917 and the establishment of the Soviet regime, Jewish religious life (as with all religions) became restricted. By 1935 only one synagogue out of 30 remained in Samarkand; nevertheless, underground Jewish community life continued during the Soviet era.{{r|JVL}}
By 1970 there were 103,000 Jews registered in the [[Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic|Uzbek SSR]].{{r|JVL}} Since the 1980s most of the Jews of Uzbekistan emigrated to Israel or to the United States of America.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.jweekly.com/2002/09/20/bukharan-jews-now-in-queens-recreate-their-sukkot-memories/ | title=Bukharan Jews now in Queens recreate their Sukkot memories | work=The Jewish News of Northern California | date=20 September 2002 | access-date=30 July 2019 | archive-date=30 July 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190730203728/https://www.jweekly.com/2002/09/20/bukharan-jews-now-in-queens-recreate-their-sukkot-memories/ | url-status=live }}</ref> A small community of several thousand remained in the country {{as of | 2013 | lc = on}}: some 7,000 lived in Tashkent, 3,000 in Bukhara and 700 in Samarkand.<ref>
[http://eajc.org/page277 Euro-Asian Jewish Congress] {{webarchive
|url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131224120130/http://eajc.org/page277
|date= 24 December 2013 }} (retrieved 29 December 2013)
</ref>
=== Languages ===
{{Main|Languages of Uzbekistan}}
[[File:Adib-i sani.jpg|thumb|upright|A page in [[Uzbek language]] written in [[Nastaʿlīq]] script printed in Tashkent in 1911]]
The Uzbek language is one of the [[Turkic languages]], close to the [[Uyghur language]], and both of them belong to the [[Karluk languages|Karluk]] branch of the Turkic language family. It is the only official national language and since 1992 is officially written in the [[Latin alphabet]].<ref>Anthony J. Liddicoat, "Uzbekistan", in Liddicoat and Andy Kirkpatrick, eds., ''The Routledge International Handbook of Language Education Policy in Asia'' (London: Routledge, 2019), 495. {{ISBN|9781317354499}}</ref>
Before the 1920s, the written language of Uzbeks was called Turki (known to Western scholars as [[Chagatai language|Chagatai]]) and used the [[Nastaʿlīq]] script. In 1926 the Latin alphabet was introduced and went through several revisions throughout the 1930s. Finally, in 1940, the [[Cyrillic alphabets|Cyrillic alphabet]] was introduced by Soviet authorities and was used until the fall of Soviet Union. In 1993 Uzbekistan shifted back to the Latin script ([[Uzbek alphabet]]), which was modified in 1996 and is being taught in schools since 2000. Educational establishments teach only the Latin notation. At the same time, the Cyrillic notation is common among the older generation.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XYZVvJSdLBkC&pg=PP14|title=The New Woman in Uzbekistan: Islam, Modernity, and Unveiling Under Communism|last=Kamp|first=Marianne|publisher=University of Washington Press|year=2008|isbn=978-0-295-98819-1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150405011646/http://books.google.com/books?id=XYZVvJSdLBkC&pg=PP14|archive-date=5 April 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Even though the Cyrillic notation of Uzbek has now been abolished for official documents, it is still used by a number of some newspapers and websites.
[[Karakalpak language|Karakalpak]], belonging to the [[Kipchak languages|Kipchak]] branch of the Turkic language family and thus closer to [[Kazakh language|Kazakh]], is spoken by half a million people, primarily in the [[Karakalpakstan|Republic of Karakalpakstan]], and has an official status in that territory.
Although the [[Russian language]] is not an official language in the country, it is widely used in many fields as a second official de-facto language. Digital information from the government is bilingual.<ref>{{cite web |title=State Education Portal of Uzbekistan |url=http://ziyonet.uz/ru |website=Ziyonet |publisher=Government of Uzbekistan |access-date=26 August 2018 |archive-date=26 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180826065220/http://ziyonet.uz/ru |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="fbuz">{{cite web |title=President's FaceBook |url=https://www.facebook.com/Mirziyoyev |website=FaceBook |access-date=26 August 2018}}</ref><ref name="pres.uz">{{cite web |title=Presidential Site of Uzbekistan |url=http://www.president.uz/ru |website=President.uz |publisher=The Government of Uzbekistan |access-date=26 August 2018 |archive-date=2 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180902221632/http://president.uz/ru |url-status=live }}</ref> The country is also home to approximately one million native Russian speakers. Signs throughout the country are both in Uzbek and Russian.<ref name="AA">{{cite web|author=Юрий Подпоренко|title=Бесправен, но востребован. Русский язык в Узбекистане|url=http://mytashkent.uz/2015/04/27/bespraven-no-vostrebovan-russkij-yazyk-v-uzbekistane/|date=2001|publisher=Дружба Народов|access-date=27 May 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513012627/http://mytashkent.uz/2015/04/27/bespraven-no-vostrebovan-russkij-yazyk-v-uzbekistane/|archive-date=13 May 2016}}</ref><ref name="Шухрат Хуррамов">{{cite web|author=Шухрат Хуррамов|title=Почему русский язык нужен узбекам?|url=http://365info.kz/2015/09/russkij-yazyk-v-uzbekistane/|date=11 September 2015|publisher=365info.kz|access-date=27 May 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701175737/http://365info.kz/2015/09/russkij-yazyk-v-uzbekistane/|archive-date=1 July 2016}}</ref><ref name="AB">{{cite web|author=Евгений Абдуллаев|title=Русский язык: жизнь после смерти. Язык, политика и общество в современном Узбекистане|url=http://magazines.russ.ru/nz/2009/4/ab21.html|date=2009|publisher=Неприкосновенный запас|access-date=27 May 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160623201807/http://magazines.russ.ru/nz/2009/4/ab21.html|archive-date=23 June 2016}}</ref><ref name="AC">{{cite web|author=А. Е. Пьянов|title=СТАТУС РУССКОГО ЯЗЫКА В СТРАНАХ СНГ|url=http://www.philology.ru/linguistics2/pyanov-11.htm|publisher=2011|access-date=27 May 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160528192438/http://www.philology.ru/linguistics2/pyanov-11.htm|archive-date=28 May 2016}}</ref><ref name="FFF">[http://factsanddetails.com/central-asia/Uzbekistan/sub8_3d/entry-4699.html Languages in Uzbekistan] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911061953/http://factsanddetails.com/central-asia/Uzbekistan/sub8_3d/entry-4699.html |date=11 September 2016 }} – Facts and Details</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/insight/articles/eav091906.shtml |title=Uzbekistan's Russian-Language Conundrum |publisher=Eurasianet.org |date=19 September 2006 |access-date=2 May 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101129214857/http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/insight/articles/eav091906.shtml |archive-date=29 November 2010 }}</ref>
The [[Tajik language]] (a variety of [[Persian language|Persian]]) is widespread in the cities of [[Bukhara]] and [[Samarkand]] because of their relatively large population of ethnic [[Tajik people|Tajiks]].{{sfnp|Foltz|1996|pp=213–6}}<ref name="Karl Cordell 1999. pg 201" /><ref name="Lena Jonson 2006. pg 108" /> It is also found in large pockets in the [[Tashkent]] region, and [[Kosonsoy|Kasansay]], [[Chust, Uzbekistan|Chust]], [[Rishton, Uzbekistan|Rishtan]] and [[Sokh District|Sokh]] in [[Fergana|Ferghana Valley]], as well as in [[Burchmulla]], [[Okhangaron District|Ahangaran]], Baghistan in the middle [[Syr Darya]] district, and finally in, [[Shahrisabz]], [[Qarshi]], [[Kitob District|Kitab]] and the river valleys of Kafiringan and Chaganian, forming altogether, approximately 25–30% of the population of Uzbekistan.<ref name="Karl Cordell 1999. pg 201">Cordell, Karl (1998) ''Ethnicity and Democratisation in the New Europe'', Routledge, {{ISBN|0415173124}}, p. 201: "Consequently, the number of citizens who regard themselves as Tajiks is difficult to determine. Tajikis within and outside of the republic, Samarkand State University (SamGU) academic and international commentators suggest that there may be between six and seven million Tajiks in Uzbekistan, constituting 30% of the republic's 22 million population, rather than the official figure of 4.7% ({{harvnb|Foltz|1996|p=213}}; Carlisle 1995:88{{Incomplete short citation|date=December 2023}}).</ref><ref name="Lena Jonson 2006. pg 108" />{{sfnp|Foltz|1996|pp=213–6}}
There are no language requirements to attain citizenship in Uzbekistan.<ref name="FFF"/>
In April 2020, a draft bill was introduced in Uzbekistan to regulate the exclusive use of the Uzbek language in government affairs. Under this legislation, government workers could incur fines for doing work in languages other than Uzbek. Though unsuccessful, it was met with criticism by the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Russia)|Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs]] spokeswoman, [[Maria Zakharova]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Tolipov |first1=Farkhod |title=Soft or Hard Power? Russia Reacts to Uzbekistan's Draft Language Policy |url=https://www.cacianalyst.org/publications/analytical-articles/item/13623-soft-or-hard-power?-russia-reacts-to-uzbekistans-draft-language-policy.html |website=The Central Asia-Caucasus Analyst |publisher=CACI Analyst |access-date=1 September 2020 |archive-date=14 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814104221/https://cacianalyst.org/publications/analytical-articles/item/13623-soft-or-hard-power?-russia-reacts-to-uzbekistans-draft-language-policy.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In response, a group of Uzbek intellectuals signed an open letter arguing for the instatement of Russian as an official language alongside Uzbek, citing historical ties, the large Russian-speaking population in Uzbekistan, and the usefulness of Russian in higher education, together with the argument that only Russian language opened the communication with the other peoples of the region and the literature of the outside world.<ref>{{cite web |title=Russian is not foreign to us |url=https://vesti.uz/russkij-yazyk-nam-ne-chuzhoj/ |website=Vesti.uz |date=30 April 2019 |access-date=1 September 2020 |archive-date=3 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803142909/https://vesti.uz/russkij-yazyk-nam-ne-chuzhoj/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The Cyrillic Uzbek alphabet is still widely used, and 862 Russian-language schools are functioning in the country, compared to 1,100 in 1991, despite the fact that the Russian minority there has decreased from 1,7 million in 1990 to nearly 700,000 in 2022. In business, the Russian language outpaces Uzbek. Many Uzbeks in urban areas, as of 2019, are feeling more comfortable to speak in Russian, while Uzbek is more present in the agricultural regions. Uzbek did not manage to become a state language, and many blame the [[intelligentsia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eurasianet.org/uzbekistan-a-second-coming-for-the-russian-language|title=Uzbekistan: A second coming for the Russian language? {{!}} Eurasianet|website=eurasianet.org|language=en|access-date=2022-08-01|archive-date=1 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220801141112/https://eurasianet.org/uzbekistan-a-second-coming-for-the-russian-language|url-status=live}}</ref>
== Communications ==
{{Main|Communications in Uzbekistan}}
According to the official source report, as of 10 March 2008, the number of cellular phone users in Uzbekistan reached 7 million, up from 3.7 million on 1 July 2007.<ref>Uzbekistan agency for Communication and Information (UzACI) [http://www.aci.uz] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070715223738/http://aci.uz/|date=15 July 2007}} and UzDaily.com [http://www.uzdaily.com] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070626054241/http://www.uzdaily.com/|date=26 June 2007}}</ref> Mobile users in 2017 were more than 24 million.<ref>{{cite web | title=ITU Statistics | url=https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Documents/statistics/2019/Mobile_cellular_2000-2018_Jun2019.xls | website=ITU | access-date=20 November 2019 | archive-date=17 April 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200417035600/https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Documents/statistics/2019/Mobile_cellular_2000-2018_Jun2019.xls | url-status=live }}</ref> The largest mobile operator in terms of number of subscribers is MTS-Uzbekistan (former [[Uzdunrobita]] and part of Russian Mobile TeleSystems) and it is followed by Beeline (part of Russia's Beeline) and UCell (ex Coscom) (originally part of the U.S. MCT Corp., now a subsidiary of the Nordic/Baltic telecommunication company [[TeliaSonera]] AB).<ref>[http://www.uzdaily.com/articles-id-832.htm TeleSonera AB acquires Coscom] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100608035053/http://www.uzdaily.com/articles-id-832.htm |date=8 June 2010 }}, UzDaily.com, 17 July 2007. Retrieved 18 January 2009.</ref>
As of 2019, the estimated number of internet users was more than 22 million<ref>{{cite web|last=uz|first=Kun|title=Number of Internet users in Uzbekistan exceeds 22.1 million|url=https://kun.uz/en/news/2020/12/12/number-of-internet-users-in-uzbekistan-exceeds-221-million|access-date=5 January 2021|website=Kun.uz|archive-date=19 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119025120/https://kun.uz/en/news/2020/12/12/number-of-internet-users-in-uzbekistan-exceeds-221-million|url-status=live}}</ref> or about 52% of the population.<ref>{{cite web|title=Individuals using the Internet (% of population) - Uzbekistan {{!}} Data|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/IT.NET.USER.ZS?locations=UZ|access-date=5 January 2021|website=data.worldbank.org|archive-date=17 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417212019/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/IT.NET.USER.ZS?locations=UZ|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[Internet Censorship]] exists in Uzbekistan and in October 2012 the government toughened internet censorship by blocking access to proxy servers.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20131224094142/http://www.uznews.net/news_single.php?lng=en&cid=30&nid=20980 Uzbekistan toughens Internet censorship]. uznews.net (11 October 2012)</ref> [[Reporters Without Borders]] has named Uzbekistan's government an "Enemy of the Internet" and government control over the internet has increased dramatically since the start of the [[Arab Spring]].<ref name=BBC_1>{{cite web |date=5 January 2012 |title=Uzbekistan profile |website=BBC News |access-date=29 November 2015 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-16218808 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130821021943/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-16218808 |archive-date=21 August 2013 }}</ref>
The press in Uzbekistan practices [[self-censorship]] and foreign journalists have been gradually expelled from the country since the [[Andijan massacre]] of 2005 when government troops fired into crowds of protesters killing 187 according to official reports and estimates of several hundred by unofficial and witness accounts.{{r|BBC_1}}
== Transportation ==
{{Main|Transport in Uzbekistan}}
[[File:Toshkent Railway Station.jpg|right|thumb|Central Station of Tashkent]]
[[File:Afrosiyob Express Train in Station - Samarkand - Uzbekistan (7502824436) (3).jpg|thumb|right|The Afrosiyob high-speed train]]
[[Tashkent]], the nation's capital and largest city, has a four-line [[Tashkent Metro|metro]] built in 1977, and expanded in 2001 after ten years' independence from the [[Soviet Union]]. Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan are currently the only two countries in Central Asia with a subway system. It is promoted as one of the cleanest systems in the former Soviet Union.<ref>[http://www.tashkent.org/uzland/subway.html Tashkent Subway for Quick Travel to Hotels, Resorts, and Around the City!] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118202134/http://www.tashkent.org/uzland/subway.html |date=18 January 2012 }} tashkent.org</ref> The stations are exceedingly ornate. For example, the station ''Kosmonavtlar'' built in 1984 is decorated using a [[Human spaceflight|space travel]] theme to recognise the achievements of humankind in space exploration and to commemorate the role of [[Vladimir Dzhanibekov]], the Soviet [[cosmonaut]] of Uzbek origin. A statue of Vladimir Dzhanibekov stands near a station entrance.
There are government-operated trams and buses running across the city. There are also many taxis, registered and unregistered. Uzbekistan has plants that produce modern cars. The car production is supported by the government and the Korean auto company [[Daewoo]]. In May 2007 [[UzDaewooAuto]], the car maker, signed a strategic agreement with General Motors-Daewoo Auto and Technology ([[GM Daewoo|GMDAT]], see [[GM Uzbekistan]] also).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.uzdaily.com/?c=118&a=1315 |title=Uzbekistan, General Motors sign strategic deal |publisher=Uzdaily.com |access-date=2 May 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516011802/http://www.uzdaily.com/?c=118&a=1315 |archive-date=16 May 2011 }}</ref> The government bought a stake in Turkey's Koc in [[SamKochAvto]], a producer of small buses and lorries. Afterward, it signed an agreement with [[Isuzu]] Motors of Japan to produce Isuzu buses and lorries.<ref>[http://www.uzdaily.com/?c=118&a=1242 SamAuto supplies 100 buses to Samarkand firms] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927084418/http://www.uzdaily.com/?c=118&a=1242 |date=27 September 2007 }}, UZDaily.com. [http://www.uzdaily.com/?c=118&a=1336 Japanese firm buys 8% shares in SamAuto] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927084406/http://www.uzdaily.com/?c=118&a=1336 |date=27 September 2007 }}, UZDaily.com.</ref>
Train links connect many towns in Uzbekistan, as well as neighbouring former republics of the Soviet Union. Moreover, after independence two fast-running train systems were established. Uzbekistan launched the first [[Tashkent–Samarkand high-speed rail line|high-speed railway in Central Asia]] in September 2011 between [[Tashkent]] and [[Samarqand]]. The new high-speed electric train [[Talgo 250]], called ''Afrosiyob'', was manufactured by [[Talgo|Patentes Talgo S.L.]] (Spain) and took its first trip from Tashkent to Samarkand on 26 August 2011.<ref>[http://www.uzdaily.com/articles-id-15511.htm First high-speed electricity train carries out first trip from Samarkand and Tashkent, 27 August 2011] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111171755/http://www.uzdaily.com/articles-id-15511.htm |date=11 January 2012 }}. Uzdaily (27 August 2011). Retrieved 19 February 2012.</ref>
There is a large aeroplane plant that was built during the Soviet era – [[Tashkent Aviation Production Association|Tashkent Chkalov Aviation Manufacturing Plant]] or ТАПОиЧ in Russian. The plant originated during World War II, when production facilities were evacuated south and east to avoid capture by advancing Nazi forces. Until the late 1980s, the plant was one of the leading aeroplane production centres in the USSR. With dissolution of the Soviet Union, its manufacturing equipment became outdated; most of the workers were laid off. Now it produces only a few planes a year, but with interest from Russian companies growing, there are rumours of production-enhancement plans.
== Military ==
{{Main|Armed Forces of the Republic of Uzbekistan}}
[[File:Ukbekistani troops.jpg|thumb|right|Uzbek troops during a cooperative operation exercise]]
With close to 65,000 servicemen, Uzbekistan possesses the largest armed forces in Central Asia. The military structure is largely inherited from the [[Turkestan Military District]] of the [[Soviet Army]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Uzbekistan {{!}} Countries {{!}} Collection of Cooper Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum|url=https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/countries/23424980/|access-date=2021-07-07|website=collection.cooperhewitt.org|archive-date=13 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130313041638/https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/countries/23424980/|url-status=live}}</ref> The Uzbek Armed Forces' equipment is standard, mostly consisting those of post-Soviet inheritance and newly crafted Russian and some American equipment.
The government has accepted the arms control obligations of the former Soviet Union, acceded to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (as a non-nuclear state), and supported an active program by the U.S. [[Defense Threat Reduction Agency]] (DTRA) in western Uzbekistan ([[Nukus]] and [[Vozrozhdeniye Island]]). The Government of Uzbekistan spends about 3.7% of GDP on the military but has received a growing infusion of Foreign Military Financing (FMF) and other security assistance funds since 1998.
Following 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks in the U.S., Uzbekistan approved the [[U.S. Central Command]]'s request for access to an air base, the [[Karshi-Khanabad]] airfield, in southern Uzbekistan. However, Uzbekistan demanded that the U.S. withdraw from the airbases after the [[Andijan massacre]] and the U.S. reaction to this massacre. The last US troops left Uzbekistan in November 2005.<ref>{{cite web|title=U.S. Troops Leave Uzbekistan|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/us-troops-leave-uzbekistan/|access-date=5 January 2021|website=www.cbsnews.com|date=21 November 2005 |archive-date=30 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140830141914/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/us-troops-leave-uzbekistan/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2020, it was revealed that the former US base was contaminated with radioactive materials which may have resulted in unusually high cancer rates in US personnel stationed there. Yet the government of Uzbekistan has denied this statement claiming that there has never been such a case.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Herridge|first1=Catherine|date=October 26, 2020|first2=Jessica|last2=Kegu|work=CBS News|title=Uzbek base that housed U.S. troops allegedly had "7 to 9 times higher than normal" radiation, yellowcake uranium|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/uzbekistan-k2-karshi-khanabad-base-us-troops-radiation/|access-date=5 January 2021|archive-date=26 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026201758/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/uzbekistan-k2-karshi-khanabad-base-us-troops-radiation/|url-status=live}}</ref>
On 23 June 2006, Uzbekistan became a full participant in the [[Collective Security Treaty Organization]] (CSTO), but informed the CSTO to suspend its membership in June 2012.<ref>{{cite news|title=Uzbekistan Suspends CSTO Membership|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/uzbekistan-csto-suspends-membership/24629244.html|access-date=5 November 2020|newspaper=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty|date=28 June 2012 |archive-date=27 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027121322/https://www.rferl.org/a/uzbekistan-csto-suspends-membership/24629244.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
== Culture ==
{{Main|Culture of Uzbekistan}}
{{See also|Kurash|Islam in Uzbekistan|Scout Association of Uzbekistan}}
[[File:Taschkent - Art of Uzbekistan.jpg|thumb|Traditional Uzbek [[pottery]]]]
[[File:Theatre Alisher Navoi.JPG|thumb|right|[[Navoi Theater|Navoi Opera Theater]] in [[Tashkent]]]]
Uzbekistan has a wide mix of ethnic groups and cultures, with the [[Uzbeks|Uzbek]] being the majority group. In 1995 about 71% of Uzbekistan's population was Uzbek. The chief minority groups were Russians (8%), [[Tajiks]] (3–4.7%),<ref name="Karl Cordell 1999. pg 201"/><ref name="Lena Jonson 2006. pg 108"/>{{sfnp|Foltz|1996|pp=213–6}}<ref name="cornellcaspian.com"/> [[Kazakhs]] (4%), [[Tatars]] (2.5%) and [[Karakalpaks]] (2%). It is said, however, that non-Uzbeks decline as Russians and other minority groups slowly leave and Uzbeks return from other parts of the former [[Soviet Union]].
[[File:Suzani (Boukhara, Ouzbékistan) (5657423581).jpg|thumb|Embroidery from Uzbekistan]]
When Uzbekistan gained independence in 1991, there was concern that [[Muslim fundamentalism]] would spread across the region.<ref>{{Cite magazine|title=Uzbekistan's History With Islam Might Explain a Lot About the New York Attack Suspect|url=https://time.com/5005629/new-york-attack-manhattan-saipov-uzbekistan/|access-date=5 January 2021|magazine=Time|archive-date=9 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109033909/https://time.com/5005629/new-york-attack-manhattan-saipov-uzbekistan/|url-status=live}}</ref> The expectation was that a country long denied freedom of religious practice would undergo a very rapid increase in the expression of its dominant faith.
According to a 2009 Pew Research Center report, Uzbekistan's population is 96.3% Muslim; around 54% identifies as non-denominational Muslim, 18% as Sunni and 1% as Shia. Furthermore, 11% say they belong to a Sufi order.<ref>{{cite web|date=2012-08-09|title=Religious Identity Among Muslims|url=https://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/|access-date=2021-07-08|website=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project|language=en-US|archive-date=20 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180620101838/http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/|url-status=live}}</ref>
=== Media ===
{{Main|Mass media in Uzbekistan}}
=== Music ===
{{main|Music of Uzbekistan}}
[[File:Boukhara 4696a.jpg|thumb|Silk and Spice Festival in [[Bukhara]]]]
Central Asian classical music is called [[Shashmaqam]], which arose in [[Bukhara]] in the late 16th century when that city was a regional capital.<ref>{{cite web|date=2018-10-19|title=Shashmaqam - Music and Poetry of Central Asia|url=https://voicesoncentralasia.org/shashmaqam-music-and-poetry-of-central-asia/|access-date=2021-07-07|website=Voices On Central Asia|language=en-US|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184638/https://voicesoncentralasia.org/shashmaqam-music-and-poetry-of-central-asia/|url-status=live}}</ref> [https://open.spotify.com/album/26g2oEzxzPvvJtz0HqRBt3] Shashmaqam is closely related to [[Azerbaijan]]i [[Mugam]] and [[Uyghur muqam]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Musical and Ontological Possibilities of Mugham Creativity in pre-Soviet, Soviet, and post-Soviet Azerbaijan|url=https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/bitstream/1807/80818/3/Dessiatnitchenko_Polina_201711_PhD_thesis.pdf|access-date=7 July 2021|archive-date=30 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210830072956/https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/bitstream/1807/80818/3/Dessiatnitchenko_Polina_201711_PhD_thesis.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The name, which translates as ''six maqams'' refers to the structure of the music, which contains six sections in six different [[Musical mode]]s, similar to classical [[Persian traditional music]]. Interludes of spoken [[Sufi poetry]] interrupt the music, typically beginning at a lower register and gradually ascending to a climax before calming back down to the beginning tone.
=== Education ===
{{main|Education in Uzbekistan}}
Uzbekistan has a high [[literacy rate]], with 99.9% of adults above the age of 15 being able to read and write.<ref>{{cite web|date=27 November 2016|title=Uzbekistan|url=http://uis.unesco.org/en/country/uz|access-date=5 January 2021|website=uis.unesco.org|archive-date=28 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128044605/http://uis.unesco.org/en/country/uz|url-status=live}}</ref> However, with only 76% of the under-15 population currently enrolled in education (and only 20% of the 3–6 year olds attending pre-school), this figure may drop in the future. Students attend school Monday through Saturday during the school year, and education officially concludes at the end of the 11th grade.
Uzbekistan has encountered severe budget shortfalls in its education program. The education law of 1992 began the process of theoretical reform, but the physical base has deteriorated and curriculum revision has been slow. Corruption within the education system is rampant, with students from wealthier families routinely bribing teachers and school executives to achieve high grades without attending school, or undertaking official examinations.<ref>Kozlova, Marina (21 January 2008) [http://chalkboard.tol.org/uzbekistan-lessons-in-graft Uzbekistan: Lessons in Graft] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120608053517/http://chalkboard.tol.org/uzbekistan-lessons-in-graft |date=8 June 2012 }}. Chalkboard.tol.org</ref>
Several universities, including [[Westminster International University in Tashkent|Westminster University]], [[Turin University]], [[Management Development Institute of Singapore in Tashkent|Management University Institute of Singapore]], Bucheon University in Tashkent, [[TEAM University Tashkent|TEAM University]] and [[Inha University Tashkent]] maintain a campus in Tashkent offering English language courses across several disciplines. The Russian-language high education is provided by most national universities, including foreign [[Moscow State University]] and [[Gubkin Russian State University of Oil and Gas]], maintaining campuses in Tashkent. As of 2019, [[Webster University]], in partnership with the Ministry of Education (now Ministry of Higher Education, Science and Innovation), has opened a graduate school offering an MBA in Project Management and a MA in Teaching English as a Second Language (TESL).
There are three Islamic institutes and an academy in Uzbekistan. They are [[Tashkent islamic institute]], [[Mir Arab high school]], [[School of hadith knowledge]], [[International islamic academy of Uzbekistan]].{{citation needed|date=May 2023}}
=== Holidays ===
{{See also|Public holidays in Uzbekistan}}
{{Div col}}
* 1 January: [[New Year's Day]], "Yangi Yil Bayrami"
* 14 January: [[Defender of the Motherland Day|Day of Defenders of the Motherland]], "Vatan Himoyachilari kuni"
* 8 March: [[International Women's Day]], "Xalqaro Xotin-Qizlar kuni"
* 21 March: [[Nowruz]], "Navro{{okina}}z Bayrami"
* 9 May: [[Day of Remembrance and Honour]], "Xotira va Qadrlash kuni"
* 1 September: [[Independence Day]], "Mustaqillik kuni"
* 1 October: [[List of Teachers' Days|Teachers' Day]], "O{{okina}}qituvchi va Murabbiylar kuni"
* 8 December: [[Constitution Day]], "Konstitutsiya kuni"
{{div col end}}
''Variable date''
* End of [[Ramadan]], Ramazon Hayiti ([[Eid al-Fitr]])
* 70 days later, Qurbon Hayiti ([[Eid al-Adha]])
=== Cuisine ===
{{Main|Uzbek cuisine}}
{{See also|List of Uzbek dishes|Soviet cuisine}}
[[File:Plov.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Pilaf|Palov]]'']]
[[File:Uzbek Manti (bright).jpg|thumb|right|Uzbek [[Manti (food)|manti]]]]
Uzbek cuisine is influenced by local [[agriculture]]; since there is a great deal of grain farming in Uzbekistan, bread and noodles are of importance and Uzbek cuisine has been characterised as "noodle-rich". [[Lamb and mutton|Mutton]] is a popular variety of meat due to the abundance of [[sheep]] in the country and it is part of various Uzbek dishes.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mutton from Central Asia|url=https://www.pilotguides.com/articles/mutton-from-central-asia/|access-date=2021-07-08|website=Pilot Guides|language=en-US|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185344/https://www.pilotguides.com/articles/mutton-from-central-asia/|url-status=live}}</ref>
Uzbekistan's signature dish is [[Pilaf|''palov'']] (or ''plov''), a main course typically made with rice, meat, carrots, and onions, though it was not available to ordinary people until the 1930s.{{Citation needed|date=September 2022}} There are many regional variations of the dish. Often the fat found near the sheep tail, ''qurdiuq'', is used. In the past, the cooking of ''palov'' was reserved for men, but the Soviets allowed women to cook it as well. Since then, it seems, the old gender roles have been restored.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rizvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA226 |pages= |title=Crossroads of Cuisine: The Eurasian Heartland, the Silk Roads and Food |editor1-first=Paul David |editor1-last=Buell |editor2-first=Eugene N. |editor2-last=Anderson |editor3-first=Montserrat de Pablo |editor3-last=Moya |editor4-first=Moldir |editor4-last=Oskenbay |publisher=BRILL |year=2020 |isbn=9789004432109 |access-date=3 July 2022 |archive-date=2 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202184355/https://books.google.com/books?id=rizvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA226 |url-status=live }}</ref>
Other notable national dishes include [[Chorba|shurpa]], a soup made of large pieces of fatty meat (usually mutton), and fresh vegetables;<ref>{{cite web|title=Uzbek shurpa – one of the most popular dishes in the Uzbek cuisine|url=https://www.people-travels.com/about-uzbekistan/uzbek-cuisine/uzbek-shurpa.html|access-date=2021-07-08|website=www.people-travels.com|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185950/https://www.people-travels.com/about-uzbekistan/uzbek-cuisine/uzbek-shurpa.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Naryn (dish)|norin]] and ''[[Laghman (food)|laghman]]'', noodle-based dishes that may be served as a soup or a main course;<ref>{{cite web|title=10 Most Popular Foods You Have To Eat In Uzbekistan (2019)|url=https://uzwifi.com/en/blog/10-most-popular-foods-you-have-to-eat-in-uzbekistan-2019|access-date=2021-07-08|website=uzwifi.com|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184908/https://uzwifi.com/en/blog/10-most-popular-foods-you-have-to-eat-in-uzbekistan-2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Manti (food)|manti]], [[Joshpara|chuchvara]], and ''[[Samsa (food)|somsa]]'', stuffed pockets of [[dough]] served as an appetizer or a main course; [[dimlama]], a meat and vegetable stew; and various [[Kebab|kebabs]], usually served as a main course.
[[Green tea]] is the national hot beverage consumed throughout the day; [[Teahouse|teahouses]] (''chaikhanas'') are of cultural importance.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Guide to Uzbekistan Tea Traditions|work=TeaMuse|url=https://www.teamuse.com/article_210402.html|access-date=2021-07-08|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709190413/https://www.teamuse.com/article_210402.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Black tea]] is preferred in [[Tashkent]], but both green and black teas are consumed daily, without milk or sugar. Tea always accompanies a meal, but it is also a drink of hospitality that is automatically offered: green or black to every guest.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tea traditions in Uzbekistan|url=http://uzbek-travel.com/about-uzbekistan/facts/tea-traditions/|access-date=2021-07-08|website=uzbek-travel.com|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709192144/http://uzbek-travel.com/about-uzbekistan/facts/tea-traditions/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Ayran]], a chilled yogurt drink, is popular in summer.<ref>{{cite web|title=Uzbek sour-milk products – indelible dishes of the Uzbek dastarkhan|url=https://www.people-travels.com/about-uzbekistan/uzbek-food/uzbek-sour-milk-dishes.html|access-date=2021-07-08|website=www.people-travels.com|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185134/https://www.people-travels.com/about-uzbekistan/uzbek-food/uzbek-sour-milk-dishes.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
The use of alcohol is less widespread than in the West, but wine is comparatively popular for a Muslim nation as Uzbekistan is largely secular. Uzbekistan has 14 wineries, the oldest and most famous being the Khovrenko Winery in [[Samarkand]] (established in 1927).<ref>{{cite web|title=What to eat and drink in Uzbekistan|url=https://www.worldtravelguide.net/guides/asia/uzbekistan/|access-date=2021-07-08|website=World Travel Guide|language=en-US|archive-date=24 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210724065732/https://www.worldtravelguide.net/guides/asia/uzbekistan/|url-status=live}}</ref> A number of vineyards in and around Tashkent are also growing in popularity, including Chateau Hamkor.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://perito-burrito.com/posts/ne-tolko-plov-i-golubye-kupola-chem-vpechatlyaet-uzbekistan-za-predelami-khivy-bukhary-i-samarkanda |title=Не только плов и голубые купола: чем впечатляет Узбекистан за | Perito |access-date=22 November 2022 |archive-date=22 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221122174130/https://perito-burrito.com/posts/ne-tolko-plov-i-golubye-kupola-chem-vpechatlyaet-uzbekistan-za-predelami-khivy-bukhary-i-samarkanda |url-status=live }}</ref>
=== Sport ===
{{Main|Sport in Uzbekistan}}
{{See also|Uzbekistan at the Olympics|Football in Uzbekistan|Rugby union in Uzbekistan}}
[[File:Bunyodkor stadium2.jpg|thumb|[[Milliy Stadium]] in [[Tashkent]]]]
Uzbekistan is home to former racing cyclist [[Djamolidine Abdoujaparov]]. Abdoujaparov has won the [[green jersey]] points contest in the [[Tour de France]] three times.<ref>{{cite web |title=Le Tours archive |url=http://www.letour.fr/HISTO/us/TDF/coureur/4976.html |access-date=23 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111162430/http://www.letour.fr/HISTO/us/TDF/coureur/4976.html |archive-date=11 January 2012}}</ref> Abdoujaparov was a specialist at winning stages in tours or one-day races when the bunch or [[peloton]] would finish together. He would often 'sprint' in the final kilometer and had a reputation as being dangerous in these bunch sprints as he would weave from side to side. This reputation earned him the nickname 'The Terror of Tashkent'.<ref>{{cite web|date=2014-05-13 |title=Where Are They Now? Djamolidine Abdoujaparov |url=https://cyclingtips.com/2014/05/where-are-they-now-djamolidine-abdoujaparov/|access-date=2021-07-08 |website=CyclingTips|archive-date=9 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184822/https://cyclingtips.com/2014/05/where-are-they-now-djamolidine-abdoujaparov/|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[Artur Taymazov]] won Uzbekistan's inaugural wrestling medal at the [[2000 Summer Olympics]], followed by three Olympic gold medals in Men's 120 kg in [[2004 Summer Olympics|2004]], [[2008 Summer Olympics|2008]] and [[2012 Summer Olympics|2012]]. His 2008 gold was taken away in 2017 after a re-testing of samples from the Beijing Games and Taymazov was later stripped of his London 2012 Olympic gold medal after re-analysis of stored samples in 2019.<ref>{{cite web|title=artur-taymazov latest news & coverage |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/topic/artur-taymazov|access-date=2021-07-08|website=CNA|language=en|url-status=dead |archive-date=9 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184235/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/topic/artur-taymazov}}</ref> His London gold had made him the most successful freestyle competitor in Olympic history. He is the 60th athlete to be disqualified from the London Olympics after the event.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2019-07-23|title=Uzbek wrestler Taymazov stripped of London 2012 gold medal|language=en|work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-olympics-doping-wrestling-idUSKCN1UI2IW|access-date=2021-07-07|url-status=live|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185057/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-olympics-doping-wrestling-idUSKCN1UI2IW}}</ref>
[[Ruslan Chagaev]] is a former professional boxer representing Uzbekistan in the WBA. He won the WBA champion title in 2007 after defeating Nikolai Valuev.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Starck|first=Peter|date=2007-04-15|title=Chagaev beats Valuev to lift heavyweight title|language=en |work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-boxing-chagaev-idUSL1402374320070415|access-date=2021-07-08 |archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709192012/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-boxing-chagaev-idUSL1402374320070415 |url-status=live}}</ref> Chagaev defended his title twice before losing it to Vladimir Klitschko in 2009. Another young talented boxer [[Hasanboy Dusmatov]], light flyweight champion at the [[2016 Summer Olympics]], won the [[Val Barker Trophy]] for the outstanding male boxer of Rio 2016 on 21 August 2016.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.aiba.org/blog/uzbekistans-new-olympic-light-flyweight-champion-hasanboy-dusmatov-wins-val-barker-trophy-outstanding-male-boxer-rio-2016/ |title= Uzbekistan's new Olympic Light Flyweight Champion Hasanboy Dusmatov wins the Val Barker Trophy for the outstanding male boxer of Rio 2016 |publisher= AIBA |access-date= 21 August 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160823132705/http://www.aiba.org/blog/uzbekistans-new-olympic-light-flyweight-champion-hasanboy-dusmatov-wins-val-barker-trophy-outstanding-male-boxer-rio-2016/ |archive-date= 23 August 2016 |df= dmy-all }}</ref> On 21 December 2016 Dusmatov was honoured with the AIBA Boxer of the Year award at a 70-year anniversary event of [[International Boxing Association|AIBA]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aiba.org/blog/aiba-celebrates-70-year-anniversary-gala-dinner-company-boxing-legends/ |title=AIBA celebrates 70-year anniversary with Gala Dinner in the company of Boxing Legends|publisher=AIBA |access-date=21 December 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161224043205/http://www.aiba.org/blog/aiba-celebrates-70-year-anniversary-gala-dinner-company-boxing-legends/|archive-date=24 December 2016}}</ref>
[[Michael Kolganov]], an Uzbek–born sprint canoer, was world champion and won an Olympic bronze in Sydney in the K1 500-meter in 2000 on behalf of Israel.<ref>{{cite web|last=IOC|title=Sydney 2000 Canoe Sprint - Olympic Results by Discipline |url=https://olympics.com/en/olympic-games/sydney-2000/results/canoe-sprint|access-date=2021-07-08|website=Olympics.com|archive-date=10 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210710081716/https://olympics.com/en/olympic-games/sydney-2000/results/canoe-sprint |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2009 and 2011, another Uzbek émigré, gymnast [[Alexander Shatilov]], won a world bronze medal as an [[Artistic gymnastics|artistic gymnast]] in floor exercise, though he lives in and represents Israel in international competitions.{{citation needed|date=May 2023|reason=Previous URL: <nowiki>https://www.haaretz.com/hblocked</nowiki> is a generic page to subscribe to Haaretz.}} [[Oksana Chusovitina]] has attended eight Olympic games, and won five world medals in artistic gymnastics including an Olympic gold. Some of those medals were won while representing Germany and the Soviet Union, though she currently competes for Uzbekistan.<ref>{{cite web|date=2016-08-03|title=The most incredible athlete in Rio?|url=https://www.espn.com/espnw/sports/article/17211754/41-year-old-oksana-chusovitina-most-incredible-athlete-olympics|access-date=2021-07-08|url-status=live|language=en |website=ESPN.com|archive-date=15 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190815005929/http://www.espn.com/espnw/sports/article/17211754/41-year-old-oksana-chusovitina-most-incredible-athlete-olympics}}</ref>
Uzbekistan is the home of the International [[Kurash]] Association.<ref>{{cite web|title=IKA {{!}} International Kurash Association|url=https://kurash-ika.org/en/|access-date=2021-07-08|archive-date=15 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210715182439/http://kurash-ika.org/en/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Kurash is an internationalised and modernised form of traditional Uzbek wrestling.
[[Association football|Football]] is the most popular sport in Uzbekistan. Uzbekistan's premier football league is the [[Uzbekistan Super League|Uzbek Super League]], which has consisted of 16 teams since 2015. The current champions (2022) are [[Pakhtakor Tashkent FK|FC Pakhtakor]]. [[Pakhtakor Tashkent FK|Pakhtakor]] holds the record for the most Uzbekistan champion titles, having won the league ten times. Uzbekistan's football clubs regularly participate in the [[AFC Champions League]] and the [[AFC Cup]]. [[FC Nasaf|FC Nasaf Qarashi]] won the [[2011 AFC Cup|AFC Cup in 2011]], the first international club cup for Uzbek football.<ref>{{cite web|title=Stock Photo - Players of Uzbekistan's Nasaf FC celebrate their winning AFC Cup 2011 final soccer match against Al-Kuwait of Kuwait in Karshi October 29, 2011. REUTERS/Tariq AlAli|url=https://www.alamy.com/players-of-uzbekistans-nasaf-fc-celebrate-their-winning-afc-cup-2011-final-soccer-match-against-al-kuwait-of-kuwait-in-karshi-october-29-2011-reuterstariq-alali-uzbekistan-tags-sport-soccer-image378277201.html|access-date=2021-07-08|website=Alamy|language=en|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709190434/https://www.alamy.com/players-of-uzbekistans-nasaf-fc-celebrate-their-winning-afc-cup-2011-final-soccer-match-against-al-kuwait-of-kuwait-in-karshi-october-29-2011-reuterstariq-alali-uzbekistan-tags-sport-soccer-image378277201.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Where are they now? FC Nasaf's 2011 AFC Cup winners {{!}} Football {{!}} News {{!}} AFC Cup 2021|url=https://www.the-afc.com/competitions/afc-cup/latest/news/where-are-they-now-fc-nasaf-s-2011-afc-cup-winners|access-date=2021-07-08|website=the-AFC|language=en-GB|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184531/https://www.the-afc.com/competitions/afc-cup/latest/news/where-are-they-now-fc-nasaf-s-2011-afc-cup-winners|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[Humo Tashkent]], a professional ice hockey team was established in 2019 with the aim of joining [[Kontinental Hockey League]] (KHL), a top level Eurasian league in the future.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ice Hockey - Humo Tashkent (Uzbekistan) : palmares, results and name|url=https://www.the-sports.org/ice-hockey-humo-tashkent-results-identity-equ83133.html|access-date=2021-07-07|website=www.the-sports.org|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185009/https://www.the-sports.org/ice-hockey-humo-tashkent-results-identity-equ83133.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Humo will join the second-tier [[Supreme Hockey League]] (VHL) for the 2019–20 season. Humo play their games at the [[Humo Ice Dome]] which cost over €175 million in construction; both the team and arena derive their name from the mythical [[Huma bird]], a symbol of happiness and freedom.<ref name=Logo>{{cite web|title=Bird of Happiness - a symbol of the HC HUMO|url=http://uihf.uz/news#tab115|language=ru|date=22 July 2019|access-date=27 July 2019|archive-date=20 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190720112541/http://www.uihf.uz/news#tab115|url-status=live}}</ref> Uzbekistan Hockey Federation (UHF) began preparation for forming national ice hockey team in joining [[International Ice Hockey Federation|IIHF]] competitions.<ref>{{cite web|last=akbaryusupov|title=Tashkent-based Humo club to play in Higher Hockey League in 2019-2020 season|url=https://tashkenttimes.uz/sports/3971-tashkent-based-humo-club-to-play-in-higher-hockey-league-in-2019-2020-season|access-date=2021-07-08|website=tashkenttimes.uz|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185733/https://tashkenttimes.uz/sports/3971-tashkent-based-humo-club-to-play-in-higher-hockey-league-in-2019-2020-season|url-status=live}}</ref>
Before Uzbekistan's independence in 1991, the country was part of the Soviet Union [[Soviet Union national football team|football]], [[Soviet Union national rugby union team|rugby union]], [[Soviet Union men's national basketball team|basketball]], [[Soviet Union men's national ice hockey team|ice hockey]], and handball national teams. After independence, Uzbekistan created its own [[Uzbekistan national football team|football]], [[Uzbekistan national rugby union team|rugby union]], [[Uzbekistan men's national basketball team|basketball]] and [[Uzbekistan national futsal team|futsal]] national teams.
[[Tennis]] is a very popular sport in Uzbekistan, especially after Uzbekistan's sovereignty in 1991. Uzbekistan has its own Tennis Federation called the "UTF" (Uzbekistan Tennis Federation), created in 2002.<ref>{{cite web|last=UzDaily|title=UTF has played a big role in promotion of tennis in Uzbekistan- Kafelnikov|url=https://www.uzdaily.uz/en/post/15786|access-date=2021-07-07|website=UzDaily.uz|language=ru|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709183359/https://www.uzdaily.uz/en/post/15786|url-status=live}}</ref> Uzbekistan also hosts an International WTA tennis tournament, the "Tashkent Open", held in Uzbekistan's capital city. This tournament has been held since 1999, and is played on outdoor hard courts. The most notable active players from Uzbekistan are [[Denis Istomin]] and [[Akgul Amanmuradova]].<ref>{{cite web|last=UzDaily|title=Denis Istomin wins, Amanmuradova loses|url=https://www.uzdaily.uz/en/post/14230|access-date=2021-07-07|website=UzDaily.uz|language=ru|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709190556/https://www.uzdaily.uz/en/post/14230|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[Chess]] is quite popular in Uzbekistan. The country boasts [[Rustam Kasimdzhanov]], who was the [[FIDE World Chess Championship 2004|FIDE World Chess Champion in 2004]], and many junior players like [[Nodirbek Abdusattorov]], the 2021 [[World Rapid Chess Championship|World Rapid Chess Champion]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Rustam Kasimdzhanov {{!}} Top Chess Players|url=https://www.chess.com/players/rustam-kasimdzhanov|access-date=2021-07-07|website=Chess.com|language=en-US|archive-date=29 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729132753/https://www.chess.com/players/rustam-kasimdzhanov|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Nodirbek Abdusattorov {{!}} Top Chess Players |url=https://www.chess.com/players/nodirbek-abdusattorov |access-date=2022-05-17 |website=Chess.com |language=en-US |archive-date=6 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220506213148/https://www.chess.com/players/nodirbek-abdusattorov |url-status=live }}</ref> The Uzbek team – consisting of GM [[Nodirbek Abdusattorov]], GM [[Nodirbek Yakubboev]], GM [[Javokhir Sindarov]], GM [[Shamsiddin Vokhidov]] and GM [[Jahongir Vakhidov]] won gold at the [[44th Chess Olympiad]] in Chennai.<ref>{{cite web |title=Uzbekistan youngsters surprise winners of 44th Chess Olympiad |url=https://www.fide.com/news/1915 |access-date=2022-08-09 |website=Fide.com |language=en-US |archive-date=9 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809152957/https://www.fide.com/news/1915 |url-status=live }}</ref>
Other popular sports in Uzbekistan include [[basketball]], [[judo]], [[Handball|team handball]], [[baseball]], [[taekwondo]], and [[futsal]].
[[Ulugbek Rashitov]], won the country's first Olympic gold medal in taekwondo, at the Summer Olympic Games in Tokyo 2021.
In 2022, the [[2022 World Judo Championships|World Judo Championships]] were held in Tashkent.
In 2024, the [[2024 FIFA Futsal World Cup|FIFA Futsal World Cup]] will be held in Uzbekistan.
== See also ==
{{Portal|Uzbekistan}}
* [[Health in Uzbekistan]]
* [[Outline of Uzbekistan]]
== Notes ==
{{notelist}}
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
== Further reading ==
{{See also|Bibliography of the history of Central Asia}}
* Nahaylo, Bohdan and Victor Swoboda. ''Soviet Disunion: A History of the Nationalities problem in the USSR'' (1990) [https://www.amazon.com/Soviet-Disunion-Bohdan-Nahaylo/dp/0029224012/ excerpt]
* Rashid, Ahmed. ''The Resurgence of Central Asia: Islam or Nationalism?'' (2017)
* Smith, Graham, ed. ''The Nationalities Question in the Soviet Union'' (2nd ed. 1995)
* {{cite journal |last=Foltz |first=Richard |author-link=Richard Foltz |year=1996 |title=The Tajiks of Uzbekistan |journal=Central Asian Survey |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=213–216 |doi=10.1080/02634939608400946 }}
* {{cite book |last=Lubin |first=Nancy |date=1997 |chapter=Uzbekistan |editor=Glenn E. Curtis |title=Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan: Country Studies |location=Washington, DC |publisher=Federal Research Division, Library of Congress |isbn=9780844409382 |url=https://archive.org/details/kazakstankyrgyzs00curt_0 }}
== External links ==
{{Commons category|Uzbekistan}}
{{wikivoyage|Uzbekistan}}
* [http://uzreport.uz/?lan=e National Information Agency of Uzbekistan]
* [http://parliament.gov.uz/ Lower House of Uzbekistan parliament]
* [https://2b.uz/en/ Digital Agency] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190210110104/https://2b.uz/en/ |date=10 February 2019 }} Uzbekistan To Business Digital Agency
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130928040933/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-u/uzbekistan.html Chief of State and Cabinet Members]
'''General information'''
* [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/uzbekistan/ Uzbekistan]. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]].
* [http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/europe-central-asia/uzbekistan/business-corruption-in-uzbekistan.aspx Uzbekistan Corruption Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140324230655/http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/europe-central-asia/uzbekistan/business-corruption-in-uzbekistan.aspx |date=24 March 2014 }} from the [[Business-Anti-Corruption Portal|Business Anti-Corruption Portal]]
* [https://2009-2017.state.gov/p/sca/ci/uz/ Uzbekistan] from the U.S. [[Library of Congress]] includes Background Notes, Country Study and major reports
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101210070501/http://www.library.illinois.edu/spx/webct/nationalbib/natbibuzbek.htm Uzbek Publishing and National Bibliography] from the University of Illinois Slavic and East European Library
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080607040200/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/uzbekistan.htm Uzbekistan] at UCB Libraries GovPubs
* [http://world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gcis&lng=en&des=wg&srt=npan&col=abcdefghinoq&msz=1500&geo=-225 List of cities and populations]{{dead link|date=August 2023|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}
* {{curlie|Regional/Asia/Uzbekistan}}
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-16218112 Uzbekistan profile] from the [[BBC News]]
* {{wikiatlas|Uzbekistan}}
* [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=UZ Key Development Forecasts for Uzbekistan] from [[International Futures]]
'''Media'''
* [http://www.mtrk.uz/#uz/uzbekistan/ National Television and Radio Company of Uzbekistan]
{{Uzbekistan topics}}
{{Navboxes
|title = Related articles
|list =
{{Economic Cooperation Organization}}
{{Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)|state=collapsed}}
{{Organisation of Islamic Cooperation|state=collapsed}}
{{Eurasian Economic Community (EURASEC)}}
{{Shanghai Cooperation Organisation}}
{{Organization of Turkic States}}
{{Countries of Asia}}
}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Coord|42|N|64|E|type:country|display=title}}
[[Category:Uzbekistan| ]]<!--Keep with [space] index at start of list (eponymous category) -->
[[Category:Central Asian countries]]
[[Category:Landlocked countries]]
[[Category:Member states of the Commonwealth of Independent States]]
[[Category:Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]]
[[Category:Member states of the United Nations]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1991]]
[[Category:Republics]]
[[Category:1991 establishments in Asia]]
[[Category:Countries in Asia]]
[[Category:Members of the International Organization of Turkic Culture]]
[[Category:Member states of the Organization of Turkic States]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -197,13 +197,6 @@
[[File:Oliy Majlis (Parliament of Uzbekistan).jpg|thumb|right|The [[Legislative Chamber of Uzbekistan]] (Lower House)]]
[[File:Islam karimov cropped.jpg|thumb|[[Islam Karimov]], the first President of Uzbekistan, during a visit to the Pentagon in 2002]]
-{{multiple image
-| align = right
+{{multiple imafortn
| direction = horizontal
-| caption_align = center
-| image1 = Shavkat Mirziyoyev official portrait (cropped 2).jpg
-| width1 = 120
-| caption1 = [[Shavkat Mirziyoyev]]<br /><small>2nd [[President of Uzbekistan|President]]</small>
-| image2 = Abdulla Aripov.png
-| width2 = 120
| caption2 = [[Abdulla Aripov]]<br /><small>4th [[Prime Minister of Uzbekistan|Prime Minister]]</small>
| footer = since 14 December 2016
@@ -213,65 +206,11 @@
}}
-After Uzbekistan declared independence from the [[Soviet Union]] in 1991, an election was held, and [[Islam Karimov]] was elected as the [[List of Presidents of Uzbekistan|first President]] of Uzbekistan on 29 December 1991. The elections of the [[Oliy Majlis]] (Parliament or Supreme Assembly) were held under a resolution adopted by the 16th Supreme Soviet in 1994. In that year, the Supreme Soviet was replaced by the Oliy Majlis. The third elections for the bicameral 150-member Oliy Majlis, the Legislative Chamber, and the 100-member Senate for five-year terms, were held on 27 December 2009. The second elections were held from December 2004 to January 2005. The Oliy Majlis was unicameral up to 2004. Its size increased from 69 deputies (members) in 1994 to 120 in 2004–05 and currently stands at 150.
-
-{{Confusing|section|reason=the last paragraph seems to lack preceding context|date=August 2018}}
-
-Karimov's first presidential term was extended to 2000 via a [[1995 Uzbek presidential term referendum|referendum]], and he was re-elected in [[2000 Uzbekistani presidential election|2000]], [[2007 Uzbekistani presidential election|2007]], and 2015, each time receiving over 90% of the vote. Most international observers refused to participate in the process and did not recognise the results, dismissing them as not meeting basic standards.
-
-The 2002 referendum also included a plan for a bicameral parliament consisting of a lower house (the Oliy Majlis) and an upper house (Senate). Members of the lower house are to be "full-time" legislators. Elections for the new bicameral parliament took place on 26 December.
-
-Following Islam Karimov's death on 2 September 2016, the [[Oliy Majlis]] appointed Prime Minister [[Shavkat Mirziyoyev]] as interim president.<ref>{{cite news |title=Uzbekistan PM Mirziyoyev named interim president |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-37310718 |work=BBC News |date=8 September 2016 |access-date=20 December 2021 |archive-date=9 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190509070128/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-37310718 |url-status=live }}</ref> Although the chairman of the Senate, [[Nigmatilla Yuldashev]], was constitutionally designated as Karimov's successor, Yuldashev proposed that Mirziyoyev take the post of the interim president instead in light of Mirziyoyev's "many years of experience". Mirziyoyev was subsequently elected as the country's second president in the [[Uzbekistani presidential election, 2016|December 2016 presidential election]], winning 88.6% of the vote, and was sworn in on 14 December.<ref>{{cite news |title=Uzbekistan: President Mirziyoyev takes oath of office |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/uzbekistan-president-mirziyoyev-takes-oath-of-office/706180 |work=Anadolu Agency |first1=Bahtiyar |last1=Abdukerimov |first2=Diyar |last2=Güldoğan |date=14 December 2016 |access-date=20 December 2021 |archive-date=20 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211220121555/https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/uzbekistan-president-mirziyoyev-takes-oath-of-office/706180 |url-status=live }}</ref> Deputy Prime Minister [[Abdulla Aripov]] replaced him as prime minister.<ref>{{cite news |title=Longtime Official Dismissed By Karimov Chosen As Uzbek Prime Minister |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/uzbekistan-prime-minister-nominated/28171532.html |work=RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty |date=12 December 2016 |language=en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230917064418/https://www.rferl.org/a/uzbekistan-prime-minister-nominated/28171532.html |archive-date= Sep 17, 2023 }}</ref>
-
-Mirziyoyev removed most of Karimov's officials and urged the government to employ "new, young people who love their country." After a year in office, Mirziyoyev moved away from many of his predecessor's policies. He visited all the Uzbek regions and big cities to get acquainted with the implementation of the projects and reforms which he ordered. Many analysts and Western media compared his rule with [[Chinese Communist Party]] leader [[Deng Xiaoping]] or [[Soviet Communist Party]] general secretary [[Mikhail Gorbachev]]. His rule has been quoted as being an "Uzbek Spring".<ref>{{Cite news|date=31 March 2018|title=Spring in Tashkent: Is Uzbekistan really opening up?|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-43582371|access-date=5 January 2021|archive-date=9 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109043704/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-43582371|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Can We Call It An Uzbek Spring Yet?|url=https://thediplomat.com/2018/12/can-we-call-it-an-uzbek-spring-yet/|access-date=5 January 2021|website=The Diplomat |archive-date=17 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417215214/https://thediplomat.com/2018/12/can-we-call-it-an-uzbek-spring-yet/|url-status=live}}</ref>{{r|Lillis2017}}
-
-=== Foreign relations ===
-{{Main|Foreign relations of Uzbekistan|International organization membership of Uzbekistan}}
-Uzbekistan joined the [[Commonwealth of Independent States]] in December 1991. However, it is opposed to reintegration and withdrew from the CIS collective security arrangement in 1999. Since that time, Uzbekistan has participated in the CIS peacekeeping force in Tajikistan and in UN-organized groups to help resolve the Tajikistan and Afghanistan conflicts, both of which it sees as posing threats to its own stability.
-
-Previously close to Washington (which gave Uzbekistan half a billion dollars in aid in 2004, about a quarter of its military budget), the government of Uzbekistan has recently restricted American military use of the airbase at [[Karshi-Khanabad]] for air operations in neighbouring Afghanistan.<ref>Marquardt, Erich and Wolfe, Adam (17 October 2005) [http://www.globalpolicy.org/component/content/article/153/26246.html Rice Attempts to Secure US Influence in Central Asia] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120503094751/http://www.globalpolicy.org/component/content/article/153/26246.html |date=3 May 2012 }}, Global Policy Forum.</ref> Uzbekistan was an active supporter of U.S. efforts against worldwide terrorism.<ref>{{cite news|last=Hill|first=Fiona|date=13 December 2001|title=Contributions of Central Asian Nations to the Campaign Against Terrorism|url=https://www.brookings.edu/testimonies/contributions-of-central-asian-nations-to-the-campaign-against-terrorism/|access-date=2021-07-07|website=Brookings|language=en-US|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709190519/https://www.brookings.edu/testimonies/contributions-of-central-asian-nations-to-the-campaign-against-terrorism/|url-status=live}}</ref>
-
-The relationship between Uzbekistan and the United States began to deteriorate after the so-called "[[colour revolutions]]" in [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] and Ukraine (and to a lesser extent [[Kyrgyzstan]]). When the U.S. joined in a call for an independent international investigation of the bloody events at [[Andijan massacre|Andijan]], the relationship further declined, and President Islam Karimov changed the political alignment of the country to bring it closer to Russia and China.
-
-[[File:Secretary Kerry Meets With President Karimov at the President's Residential Compound in Samarkand (22052330394).jpg|thumb|left|President [[Islam Karimov]] with U.S. Secretary of State [[John Kerry]] in Samarkand in November 2015]]
-In late July 2005, the government of Uzbekistan ordered the United States to vacate an airbase in Karshi-Kanabad (near Uzbekistan's border with Afghanistan) within 180 days.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|date=31 July 2005|title=Uzbekistan kicks US out of military base|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/aug/01/usa.nickpatonwalsh|access-date=5 January 2021|website=The Guardian|archive-date=15 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115015423/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/aug/01/usa.nickpatonwalsh|url-status=live}}</ref> Karimov had offered use of the base to the U.S. shortly after [[9/11]]. It is also believed by some Uzbeks that the protests in Andijan were brought about by the UK and U.S. influences in the area of Andijan.<ref name=":1" /> This is another reason for the hostility between Uzbekistan and the West.
-
-Uzbekistan is a member of the [[United Nations]] (UN) (since 2 March 1992), the [[Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council]] (EAPC), [[Partnership for Peace]] (PfP), and the [[Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe]] (OSCE). It belongs to the [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]] (OIC) and the [[Economic Cooperation Organization]] (ECO) (comprising the five Central Asian countries, [[Azerbaijan]], Iran, Turkey, Afghanistan, and Pakistan). In 1999, Uzbekistan joined the [[GUAM]] alliance (Georgia, Ukraine, Azerbaijan and [[Moldova]]), which was formed in 1997 (making it GUUAM), but pulled out of the organisation in 2005.
-
-[[File:SCO meeting (2022-09-16).jpg|thumb|Leaders present at the [[Shanghai Cooperation Organisation|SCO]] summit in [[Samarkand]], Uzbekistan, in 2022 ]]
-Uzbekistan is also a member of the [[Shanghai Cooperation Organisation]] (SCO) and hosts the SCO's Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure (RATS) in Tashkent. Uzbekistan joined the new [[Central Asian Cooperation Organisation]] (CACO) in 2002. The CACO consists of Uzbekistan, [[Tajikistan]], [[Kazakhstan]], and Kyrgyzstan. It is a founding member of, and remains involved in, the [[Central Asian Union]], formed with Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan, and joined in March 1998 by Tajikistan.
-
-In December 1994 Uzbekistan applied for the [[World Trade Organization]] membership and received an observer status to start the accession process. The Working Party on the Accession of Uzbekistan to the WTO held its fourth meeting on 7 July 2020 — almost 15 years after its last formal meeting.<ref>{{cite web|title=Uzbekistan resumes WTO membership negotiations|url=https://www.wto.org/english/news_e/news20_e/acc_uzb_07jul20_e.htm|access-date=2021-09-24|website=www.wto.org|language=en|archive-date=8 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908104848/https://www.wto.org/english/news_e/news20_e/acc_uzb_07jul20_e.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
-
-In September 2006, [[UNESCO]] presented Islam Karimov an award for Uzbekistan's preservation of its rich culture and traditions.<ref>{{cite web|date=12 September 2006|title=Surprise at Unesco award for President Karimov {{!}} Reporters without borders|url=https://rsf.org/en/news/surprise-unesco-award-president-karimov|access-date=5 January 2021|website=RSF|archive-date=17 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417205008/https://rsf.org/en/news/surprise-unesco-award-president-karimov|url-status=dead}}</ref> Despite criticism, this seems to be a sign of improving relationships between Uzbekistan and the West.
-
-The month of October 2006 also saw a decrease in the isolation of Uzbekistan from the West. The [[European Union|EU]] announced that it was planning to send a delegation to Uzbekistan to talk about human rights and liberties, after a long period of hostile relations between the two. Although it is equivocal about whether the official or unofficial version of the [[Andijan Massacre]] is true, the EU is evidently willing to ease its economic sanctions against Uzbekistan. Nevertheless, it is generally assumed among Uzbekistan's population that the government will stand firm in maintaining its close ties with the [[Russian Federation]] and in its theory that the 2004–2005 protests in Uzbekistan were promoted by the US and UK.
-
-In January 2008, [[Lola Karimova-Tillyaeva]] was appointed to her current role as Uzbekistan's ambassador to [[UNESCO]]. Karimova-Tillyaeva and her team have been instrumental in promoting inter-cultural dialogue by increasing European society's awareness of Uzbekistan's cultural and historical heritage.
-
-=== Human rights ===
-{{Main|Human rights in Uzbekistan}}
-{{see also|2005 Andijan unrest}}
-[[non-governmental organization|Non-governmental]] human rights organisations, such as [[International Helsinki Federation for Human Rights|IHF]], [[Human Rights Watch]], [[Amnesty International]], as well as [[United States Department of State]] and [[Council of the European Union]], define Uzbekistan as "an authoritarian state with limited civil rights"<ref name="US State Dept - human rights">US Department of State, [https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2008/sca/119143.htm 2008 Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Uzbekistan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200421161732/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2008/sca/119143.htm |date=21 April 2020 }}, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labour, 25 February 2009</ref> and express profound concern about "wide-scale violation of virtually all basic human rights".<ref>IHF,{{cite web|url=http://www.ihf-hr.org/documents/doc_summary.php?sec_id=3&d_id=3860 |title=International Helsinki Federation for Human Rights |access-date=9 February 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100129175624/http://www.ihf-hr.org/documents/doc_summary.php?sec_id=3&d_id=3860 |archive-date=29 January 2010 }}, 23 June 2004</ref>
-According to the reports, the most widespread violations are [[torture]], [[arbitrary arrest and detention|arbitrary arrests]], and various restrictions of freedoms: of religion, of speech and press, of free association and assembly. It has also been reported that forced sterilisation of rural Uzbek women has been sanctioned by the government.<ref>[[OMCT]] and [[Legal Aid Society]], [http://www.omct.org/files/2005/07/2984/omctlas_uzb_report_04_05.pdf Denial of justice in Uzbekistan – an assessment of the human rights situation and national system of protection of fundamental rights] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101205023220/http://www.omct.org/files/2005/07/2984/omctlas_uzb_report_04_05.pdf |date=5 December 2010 }}, April 2005.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/newsdesk/2013/01/tweets-from-gulnara-the-dictators-daughter.html|title=Tweets from Gulnara the dictator's daughter|date=21 December 2012|work=New Yorker|author=Antelava, Natalia|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130104001130/http://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/newsdesk/2013/01/tweets-from-gulnara-the-dictators-daughter.html|archive-date=4 January 2013}}</ref>
-The reports maintain that the violations are most often committed against members of religious organisations, independent journalists, human rights activists and political activists, including members of the banned opposition parties. As of 2015, reports on violations on human rights in Uzbekistan indicated that violations were still going on without any improvement.<ref>[https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2015/country-chapters/uzbekistan World Report 2015: Uzbekistan | Human Rights Watch] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160323213748/https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2015/country-chapters/uzbekistan |date=23 March 2016 }}. Hrw.org. Retrieved on 20 March 2016.</ref> The [[Freedom House]] has consistently ranked Uzbekistan near the bottom of its Freedom in the World ranking since the country's founding in 1991. In the 2018 report, Uzbekistan was one of the 11 worst countries for [[Political Rights]] and [[Civil Liberties]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Uzbekistan |website=Freedom House |url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2018/uzbekistan|access-date=23 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180223110947/https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2018/uzbekistan |archive-date=23 February 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>
-
-The [[2005 civil unrest in Uzbekistan]], which resulted in several hundred people being killed, is viewed by many as a landmark event in the history of human rights abuse in Uzbekistan.<ref>{{cite web |last=Thomas |first=Jeffrey |date=26 September 2005
- |url=http://usinfo.state.gov/eur/Archive/2005/Sep/26-966275.html
- |title=Freedom of Assembly, Association Needed in Eurasia, U.S. Says
- |website=USINFO.STATE.GOV
- |access-date=22 January 2008 |url-status=dead
- |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070421032553/http://usinfo.state.gov/eur/Archive/2005/Sep/26-966275.html
- |archive-date=21 April 2007 }}
-</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=McMahon |first=Robert |url=http://www.rferl.org/content/article/1059147.html |title=Uzbekistan: Report Cites Evidence Of Government 'Massacre' In Andijon – Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty/Radio Liberty/Radio Liberty |publisher=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty |date=7 June 2005 |access-date=2 May 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100903120948/http://www.rferl.org/content/article/1059147.html |archive-date=3 September 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGEUR620152005?open&of=ENG-UZB |title=Uzbekistan: Independent international investigation needed into Andizhan events |publisher=Amnesty International |date=23 June 2005 |access-date=2 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012171720/http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGEUR620152005?open&of=ENG-UZB |archive-date=12 October 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
-Concern has been expressed and requests for an independent investigation of the events has been made by the United States,<ref>{{cite web|last=Labott|first=Elise|date=18 May 2005|title=Pressure for Uzbek violence probe|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2005/WORLD/asiapcf/05/18/uzbekistan.unrest/|access-date=5 January 2021|website=edition.cnn.com|archive-date=17 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417220920/http://edition.cnn.com/2005/WORLD/asiapcf/05/18/uzbekistan.unrest/|url-status=live}}</ref> the European Union,<ref>{{cite news|title=Uzbekistan: UN, EU Call For International Probe Into Violence|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/1058942.html|access-date=5 January 2021|newspaper=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty|date=8 April 2008 |last1=Donovan |first1=Jeffrey }}</ref> the [[United Nations]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Annan: Uzbekistan rejects inquiry|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2005/5/20/annan-uzbekistan-rejects-inquiry|access-date=5 January 2021|website=www.aljazeera.com|archive-date=17 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417221032/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2005/5/20/annan-uzbekistan-rejects-inquiry|url-status=live}}</ref> the OSCE Chairman-in-Office and the OSCE Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights.<ref>{{cite web|title=OSCE Chairman repeats calls for an investigation into Andijan events following OSCE/ODIHR report|url=https://www.osce.org/cio/46541|access-date=5 January 2021|website=[[osce.org]]|archive-date=17 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417213714/https://www.osce.org/cio/46541|url-status=live}}</ref>
-
-The government of Uzbekistan is accused of unlawful termination of human life and of denying its citizens [[freedom of assembly]] and freedom of expression. The government vehemently rebuffs the accusations, maintaining that it merely conducted an anti-terrorist operation, exercising only necessary force.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.press-service.uz/en/gsection.scm?groupId=5203&contentId=8868 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080308115436/http://www.press-service.uz/en/gsection.scm?groupId=5203&contentId=8868 |archive-date=8 March 2008 |title=Press-service of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan |publisher=Press-service.uz |date=17 May 2005 |access-date=2 May 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In addition, some officials claim that "an [[information warfare|information war]] on Uzbekistan has been declared" and the human rights violations in Andijan are invented by the enemies of Uzbekistan as a convenient pretext for intervention in the country's internal affairs.<ref>{{cite web|author=Акмаль Саидов|url=http://www.kreml.org/interview/100931204|title=Андижанские события стали поводом для беспрецедентного давления на Узбекистан|publisher=Kreml.Org|date=27 October 2005|access-date=2 May 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140805161349/http://www.kreml.org/interview/100931204|archive-date=5 August 2014}}</ref> Male [[LGBT rights in Uzbekistan|homosexuality]] is illegal in Uzbekistan.<ref>{{cite news |first=Daniel |last=Avery |title=71 Countries Where Homosexuality is Illegal |url=https://www.newsweek.com/73-countries-where-its-illegal-be-gay-1385974 |work=Newsweek |date=4 April 2019 |access-date=18 August 2019 |archive-date=11 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211204842/https://www.newsweek.com/73-countries-where-its-illegal-be-gay-1385974 |url-status=live }}</ref> Punishment ranges from a fine to 3 years in prison.<ref>{{cite web|title=State-Sponsored Homophobia|url=https://ilga.org/state-sponsored-homophobia-report|website=International Lesbian Gay Bisexual Trans and Intersex Association|date=20 March 2019|access-date=18 August 2019|archive-date=8 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200208040345/https://ilga.org/state-sponsored-homophobia-report|url-status=live}}</ref>
-
-There are an estimated 1.2 million modern slaves in Uzbekistan,<ref name="globalslaveryindex1">[http://www.globalslaveryindex.org/findings/ Findings – Walk Free Foundation – Global Slavery Index 2014] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141226154749/http://www.globalslaveryindex.org/findings/|date=26 December 2014}}. Globalslaveryindex.org. Retrieved on 29 November 2015.</ref> most work in the cotton industry. The government allegedly forces state employees to pick cotton in the autumn months.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.rferl.org/a/global-slavery-index-uzbekistan-pakistan-worst-offenders/27770928.html|title=Forced Cotton-Picking Earns Uzbekistan Shameful Spot In 'Slavery Index'|work=rferl.org|access-date=14 January 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116164029/http://www.rferl.org/a/global-slavery-index-uzbekistan-pakistan-worst-offenders/27770928.html|archive-date=16 January 2017}}</ref> World Bank loans have been connected to projects that use child labour and forced labour practices in the cotton industry.<ref name="wbloans">{{cite web|title=Uzbekistan: Forced Labor Linked to World Bank|date=27 June 2017|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/06/27/uzbekistan-forced-labor-linked-world-bank|publisher=Human Rights Watch|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170718053021/https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/06/27/uzbekistan-forced-labor-linked-world-bank|archive-date=18 July 2017}}</ref>
-
-=== Recent developments ===
-Islam Karimov died in 2016 and his successor Shavkat Mirziyoyev is considered by most to be pursuing a less autocratic path by increasing co-operation with human rights NGOs,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/human-rights-watch-delegation-visit-uzbekistan/28629300.html|title=Human Rights Watch Delegation To Visit Uzbekistan|newspaper=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty|date=20 July 2017 |access-date=22 February 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180222104846/https://www.rferl.org/a/human-rights-watch-delegation-visit-uzbekistan/28629300.html|archive-date=22 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://tashkenttimes.uz/national/1451-shavkat-mirziyoyev-meets-un-high-commissioner-for-human-rights|title=Shavkat Mirziyoyev meets UN High Commissioner for Human Rights|last=akbaryusupov|access-date=22 February 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180222225601/http://tashkenttimes.uz/national/1451-shavkat-mirziyoyev-meets-un-high-commissioner-for-human-rights|archive-date=22 February 2018}}</ref> scheduling Soviet-style [[exit visa]]s to be abolished in 2019,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/uzbekistan-exit-visa-scrapped-2019-mirziyoev/28680124.html|title=Uzbekistan To Abolish Exit Visa System In 2019|newspaper=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty|date=16 August 2017 |access-date=22 February 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180222104911/https://www.rferl.org/a/uzbekistan-exit-visa-scrapped-2019-mirziyoev/28680124.html|archive-date=22 February 2018}}</ref> and reducing sentences for certain misdemeanor offences.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://geopoliticalfutures.com/uzbekistan-flirts-disaster/|title=Uzbekistan Flirts With Disaster – Geopolitical Futures|date=11 July 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170711120617/https://geopoliticalfutures.com/uzbekistan-flirts-disaster/|archive-date=11 July 2017}}</ref>
-
-The Amnesty International report on the country for 2017–2018 found some remnant repressive measures and lack of rule of law in eradicating modern slavery.<ref name="auto">{{cite web|title=Uzbekistan 2017/2018|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/countries/europe-and-central-asia/uzbekistan/report-uzbekistan/|publisher=Amnesty International|access-date=26 May 2018|archive-date=20 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220113216/https://www.amnesty.org/en/countries/europe-and-central-asia/uzbekistan/report-uzbekistan/|url-status=live}}</ref> In February 2020, the United Nations announced that Uzbekistan had made "major progress" on stamping out forced labour in its cotton harvest as 94% of pickers worked voluntarily.<ref>[https://news.trust.org/item/20200205173450-nltm5/ U.N. sees 'major progress' on forced labour in Uzbek cotton harvest] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200425131330/https://news.trust.org/item/20200205173450-nltm5/ |date=25 April 2020 }}, Reuters, 5 February 2020</ref>
+After Uzbekistan declared independence from the [[Soviet Union]] in 1991, an election was held, and [[Islam Karimov]] was elected as the [[List of Presidents of Uzbekistan|first P
+| caption_align = center
+| image1 = Shavkat Mirziyoyev official portrait (cropped 2).jpg
+| width1 = 120
+| caption1 = [[Shavkat Mirziyoyev]]<br /><small>2nd [[President of Uzbekistan|President]]</small>
+| image2 = Abdulla Aripov.png
+| width2 = 120resident]] of Uzbekistan on 29 December 1991. T−
== Administrative divisions ==
' |
New page size (new_size) | 152502 |
Old page size (old_size) | 178015 |
Size change in edit (edit_delta) | -25513 |
Lines added in edit (added_lines) | [
0 => '{{multiple imafortn ',
1 => 'After Uzbekistan declared independence from the [[Soviet Union]] in 1991, an election was held, and [[Islam Karimov]] was elected as the [[List of Presidents of Uzbekistan|first P',
2 => '| caption_align = center',
3 => '| image1 = Shavkat Mirziyoyev official portrait (cropped 2).jpg',
4 => '| width1 = 120',
5 => '| caption1 = [[Shavkat Mirziyoyev]]<br /><small>2nd [[President of Uzbekistan|President]]</small>',
6 => '| image2 = Abdulla Aripov.png',
7 => '| width2 = 120resident]] of Uzbekistan on 29 December 1991. T−'
] |
Lines removed in edit (removed_lines) | [
0 => '{{multiple image',
1 => '| align = right',
2 => '| caption_align = center',
3 => '| image1 = Shavkat Mirziyoyev official portrait (cropped 2).jpg',
4 => '| width1 = 120',
5 => '| caption1 = [[Shavkat Mirziyoyev]]<br /><small>2nd [[President of Uzbekistan|President]]</small>',
6 => '| image2 = Abdulla Aripov.png',
7 => '| width2 = 120',
8 => 'After Uzbekistan declared independence from the [[Soviet Union]] in 1991, an election was held, and [[Islam Karimov]] was elected as the [[List of Presidents of Uzbekistan|first President]] of Uzbekistan on 29 December 1991. The elections of the [[Oliy Majlis]] (Parliament or Supreme Assembly) were held under a resolution adopted by the 16th Supreme Soviet in 1994. In that year, the Supreme Soviet was replaced by the Oliy Majlis. The third elections for the bicameral 150-member Oliy Majlis, the Legislative Chamber, and the 100-member Senate for five-year terms, were held on 27 December 2009. The second elections were held from December 2004 to January 2005. The Oliy Majlis was unicameral up to 2004. Its size increased from 69 deputies (members) in 1994 to 120 in 2004–05 and currently stands at 150.',
9 => '',
10 => '{{Confusing|section|reason=the last paragraph seems to lack preceding context|date=August 2018}}',
11 => '',
12 => 'Karimov's first presidential term was extended to 2000 via a [[1995 Uzbek presidential term referendum|referendum]], and he was re-elected in [[2000 Uzbekistani presidential election|2000]], [[2007 Uzbekistani presidential election|2007]], and 2015, each time receiving over 90% of the vote. Most international observers refused to participate in the process and did not recognise the results, dismissing them as not meeting basic standards.',
13 => '',
14 => 'The 2002 referendum also included a plan for a bicameral parliament consisting of a lower house (the Oliy Majlis) and an upper house (Senate). Members of the lower house are to be "full-time" legislators. Elections for the new bicameral parliament took place on 26 December.',
15 => '',
16 => 'Following Islam Karimov's death on 2 September 2016, the [[Oliy Majlis]] appointed Prime Minister [[Shavkat Mirziyoyev]] as interim president.<ref>{{cite news |title=Uzbekistan PM Mirziyoyev named interim president |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-37310718 |work=BBC News |date=8 September 2016 |access-date=20 December 2021 |archive-date=9 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190509070128/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-37310718 |url-status=live }}</ref> Although the chairman of the Senate, [[Nigmatilla Yuldashev]], was constitutionally designated as Karimov's successor, Yuldashev proposed that Mirziyoyev take the post of the interim president instead in light of Mirziyoyev's "many years of experience". Mirziyoyev was subsequently elected as the country's second president in the [[Uzbekistani presidential election, 2016|December 2016 presidential election]], winning 88.6% of the vote, and was sworn in on 14 December.<ref>{{cite news |title=Uzbekistan: President Mirziyoyev takes oath of office |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/uzbekistan-president-mirziyoyev-takes-oath-of-office/706180 |work=Anadolu Agency |first1=Bahtiyar |last1=Abdukerimov |first2=Diyar |last2=Güldoğan |date=14 December 2016 |access-date=20 December 2021 |archive-date=20 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211220121555/https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/uzbekistan-president-mirziyoyev-takes-oath-of-office/706180 |url-status=live }}</ref> Deputy Prime Minister [[Abdulla Aripov]] replaced him as prime minister.<ref>{{cite news |title=Longtime Official Dismissed By Karimov Chosen As Uzbek Prime Minister |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/uzbekistan-prime-minister-nominated/28171532.html |work=RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty |date=12 December 2016 |language=en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230917064418/https://www.rferl.org/a/uzbekistan-prime-minister-nominated/28171532.html |archive-date= Sep 17, 2023 }}</ref>',
17 => '',
18 => 'Mirziyoyev removed most of Karimov's officials and urged the government to employ "new, young people who love their country." After a year in office, Mirziyoyev moved away from many of his predecessor's policies. He visited all the Uzbek regions and big cities to get acquainted with the implementation of the projects and reforms which he ordered. Many analysts and Western media compared his rule with [[Chinese Communist Party]] leader [[Deng Xiaoping]] or [[Soviet Communist Party]] general secretary [[Mikhail Gorbachev]]. His rule has been quoted as being an "Uzbek Spring".<ref>{{Cite news|date=31 March 2018|title=Spring in Tashkent: Is Uzbekistan really opening up?|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-43582371|access-date=5 January 2021|archive-date=9 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109043704/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-43582371|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Can We Call It An Uzbek Spring Yet?|url=https://thediplomat.com/2018/12/can-we-call-it-an-uzbek-spring-yet/|access-date=5 January 2021|website=The Diplomat |archive-date=17 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417215214/https://thediplomat.com/2018/12/can-we-call-it-an-uzbek-spring-yet/|url-status=live}}</ref>{{r|Lillis2017}}',
19 => '',
20 => '=== Foreign relations ===',
21 => '{{Main|Foreign relations of Uzbekistan|International organization membership of Uzbekistan}}',
22 => 'Uzbekistan joined the [[Commonwealth of Independent States]] in December 1991. However, it is opposed to reintegration and withdrew from the CIS collective security arrangement in 1999. Since that time, Uzbekistan has participated in the CIS peacekeeping force in Tajikistan and in UN-organized groups to help resolve the Tajikistan and Afghanistan conflicts, both of which it sees as posing threats to its own stability.',
23 => '',
24 => 'Previously close to Washington (which gave Uzbekistan half a billion dollars in aid in 2004, about a quarter of its military budget), the government of Uzbekistan has recently restricted American military use of the airbase at [[Karshi-Khanabad]] for air operations in neighbouring Afghanistan.<ref>Marquardt, Erich and Wolfe, Adam (17 October 2005) [http://www.globalpolicy.org/component/content/article/153/26246.html Rice Attempts to Secure US Influence in Central Asia] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120503094751/http://www.globalpolicy.org/component/content/article/153/26246.html |date=3 May 2012 }}, Global Policy Forum.</ref> Uzbekistan was an active supporter of U.S. efforts against worldwide terrorism.<ref>{{cite news|last=Hill|first=Fiona|date=13 December 2001|title=Contributions of Central Asian Nations to the Campaign Against Terrorism|url=https://www.brookings.edu/testimonies/contributions-of-central-asian-nations-to-the-campaign-against-terrorism/|access-date=2021-07-07|website=Brookings|language=en-US|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709190519/https://www.brookings.edu/testimonies/contributions-of-central-asian-nations-to-the-campaign-against-terrorism/|url-status=live}}</ref>',
25 => '',
26 => 'The relationship between Uzbekistan and the United States began to deteriorate after the so-called "[[colour revolutions]]" in [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] and Ukraine (and to a lesser extent [[Kyrgyzstan]]). When the U.S. joined in a call for an independent international investigation of the bloody events at [[Andijan massacre|Andijan]], the relationship further declined, and President Islam Karimov changed the political alignment of the country to bring it closer to Russia and China.',
27 => '',
28 => '[[File:Secretary Kerry Meets With President Karimov at the President's Residential Compound in Samarkand (22052330394).jpg|thumb|left|President [[Islam Karimov]] with U.S. Secretary of State [[John Kerry]] in Samarkand in November 2015]]',
29 => 'In late July 2005, the government of Uzbekistan ordered the United States to vacate an airbase in Karshi-Kanabad (near Uzbekistan's border with Afghanistan) within 180 days.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|date=31 July 2005|title=Uzbekistan kicks US out of military base|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/aug/01/usa.nickpatonwalsh|access-date=5 January 2021|website=The Guardian|archive-date=15 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115015423/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/aug/01/usa.nickpatonwalsh|url-status=live}}</ref> Karimov had offered use of the base to the U.S. shortly after [[9/11]]. It is also believed by some Uzbeks that the protests in Andijan were brought about by the UK and U.S. influences in the area of Andijan.<ref name=":1" /> This is another reason for the hostility between Uzbekistan and the West.',
30 => '',
31 => 'Uzbekistan is a member of the [[United Nations]] (UN) (since 2 March 1992), the [[Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council]] (EAPC), [[Partnership for Peace]] (PfP), and the [[Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe]] (OSCE). It belongs to the [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]] (OIC) and the [[Economic Cooperation Organization]] (ECO) (comprising the five Central Asian countries, [[Azerbaijan]], Iran, Turkey, Afghanistan, and Pakistan). In 1999, Uzbekistan joined the [[GUAM]] alliance (Georgia, Ukraine, Azerbaijan and [[Moldova]]), which was formed in 1997 (making it GUUAM), but pulled out of the organisation in 2005.',
32 => '',
33 => '[[File:SCO meeting (2022-09-16).jpg|thumb|Leaders present at the [[Shanghai Cooperation Organisation|SCO]] summit in [[Samarkand]], Uzbekistan, in 2022 ]]',
34 => 'Uzbekistan is also a member of the [[Shanghai Cooperation Organisation]] (SCO) and hosts the SCO's Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure (RATS) in Tashkent. Uzbekistan joined the new [[Central Asian Cooperation Organisation]] (CACO) in 2002. The CACO consists of Uzbekistan, [[Tajikistan]], [[Kazakhstan]], and Kyrgyzstan. It is a founding member of, and remains involved in, the [[Central Asian Union]], formed with Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan, and joined in March 1998 by Tajikistan.',
35 => '',
36 => 'In December 1994 Uzbekistan applied for the [[World Trade Organization]] membership and received an observer status to start the accession process. The Working Party on the Accession of Uzbekistan to the WTO held its fourth meeting on 7 July 2020 — almost 15 years after its last formal meeting.<ref>{{cite web|title=Uzbekistan resumes WTO membership negotiations|url=https://www.wto.org/english/news_e/news20_e/acc_uzb_07jul20_e.htm|access-date=2021-09-24|website=www.wto.org|language=en|archive-date=8 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908104848/https://www.wto.org/english/news_e/news20_e/acc_uzb_07jul20_e.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>',
37 => '',
38 => 'In September 2006, [[UNESCO]] presented Islam Karimov an award for Uzbekistan's preservation of its rich culture and traditions.<ref>{{cite web|date=12 September 2006|title=Surprise at Unesco award for President Karimov {{!}} Reporters without borders|url=https://rsf.org/en/news/surprise-unesco-award-president-karimov|access-date=5 January 2021|website=RSF|archive-date=17 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417205008/https://rsf.org/en/news/surprise-unesco-award-president-karimov|url-status=dead}}</ref> Despite criticism, this seems to be a sign of improving relationships between Uzbekistan and the West.',
39 => '',
40 => 'The month of October 2006 also saw a decrease in the isolation of Uzbekistan from the West. The [[European Union|EU]] announced that it was planning to send a delegation to Uzbekistan to talk about human rights and liberties, after a long period of hostile relations between the two. Although it is equivocal about whether the official or unofficial version of the [[Andijan Massacre]] is true, the EU is evidently willing to ease its economic sanctions against Uzbekistan. Nevertheless, it is generally assumed among Uzbekistan's population that the government will stand firm in maintaining its close ties with the [[Russian Federation]] and in its theory that the 2004–2005 protests in Uzbekistan were promoted by the US and UK.',
41 => '',
42 => 'In January 2008, [[Lola Karimova-Tillyaeva]] was appointed to her current role as Uzbekistan's ambassador to [[UNESCO]]. Karimova-Tillyaeva and her team have been instrumental in promoting inter-cultural dialogue by increasing European society's awareness of Uzbekistan's cultural and historical heritage.',
43 => '',
44 => '=== Human rights ===',
45 => '{{Main|Human rights in Uzbekistan}}',
46 => '{{see also|2005 Andijan unrest}}',
47 => '[[non-governmental organization|Non-governmental]] human rights organisations, such as [[International Helsinki Federation for Human Rights|IHF]], [[Human Rights Watch]], [[Amnesty International]], as well as [[United States Department of State]] and [[Council of the European Union]], define Uzbekistan as "an authoritarian state with limited civil rights"<ref name="US State Dept - human rights">US Department of State, [https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2008/sca/119143.htm 2008 Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Uzbekistan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200421161732/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2008/sca/119143.htm |date=21 April 2020 }}, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labour, 25 February 2009</ref> and express profound concern about "wide-scale violation of virtually all basic human rights".<ref>IHF,{{cite web|url=http://www.ihf-hr.org/documents/doc_summary.php?sec_id=3&d_id=3860 |title=International Helsinki Federation for Human Rights |access-date=9 February 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100129175624/http://www.ihf-hr.org/documents/doc_summary.php?sec_id=3&d_id=3860 |archive-date=29 January 2010 }}, 23 June 2004</ref>',
48 => 'According to the reports, the most widespread violations are [[torture]], [[arbitrary arrest and detention|arbitrary arrests]], and various restrictions of freedoms: of religion, of speech and press, of free association and assembly. It has also been reported that forced sterilisation of rural Uzbek women has been sanctioned by the government.<ref>[[OMCT]] and [[Legal Aid Society]], [http://www.omct.org/files/2005/07/2984/omctlas_uzb_report_04_05.pdf Denial of justice in Uzbekistan – an assessment of the human rights situation and national system of protection of fundamental rights] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101205023220/http://www.omct.org/files/2005/07/2984/omctlas_uzb_report_04_05.pdf |date=5 December 2010 }}, April 2005.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/newsdesk/2013/01/tweets-from-gulnara-the-dictators-daughter.html|title=Tweets from Gulnara the dictator's daughter|date=21 December 2012|work=New Yorker|author=Antelava, Natalia|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130104001130/http://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/newsdesk/2013/01/tweets-from-gulnara-the-dictators-daughter.html|archive-date=4 January 2013}}</ref>',
49 => 'The reports maintain that the violations are most often committed against members of religious organisations, independent journalists, human rights activists and political activists, including members of the banned opposition parties. As of 2015, reports on violations on human rights in Uzbekistan indicated that violations were still going on without any improvement.<ref>[https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2015/country-chapters/uzbekistan World Report 2015: Uzbekistan | Human Rights Watch] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160323213748/https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2015/country-chapters/uzbekistan |date=23 March 2016 }}. Hrw.org. Retrieved on 20 March 2016.</ref> The [[Freedom House]] has consistently ranked Uzbekistan near the bottom of its Freedom in the World ranking since the country's founding in 1991. In the 2018 report, Uzbekistan was one of the 11 worst countries for [[Political Rights]] and [[Civil Liberties]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Uzbekistan |website=Freedom House |url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2018/uzbekistan|access-date=23 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180223110947/https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2018/uzbekistan |archive-date=23 February 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>',
50 => '',
51 => 'The [[2005 civil unrest in Uzbekistan]], which resulted in several hundred people being killed, is viewed by many as a landmark event in the history of human rights abuse in Uzbekistan.<ref>{{cite web |last=Thomas |first=Jeffrey |date=26 September 2005',
52 => ' |url=http://usinfo.state.gov/eur/Archive/2005/Sep/26-966275.html',
53 => ' |title=Freedom of Assembly, Association Needed in Eurasia, U.S. Says',
54 => ' |website=USINFO.STATE.GOV',
55 => ' |access-date=22 January 2008 |url-status=dead',
56 => ' |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070421032553/http://usinfo.state.gov/eur/Archive/2005/Sep/26-966275.html',
57 => ' |archive-date=21 April 2007 }}',
58 => '</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=McMahon |first=Robert |url=http://www.rferl.org/content/article/1059147.html |title=Uzbekistan: Report Cites Evidence Of Government 'Massacre' In Andijon – Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty/Radio Liberty/Radio Liberty |publisher=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty |date=7 June 2005 |access-date=2 May 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100903120948/http://www.rferl.org/content/article/1059147.html |archive-date=3 September 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGEUR620152005?open&of=ENG-UZB |title=Uzbekistan: Independent international investigation needed into Andizhan events |publisher=Amnesty International |date=23 June 2005 |access-date=2 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012171720/http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGEUR620152005?open&of=ENG-UZB |archive-date=12 October 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref>',
59 => 'Concern has been expressed and requests for an independent investigation of the events has been made by the United States,<ref>{{cite web|last=Labott|first=Elise|date=18 May 2005|title=Pressure for Uzbek violence probe|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2005/WORLD/asiapcf/05/18/uzbekistan.unrest/|access-date=5 January 2021|website=edition.cnn.com|archive-date=17 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417220920/http://edition.cnn.com/2005/WORLD/asiapcf/05/18/uzbekistan.unrest/|url-status=live}}</ref> the European Union,<ref>{{cite news|title=Uzbekistan: UN, EU Call For International Probe Into Violence|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/1058942.html|access-date=5 January 2021|newspaper=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty|date=8 April 2008 |last1=Donovan |first1=Jeffrey }}</ref> the [[United Nations]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Annan: Uzbekistan rejects inquiry|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2005/5/20/annan-uzbekistan-rejects-inquiry|access-date=5 January 2021|website=www.aljazeera.com|archive-date=17 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417221032/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2005/5/20/annan-uzbekistan-rejects-inquiry|url-status=live}}</ref> the OSCE Chairman-in-Office and the OSCE Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights.<ref>{{cite web|title=OSCE Chairman repeats calls for an investigation into Andijan events following OSCE/ODIHR report|url=https://www.osce.org/cio/46541|access-date=5 January 2021|website=[[osce.org]]|archive-date=17 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417213714/https://www.osce.org/cio/46541|url-status=live}}</ref>',
60 => '',
61 => 'The government of Uzbekistan is accused of unlawful termination of human life and of denying its citizens [[freedom of assembly]] and freedom of expression. The government vehemently rebuffs the accusations, maintaining that it merely conducted an anti-terrorist operation, exercising only necessary force.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.press-service.uz/en/gsection.scm?groupId=5203&contentId=8868 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080308115436/http://www.press-service.uz/en/gsection.scm?groupId=5203&contentId=8868 |archive-date=8 March 2008 |title=Press-service of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan |publisher=Press-service.uz |date=17 May 2005 |access-date=2 May 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In addition, some officials claim that "an [[information warfare|information war]] on Uzbekistan has been declared" and the human rights violations in Andijan are invented by the enemies of Uzbekistan as a convenient pretext for intervention in the country's internal affairs.<ref>{{cite web|author=Акмаль Саидов|url=http://www.kreml.org/interview/100931204|title=Андижанские события стали поводом для беспрецедентного давления на Узбекистан|publisher=Kreml.Org|date=27 October 2005|access-date=2 May 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140805161349/http://www.kreml.org/interview/100931204|archive-date=5 August 2014}}</ref> Male [[LGBT rights in Uzbekistan|homosexuality]] is illegal in Uzbekistan.<ref>{{cite news |first=Daniel |last=Avery |title=71 Countries Where Homosexuality is Illegal |url=https://www.newsweek.com/73-countries-where-its-illegal-be-gay-1385974 |work=Newsweek |date=4 April 2019 |access-date=18 August 2019 |archive-date=11 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211204842/https://www.newsweek.com/73-countries-where-its-illegal-be-gay-1385974 |url-status=live }}</ref> Punishment ranges from a fine to 3 years in prison.<ref>{{cite web|title=State-Sponsored Homophobia|url=https://ilga.org/state-sponsored-homophobia-report|website=International Lesbian Gay Bisexual Trans and Intersex Association|date=20 March 2019|access-date=18 August 2019|archive-date=8 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200208040345/https://ilga.org/state-sponsored-homophobia-report|url-status=live}}</ref>',
62 => '',
63 => 'There are an estimated 1.2 million modern slaves in Uzbekistan,<ref name="globalslaveryindex1">[http://www.globalslaveryindex.org/findings/ Findings – Walk Free Foundation – Global Slavery Index 2014] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141226154749/http://www.globalslaveryindex.org/findings/|date=26 December 2014}}. Globalslaveryindex.org. Retrieved on 29 November 2015.</ref> most work in the cotton industry. The government allegedly forces state employees to pick cotton in the autumn months.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.rferl.org/a/global-slavery-index-uzbekistan-pakistan-worst-offenders/27770928.html|title=Forced Cotton-Picking Earns Uzbekistan Shameful Spot In 'Slavery Index'|work=rferl.org|access-date=14 January 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116164029/http://www.rferl.org/a/global-slavery-index-uzbekistan-pakistan-worst-offenders/27770928.html|archive-date=16 January 2017}}</ref> World Bank loans have been connected to projects that use child labour and forced labour practices in the cotton industry.<ref name="wbloans">{{cite web|title=Uzbekistan: Forced Labor Linked to World Bank|date=27 June 2017|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/06/27/uzbekistan-forced-labor-linked-world-bank|publisher=Human Rights Watch|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170718053021/https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/06/27/uzbekistan-forced-labor-linked-world-bank|archive-date=18 July 2017}}</ref>',
64 => '',
65 => '=== Recent developments ===',
66 => 'Islam Karimov died in 2016 and his successor Shavkat Mirziyoyev is considered by most to be pursuing a less autocratic path by increasing co-operation with human rights NGOs,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/human-rights-watch-delegation-visit-uzbekistan/28629300.html|title=Human Rights Watch Delegation To Visit Uzbekistan|newspaper=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty|date=20 July 2017 |access-date=22 February 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180222104846/https://www.rferl.org/a/human-rights-watch-delegation-visit-uzbekistan/28629300.html|archive-date=22 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://tashkenttimes.uz/national/1451-shavkat-mirziyoyev-meets-un-high-commissioner-for-human-rights|title=Shavkat Mirziyoyev meets UN High Commissioner for Human Rights|last=akbaryusupov|access-date=22 February 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180222225601/http://tashkenttimes.uz/national/1451-shavkat-mirziyoyev-meets-un-high-commissioner-for-human-rights|archive-date=22 February 2018}}</ref> scheduling Soviet-style [[exit visa]]s to be abolished in 2019,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/uzbekistan-exit-visa-scrapped-2019-mirziyoev/28680124.html|title=Uzbekistan To Abolish Exit Visa System In 2019|newspaper=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty|date=16 August 2017 |access-date=22 February 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180222104911/https://www.rferl.org/a/uzbekistan-exit-visa-scrapped-2019-mirziyoev/28680124.html|archive-date=22 February 2018}}</ref> and reducing sentences for certain misdemeanor offences.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://geopoliticalfutures.com/uzbekistan-flirts-disaster/|title=Uzbekistan Flirts With Disaster – Geopolitical Futures|date=11 July 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170711120617/https://geopoliticalfutures.com/uzbekistan-flirts-disaster/|archive-date=11 July 2017}}</ref>',
67 => '',
68 => 'The Amnesty International report on the country for 2017–2018 found some remnant repressive measures and lack of rule of law in eradicating modern slavery.<ref name="auto">{{cite web|title=Uzbekistan 2017/2018|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/countries/europe-and-central-asia/uzbekistan/report-uzbekistan/|publisher=Amnesty International|access-date=26 May 2018|archive-date=20 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220113216/https://www.amnesty.org/en/countries/europe-and-central-asia/uzbekistan/report-uzbekistan/|url-status=live}}</ref> In February 2020, the United Nations announced that Uzbekistan had made "major progress" on stamping out forced labour in its cotton harvest as 94% of pickers worked voluntarily.<ref>[https://news.trust.org/item/20200205173450-nltm5/ U.N. sees 'major progress' on forced labour in Uzbek cotton harvest] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200425131330/https://news.trust.org/item/20200205173450-nltm5/ |date=25 April 2020 }}, Reuters, 5 February 2020</ref>'
] |
All external links added in the edit (added_links) | [] |
All external links removed in the edit (removed_links) | [
0 => 'https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2008/sca/119143.htm',
1 => 'https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-43582371',
2 => 'https://thediplomat.com/2018/12/can-we-call-it-an-uzbek-spring-yet/',
3 => 'http://www.globalpolicy.org/component/content/article/153/26246.html',
4 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20120503094751/http://www.globalpolicy.org/component/content/article/153/26246.html',
5 => 'https://www.brookings.edu/testimonies/contributions-of-central-asian-nations-to-the-campaign-against-terrorism/',
6 => 'http://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/aug/01/usa.nickpatonwalsh',
7 => 'https://rsf.org/en/news/surprise-unesco-award-president-karimov',
8 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20100129175624/http://www.ihf-hr.org/documents/doc_summary.php?sec_id=3&d_id=3860',
9 => 'http://www.omct.org/files/2005/07/2984/omctlas_uzb_report_04_05.pdf',
10 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20101205023220/http://www.omct.org/files/2005/07/2984/omctlas_uzb_report_04_05.pdf',
11 => 'http://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/newsdesk/2013/01/tweets-from-gulnara-the-dictators-daughter.html',
12 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20130104001130/http://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/newsdesk/2013/01/tweets-from-gulnara-the-dictators-daughter.html',
13 => 'https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2015/country-chapters/uzbekistan',
14 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20160323213748/https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2015/country-chapters/uzbekistan',
15 => 'https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2018/uzbekistan',
16 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20180223110947/https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2018/uzbekistan',
17 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20070421032553/http://usinfo.state.gov/eur/Archive/2005/Sep/26-966275.html',
18 => 'http://www.rferl.org/content/article/1059147.html',
19 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20100903120948/http://www.rferl.org/content/article/1059147.html',
20 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20071012171720/http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGEUR620152005?open&of=ENG-UZB',
21 => 'http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGEUR620152005?open&of=ENG-UZB',
22 => 'http://edition.cnn.com/2005/WORLD/asiapcf/05/18/uzbekistan.unrest/',
23 => 'https://www.rferl.org/a/1058942.html',
24 => 'https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2005/5/20/annan-uzbekistan-rejects-inquiry',
25 => 'https://www.osce.org/cio/46541',
26 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20080308115436/http://www.press-service.uz/en/gsection.scm?groupId=5203&contentId=8868',
27 => 'http://www.press-service.uz/en/gsection.scm?groupId=5203&contentId=8868',
28 => 'http://www.kreml.org/interview/100931204',
29 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140805161349/http://www.kreml.org/interview/100931204',
30 => 'https://www.newsweek.com/73-countries-where-its-illegal-be-gay-1385974',
31 => 'https://ilga.org/state-sponsored-homophobia-report',
32 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20141226154749/http://www.globalslaveryindex.org/findings/',
33 => 'http://www.rferl.org/a/global-slavery-index-uzbekistan-pakistan-worst-offenders/27770928.html',
34 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20170116164029/http://www.rferl.org/a/global-slavery-index-uzbekistan-pakistan-worst-offenders/27770928.html',
35 => 'https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/06/27/uzbekistan-forced-labor-linked-world-bank',
36 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20170718053021/https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/06/27/uzbekistan-forced-labor-linked-world-bank',
37 => 'https://www.rferl.org/a/human-rights-watch-delegation-visit-uzbekistan/28629300.html',
38 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20180222104846/https://www.rferl.org/a/human-rights-watch-delegation-visit-uzbekistan/28629300.html',
39 => 'http://tashkenttimes.uz/national/1451-shavkat-mirziyoyev-meets-un-high-commissioner-for-human-rights',
40 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20180222225601/http://tashkenttimes.uz/national/1451-shavkat-mirziyoyev-meets-un-high-commissioner-for-human-rights',
41 => 'https://www.rferl.org/a/uzbekistan-exit-visa-scrapped-2019-mirziyoev/28680124.html',
42 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20180222104911/https://www.rferl.org/a/uzbekistan-exit-visa-scrapped-2019-mirziyoev/28680124.html',
43 => 'https://geopoliticalfutures.com/uzbekistan-flirts-disaster/',
44 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20170711120617/https://geopoliticalfutures.com/uzbekistan-flirts-disaster/',
45 => 'https://www.amnesty.org/en/countries/europe-and-central-asia/uzbekistan/report-uzbekistan/',
46 => 'https://news.trust.org/item/20200205173450-nltm5/',
47 => 'https://www.wto.org/english/news_e/news20_e/acc_uzb_07jul20_e.htm',
48 => 'https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-37310718',
49 => 'https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/uzbekistan-president-mirziyoyev-takes-oath-of-office/706180',
50 => 'https://www.rferl.org/a/uzbekistan-prime-minister-nominated/28171532.html',
51 => 'http://www.globalslaveryindex.org/findings/',
52 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210417205008/https://rsf.org/en/news/surprise-unesco-award-president-karimov',
53 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20200421161732/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2008/sca/119143.htm',
54 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20190509070128/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-37310718',
55 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20211220121555/https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/uzbekistan-president-mirziyoyev-takes-oath-of-office/706180',
56 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20201109043704/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-43582371',
57 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210417215214/https://thediplomat.com/2018/12/can-we-call-it-an-uzbek-spring-yet/',
58 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210709190519/https://www.brookings.edu/testimonies/contributions-of-central-asian-nations-to-the-campaign-against-terrorism/',
59 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210115015423/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/aug/01/usa.nickpatonwalsh',
60 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210908104848/https://www.wto.org/english/news_e/news20_e/acc_uzb_07jul20_e.htm',
61 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210417220920/http://edition.cnn.com/2005/WORLD/asiapcf/05/18/uzbekistan.unrest/',
62 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210417221032/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2005/5/20/annan-uzbekistan-rejects-inquiry',
63 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210417213714/https://www.osce.org/cio/46541',
64 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20191211204842/https://www.newsweek.com/73-countries-where-its-illegal-be-gay-1385974',
65 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20200208040345/https://ilga.org/state-sponsored-homophobia-report',
66 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20161220113216/https://www.amnesty.org/en/countries/europe-and-central-asia/uzbekistan/report-uzbekistan/',
67 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20200425131330/https://news.trust.org/item/20200205173450-nltm5/',
68 => 'http://www.ihf-hr.org/documents/doc_summary.php?sec_id=3&d_id=3860',
69 => 'http://usinfo.state.gov/eur/Archive/2005/Sep/26-966275.html',
70 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20230917064418/https://www.rferl.org/a/uzbekistan-prime-minister-nominated/28171532.html'
] |
All external links in the new text (all_links) | [
0 => 'https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b4d328.html',
1 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20190508060700/https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b4d328.html',
2 => 'http://constitution.uz/en',
3 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20151215043716/http://constitution.uz/en',
4 => 'https://data.egov.uz/eng/data/6117a05996188a0f14ac917b?page=1',
5 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20230202184355/https://data.egov.uz/eng/data/6117a05996188a0f14ac917b?page=1',
6 => 'https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/uzbekistan/#geography',
7 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210110072816/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/uzbekistan#geography',
8 => 'https://www.stat.uz/images/uploads/reliz2021/demografiya-press-reliz-27_01_2023-ang.pdf',
9 => 'https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/November/weo-report?c=927,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1',
10 => 'https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2019/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=20&pr.y=11&sy=2017&ey=2021&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=927&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,PCPIPCH&grp=0&a=',
11 => 'http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/income-gini-coefficient',
12 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20100610232357/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2172.html',
13 => 'http://mecometer.com/whats/uzbekistan/gini-index/',
14 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20150404160525/http://mecometer.com/whats/uzbekistan/gini-index/',
15 => 'https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf',
16 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20220908114232/http://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf',
17 => 'https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-report-on-international-religious-freedom/uzbekistan/',
18 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20220602232057/https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-report-on-international-religious-freedom/uzbekistan/',
19 => 'https://www.languagesoftheworld.info/language-families/uzbek-the-penguin-of-turkic-languages.html',
20 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20211113124345/https://www.languagesoftheworld.info/language-families/uzbek-the-penguin-of-turkic-languages.html',
21 => 'https://www.forbes.com/sites/kenrapoza/2017/09/14/eurasias-new-perestroika-uzbekistan-silk-road-china/#670f09196f25',
22 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20170914201819/https://www.forbes.com/sites/kenrapoza/2017/09/14/eurasias-new-perestroika-uzbekistan-silk-road-china/',
23 => 'https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/03/are-decades-of-political-repression-making-way-for-an-uzbek-spring',
24 => 'https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077',
25 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20171201080937/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/03/are-decades-of-political-repression-making-way-for-an-uzbek-spring',
26 => 'https://www.eurasiareview.com/08122017-uzbekistan-a-quiet-revolution-taking-place-analysis/',
27 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20171208175149/https://www.eurasiareview.com/08122017-uzbekistan-a-quiet-revolution-taking-place-analysis/',
28 => 'http://csrskabul.com/en/blog/growing-ties-afghanistan-uzbekistan/',
29 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20171222053100/http://csrskabul.com/en/blog/growing-ties-afghanistan-uzbekistan/',
30 => 'https://sdgs.un.org/basic-page/uzbekistan-24786',
31 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20211113131141/https://sdgs.un.org/basic-page/uzbekistan-24786',
32 => 'https://www.globallegalinsights.com/practice-areas/energy-laws-and-regulations/uzbekistan',
33 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20171203153910/https://www.globallegalinsights.com/practice-areas/energy-laws-and-regulations/uzbekistan',
34 => 'https://www.theglobaleconomy.com/Uzbekistan/credit_rating/',
35 => 'https://www.brookings.edu/blog/future-development/2019/01/23/uzbekistans-star-appears-in-the-credit-rating-universe',
36 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20211219111342/https://www.brookings.edu/blog/future-development/2019/01/23/uzbekistans-star-appears-in-the-credit-rating-universe/',
37 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20120118054002/https://faculty.washington.edu/modelski/CAWC.htm',
38 => 'https://faculty.washington.edu/modelski/CAWC.htm',
39 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=v3AdA-Ogl34C&pg=PA154',
40 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20150912153747/https://books.google.com/books?id=v3AdA-Ogl34C&pg=PA154',
41 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=rgGA91skoP4C',
42 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20171018194024/https://books.google.com/books?id=rgGA91skoP4C',
43 => 'http://www.cpamedia.com/article.php?pg=archive&acid=120613150427&aiid=120613151433',
44 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20130524193127/http://www.cpamedia.com/article.php?pg=archive&acid=120613150427&aiid=120613151433',
45 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20110201110849/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,810930,00.html',
46 => 'http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,810930,00.html',
47 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=Bg-dn0g0SikC&pg=PA108',
48 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20150408005412/http://books.google.com/books?id=Bg-dn0g0SikC&pg=PA108',
49 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=XPfcfF8LRWQC',
50 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20180329231706/https://books.google.com/books?id=XPfcfF8LRWQC',
51 => 'https://www.britannica.com/biography/Islam-Karimov',
52 => 'https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-37218158',
53 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20160903142534/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-37218158',
54 => 'https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/dec/05/uzbekistan-elects-shavkat-mirziyoyev-president-islam-karimov',
55 => 'https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/10/25/uzbek-president-secures-second-term-in-landslide-election-victory',
56 => 'https://eurasianet.org/uzbek-president-pledges-constitutional-reform',
57 => 'http://www.worldatlas.com/aatlas/populations/ctypopls.htm',
58 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20100507141553/http://www.worldatlas.com/aatlas/populations/ctypopls.htm',
59 => 'http://enews.fergananews.com/article.php?id=2051',
60 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20130513010043/http://enews.fergananews.com/article.php?id=2051',
61 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20100408214552/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/earthnews/7554679/Aral-Sea-one-of-the-planets-worst-environmental-disasters.html',
62 => 'https://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/earthnews/7554679/Aral-Sea-one-of-the-planets-worst-environmental-disasters.html',
63 => 'https://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=130621',
64 => 'https://www.countryhighpoints.com/alpomish-uzbekistan-highpoint/',
65 => 'http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+uz0029)',
66 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20080922172530/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+uz0029)',
67 => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5451287',
68 => 'https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbiosci%2Fbix014',
69 => 'https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0006-3568',
70 => 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28608869',
71 => 'http://countrystudies.us/uzbekistan/17.htm',
72 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20131208033959/http://countrystudies.us/uzbekistan/17.htm',
73 => 'http://countrystudies.us/uzbekistan',
74 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20060923040626/http://countrystudies.us/uzbekistan/',
75 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20070930020327/http://www.msf.org/msfinternational/invoke.cfm?objectid=6589D208-DC2C-11D4-B2010060084A6370&component=toolkit.article&method=full_html',
76 => 'http://www.msf.org/msfinternational/invoke.cfm?objectid=6589D208-DC2C-11D4-B2010060084A6370&component=toolkit.article&method=full_html',
77 => 'https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/sustainable-fashion-blog/2014/oct/01/cotton-production-linked-to-images-of-the-dried-up-aral-sea-basin',
78 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20200325050154/https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/sustainable-fashion-blog/2014/oct/01/cotton-production-linked-to-images-of-the-dried-up-aral-sea-basin',
79 => 'http://www.ejfoundation.org/page146.html',
80 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20120407122425/http://www.ejfoundation.org/page146.html',
81 => 'http://www.ca-crm.info/en/country-climate-risk-profiles/country-climate-risk-profile-uzbekistan',
82 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20150926101214/http://www.ca-crm.info/en/country-climate-risk-profiles/country-climate-risk-profile-uzbekistan',
83 => 'https://www.iea.org/reports/uzbekistan-energy-profile',
84 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20220322192216/https://www.iea.org/reports/uzbekistan-energy-profile',
85 => 'https://www.thefreelibrary.com/UZBEKISTAN+-+Gas+Production+&+Reserves.-a0123542903',
86 => 'https://www.un.int/uzbekistan/uzbekistan/country-facts',
87 => 'https://www.thethirdpole.net/en/regional-cooperation/uzbekistan-dam-collapse/',
88 => 'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xc52hgvr2QU',
89 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20211229120043/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xc52hgvr2QU',
90 => 'https://www.stat.uz/uz/matbuot-markazi/qo-mita-yangiliklar/49354-hududlar-kesimida-2024-yil-boshiga-doimiy-aholi-soni',
91 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20180818170634/https://data.gov.uz/ru/datasets/4948',
92 => 'https://data.gov.uz/ru/datasets/4948',
93 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20200924013337/https://data.gov.uz/ru/datasets/1657',
94 => 'https://data.gov.uz/ru/datasets/1657',
95 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20180311191639/http://www.poltavareview.com/?p=18105',
96 => 'http://www.poltavareview.com/?p=18105',
97 => 'http://www.stat.uz/upload/str2.jpg',
98 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20141014235825/http://www.stat.uz/upload/str2.jpg',
99 => 'http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf75.html',
100 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20080509123211/http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf75.html',
101 => 'http://www.euronuclear.org/info/encyclopedia/u/uranium-reserves.htm',
102 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20080522121613/http://www.euronuclear.org/info/encyclopedia/u/uranium-reserves.htm',
103 => 'http://www.bgs.ac.uk/mineralsuk/statistics/worldStatistics.html',
104 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20131020095042/http://www.bgs.ac.uk/mineralsuk/statistics/worldStatistics.html',
105 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20190421182440/http://www.gazprom-international.com/en/news-media/articles/new-head-nhc-uzbekneftegaz-appointed',
106 => 'http://www.gazprom-international.com/en/news-media/articles/new-head-nhc-uzbekneftegaz-appointed',
107 => 'http://invest-in-uzbekistan.org/en/ekonomika/',
108 => 'https://www.doingbusiness.org/en/data/exploreeconomies/uzbekistan',
109 => 'https://www.imf.org/en/Countries/UZB',
110 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20190422080928/https://www.imf.org/en/Countries/UZB',
111 => 'http://www.imf.org/external/data.htm',
112 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20141006220934/http://www.imf.org/external/data.htm',
113 => 'https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.DEFL.KD.ZG?end=2019&locations=UZ&start=1988&view=chart',
114 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210417210507/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.DEFL.KD.ZG?end=2019&locations=UZ&start=1988&view=chart',
115 => 'https://databank.worldbank.org/views/reports/reportwidget.aspx?Report_Name=CountryProfile&Id=b450fd57&tbar=y&dd=y&inf=n&zm=n&country=UZB',
116 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20200309215328/https://databank.worldbank.org/views/reports/reportwidget.aspx?Report_Name=CountryProfile&Id=b450fd57&tbar=y&dd=y&inf=n&zm=n&country=UZB',
117 => 'http://www.cotton.org/econ/cropinfo/cropdata/rankings.cfm',
118 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20120415113812/http://www.cotton.org/econ/cropinfo/cropdata/rankings.cfm',
119 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20100827203828/http://www.irinnews.org/country.aspx?CountryCode=UZ&RegionCode=ASI',
120 => 'http://www.irinnews.org/country.aspx?CountryCode=UZ&RegionCode=ASI',
121 => 'https://stat.uz/en/435-analiticheskie-materialy-en1/2075-demographic-situation-in-the-republic-of-uzbekistan',
122 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20191117233559/https://stat.uz/en/435-analiticheskie-materialy-en1/2075-demographic-situation-in-the-republic-of-uzbekistan',
123 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20131220192936/http://bs-agro.com/index.php/news/other-countries/23906-uzbekistan-korean-government-uses-uzbek-cotton-to-make-banknotes',
124 => 'http://bs-agro.com/index.php/news/other-countries/23906-uzbekistan-korean-government-uses-uzbek-cotton-to-make-banknotes',
125 => 'https://www.occrp.org/en/investigations/central-asian-cotton-powers-russias-sanctioned-gunpowder-plants',
126 => 'https://www.pravda.com.ua/eng/articles/2024/01/10/7436569/',
127 => 'https://www.bbc.com/russian/articles/c51d7n1ze92o',
128 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20100706003257/http://www.ejfoundation.org/pdf/Uzbekistan_Cotton%20Tesco_letter_to_%20suppliers.pdf',
129 => 'http://www.ejfoundation.org/pdf/Uzbekistan_Cotton%20Tesco_letter_to_%20suppliers.pdf',
130 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20100527204731/http://www.c-and-a.com/aboutUs/socialResponsibility/',
131 => 'http://www.c-and-a.com/aboutUs/socialResponsibility/',
132 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20110727184416/http://www.rferl.org/content/article/1144612.html',
133 => 'http://www.rferl.org/content/article/1144612.html',
134 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20080922045122/http://2004.press-service.uz/rus/knigi/9tom/3tom_12.htm',
135 => 'http://2004.press-service.uz/rus/knigi/9tom/3tom_12.htm',
136 => 'https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329310641',
137 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20211024180554/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329310641_China's_Belt_and_Road_Initiative_through_the_lens_of_Central_Asia',
138 => 'https://archive.today/20090825223014/http://www.voanews.com/english/archive/2006-02/New-Report-Paints-Grim-Picture-of-Uzbekistan.cfm?CFID=281017252&CFTOKEN=40626492&jsessionid=00308b85b39c112dba1e6241221e37211353',
139 => 'http://www.voanews.com/english/archive/2006-02/New-Report-Paints-Grim-Picture-of-Uzbekistan.cfm?CFID=281017252&CFTOKEN=40626492&jsessionid=00308b85b39c112dba1e6241221e37211353',
140 => 'http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/europe-central-asia/uzbekistan/business-corruption-in-uzbekistan.aspx',
141 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140324230655/http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/europe-central-asia/uzbekistan/business-corruption-in-uzbekistan.aspx',
142 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20110511170759/http://www.eurasiacenter.org/Country%20reports/Central%20Asia/Uzbekistan%20Economic%20Highlights.doc',
143 => 'http://www.eurasiacenter.org/Country%20reports/Central%20Asia/Uzbekistan%20Economic%20Highlights.doc',
144 => 'https://2009-2017.state.gov/e/eb/rls/othr/ics/2011/157382.htm',
145 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20200421160423/https://2009-2017.state.gov/e/eb/rls/othr/ics/2011/157382.htm',
146 => 'http://www.imf.org/external/np/sec/pr/2003/pr03188.htm',
147 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20101121134806/http://www.imf.org/external/np/sec/pr/2003/pr03188.htm',
148 => 'http://mfa.uz/eng/inter_cooper/econ_org/Inter_MF/',
149 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20110510075000/http://mfa.uz/eng/inter_cooper/econ_org/Inter_MF/',
150 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20101120065551/http://www.adb.org/Documents/Books/ADO/2005/uzb.asp',
151 => 'http://www.adb.org/Documents/Books/ADO/2005/uzb.asp',
152 => 'http://www.indexmundi.com/uzbekistan/inflation_rate_(consumer_prices).html',
153 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20110510074954/http://www.indexmundi.com/uzbekistan/inflation_rate_(consumer_prices).html',
154 => 'https://www.pwc.de/de/internationale-maerkte/assets/doing-business-in-usbekistan-2014.pdf',
155 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210417215226/https://www.pwc.de/de/internationale-maerkte/assets/doing-business-in-usbekistan-2014.pdf',
156 => 'https://www.reuters.com/article/uzbekistan-autos-tax-idUSL8N2DH1L8',
157 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210101173611/https://www.reuters.com/article/uzbekistan-autos-tax-idUSL8N2DH1L8',
158 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20080815015618/http://www.ustr.gov/assets/Document_Library/Reports_Publications/2004/2004_National_Trade_Estimate/2004_NTE_Report/asset_upload_file327_4803.pdf',
159 => 'http://www.ustr.gov/assets/Document_Library/Reports_Publications/2004/2004_National_Trade_Estimate/2004_NTE_Report/asset_upload_file327_4803.pdf',
160 => 'http://investmentpolicyhub.unctad.org/IIA/CountryBits/226#iiaInnerMenu',
161 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20171107055442/http://investmentpolicyhub.unctad.org/IIA/CountryBits/226#iiaInnerMenu',
162 => 'http://tashkenttimes.uz/finances/3050-uzbekistan-s-gold-and-foreign-exchange-reserves-at-us-25-49-billion',
163 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20190501060527/http://tashkenttimes.uz/finances/3050-uzbekistan-s-gold-and-foreign-exchange-reserves-at-us-25-49-billion',
164 => 'http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/EXTRUSSIANHOME/EXTRUSSIANCOUNTRIES/ECAINRUSSIANEXT/EXTUZBEKISTANINRUS/0,,contentMDK:20546336~menuPK:1151287~pagePK:1497618~piPK:217854~theSitePK:1151265,00.html#contact',
165 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20130605175712/http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/EXTRUSSIANHOME/EXTRUSSIANCOUNTRIES/ECAINRUSSIANEXT/EXTUZBEKISTANINRUS/0,,contentMDK:20546336~menuPK:1151287~pagePK:1497618~piPK:217854~theSitePK:1151265,00.html#contact',
166 => 'https://www.hsbc.com.mx/1/PA_esf-ca-app-content/content/home/empresas/archivos/world_2050.pdf',
167 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20171014100813/https://www.hsbc.com.mx/1/PA_esf-ca-app-content/content/home/empresas/archivos/world_2050.pdf',
168 => 'https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2023/index.html',
169 => 'https://doi.org/10.34667%2Ftind.46596',
170 => 'https://population.un.org/wpp/',
171 => 'https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_General/WPP2022_GEN_F01_DEMOGRAPHIC_INDICATORS_COMPACT_REV1.xlsx',
172 => 'http://tashkenttimes.uz/national/10147-uzbekistan-population-surpasses-36-million',
173 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20221212110418/http://tashkenttimes.uz/national/10147-uzbekistan-population-surpasses-36-million',
174 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20090505153156/http://www.cornellcaspian.com/pub/0010uzbekistan.htm',
175 => 'https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09662830008407454',
176 => 'https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154194469',
177 => 'http://www.cornellcaspian.com/pub/0010uzbekistan.htm',
178 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20131206165604/http://www.ajcarchives.org/AJC_DATA/Files/2001_13_WJP.pdf',
179 => 'http://www.ajcarchives.org/AJC_DATA/Files/2001_13_WJP.pdf',
180 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20090326020910/http://www.ajcarchives.org/AJC_DATA/Files/AJYB727.CV.pdf',
181 => 'http://www.ajcarchives.org/AJC_DATA/Files/AJYB727.CV.pdf',
182 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=X2XpddVB0l0C&pg=PA102',
183 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20150915152247/https://books.google.com/books?id=X2XpddVB0l0C&pg=PA102',
184 => 'http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/OP297.pdf',
185 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20131206184216/http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/OP297.pdf',
186 => 'http://www.turkishweekly.net/news/874/the-russians-are-still-leaving-uzbekistan-for-kazakhstan-now.html',
187 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20090211171635/http://turkishweekly.net/news/874/the-russians-are-still-leaving-uzbekistan-for-kazakhstan-now.html',
188 => 'https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjrs%2F4.4.372',
189 => 'https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0951-6328',
190 => 'https://jamestown.org/program/crimean-tatars-divide-ukraine-and-russia/',
191 => 'https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/greece-overcomes-its-ancient-history-finally-552207.html',
192 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20150925190532/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/greece-overcomes-its-ancient-history-finally-552207.html',
193 => 'http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/topic,463af2212,488edfe22,49749c843c,0.html',
194 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20121016183834/http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/topic,463af2212,488edfe22,49749c843c,0.html',
195 => 'http://www.eurasianet.org/node/78701',
196 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20161225130718/http://www.eurasianet.org/node/78701',
197 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20091111025921/http://www.crisisgroup.org/home/index.cfm?id=5027&l=1',
198 => 'http://www.crisisgroup.org/home/index.cfm?id=5027&l=1',
199 => 'https://knoema.com/atlas/Uzbekistan/topics/Education/Literacy/Adult-literacy-rate?mode=amp',
200 => 'https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-37260375',
201 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20160903231914/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-37260375',
202 => 'https://lex.uz/ru/docs/4766085',
203 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210709190631/https://lex.uz/ru/docs/4766085',
204 => 'https://eurasianet.org/uzbekistan-postpones-first-census-because-of-coronavirus',
205 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210617003227/https://eurasianet.org/uzbekistan-postpones-first-census-because-of-coronavirus',
206 => 'http://constitution.uz/en/clause/index#section7',
207 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210209112241/https://constitution.uz/en/clause/index#section7',
208 => 'https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/uzbekistan/',
209 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210203042919/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/uzbekistan/',
210 => 'http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/uzbekistan/religious_demography#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2010',
211 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20180129141645/http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/uzbekistan/religious_demography#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2010',
212 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20130831195935/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/uztoc.html',
213 => 'http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/uztoc.html',
214 => 'https://zoroastrians.net/2013/08/21/uzbekistan-zoroastrian-association-registered/',
215 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20191106080944/https://zoroastrians.net/2013/08/21/uzbekistan-zoroastrian-association-registered/',
216 => 'https://www.nst.com.my/world/2019/05/491858/muslims-seek-voice-changing-uzbekistan',
217 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20200606194627/https://www.nst.com.my/world/2019/05/491858/muslims-seek-voice-changing-uzbekistan',
218 => 'http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/opinion/editorials/ct-central-asia-islamic-state-edit-20170203-story.html',
219 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20170803221345/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/opinion/editorials/ct-central-asia-islamic-state-edit-20170203-story.html',
220 => 'http://www.politico.eu/article/uzbekistans-real-problem-is-not-terrorism-its-politics-aliyev-karimov/',
221 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20170803212101/http://www.politico.eu/article/uzbekistans-real-problem-is-not-terrorism-its-politics-aliyev-karimov/',
222 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20150712005324/http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/Uzbekistan.html',
223 => 'https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/Uzbekistan.html',
224 => 'https://www.jweekly.com/2002/09/20/bukharan-jews-now-in-queens-recreate-their-sukkot-memories/',
225 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20190730203728/https://www.jweekly.com/2002/09/20/bukharan-jews-now-in-queens-recreate-their-sukkot-memories/',
226 => 'http://eajc.org/page277',
227 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20131224120130/http://eajc.org/page277',
228 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=XYZVvJSdLBkC&pg=PP14',
229 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20150405011646/http://books.google.com/books?id=XYZVvJSdLBkC&pg=PP14',
230 => 'http://ziyonet.uz/ru',
231 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20180826065220/http://ziyonet.uz/ru',
232 => 'https://www.facebook.com/Mirziyoyev',
233 => 'http://www.president.uz/ru',
234 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20180902221632/http://president.uz/ru',
235 => 'http://mytashkent.uz/2015/04/27/bespraven-no-vostrebovan-russkij-yazyk-v-uzbekistane/',
236 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20160513012627/http://mytashkent.uz/2015/04/27/bespraven-no-vostrebovan-russkij-yazyk-v-uzbekistane/',
237 => 'http://365info.kz/2015/09/russkij-yazyk-v-uzbekistane/',
238 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20160701175737/http://365info.kz/2015/09/russkij-yazyk-v-uzbekistane/',
239 => 'http://magazines.russ.ru/nz/2009/4/ab21.html',
240 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20160623201807/http://magazines.russ.ru/nz/2009/4/ab21.html',
241 => 'http://www.philology.ru/linguistics2/pyanov-11.htm',
242 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20160528192438/http://www.philology.ru/linguistics2/pyanov-11.htm',
243 => 'http://factsanddetails.com/central-asia/Uzbekistan/sub8_3d/entry-4699.html',
244 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20160911061953/http://factsanddetails.com/central-asia/Uzbekistan/sub8_3d/entry-4699.html',
245 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20101129214857/http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/insight/articles/eav091906.shtml',
246 => 'http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/insight/articles/eav091906.shtml',
247 => 'https://www.cacianalyst.org/publications/analytical-articles/item/13623-soft-or-hard-power?-russia-reacts-to-uzbekistans-draft-language-policy.html',
248 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20200814104221/https://cacianalyst.org/publications/analytical-articles/item/13623-soft-or-hard-power?-russia-reacts-to-uzbekistans-draft-language-policy.html',
249 => 'https://vesti.uz/russkij-yazyk-nam-ne-chuzhoj/',
250 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20200803142909/https://vesti.uz/russkij-yazyk-nam-ne-chuzhoj/',
251 => 'https://eurasianet.org/uzbekistan-a-second-coming-for-the-russian-language',
252 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20220801141112/https://eurasianet.org/uzbekistan-a-second-coming-for-the-russian-language',
253 => 'http://www.aci.uz/',
254 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20070715223738/http://aci.uz/',
255 => 'http://www.uzdaily.com/',
256 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20070626054241/http://www.uzdaily.com/',
257 => 'https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Documents/statistics/2019/Mobile_cellular_2000-2018_Jun2019.xls',
258 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20200417035600/https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Documents/statistics/2019/Mobile_cellular_2000-2018_Jun2019.xls',
259 => 'http://www.uzdaily.com/articles-id-832.htm',
260 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20100608035053/http://www.uzdaily.com/articles-id-832.htm',
261 => 'https://kun.uz/en/news/2020/12/12/number-of-internet-users-in-uzbekistan-exceeds-221-million',
262 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210119025120/https://kun.uz/en/news/2020/12/12/number-of-internet-users-in-uzbekistan-exceeds-221-million',
263 => 'https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/IT.NET.USER.ZS?locations=UZ',
264 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210417212019/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/IT.NET.USER.ZS?locations=UZ',
265 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20131224094142/http://www.uznews.net/news_single.php?lng=en&cid=30&nid=20980',
266 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20130821021943/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-16218808',
267 => 'https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-16218808',
268 => 'http://www.tashkent.org/uzland/subway.html',
269 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20120118202134/http://www.tashkent.org/uzland/subway.html',
270 => 'http://www.uzdaily.com/?c=118&a=1315',
271 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20110516011802/http://www.uzdaily.com/?c=118&a=1315',
272 => 'http://www.uzdaily.com/?c=118&a=1242',
273 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20070927084418/http://www.uzdaily.com/?c=118&a=1242',
274 => 'http://www.uzdaily.com/?c=118&a=1336',
275 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20070927084406/http://www.uzdaily.com/?c=118&a=1336',
276 => 'http://www.uzdaily.com/articles-id-15511.htm',
277 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20120111171755/http://www.uzdaily.com/articles-id-15511.htm',
278 => 'https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/countries/23424980/',
279 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20130313041638/https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/countries/23424980/',
280 => 'https://www.cbsnews.com/news/us-troops-leave-uzbekistan/',
281 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140830141914/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/us-troops-leave-uzbekistan/',
282 => 'https://www.cbsnews.com/news/uzbekistan-k2-karshi-khanabad-base-us-troops-radiation/',
283 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20201026201758/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/uzbekistan-k2-karshi-khanabad-base-us-troops-radiation/',
284 => 'https://www.rferl.org/a/uzbekistan-csto-suspends-membership/24629244.html',
285 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20201027121322/https://www.rferl.org/a/uzbekistan-csto-suspends-membership/24629244.html',
286 => 'https://time.com/5005629/new-york-attack-manhattan-saipov-uzbekistan/',
287 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20201109033909/https://time.com/5005629/new-york-attack-manhattan-saipov-uzbekistan/',
288 => 'https://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/',
289 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20180620101838/http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/',
290 => 'https://voicesoncentralasia.org/shashmaqam-music-and-poetry-of-central-asia/',
291 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184638/https://voicesoncentralasia.org/shashmaqam-music-and-poetry-of-central-asia/',
292 => 'https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/bitstream/1807/80818/3/Dessiatnitchenko_Polina_201711_PhD_thesis.pdf',
293 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210830072956/https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/bitstream/1807/80818/3/Dessiatnitchenko_Polina_201711_PhD_thesis.pdf',
294 => 'http://uis.unesco.org/en/country/uz',
295 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210128044605/http://uis.unesco.org/en/country/uz',
296 => 'http://chalkboard.tol.org/uzbekistan-lessons-in-graft',
297 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20120608053517/http://chalkboard.tol.org/uzbekistan-lessons-in-graft',
298 => 'https://www.pilotguides.com/articles/mutton-from-central-asia/',
299 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185344/https://www.pilotguides.com/articles/mutton-from-central-asia/',
300 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=rizvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA226',
301 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20230202184355/https://books.google.com/books?id=rizvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA226',
302 => 'https://www.people-travels.com/about-uzbekistan/uzbek-cuisine/uzbek-shurpa.html',
303 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185950/https://www.people-travels.com/about-uzbekistan/uzbek-cuisine/uzbek-shurpa.html',
304 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184908/https://uzwifi.com/en/blog/10-most-popular-foods-you-have-to-eat-in-uzbekistan-2019',
305 => 'https://uzwifi.com/en/blog/10-most-popular-foods-you-have-to-eat-in-uzbekistan-2019',
306 => 'https://www.teamuse.com/article_210402.html',
307 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210709190413/https://www.teamuse.com/article_210402.html',
308 => 'http://uzbek-travel.com/about-uzbekistan/facts/tea-traditions/',
309 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210709192144/http://uzbek-travel.com/about-uzbekistan/facts/tea-traditions/',
310 => 'https://www.people-travels.com/about-uzbekistan/uzbek-food/uzbek-sour-milk-dishes.html',
311 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185134/https://www.people-travels.com/about-uzbekistan/uzbek-food/uzbek-sour-milk-dishes.html',
312 => 'https://www.worldtravelguide.net/guides/asia/uzbekistan/',
313 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210724065732/https://www.worldtravelguide.net/guides/asia/uzbekistan/',
314 => 'https://perito-burrito.com/posts/ne-tolko-plov-i-golubye-kupola-chem-vpechatlyaet-uzbekistan-za-predelami-khivy-bukhary-i-samarkanda',
315 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20221122174130/https://perito-burrito.com/posts/ne-tolko-plov-i-golubye-kupola-chem-vpechatlyaet-uzbekistan-za-predelami-khivy-bukhary-i-samarkanda',
316 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20120111162430/http://www.letour.fr/HISTO/us/TDF/coureur/4976.html',
317 => 'http://www.letour.fr/HISTO/us/TDF/coureur/4976.html',
318 => 'https://cyclingtips.com/2014/05/where-are-they-now-djamolidine-abdoujaparov/',
319 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184822/https://cyclingtips.com/2014/05/where-are-they-now-djamolidine-abdoujaparov/',
320 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184235/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/topic/artur-taymazov',
321 => 'https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/topic/artur-taymazov',
322 => 'https://www.reuters.com/article/us-olympics-doping-wrestling-idUSKCN1UI2IW',
323 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185057/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-olympics-doping-wrestling-idUSKCN1UI2IW',
324 => 'https://www.reuters.com/article/us-boxing-chagaev-idUSL1402374320070415',
325 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210709192012/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-boxing-chagaev-idUSL1402374320070415',
326 => 'http://www.aiba.org/blog/uzbekistans-new-olympic-light-flyweight-champion-hasanboy-dusmatov-wins-val-barker-trophy-outstanding-male-boxer-rio-2016/',
327 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20160823132705/http://www.aiba.org/blog/uzbekistans-new-olympic-light-flyweight-champion-hasanboy-dusmatov-wins-val-barker-trophy-outstanding-male-boxer-rio-2016/',
328 => 'http://www.aiba.org/blog/aiba-celebrates-70-year-anniversary-gala-dinner-company-boxing-legends/',
329 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20161224043205/http://www.aiba.org/blog/aiba-celebrates-70-year-anniversary-gala-dinner-company-boxing-legends/',
330 => 'https://olympics.com/en/olympic-games/sydney-2000/results/canoe-sprint',
331 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210710081716/https://olympics.com/en/olympic-games/sydney-2000/results/canoe-sprint',
332 => 'https://www.espn.com/espnw/sports/article/17211754/41-year-old-oksana-chusovitina-most-incredible-athlete-olympics',
333 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20190815005929/http://www.espn.com/espnw/sports/article/17211754/41-year-old-oksana-chusovitina-most-incredible-athlete-olympics',
334 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210715182439/http://kurash-ika.org/en/',
335 => 'https://kurash-ika.org/en/',
336 => 'https://www.alamy.com/players-of-uzbekistans-nasaf-fc-celebrate-their-winning-afc-cup-2011-final-soccer-match-against-al-kuwait-of-kuwait-in-karshi-october-29-2011-reuterstariq-alali-uzbekistan-tags-sport-soccer-image378277201.html',
337 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210709190434/https://www.alamy.com/players-of-uzbekistans-nasaf-fc-celebrate-their-winning-afc-cup-2011-final-soccer-match-against-al-kuwait-of-kuwait-in-karshi-october-29-2011-reuterstariq-alali-uzbekistan-tags-sport-soccer-image378277201.html',
338 => 'https://www.the-afc.com/competitions/afc-cup/latest/news/where-are-they-now-fc-nasaf-s-2011-afc-cup-winners',
339 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184531/https://www.the-afc.com/competitions/afc-cup/latest/news/where-are-they-now-fc-nasaf-s-2011-afc-cup-winners',
340 => 'https://www.the-sports.org/ice-hockey-humo-tashkent-results-identity-equ83133.html',
341 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185009/https://www.the-sports.org/ice-hockey-humo-tashkent-results-identity-equ83133.html',
342 => 'http://uihf.uz/news#tab115',
343 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20190720112541/http://www.uihf.uz/news#tab115',
344 => 'https://tashkenttimes.uz/sports/3971-tashkent-based-humo-club-to-play-in-higher-hockey-league-in-2019-2020-season',
345 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185733/https://tashkenttimes.uz/sports/3971-tashkent-based-humo-club-to-play-in-higher-hockey-league-in-2019-2020-season',
346 => 'https://www.uzdaily.uz/en/post/15786',
347 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210709183359/https://www.uzdaily.uz/en/post/15786',
348 => 'https://www.uzdaily.uz/en/post/14230',
349 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210709190556/https://www.uzdaily.uz/en/post/14230',
350 => 'https://www.chess.com/players/rustam-kasimdzhanov',
351 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20200729132753/https://www.chess.com/players/rustam-kasimdzhanov',
352 => 'https://www.chess.com/players/nodirbek-abdusattorov',
353 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20220506213148/https://www.chess.com/players/nodirbek-abdusattorov',
354 => 'https://www.fide.com/news/1915',
355 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20220809152957/https://www.fide.com/news/1915',
356 => 'https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Uzbekistan¶ms=42_N_64_E_type:country',
357 => 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q265#identifiers',
358 => 'https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Uzbekistan¶ms=41_19_N_69_16_E_type:city_region:UZ',
359 => 'https://www.gov.uz/en',
360 => 'https://open.spotify.com/album/26g2oEzxzPvvJtz0HqRBt3',
361 => 'https://www.amazon.com/Soviet-Disunion-Bohdan-Nahaylo/dp/0029224012/',
362 => 'https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02634939608400946',
363 => 'https://archive.org/details/kazakstankyrgyzs00curt_0',
364 => 'http://uzreport.uz/?lan=e',
365 => 'http://parliament.gov.uz/',
366 => 'https://2b.uz/en/',
367 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20190210110104/https://2b.uz/en/',
368 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20130928040933/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-u/uzbekistan.html',
369 => 'https://2009-2017.state.gov/p/sca/ci/uz/',
370 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20101210070501/http://www.library.illinois.edu/spx/webct/nationalbib/natbibuzbek.htm',
371 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20080607040200/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/uzbekistan.htm',
372 => 'http://world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gcis&lng=en&des=wg&srt=npan&col=abcdefghinoq&msz=1500&geo=-225',
373 => 'https://curlie.org/Regional/Asia/Uzbekistan',
374 => 'https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-16218112',
375 => 'http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=UZ',
376 => 'http://www.mtrk.uz/#uz/uzbekistan/',
377 => 'http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1260657/',
378 => 'https://isni.org/isni/0000000406118341',
379 => 'https://viaf.org/viaf/234141824',
380 => 'https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJght8grK8xh9JpD7HrTHC',
381 => 'http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX453053',
382 => 'https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15342210j',
383 => 'https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb128204606',
384 => 'https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119411811',
385 => 'https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15342210j',
386 => 'https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb128204606',
387 => 'https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119411811',
388 => 'https://d-nb.info/gnd/4062199-6',
389 => 'http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007567638605171',
390 => 'https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n91129869',
391 => 'https://libris.kb.se/pm1339771nt8scw',
392 => 'https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00577488',
393 => 'https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge134560&CON_LNG=ENG',
394 => 'http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000418029&local_base=nsk10',
395 => 'https://musicbrainz.org/area/95c0c3ee-ed52-31c4-83e6-19ced497e6d0',
396 => 'https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA10051336?l=en',
397 => 'https://id.parliament.uk/0p4uaVac',
398 => 'https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/044996',
399 => 'https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10045283',
400 => 'https://www.idref.fr/027351009',
401 => 'https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/ozbekistan'
] |
Links in the page, before the edit (old_links) | [
0 => 'http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/europe-central-asia/uzbekistan/business-corruption-in-uzbekistan.aspx',
1 => 'https://www.amazon.com/Soviet-Disunion-Bohdan-Nahaylo/dp/0029224012/',
2 => 'http://uzreport.uz/?lan=e',
3 => 'http://parliament.gov.uz/',
4 => 'https://2b.uz/en/',
5 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20130928040933/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-u/uzbekistan.html',
6 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20101210070501/http://www.library.illinois.edu/spx/webct/nationalbib/natbibuzbek.htm',
7 => 'https://curlie.org/Regional/Asia/Uzbekistan',
8 => 'https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-16218112',
9 => 'http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=UZ',
10 => 'http://www.mtrk.uz/#uz/uzbekistan/',
11 => 'https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/uzbekistan/',
12 => 'https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/03/are-decades-of-political-repression-making-way-for-an-uzbek-spring',
13 => 'http://www.aiba.org/blog/uzbekistans-new-olympic-light-flyweight-champion-hasanboy-dusmatov-wins-val-barker-trophy-outstanding-male-boxer-rio-2016/',
14 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20160823132705/http://www.aiba.org/blog/uzbekistans-new-olympic-light-flyweight-champion-hasanboy-dusmatov-wins-val-barker-trophy-outstanding-male-boxer-rio-2016/',
15 => 'http://www.aiba.org/blog/aiba-celebrates-70-year-anniversary-gala-dinner-company-boxing-legends/',
16 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20161224043205/http://www.aiba.org/blog/aiba-celebrates-70-year-anniversary-gala-dinner-company-boxing-legends/',
17 => 'http://uihf.uz/news#tab115',
18 => 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q265#identifiers',
19 => 'http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX453053',
20 => 'https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15342210j',
21 => 'https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15342210j',
22 => 'https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb128204606',
23 => 'https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb128204606',
24 => 'https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119411811',
25 => 'https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119411811',
26 => 'https://d-nb.info/gnd/4062199-6',
27 => 'https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/044996',
28 => 'https://isni.org/isni/0000000406118341',
29 => 'https://musicbrainz.org/area/95c0c3ee-ed52-31c4-83e6-19ced497e6d0',
30 => 'https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10045283',
31 => 'https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00577488',
32 => 'https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge134560&CON_LNG=ENG',
33 => 'https://www.idref.fr/027351009',
34 => 'https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/ozbekistan',
35 => 'http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1260657/',
36 => 'https://www.the-sports.org/ice-hockey-humo-tashkent-results-identity-equ83133.html',
37 => 'https://www.uzdaily.uz/en/post/15786',
38 => 'https://www.uzdaily.uz/en/post/14230',
39 => 'https://tashkenttimes.uz/sports/3971-tashkent-based-humo-club-to-play-in-higher-hockey-league-in-2019-2020-season',
40 => 'https://kurash-ika.org/en/',
41 => 'https://www.reuters.com/article/us-boxing-chagaev-idUSL1402374320070415',
42 => 'https://www.gov.uz/en',
43 => 'https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2008/sca/119143.htm',
44 => 'https://archive.org/details/kazakstankyrgyzs00curt_0',
45 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20120118054002/https://faculty.washington.edu/modelski/CAWC.htm',
46 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=v3AdA-Ogl34C&pg=PA154',
47 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20150912153747/https://books.google.com/books?id=v3AdA-Ogl34C&pg=PA154',
48 => 'http://www.cpamedia.com/article.php?pg=archive&acid=120613150427&aiid=120613151433',
49 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20130524193127/http://www.cpamedia.com/article.php?pg=archive&acid=120613150427&aiid=120613151433',
50 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20110201110849/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,810930,00.html',
51 => 'http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,810930,00.html',
52 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=Bg-dn0g0SikC&pg=PA108',
53 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20150408005412/http://books.google.com/books?id=Bg-dn0g0SikC&pg=PA108',
54 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=XPfcfF8LRWQC',
55 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20180329231706/https://books.google.com/books?id=XPfcfF8LRWQC',
56 => 'https://www.britannica.com/biography/Islam-Karimov',
57 => 'https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-37218158',
58 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20160903142534/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-37218158',
59 => 'https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/dec/05/uzbekistan-elects-shavkat-mirziyoyev-president-islam-karimov',
60 => 'http://www.worldatlas.com/aatlas/populations/ctypopls.htm',
61 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20100507141553/http://www.worldatlas.com/aatlas/populations/ctypopls.htm',
62 => 'http://enews.fergananews.com/article.php?id=2051',
63 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20130513010043/http://enews.fergananews.com/article.php?id=2051',
64 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20100408214552/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/earthnews/7554679/Aral-Sea-one-of-the-planets-worst-environmental-disasters.html',
65 => 'https://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/earthnews/7554679/Aral-Sea-one-of-the-planets-worst-environmental-disasters.html',
66 => 'http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+uz0029)',
67 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20080922172530/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+uz0029)',
68 => 'http://countrystudies.us/uzbekistan/17.htm',
69 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20131208033959/http://countrystudies.us/uzbekistan/17.htm',
70 => 'http://countrystudies.us/uzbekistan',
71 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20060923040626/http://countrystudies.us/uzbekistan/',
72 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20070930020327/http://www.msf.org/msfinternational/invoke.cfm?objectid=6589D208-DC2C-11D4-B2010060084A6370&component=toolkit.article&method=full_html',
73 => 'http://www.msf.org/msfinternational/invoke.cfm?objectid=6589D208-DC2C-11D4-B2010060084A6370&component=toolkit.article&method=full_html',
74 => 'https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/sustainable-fashion-blog/2014/oct/01/cotton-production-linked-to-images-of-the-dried-up-aral-sea-basin',
75 => 'http://www.ejfoundation.org/page146.html',
76 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20120407122425/http://www.ejfoundation.org/page146.html',
77 => 'http://www.ca-crm.info/en/country-climate-risk-profiles/country-climate-risk-profile-uzbekistan',
78 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20150926101214/http://www.ca-crm.info/en/country-climate-risk-profiles/country-climate-risk-profile-uzbekistan',
79 => 'https://www.un.int/uzbekistan/uzbekistan/country-facts',
80 => 'https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-43582371',
81 => 'https://thediplomat.com/2018/12/can-we-call-it-an-uzbek-spring-yet/',
82 => 'http://www.globalpolicy.org/component/content/article/153/26246.html',
83 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20120503094751/http://www.globalpolicy.org/component/content/article/153/26246.html',
84 => 'https://www.brookings.edu/testimonies/contributions-of-central-asian-nations-to-the-campaign-against-terrorism/',
85 => 'http://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/aug/01/usa.nickpatonwalsh',
86 => 'https://rsf.org/en/news/surprise-unesco-award-president-karimov',
87 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20100129175624/http://www.ihf-hr.org/documents/doc_summary.php?sec_id=3&d_id=3860',
88 => 'http://www.omct.org/files/2005/07/2984/omctlas_uzb_report_04_05.pdf',
89 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20101205023220/http://www.omct.org/files/2005/07/2984/omctlas_uzb_report_04_05.pdf',
90 => 'http://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/newsdesk/2013/01/tweets-from-gulnara-the-dictators-daughter.html',
91 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20130104001130/http://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/newsdesk/2013/01/tweets-from-gulnara-the-dictators-daughter.html',
92 => 'https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2015/country-chapters/uzbekistan',
93 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20160323213748/https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2015/country-chapters/uzbekistan',
94 => 'https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2018/uzbekistan',
95 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20180223110947/https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2018/uzbekistan',
96 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20070421032553/http://usinfo.state.gov/eur/Archive/2005/Sep/26-966275.html',
97 => 'http://www.rferl.org/content/article/1059147.html',
98 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20100903120948/http://www.rferl.org/content/article/1059147.html',
99 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20071012171720/http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGEUR620152005?open&of=ENG-UZB',
100 => 'http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGEUR620152005?open&of=ENG-UZB',
101 => 'http://edition.cnn.com/2005/WORLD/asiapcf/05/18/uzbekistan.unrest/',
102 => 'https://www.rferl.org/a/1058942.html',
103 => 'https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2005/5/20/annan-uzbekistan-rejects-inquiry',
104 => 'https://www.osce.org/cio/46541',
105 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20080308115436/http://www.press-service.uz/en/gsection.scm?groupId=5203&contentId=8868',
106 => 'http://www.press-service.uz/en/gsection.scm?groupId=5203&contentId=8868',
107 => 'http://www.kreml.org/interview/100931204',
108 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140805161349/http://www.kreml.org/interview/100931204',
109 => 'https://www.newsweek.com/73-countries-where-its-illegal-be-gay-1385974',
110 => 'https://ilga.org/state-sponsored-homophobia-report',
111 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20141226154749/http://www.globalslaveryindex.org/findings/',
112 => 'http://www.rferl.org/a/global-slavery-index-uzbekistan-pakistan-worst-offenders/27770928.html',
113 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20170116164029/http://www.rferl.org/a/global-slavery-index-uzbekistan-pakistan-worst-offenders/27770928.html',
114 => 'https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/06/27/uzbekistan-forced-labor-linked-world-bank',
115 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20170718053021/https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/06/27/uzbekistan-forced-labor-linked-world-bank',
116 => 'https://www.rferl.org/a/human-rights-watch-delegation-visit-uzbekistan/28629300.html',
117 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20180222104846/https://www.rferl.org/a/human-rights-watch-delegation-visit-uzbekistan/28629300.html',
118 => 'http://tashkenttimes.uz/national/1451-shavkat-mirziyoyev-meets-un-high-commissioner-for-human-rights',
119 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20180222225601/http://tashkenttimes.uz/national/1451-shavkat-mirziyoyev-meets-un-high-commissioner-for-human-rights',
120 => 'https://www.rferl.org/a/uzbekistan-exit-visa-scrapped-2019-mirziyoev/28680124.html',
121 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20180222104911/https://www.rferl.org/a/uzbekistan-exit-visa-scrapped-2019-mirziyoev/28680124.html',
122 => 'https://geopoliticalfutures.com/uzbekistan-flirts-disaster/',
123 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20170711120617/https://geopoliticalfutures.com/uzbekistan-flirts-disaster/',
124 => 'https://www.amnesty.org/en/countries/europe-and-central-asia/uzbekistan/report-uzbekistan/',
125 => 'https://news.trust.org/item/20200205173450-nltm5/',
126 => 'https://data.gov.uz/ru/datasets/4948',
127 => 'http://www.poltavareview.com/?p=18105',
128 => 'http://www.stat.uz/upload/str2.jpg',
129 => 'https://data.gov.uz/ru/datasets/1657',
130 => 'http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf75.html',
131 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20080509123211/http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf75.html',
132 => 'http://www.euronuclear.org/info/encyclopedia/u/uranium-reserves.htm',
133 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20080522121613/http://www.euronuclear.org/info/encyclopedia/u/uranium-reserves.htm',
134 => 'http://www.bgs.ac.uk/mineralsuk/statistics/worldStatistics.html',
135 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20131020095042/http://www.bgs.ac.uk/mineralsuk/statistics/worldStatistics.html',
136 => 'http://www.gazprom-international.com/en/news-media/articles/new-head-nhc-uzbekneftegaz-appointed',
137 => 'http://invest-in-uzbekistan.org/en/ekonomika/',
138 => 'https://www.doingbusiness.org/en/data/exploreeconomies/uzbekistan',
139 => 'https://www.imf.org/en/Countries/UZB',
140 => 'http://www.imf.org/external/data.htm',
141 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20141006220934/http://www.imf.org/external/data.htm',
142 => 'https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.DEFL.KD.ZG?end=2019&locations=UZ&start=1988&view=chart',
143 => 'https://databank.worldbank.org/views/reports/reportwidget.aspx?Report_Name=CountryProfile&Id=b450fd57&tbar=y&dd=y&inf=n&zm=n&country=UZB',
144 => 'http://www.cotton.org/econ/cropinfo/cropdata/rankings.cfm',
145 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20120415113812/http://www.cotton.org/econ/cropinfo/cropdata/rankings.cfm',
146 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20100827203828/http://www.irinnews.org/country.aspx?CountryCode=UZ&RegionCode=ASI',
147 => 'http://www.irinnews.org/country.aspx?CountryCode=UZ&RegionCode=ASI',
148 => 'https://stat.uz/en/435-analiticheskie-materialy-en1/2075-demographic-situation-in-the-republic-of-uzbekistan',
149 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20131220192936/http://bs-agro.com/index.php/news/other-countries/23906-uzbekistan-korean-government-uses-uzbek-cotton-to-make-banknotes',
150 => 'http://bs-agro.com/index.php/news/other-countries/23906-uzbekistan-korean-government-uses-uzbek-cotton-to-make-banknotes',
151 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20100706003257/http://www.ejfoundation.org/pdf/Uzbekistan_Cotton%20Tesco_letter_to_%20suppliers.pdf',
152 => 'http://www.ejfoundation.org/pdf/Uzbekistan_Cotton%20Tesco_letter_to_%20suppliers.pdf',
153 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20100527204731/http://www.c-and-a.com/aboutUs/socialResponsibility/',
154 => 'http://www.c-and-a.com/aboutUs/socialResponsibility/',
155 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20110727184416/http://www.rferl.org/content/article/1144612.html',
156 => 'http://www.rferl.org/content/article/1144612.html',
157 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20080922045122/http://2004.press-service.uz/rus/knigi/9tom/3tom_12.htm',
158 => 'https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329310641',
159 => 'https://archive.today/20090825223014/http://www.voanews.com/english/archive/2006-02/New-Report-Paints-Grim-Picture-of-Uzbekistan.cfm?CFID=281017252&CFTOKEN=40626492&jsessionid=00308b85b39c112dba1e6241221e37211353',
160 => 'http://www.voanews.com/english/archive/2006-02/New-Report-Paints-Grim-Picture-of-Uzbekistan.cfm?CFID=281017252&CFTOKEN=40626492&jsessionid=00308b85b39c112dba1e6241221e37211353',
161 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140324230655/http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/europe-central-asia/uzbekistan/business-corruption-in-uzbekistan.aspx',
162 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20110511170759/http://www.eurasiacenter.org/Country%20reports/Central%20Asia/Uzbekistan%20Economic%20Highlights.doc',
163 => 'http://www.eurasiacenter.org/Country%20reports/Central%20Asia/Uzbekistan%20Economic%20Highlights.doc',
164 => 'https://2009-2017.state.gov/e/eb/rls/othr/ics/2011/157382.htm',
165 => 'http://www.imf.org/external/np/sec/pr/2003/pr03188.htm',
166 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20101121134806/http://www.imf.org/external/np/sec/pr/2003/pr03188.htm',
167 => 'http://mfa.uz/eng/inter_cooper/econ_org/Inter_MF/',
168 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20110510075000/http://mfa.uz/eng/inter_cooper/econ_org/Inter_MF/',
169 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20101120065551/http://www.adb.org/Documents/Books/ADO/2005/uzb.asp',
170 => 'http://www.adb.org/Documents/Books/ADO/2005/uzb.asp',
171 => 'http://www.indexmundi.com/uzbekistan/inflation_rate_(consumer_prices).html',
172 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20110510074954/http://www.indexmundi.com/uzbekistan/inflation_rate_(consumer_prices).html',
173 => 'https://www.pwc.de/de/internationale-maerkte/assets/doing-business-in-usbekistan-2014.pdf',
174 => 'https://www.reuters.com/article/uzbekistan-autos-tax-idUSL8N2DH1L8',
175 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20080815015618/http://www.ustr.gov/assets/Document_Library/Reports_Publications/2004/2004_National_Trade_Estimate/2004_NTE_Report/asset_upload_file327_4803.pdf',
176 => 'http://investmentpolicyhub.unctad.org/IIA/CountryBits/226#iiaInnerMenu',
177 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20171107055442/http://investmentpolicyhub.unctad.org/IIA/CountryBits/226#iiaInnerMenu',
178 => 'http://tashkenttimes.uz/finances/3050-uzbekistan-s-gold-and-foreign-exchange-reserves-at-us-25-49-billion',
179 => 'http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/EXTRUSSIANHOME/EXTRUSSIANCOUNTRIES/ECAINRUSSIANEXT/EXTUZBEKISTANINRUS/0,,contentMDK:20546336~menuPK:1151287~pagePK:1497618~piPK:217854~theSitePK:1151265,00.html#contact',
180 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20130605175712/http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/EXTRUSSIANHOME/EXTRUSSIANCOUNTRIES/ECAINRUSSIANEXT/EXTUZBEKISTANINRUS/0,,contentMDK:20546336~menuPK:1151287~pagePK:1497618~piPK:217854~theSitePK:1151265,00.html#contact',
181 => 'https://www.hsbc.com.mx/1/PA_esf-ca-app-content/content/home/empresas/archivos/world_2050.pdf',
182 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20171014100813/https://www.hsbc.com.mx/1/PA_esf-ca-app-content/content/home/empresas/archivos/world_2050.pdf',
183 => 'https://population.un.org/wpp/',
184 => 'http://www.ajcarchives.org/AJC_DATA/Files/2001_13_WJP.pdf',
185 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20131206165604/http://www.ajcarchives.org/AJC_DATA/Files/2001_13_WJP.pdf',
186 => 'http://www.ajcarchives.org/AJC_DATA/Files/AJYB727.CV.pdf',
187 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20090326020910/http://www.ajcarchives.org/AJC_DATA/Files/AJYB727.CV.pdf',
188 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=X2XpddVB0l0C&pg=PA102',
189 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20150915152247/https://books.google.com/books?id=X2XpddVB0l0C&pg=PA102',
190 => 'http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/OP297.pdf',
191 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20131206184216/http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/OP297.pdf',
192 => 'https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/greece-overcomes-its-ancient-history-finally-552207.html',
193 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20150925190532/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/greece-overcomes-its-ancient-history-finally-552207.html',
194 => 'http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/topic,463af2212,488edfe22,49749c843c,0.html',
195 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20121016183834/http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/topic,463af2212,488edfe22,49749c843c,0.html',
196 => 'https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-37260375',
197 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20160903231914/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-37260375',
198 => 'https://lex.uz/ru/docs/4766085',
199 => 'https://eurasianet.org/uzbekistan-postpones-first-census-because-of-coronavirus',
200 => 'http://constitution.uz/en/clause/index#section7',
201 => 'http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/uzbekistan/religious_demography#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2010',
202 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20130831195935/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/uztoc.html',
203 => 'http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/uztoc.html',
204 => 'https://zoroastrians.net/2013/08/21/uzbekistan-zoroastrian-association-registered/',
205 => 'https://www.nst.com.my/world/2019/05/491858/muslims-seek-voice-changing-uzbekistan',
206 => 'https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/Uzbekistan.html',
207 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20150712005324/http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/Uzbekistan.html',
208 => 'https://www.jweekly.com/2002/09/20/bukharan-jews-now-in-queens-recreate-their-sukkot-memories/',
209 => 'http://eajc.org/page277',
210 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20131224120130/http://eajc.org/page277',
211 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=XYZVvJSdLBkC&pg=PP14',
212 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20150405011646/http://books.google.com/books?id=XYZVvJSdLBkC&pg=PP14',
213 => 'http://ziyonet.uz/ru',
214 => 'https://www.facebook.com/Mirziyoyev',
215 => 'http://www.president.uz/ru',
216 => 'http://mytashkent.uz/2015/04/27/bespraven-no-vostrebovan-russkij-yazyk-v-uzbekistane/',
217 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20160513012627/http://mytashkent.uz/2015/04/27/bespraven-no-vostrebovan-russkij-yazyk-v-uzbekistane/',
218 => 'http://365info.kz/2015/09/russkij-yazyk-v-uzbekistane/',
219 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20160701175737/http://365info.kz/2015/09/russkij-yazyk-v-uzbekistane/',
220 => 'http://magazines.russ.ru/nz/2009/4/ab21.html',
221 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20160623201807/http://magazines.russ.ru/nz/2009/4/ab21.html',
222 => 'http://www.philology.ru/linguistics2/pyanov-11.htm',
223 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20160528192438/http://www.philology.ru/linguistics2/pyanov-11.htm',
224 => 'http://factsanddetails.com/central-asia/Uzbekistan/sub8_3d/entry-4699.html',
225 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20160911061953/http://factsanddetails.com/central-asia/Uzbekistan/sub8_3d/entry-4699.html',
226 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20101129214857/http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/insight/articles/eav091906.shtml',
227 => 'http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/insight/articles/eav091906.shtml',
228 => 'https://www.cacianalyst.org/publications/analytical-articles/item/13623-soft-or-hard-power?-russia-reacts-to-uzbekistans-draft-language-policy.html',
229 => 'https://vesti.uz/russkij-yazyk-nam-ne-chuzhoj/',
230 => 'http://www.aci.uz/',
231 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20070715223738/http://aci.uz/',
232 => 'http://www.uzdaily.com/',
233 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20070626054241/http://www.uzdaily.com/',
234 => 'https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Documents/statistics/2019/Mobile_cellular_2000-2018_Jun2019.xls',
235 => 'http://www.uzdaily.com/articles-id-832.htm',
236 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20100608035053/http://www.uzdaily.com/articles-id-832.htm',
237 => 'https://kun.uz/en/news/2020/12/12/number-of-internet-users-in-uzbekistan-exceeds-221-million',
238 => 'https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/IT.NET.USER.ZS?locations=UZ',
239 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20131224094142/http://www.uznews.net/news_single.php?lng=en&cid=30&nid=20980',
240 => 'https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-16218808',
241 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20130821021943/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-16218808',
242 => 'http://www.tashkent.org/uzland/subway.html',
243 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20120118202134/http://www.tashkent.org/uzland/subway.html',
244 => 'http://www.uzdaily.com/?c=118&a=1315',
245 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20110516011802/http://www.uzdaily.com/?c=118&a=1315',
246 => 'http://www.uzdaily.com/?c=118&a=1242',
247 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20070927084418/http://www.uzdaily.com/?c=118&a=1242',
248 => 'http://www.uzdaily.com/?c=118&a=1336',
249 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20070927084406/http://www.uzdaily.com/?c=118&a=1336',
250 => 'http://www.uzdaily.com/articles-id-15511.htm',
251 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20120111171755/http://www.uzdaily.com/articles-id-15511.htm',
252 => 'https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/countries/23424980/',
253 => 'https://www.cbsnews.com/news/us-troops-leave-uzbekistan/',
254 => 'https://www.cbsnews.com/news/uzbekistan-k2-karshi-khanabad-base-us-troops-radiation/',
255 => 'https://www.rferl.org/a/uzbekistan-csto-suspends-membership/24629244.html',
256 => 'https://time.com/5005629/new-york-attack-manhattan-saipov-uzbekistan/',
257 => 'https://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/',
258 => 'https://voicesoncentralasia.org/shashmaqam-music-and-poetry-of-central-asia/',
259 => 'https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/bitstream/1807/80818/3/Dessiatnitchenko_Polina_201711_PhD_thesis.pdf',
260 => 'http://uis.unesco.org/en/country/uz',
261 => 'http://chalkboard.tol.org/uzbekistan-lessons-in-graft',
262 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20120608053517/http://chalkboard.tol.org/uzbekistan-lessons-in-graft',
263 => 'https://www.pilotguides.com/articles/mutton-from-central-asia/',
264 => 'https://www.people-travels.com/about-uzbekistan/uzbek-cuisine/uzbek-shurpa.html',
265 => 'https://uzwifi.com/en/blog/10-most-popular-foods-you-have-to-eat-in-uzbekistan-2019',
266 => 'https://www.teamuse.com/article_210402.html',
267 => 'http://uzbek-travel.com/about-uzbekistan/facts/tea-traditions/',
268 => 'https://www.people-travels.com/about-uzbekistan/uzbek-food/uzbek-sour-milk-dishes.html',
269 => 'https://www.worldtravelguide.net/guides/asia/uzbekistan/',
270 => 'https://open.spotify.com/album/26g2oEzxzPvvJtz0HqRBt3',
271 => 'https://www.wto.org/english/news_e/news20_e/acc_uzb_07jul20_e.htm',
272 => 'https://www.forbes.com/sites/kenrapoza/2017/09/14/eurasias-new-perestroika-uzbekistan-silk-road-china/#670f09196f25',
273 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20171201080937/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/03/are-decades-of-political-repression-making-way-for-an-uzbek-spring',
274 => 'https://www.eurasiareview.com/08122017-uzbekistan-a-quiet-revolution-taking-place-analysis/',
275 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20171208175149/https://www.eurasiareview.com/08122017-uzbekistan-a-quiet-revolution-taking-place-analysis/',
276 => 'http://csrskabul.com/en/blog/growing-ties-afghanistan-uzbekistan/',
277 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20171222053100/http://csrskabul.com/en/blog/growing-ties-afghanistan-uzbekistan/',
278 => 'https://sdgs.un.org/basic-page/uzbekistan-24786',
279 => 'https://www.globallegalinsights.com/practice-areas/energy-laws-and-regulations/uzbekistan',
280 => 'https://www.theglobaleconomy.com/Uzbekistan/credit_rating/',
281 => 'https://www.brookings.edu/blog/future-development/2019/01/23/uzbekistans-star-appears-in-the-credit-rating-universe',
282 => 'https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-37310718',
283 => 'https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/uzbekistan-president-mirziyoyev-takes-oath-of-office/706180',
284 => 'https://www.rferl.org/a/uzbekistan-prime-minister-nominated/28171532.html',
285 => 'https://eurasianet.org/uzbek-president-pledges-constitutional-reform',
286 => 'https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/10/25/uzbek-president-secures-second-term-in-landslide-election-victory',
287 => 'https://www.thethirdpole.net/en/regional-cooperation/uzbekistan-dam-collapse/',
288 => 'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xc52hgvr2QU',
289 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20090505153156/http://www.cornellcaspian.com/pub/0010uzbekistan.htm',
290 => 'https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154194469',
291 => 'http://www.cornellcaspian.com/pub/0010uzbekistan.htm',
292 => 'https://2009-2017.state.gov/p/sca/ci/uz/',
293 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20080607040200/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/uzbekistan.htm',
294 => 'https://www.iea.org/reports/uzbekistan-energy-profile',
295 => 'https://www.thefreelibrary.com/UZBEKISTAN+-+Gas+Production+&+Reserves.-a0123542903',
296 => 'http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/income-gini-coefficient',
297 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20100610232357/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2172.html',
298 => 'http://mecometer.com/whats/uzbekistan/gini-index/',
299 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20150404160525/http://mecometer.com/whats/uzbekistan/gini-index/',
300 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20190421182440/http://www.gazprom-international.com/en/news-media/articles/new-head-nhc-uzbekneftegaz-appointed',
301 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184908/https://uzwifi.com/en/blog/10-most-popular-foods-you-have-to-eat-in-uzbekistan-2019',
302 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=rizvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA226',
303 => 'https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_General/WPP2022_GEN_F01_DEMOGRAPHIC_INDICATORS_COMPACT_REV1.xlsx',
304 => 'http://world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gcis&lng=en&des=wg&srt=npan&col=abcdefghinoq&msz=1500&geo=-225',
305 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20170914201819/https://www.forbes.com/sites/kenrapoza/2017/09/14/eurasias-new-perestroika-uzbekistan-silk-road-china/',
306 => 'https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf',
307 => 'https://data.egov.uz/eng/data/6117a05996188a0f14ac917b?page=1',
308 => 'http://www.globalslaveryindex.org/findings/',
309 => 'https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-report-on-international-religious-freedom/uzbekistan/',
310 => 'http://www.turkishweekly.net/news/874/the-russians-are-still-leaving-uzbekistan-for-kazakhstan-now.html',
311 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20090211171635/http://turkishweekly.net/news/874/the-russians-are-still-leaving-uzbekistan-for-kazakhstan-now.html',
312 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210417205008/https://rsf.org/en/news/surprise-unesco-award-president-karimov',
313 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20180818170634/https://data.gov.uz/ru/datasets/4948',
314 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20200924013337/https://data.gov.uz/ru/datasets/1657',
315 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20180311191639/http://www.poltavareview.com/?p=18105',
316 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20190210110104/https://2b.uz/en/',
317 => 'https://perito-burrito.com/posts/ne-tolko-plov-i-golubye-kupola-chem-vpechatlyaet-uzbekistan-za-predelami-khivy-bukhary-i-samarkanda',
318 => 'http://tashkenttimes.uz/national/10147-uzbekistan-population-surpasses-36-million',
319 => 'https://www.languagesoftheworld.info/language-families/uzbek-the-penguin-of-turkic-languages.html',
320 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=rgGA91skoP4C',
321 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20171018194024/https://books.google.com/books?id=rgGA91skoP4C',
322 => 'http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/opinion/editorials/ct-central-asia-islamic-state-edit-20170203-story.html',
323 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20170803221345/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/opinion/editorials/ct-central-asia-islamic-state-edit-20170203-story.html',
324 => 'https://eurasianet.org/uzbekistan-a-second-coming-for-the-russian-language',
325 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20230202184355/https://data.egov.uz/eng/data/6117a05996188a0f14ac917b?page=1',
326 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20220602232057/https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-report-on-international-religious-freedom/uzbekistan/',
327 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20220908114232/http://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf',
328 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20211113124345/https://www.languagesoftheworld.info/language-families/uzbek-the-penguin-of-turkic-languages.html',
329 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20200421161732/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2008/sca/119143.htm',
330 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20211113131141/https://sdgs.un.org/basic-page/uzbekistan-24786',
331 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20171203153910/https://www.globallegalinsights.com/practice-areas/energy-laws-and-regulations/uzbekistan',
332 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20211219111342/https://www.brookings.edu/blog/future-development/2019/01/23/uzbekistans-star-appears-in-the-credit-rating-universe/',
333 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20200325050154/https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/sustainable-fashion-blog/2014/oct/01/cotton-production-linked-to-images-of-the-dried-up-aral-sea-basin',
334 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20220322192216/https://www.iea.org/reports/uzbekistan-energy-profile',
335 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20211229120043/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xc52hgvr2QU',
336 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20190509070128/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-37310718',
337 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20211220121555/https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/uzbekistan-president-mirziyoyev-takes-oath-of-office/706180',
338 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20201109043704/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-43582371',
339 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210417215214/https://thediplomat.com/2018/12/can-we-call-it-an-uzbek-spring-yet/',
340 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210709190519/https://www.brookings.edu/testimonies/contributions-of-central-asian-nations-to-the-campaign-against-terrorism/',
341 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210115015423/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/aug/01/usa.nickpatonwalsh',
342 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210908104848/https://www.wto.org/english/news_e/news20_e/acc_uzb_07jul20_e.htm',
343 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210417220920/http://edition.cnn.com/2005/WORLD/asiapcf/05/18/uzbekistan.unrest/',
344 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210417221032/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2005/5/20/annan-uzbekistan-rejects-inquiry',
345 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210417213714/https://www.osce.org/cio/46541',
346 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20191211204842/https://www.newsweek.com/73-countries-where-its-illegal-be-gay-1385974',
347 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20200208040345/https://ilga.org/state-sponsored-homophobia-report',
348 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20161220113216/https://www.amnesty.org/en/countries/europe-and-central-asia/uzbekistan/report-uzbekistan/',
349 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20200425131330/https://news.trust.org/item/20200205173450-nltm5/',
350 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20141014235825/http://www.stat.uz/upload/str2.jpg',
351 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20190422080928/https://www.imf.org/en/Countries/UZB',
352 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210417210507/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.DEFL.KD.ZG?end=2019&locations=UZ&start=1988&view=chart',
353 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20200309215328/https://databank.worldbank.org/views/reports/reportwidget.aspx?Report_Name=CountryProfile&Id=b450fd57&tbar=y&dd=y&inf=n&zm=n&country=UZB',
354 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20191117233559/https://stat.uz/en/435-analiticheskie-materialy-en1/2075-demographic-situation-in-the-republic-of-uzbekistan',
355 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20211024180554/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329310641_China's_Belt_and_Road_Initiative_through_the_lens_of_Central_Asia',
356 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20200421160423/https://2009-2017.state.gov/e/eb/rls/othr/ics/2011/157382.htm',
357 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210417215226/https://www.pwc.de/de/internationale-maerkte/assets/doing-business-in-usbekistan-2014.pdf',
358 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210101173611/https://www.reuters.com/article/uzbekistan-autos-tax-idUSL8N2DH1L8',
359 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20190501060527/http://tashkenttimes.uz/finances/3050-uzbekistan-s-gold-and-foreign-exchange-reserves-at-us-25-49-billion',
360 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20221212110418/http://tashkenttimes.uz/national/10147-uzbekistan-population-surpasses-36-million',
361 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210709190631/https://lex.uz/ru/docs/4766085',
362 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210617003227/https://eurasianet.org/uzbekistan-postpones-first-census-because-of-coronavirus',
363 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210209112241/https://constitution.uz/en/clause/index#section7',
364 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210203042919/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/uzbekistan/',
365 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20180129141645/http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/uzbekistan/religious_demography#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2010',
366 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20191106080944/https://zoroastrians.net/2013/08/21/uzbekistan-zoroastrian-association-registered/',
367 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20200606194627/https://www.nst.com.my/world/2019/05/491858/muslims-seek-voice-changing-uzbekistan',
368 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20190730203728/https://www.jweekly.com/2002/09/20/bukharan-jews-now-in-queens-recreate-their-sukkot-memories/',
369 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20180826065220/http://ziyonet.uz/ru',
370 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20180902221632/http://president.uz/ru',
371 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20200814104221/https://cacianalyst.org/publications/analytical-articles/item/13623-soft-or-hard-power?-russia-reacts-to-uzbekistans-draft-language-policy.html',
372 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20200803142909/https://vesti.uz/russkij-yazyk-nam-ne-chuzhoj/',
373 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20220801141112/https://eurasianet.org/uzbekistan-a-second-coming-for-the-russian-language',
374 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20200417035600/https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Documents/statistics/2019/Mobile_cellular_2000-2018_Jun2019.xls',
375 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210119025120/https://kun.uz/en/news/2020/12/12/number-of-internet-users-in-uzbekistan-exceeds-221-million',
376 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210417212019/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/IT.NET.USER.ZS?locations=UZ',
377 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20130313041638/https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/countries/23424980/',
378 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140830141914/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/us-troops-leave-uzbekistan/',
379 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20201026201758/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/uzbekistan-k2-karshi-khanabad-base-us-troops-radiation/',
380 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20201027121322/https://www.rferl.org/a/uzbekistan-csto-suspends-membership/24629244.html',
381 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20201109033909/https://time.com/5005629/new-york-attack-manhattan-saipov-uzbekistan/',
382 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20180620101838/http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/',
383 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184638/https://voicesoncentralasia.org/shashmaqam-music-and-poetry-of-central-asia/',
384 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210830072956/https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/bitstream/1807/80818/3/Dessiatnitchenko_Polina_201711_PhD_thesis.pdf',
385 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210128044605/http://uis.unesco.org/en/country/uz',
386 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185344/https://www.pilotguides.com/articles/mutton-from-central-asia/',
387 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20230202184355/https://books.google.com/books?id=rizvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA226',
388 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185950/https://www.people-travels.com/about-uzbekistan/uzbek-cuisine/uzbek-shurpa.html',
389 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210709190413/https://www.teamuse.com/article_210402.html',
390 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210709192144/http://uzbek-travel.com/about-uzbekistan/facts/tea-traditions/',
391 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185134/https://www.people-travels.com/about-uzbekistan/uzbek-food/uzbek-sour-milk-dishes.html',
392 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210724065732/https://www.worldtravelguide.net/guides/asia/uzbekistan/',
393 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20221122174130/https://perito-burrito.com/posts/ne-tolko-plov-i-golubye-kupola-chem-vpechatlyaet-uzbekistan-za-predelami-khivy-bukhary-i-samarkanda',
394 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210709192012/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-boxing-chagaev-idUSL1402374320070415',
395 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210715182439/http://kurash-ika.org/en/',
396 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185009/https://www.the-sports.org/ice-hockey-humo-tashkent-results-identity-equ83133.html',
397 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20190720112541/http://www.uihf.uz/news#tab115',
398 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185733/https://tashkenttimes.uz/sports/3971-tashkent-based-humo-club-to-play-in-higher-hockey-league-in-2019-2020-season',
399 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210709183359/https://www.uzdaily.uz/en/post/15786',
400 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210709190556/https://www.uzdaily.uz/en/post/14230',
401 => 'https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077',
402 => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5451287',
403 => 'https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbiosci%2Fbix014',
404 => 'https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0006-3568',
405 => 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28608869',
406 => 'https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02634939608400946',
407 => 'https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09662830008407454',
408 => 'https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjrs%2F4.4.372',
409 => 'https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0951-6328',
410 => 'https://libris.kb.se/pm1339771nt8scw',
411 => 'https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n91129869',
412 => 'http://www.ihf-hr.org/documents/doc_summary.php?sec_id=3&d_id=3860',
413 => 'http://usinfo.state.gov/eur/Archive/2005/Sep/26-966275.html',
414 => 'http://2004.press-service.uz/rus/knigi/9tom/3tom_12.htm',
415 => 'http://www.ustr.gov/assets/Document_Library/Reports_Publications/2004/2004_National_Trade_Estimate/2004_NTE_Report/asset_upload_file327_4803.pdf',
416 => 'http://www.eurasianet.org/node/78701',
417 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20161225130718/http://www.eurasianet.org/node/78701',
418 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20091111025921/http://www.crisisgroup.org/home/index.cfm?id=5027&l=1',
419 => 'http://www.crisisgroup.org/home/index.cfm?id=5027&l=1',
420 => 'https://knoema.com/atlas/Uzbekistan/topics/Education/Literacy/Adult-literacy-rate?mode=amp',
421 => 'http://www.politico.eu/article/uzbekistans-real-problem-is-not-terrorism-its-politics-aliyev-karimov/',
422 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20170803212101/http://www.politico.eu/article/uzbekistans-real-problem-is-not-terrorism-its-politics-aliyev-karimov/',
423 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20120111162430/http://www.letour.fr/HISTO/us/TDF/coureur/4976.html',
424 => 'http://www.letour.fr/HISTO/us/TDF/coureur/4976.html',
425 => 'https://cyclingtips.com/2014/05/where-are-they-now-djamolidine-abdoujaparov/',
426 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184822/https://cyclingtips.com/2014/05/where-are-they-now-djamolidine-abdoujaparov/',
427 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184235/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/topic/artur-taymazov',
428 => 'https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/topic/artur-taymazov',
429 => 'https://www.reuters.com/article/us-olympics-doping-wrestling-idUSKCN1UI2IW',
430 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185057/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-olympics-doping-wrestling-idUSKCN1UI2IW',
431 => 'https://olympics.com/en/olympic-games/sydney-2000/results/canoe-sprint',
432 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210710081716/https://olympics.com/en/olympic-games/sydney-2000/results/canoe-sprint',
433 => 'https://www.espn.com/espnw/sports/article/17211754/41-year-old-oksana-chusovitina-most-incredible-athlete-olympics',
434 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20190815005929/http://www.espn.com/espnw/sports/article/17211754/41-year-old-oksana-chusovitina-most-incredible-athlete-olympics',
435 => 'https://www.alamy.com/players-of-uzbekistans-nasaf-fc-celebrate-their-winning-afc-cup-2011-final-soccer-match-against-al-kuwait-of-kuwait-in-karshi-october-29-2011-reuterstariq-alali-uzbekistan-tags-sport-soccer-image378277201.html',
436 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210709190434/https://www.alamy.com/players-of-uzbekistans-nasaf-fc-celebrate-their-winning-afc-cup-2011-final-soccer-match-against-al-kuwait-of-kuwait-in-karshi-october-29-2011-reuterstariq-alali-uzbekistan-tags-sport-soccer-image378277201.html',
437 => 'https://www.the-afc.com/competitions/afc-cup/latest/news/where-are-they-now-fc-nasaf-s-2011-afc-cup-winners',
438 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184531/https://www.the-afc.com/competitions/afc-cup/latest/news/where-are-they-now-fc-nasaf-s-2011-afc-cup-winners',
439 => 'https://www.chess.com/players/rustam-kasimdzhanov',
440 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20200729132753/https://www.chess.com/players/rustam-kasimdzhanov',
441 => 'https://www.chess.com/players/nodirbek-abdusattorov',
442 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20220506213148/https://www.chess.com/players/nodirbek-abdusattorov',
443 => 'https://www.fide.com/news/1915',
444 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20220809152957/https://www.fide.com/news/1915',
445 => 'https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Uzbekistan¶ms=42_N_64_E_type:country',
446 => 'https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJght8grK8xh9JpD7HrTHC',
447 => 'https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b4d328.html',
448 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20190508060700/https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b4d328.html',
449 => 'http://constitution.uz/en',
450 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20151215043716/http://constitution.uz/en',
451 => 'https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Uzbekistan¶ms=41_19_N_69_16_E_type:city_region:UZ',
452 => 'http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000418029&local_base=nsk10',
453 => 'https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA10051336?l=en',
454 => 'https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2023/index.html',
455 => 'https://www.stat.uz/images/uploads/reliz2021/demografiya-press-reliz-27_01_2023-ang.pdf',
456 => 'https://faculty.washington.edu/modelski/CAWC.htm',
457 => 'https://jamestown.org/program/crimean-tatars-divide-ukraine-and-russia/',
458 => 'http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007567638605171',
459 => 'https://www.bbc.com/russian/articles/c51d7n1ze92o',
460 => 'https://www.occrp.org/en/investigations/central-asian-cotton-powers-russias-sanctioned-gunpowder-plants',
461 => 'https://www.pravda.com.ua/eng/articles/2024/01/10/7436569/',
462 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20230917064418/https://www.rferl.org/a/uzbekistan-prime-minister-nominated/28171532.html',
463 => 'https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/November/weo-report?c=927,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1',
464 => 'https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2019/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=20&pr.y=11&sy=2017&ey=2021&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=927&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,PCPIPCH&grp=0&a=',
465 => 'https://viaf.org/viaf/234141824',
466 => 'https://www.stat.uz/uz/matbuot-markazi/qo-mita-yangiliklar/49354-hududlar-kesimida-2024-yil-boshiga-doimiy-aholi-soni',
467 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210110072816/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/uzbekistan#geography',
468 => 'https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/uzbekistan/#geography',
469 => 'https://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=130621',
470 => 'https://www.countryhighpoints.com/alpomish-uzbekistan-highpoint/',
471 => 'https://doi.org/10.34667%2Ftind.46596',
472 => 'https://id.parliament.uk/0p4uaVac'
] |
Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Country in Central Asia</div>
<p class="mw-empty-elt">
</p>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1218072481">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data div{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data div{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Republic of Uzbekistan</div><div class="ib-country-names"><span title="Uzbek-language text"><span lang="uz"><span title="Uzbek-language text"><i lang="uz">O‘zbekiston Respublikasi</i></span>, <span title="Uzbek-language text"><span lang="uz"><br />Ўзбекистон Республикаси</span></span></span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Uzbek_language" title="Uzbek language">Uzbek</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;">
<div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;">
<div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Uzbekistan"><img alt="Flag of Uzbekistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/125px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/188px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/250px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div>
<div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Uzbekistan" title="Flag of Uzbekistan">Flag</a></div>
</div>
<div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;">
<div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_Uzbekistan.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of Uzbekistan"><img alt="Emblem of Uzbekistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Emblem_of_Uzbekistan.svg/85px-Emblem_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Emblem_of_Uzbekistan.svg/128px-Emblem_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Emblem_of_Uzbekistan.svg/170px-Emblem_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="678" data-file-height="714" /></a></span></div>
<div><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Uzbekistan" title="Emblem of Uzbekistan">Emblem</a></div>
</div>
</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem"><b>Anthem:</b> <br /><span class="nowrap"><span title="Uzbek-language text"><i lang="uz">O‘zbekiston Respublikasining Davlat Madhiyasi</i></span>, <span title="Uzbek-language text"><span lang="uz"><br />Ўзбекистон Республикасининг Давлат Мадҳияси</span></span></span><br />"<a href="/wiki/State_Anthem_of_Uzbekistan" title="State Anthem of Uzbekistan">State Anthem of the Republic of Uzbekistan</a>"<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="147" data-mwtitle="National_Anthem_of_Uzbekistan_(Instrumental).ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/National_Anthem_of_Uzbekistan_%28Instrumental%29.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/36/National_Anthem_of_Uzbekistan_%28Instrumental%29.ogg/National_Anthem_of_Uzbekistan_%28Instrumental%29.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_Anthem_of_Uzbekistan_%28Instrumental%29.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English (en)" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_Anthem_of_Uzbekistan_%28Instrumental%29.ogg&lang=ja&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ja" label="日本語 (ja)" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_Anthem_of_Uzbekistan_%28Instrumental%29.ogg&lang=ko&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ko" label="한국어 (ko)" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Uzbekistan_(centered_orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Uzbekistan (green)"><img alt="Location of Uzbekistan (green)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Uzbekistan_%28centered_orthographic_projection%29.svg/250px-Uzbekistan_%28centered_orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Uzbekistan_%28centered_orthographic_projection%29.svg/375px-Uzbekistan_%28centered_orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Uzbekistan_%28centered_orthographic_projection%29.svg/500px-Uzbekistan_%28centered_orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Location of Uzbekistan (green)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital<div class="ib-country-largest">and largest city</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tashkent" title="Tashkent">Tashkent</a><br /><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion load-gadget" data-gadget="WikiMiniAtlas"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Uzbekistan&params=41_19_N_69_16_E_type:city_region:UZ"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">41°19′N</span> <span class="longitude">69°16′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">41.317°N 69.267°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">41.317; 69.267</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_language" title="Uzbek language">Uzbek</a><sup id="cite_ref-law_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-law-1">[1]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UzbekConstit_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UzbekConstit-2">[2]</a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="ib-country-lang">Recognised regional languages</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Karakalpak_language" title="Karakalpak language">Karakalpak</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">Ethnic groups</a> <div class="ib-country-ethnic"> (2021<sup id="cite_ref-NatEtnicPop_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NatEtnicPop-3">[3]</a></sup>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>84.5% <a href="/wiki/Uzbeks" title="Uzbeks">Uzbeks</a></li><li>4.8% <a href="/wiki/Tajiks" title="Tajiks">Tajiks</a></li><li>2.4% <a href="/wiki/Kazakhs" title="Kazakhs">Kazakhs</a></li><li>2.2% <a href="/wiki/Karakalpaks" title="Karakalpaks">Karakalpaks</a></li><li>2.1% <a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Uzbekistan" title="Russians in Uzbekistan">Russians</a></li><li>4.0% <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Uzbekistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in Uzbekistan">others</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Uzbekistan" title="Demographics of Uzbekistan">Uzbekistani</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Uzbekistan" title="Politics of Uzbekistan">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Unitary <a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">presidential republic</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1218072481"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/President_of_Uzbekistan" title="President of Uzbekistan">President</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Shavkat_Mirziyoyev" title="Shavkat Mirziyoyev">Shavkat Mirziyoyev</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Uzbekistan" title="Prime Minister of Uzbekistan">Prime Minister</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Abdulla_Aripov" title="Abdulla Aripov">Abdulla Aripov</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">
</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Oliy_Majlis" title="Oliy Majlis">Oliy Majlis</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">Upper house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Uzbekistan" title="Senate of Uzbekistan">Senate</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">Lower house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Chamber_of_Uzbekistan" title="Legislative Chamber of Uzbekistan">Legislative Chamber</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Uzbekistan" title="History of Uzbekistan">Formation</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1218072481"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Uzbek_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic">Uzbek SSR</a> established after <a href="/wiki/National_delimitation_in_the_Soviet_Union#National_delimitation_in_Central_Asia" title="National delimitation in the Soviet Union">national delimitation</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">27 October 1924</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Declared independence from the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1 September 1991</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Formally recognised </div></th><td class="infobox-data">26 December 1991</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Uzbekistan" title="Constitution of Uzbekistan">Current constitution</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">8 December 1992</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">
</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Uzbekistan" title="Geography of Uzbekistan">Area </a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">447,400<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup> km<sup>2</sup> (172,700 sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">55th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Water (%)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">4.9</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Uzbekistan" title="Demographics of Uzbekistan">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2024 estimate</div></th><td class="infobox-data">36,799,000<sup id="cite_ref-UzbekStat2022_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UzbekStat2022-5">[5]</a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">40th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">80.2/km<sup>2</sup> (207.7/sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density" title="List of countries and dependencies by population density">138th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">2024 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> $401.838 billion<sup id="cite_ref-IMFWEO.UZ_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.UZ-6">[6]</a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">57th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> $10,936<sup id="cite_ref-IMFWEO.UZ_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.UZ-6">[6]</a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">122th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">(nominal)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">2024 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> $104.41 billion<sup id="cite_ref-IMFWEOUZ_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMFWEOUZ-7">[7]</a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">70th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> $2,667<sup id="cite_ref-IMFWEO.UZ_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.UZ-6">[6]</a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">138th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">(2013)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Positive decrease"><img alt="Positive decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/11px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/17px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/22px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 36.7<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup><br /><span class="nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1220487116">html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><span class="tmp-color" style="color:orange">medium</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">(2021)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.727<sup id="cite_ref-HDI_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HDI-10">[10]</a></sup><br /><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1220487116"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:forestgreen">high</span></span> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">101st</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistani_soum" class="mw-redirect" title="Uzbekistani soum">Uzbek sum</a> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">UZS</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+5</span> (<a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="Uzbekistan Time">UZT</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date format</th><td class="infobox-data">dd/mm yyyy<sup>c</sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">Driving side</a></th><td class="infobox-data">right</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Uzbekistan" title="Telephone numbers in Uzbekistan">Calling code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Uzbekistan" title="Telephone numbers in Uzbekistan">+998</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:UZ" title="ISO 3166-2:UZ">UZ</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/.uz" title=".uz">.uz</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="ib-country-website"><b>Website</b><br /><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uz/en">gov.uz</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="ib-country-fn"><ol class="ib-country-fn-alpha">
<li value="1">Co-official in <a href="/wiki/Karakalpakstan" title="Karakalpakstan">Karakalpakstan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-law_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-law-1">[1]</a></sup></li><li value="2">On 31 August 1991, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_the_Uzbek_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Soviet of the Uzbek SSR">Supreme Soviet of the Uzbek SSR</a> voted to declare the country independent from the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. The next day was declared a national holiday by the Uzbek government, and became <a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(Uzbekistan)" title="Independence Day (Uzbekistan)">an Independence Day</a>.</li><li value="3">dd.mm.yyyy format is used in <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic scripts</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>.</li>
</ol></div></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p><b>Uzbekistan</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[a]</a></sup> officially the <b>Republic of Uzbekistan</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[b]</a></sup> is a <a href="/wiki/Landlocked_country#Doubly_landlocked" title="Landlocked country">doubly landlocked</a> country located in <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>. It is surrounded by five countries: <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan%E2%80%93Uzbekistan_border" title="Kazakhstan–Uzbekistan border">north</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan%E2%80%93Uzbekistan_border" title="Kyrgyzstan–Uzbekistan border">northeast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan%E2%80%93Uzbekistan_border" title="Tajikistan–Uzbekistan border">southeast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93Uzbekistan_border" title="Afghanistan–Uzbekistan border">south</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan%E2%80%93Uzbekistan_border" title="Turkmenistan–Uzbekistan border">southwest</a>, making it one of only two doubly landlocked countries on Earth, the other being <a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a>. Uzbekistan is part of the <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a> world, as well as a member of the <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Turkic_States" title="Organization of Turkic States">Organization of Turkic States</a>. <a href="/wiki/Uzbek_language" title="Uzbek language">Uzbek</a> is the majority language, while <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> is widely spoken and understood. <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> is the predominant religion, and most Uzbeks are <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Muslims</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[14]</a></sup>
</p><p>The first recorded settlers in the land of what is modern Uzbekistan were <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Iranian_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Iranian peoples">Eastern Iranian nomads</a>, known as <a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a>, who founded kingdoms in <a href="/wiki/Khwarazm" title="Khwarazm">Khwarazm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sogdia" title="Sogdia">Sogdia</a> in the 8th–6th centuries BC, as well as <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Fergana" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Fergana">Fergana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Margiana" title="Margiana">Margiana</a> in the 3rd century BC – 6th century AD.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[15]</a></sup> The area was incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a> and, after a period of <a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Greco-Bactrian rule</a>, was ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a> and later by the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a>, until the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia" title="Muslim conquest of Persia">Muslim conquest of Persia</a> in the seventh century. The <a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">early Muslim conquests</a> and the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Samanid_Empire" title="Samanid Empire">Samanid Empire</a> converted most of the people into adherents of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>. During this period, cities began to grow rich from the <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a>, and became a center of the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Islamic Golden Age</a>. The local <a href="/wiki/Khwarazmian_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Khwarazmian dynasty">Khwarazmian dynasty</a> was destroyed by the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_Khwarezmia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol conquest of Khwarezmia">Mongol invasion</a> in the 13th century, leading to a dominance by Turkic peoples. <a href="/wiki/Timur" title="Timur">Timur</a> (Tamerlane) in the 14th century established the <a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid Empire</a>. Its capital was Samarkand, which became a centre of science under the rule of <a href="/wiki/Ulugh_Beg" title="Ulugh Beg">Ulugh Beg</a>, giving birth to the <a href="/wiki/Timurid_Renaissance" title="Timurid Renaissance">Timurid Renaissance</a>. The territories of the <a href="/wiki/Timurid_dynasty" title="Timurid dynasty">Timurid dynasty</a> were conquered by <a href="/wiki/Shaybanids" title="Shaybanids">Uzbek Shaybanids</a> in the 16th century. Conquests by Emperor <a href="/wiki/Babur" title="Babur">Babur</a> towards the east led to the foundation of the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a> in India. All of Central Asia <a href="/wiki/Russian_conquest_of_Central_Asia" title="Russian conquest of Central Asia">was gradually incorporated</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> during the 19th century, with Tashkent becoming the political center of <a href="/wiki/Russian_Turkestan" title="Russian Turkestan">Russian Turkestan</a>. In 1924, <a href="/wiki/National_delimitation_in_the_Soviet_Union#National_delimitation_in_Central_Asia" title="National delimitation in the Soviet Union">national delimitation</a> created the <a href="/wiki/Uzbek_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic">Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of the Soviet Union">republic of the Soviet Union</a>. It declared <a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(Uzbekistan)" title="Independence Day (Uzbekistan)">independence</a> as the Republic of Uzbekistan in 1991.
</p><p>Uzbekistan is a <a href="/wiki/Secular_state" title="Secular state">secular state</a>, with a presidential <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Uzbekistan" title="Constitution of Uzbekistan">constitutional</a> government in place. Uzbekistan comprises 12 <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Uzbekistan" title="Regions of Uzbekistan">regions</a> (vilayats), Tashkent City, and one <a href="/wiki/Autonomy" title="Autonomy">autonomous</a> republic, <a href="/wiki/Karakalpakstan" title="Karakalpakstan">Karakalpakstan</a>. While <a href="/wiki/Non-governmental_organization" title="Non-governmental organization">non-governmental</a> organisations have defined Uzbekistan as "an <a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">authoritarian</a> state with limited <a href="/wiki/Civil_and_political_rights" title="Civil and political rights">civil rights</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-US_State_Dept_-_human_rights_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_State_Dept_-_human_rights-18">[16]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UzbekConstit_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UzbekConstit-2">[2]</a></sup> significant reforms under Uzbekistan's second president, <a href="/wiki/Shavkat_Mirziyoyev" title="Shavkat Mirziyoyev">Shavkat Mirziyoyev</a>, have been made following the death of the first president, <a href="/wiki/Islam_Karimov" title="Islam Karimov">Islam Karimov</a>. Owing to these reforms, relations with the neighbouring countries of <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> have drastically improved.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[17]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lillis2017_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lillis2017-20">[18]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[19]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[20]</a></sup> A United Nations report of 2020 found much progress toward achieving the UN's <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals" title="Sustainable Development Goals">Sustainable Development Goals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[21]</a></sup>
</p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Uzbekistan" title="Economy of Uzbekistan">Uzbek economy</a> is in a gradual transition to the <a href="/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">market economy</a>, with foreign trade policy being based on <a href="/wiki/Import_substitution_industrialization" title="Import substitution industrialization">import substitution</a>. In September 2017, the country's currency became fully convertible at market rates. Uzbekistan is a major producer and exporter of <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a>. With the gigantic power-generation facilities from the Soviet era and an ample supply of <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a>, Uzbekistan has become the largest electricity producer in Central Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24">[22]</a></sup> From 2018 to 2021, the republic received a BB− <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_credit_rating" class="mw-redirect" title="Sovereign credit rating">sovereign credit rating</a> by both <a href="/wiki/Standard_and_Poor" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard and Poor">Standard and Poor</a> (S&P) and <a href="/wiki/Fitch_Ratings" title="Fitch Ratings">Fitch Ratings</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">[23]</a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Brookings_Institution" title="Brookings Institution">Brookings Institution</a> described Uzbekistan as having large liquid assets, high economic growth, low <a href="/wiki/Public_debt" class="mw-redirect" title="Public debt">public debt</a>, and a low <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP per capita</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26">[24]</a></sup> Uzbekistan is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">Commonwealth of Independent States</a> (CIS), <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> (UN) and the <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">Shanghai Cooperation Organisation</a> (SCO).
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Etymology"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Etymology</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Geography"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Geography</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Environment"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Environment</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Politics"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Politics</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Administrative_divisions"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Administrative divisions</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Largest_cities"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Largest cities</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Economy"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Economy</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Demographics"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Demographics</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Religion"><span class="tocnumber">7.1</span> <span class="toctext">Religion</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-11"><a href="#Jewish_community"><span class="tocnumber">7.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Jewish community</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Languages"><span class="tocnumber">7.2</span> <span class="toctext">Languages</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Communications"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Communications</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Transportation"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Transportation</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Military"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Military</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#Culture"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">Culture</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Media"><span class="tocnumber">11.1</span> <span class="toctext">Media</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Music"><span class="tocnumber">11.2</span> <span class="toctext">Music</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Education"><span class="tocnumber">11.3</span> <span class="toctext">Education</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Holidays"><span class="tocnumber">11.4</span> <span class="toctext">Holidays</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Cuisine"><span class="tocnumber">11.5</span> <span class="toctext">Cuisine</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Sport"><span class="tocnumber">11.6</span> <span class="toctext">Sport</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">13</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">14</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">15</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">16</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Etymology">Etymology</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uzbekistan&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>The name "Uzbegistán" appears in the 16th century <a href="/wiki/Mirza_Muhammad_Haidar_Dughlat" title="Mirza Muhammad Haidar Dughlat">Tarikh-i Rashidi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27">[25]</a></sup>
</p><p>The origin of the word Uzbek remains disputed.
</p>
<ol><li>"free", "independent" or "own master/leader", requiring an <a href="/wiki/Amalgamation_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Amalgamation (linguistics)">amalgamation</a> of <i>uz</i> (<a href="/wiki/Turkic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkic language">Turkic</a>: "own"), <i>bek</i> ("master" or "leader")<sup id="cite_ref-H._Keane,_A._Hingston_Quiggin_p.312_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H._Keane,_A._Hingston_Quiggin_p.312-28">[26]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Eponym" title="Eponym">eponymously</a> named after <a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Khagan" title="Oghuz Khagan">Oghuz Khagan</a>, also known as <i>Oghuz Beg</i><sup id="cite_ref-H._Keane,_A._Hingston_Quiggin_p.312_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H._Keane,_A._Hingston_Quiggin_p.312-28">[26]</a></sup></li>
<li>A contraction of <i>Uğuz</i>, earlier Oğuz, that is, <a href="/wiki/Oghuz_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Oghuz (tribe)">Oghuz (tribe)</a>, amalgamated with <i>bek</i> "<a href="/wiki/Oghuz_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Oghuz (tribe)">oguz</a>-leader".<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29">[27]</a></sup></li></ol>
<p>All three have the middle syllable/phoneme being <a href="/wiki/Cognate_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cognate (linguistics)">cognate</a> with the Turkic title <i><a href="/wiki/Beg_(title)" class="mw-redirect" title="Beg (title)">Beg</a></i>.
</p><p>The name of the country was often spelled as "Ўзбекистон" in Uzbek Cyrillic or "Узбекистан" in Russian during Soviet rule.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uzbekistan&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033289096">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Uzbekistan" title="History of Uzbekistan">History of Uzbekistan</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaunakes_Bactria_Louvre_AO31917.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Kaunakes_Bactria_Louvre_AO31917.jpg/170px-Kaunakes_Bactria_Louvre_AO31917.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Kaunakes_Bactria_Louvre_AO31917.jpg/255px-Kaunakes_Bactria_Louvre_AO31917.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Kaunakes_Bactria_Louvre_AO31917.jpg/340px-Kaunakes_Bactria_Louvre_AO31917.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1170" data-file-height="1300" /></a><figcaption>Female statuette wearing the <a href="/wiki/Kaunakes" title="Kaunakes">kaunakes</a>. Chlorite and limestone, <a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactria</a>, beginning of the second millennium BC.</figcaption></figure>
<p>The region currently known as the country of Uzbekistan has been referred to by many names over the millennia. The name, Uzbekistan first appears in 16th century literature.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30">[28]</a></sup> Other names for the region include: <a href="/wiki/Transoxonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Transoxonia">Transoxiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sogdia" title="Sogdia">Sogdia</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Bukhara" title="Khanate of Bukhara">Khanate of Bukhara</a>. In the 14th century the region served as the birthplace, home, and capital of <a href="/wiki/Tamerlane" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamerlane">Tamerlane</a>. Under Tamerlane, the region was a part of the <a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid Empire</a> which extended from the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Sea" title="Arabian Sea">Arabian Sea</a>, and to just outside of <a href="/wiki/Delhi,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Delhi, India">Delhi, India</a>
</p><p>The first people known to have inhabited Central Asia were <a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a> who came from the northern grasslands of what is now Uzbekistan, sometime in the first millennium BC; when these nomads settled in the region they built an extensive irrigation system along the rivers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELubin1997385–6_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELubin1997385–6-31">[29]</a></sup> At this time, cities such as Bukhoro (<a href="/wiki/Bukhara" title="Bukhara">Bukhara</a>) and Samarqand (<a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a>) emerged as centres of government and high culture.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELubin1997385–6_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELubin1997385–6-31">[29]</a></sup> By the fifth century BC, the <a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactrian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sogdia" title="Sogdia">Sogdian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi">Tokharian</a> states dominated the region.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELubin1997385–6_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELubin1997385–6-31">[29]</a></sup>
</p><p>As <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a> began to develop its silk trade with the West, Using an extensive network of cities and rural settlements in the province of <a href="/wiki/Transoxiana" title="Transoxiana">Transoxiana</a>, and further east in what is today <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>, the Sogdian intermediaries became the wealthiest of these merchants. As a result of this trade on what became known as the <a href="/wiki/Silk_Route" class="mw-redirect" title="Silk Route">Silk Road</a>, Bukhara and Samarkand eventually became extremely wealthy cities, and at times <a href="/wiki/Transoxiana" title="Transoxiana">Transoxiana</a> (Mawarannahr) was one of the most influential and powerful provinces of antiquity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELubin1997385–6_31-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELubin1997385–6-31">[29]</a></sup>
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexander_and_Bucephalus_-_Battle_of_Issus_mosaic_-_Museo_Archeologico_Nazionale_-_Naples_BW.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Alexander_and_Bucephalus_-_Battle_of_Issus_mosaic_-_Museo_Archeologico_Nazionale_-_Naples_BW.jpg/170px-Alexander_and_Bucephalus_-_Battle_of_Issus_mosaic_-_Museo_Archeologico_Nazionale_-_Naples_BW.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Alexander_and_Bucephalus_-_Battle_of_Issus_mosaic_-_Museo_Archeologico_Nazionale_-_Naples_BW.jpg/255px-Alexander_and_Bucephalus_-_Battle_of_Issus_mosaic_-_Museo_Archeologico_Nazionale_-_Naples_BW.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Alexander_and_Bucephalus_-_Battle_of_Issus_mosaic_-_Museo_Archeologico_Nazionale_-_Naples_BW.jpg/340px-Alexander_and_Bucephalus_-_Battle_of_Issus_mosaic_-_Museo_Archeologico_Nazionale_-_Naples_BW.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1557" data-file-height="2213" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Issus" title="Battle of Issus">Battle of Issus</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mosaic" title="Mosaic">Mosaic</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Naples_National_Archaeological_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Naples National Archaeological Museum">National Archaeological Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naples,_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Naples, Italy">Naples</a>.</figcaption></figure>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1872_Vereshchagin_Triumphierend_anagoria.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/1872_Vereshchagin_Triumphierend_anagoria.JPG/220px-1872_Vereshchagin_Triumphierend_anagoria.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/1872_Vereshchagin_Triumphierend_anagoria.JPG/330px-1872_Vereshchagin_Triumphierend_anagoria.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/1872_Vereshchagin_Triumphierend_anagoria.JPG/440px-1872_Vereshchagin_Triumphierend_anagoria.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3144" data-file-height="2344" /></a><figcaption>Triumphant crowd at <a href="/wiki/Registan" title="Registan">Registan</a>, Sher-Dor Madrasah. The <a href="/wiki/Emir_of_Bukhara" class="mw-redirect" title="Emir of Bukhara">Emir of Bukhara</a> viewing the <a href="/wiki/Decapitation" title="Decapitation">severed heads</a> of Russian soldiers on poles. Painting by <a href="/wiki/Vasily_Vereshchagin" title="Vasily Vereshchagin">Vasily Vereshchagin</a> (1872).</figcaption></figure>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karazin_-_Entry_of_Russian_troops_into_Samarkand_1868.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Karazin_-_Entry_of_Russian_troops_into_Samarkand_1868.jpg/220px-Karazin_-_Entry_of_Russian_troops_into_Samarkand_1868.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Karazin_-_Entry_of_Russian_troops_into_Samarkand_1868.jpg/330px-Karazin_-_Entry_of_Russian_troops_into_Samarkand_1868.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Karazin_-_Entry_of_Russian_troops_into_Samarkand_1868.jpg/440px-Karazin_-_Entry_of_Russian_troops_into_Samarkand_1868.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2529" data-file-height="1389" /></a><figcaption>Russian troops taking <a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a> in 1868, by <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Karazin" title="Nikolay Karazin">Nikolay Karazin</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>In 327 BC, Macedonian ruler <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> conquered the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Persian Empire</a> provinces of Sogdiana and Bactria, which contained the territories of modern Uzbekistan. Popular resistance to the conquest was fierce, causing Alexander's army to be bogged down in the region that became the northern part of the Macedonian <a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Greco-Bactrian Kingdom</a>. The kingdom was replaced with the Yuezhi-dominated <a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a> in the first century BC. For many centuries thereafter the region of Uzbekistan was ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sassanid" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanid">Sassanid</a> Empires, as well as by other empires, for example, those formed by the Turkic <a href="/wiki/Gokturk" class="mw-redirect" title="Gokturk">Gokturk</a> peoples.
</p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">Muslim conquests</a> from the seventh century onward saw the <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a> bring <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> to Uzbekistan. In the same period, Islam began to take root among the nomadic <a href="/wiki/Turkic_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkic people">Turkic peoples</a>.
</p><p>In the eighth century, Transoxiana, the territory between the <a href="/wiki/Amu_Darya" title="Amu Darya">Amudarya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syr_Darya" title="Syr Darya">Syrdarya</a> rivers, was conquered by the Arabs (<a href="/wiki/Qutayba_ibn_Muslim" title="Qutayba ibn Muslim">Qutayba ibn Muslim</a>), becoming a focal point soon after the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Islamic Golden Age</a>.
</p><p>In the ninth and tenth centuries, Transoxiana was brought into the <a href="/wiki/Samanid" class="mw-redirect" title="Samanid">Samanid</a> State. In the tenth century it was gradually dominated by the Turkic-ruled <a href="/wiki/Karakhanids" class="mw-redirect" title="Karakhanids">Karakhanids</a>, as well as their <a href="/wiki/Seljuks" class="mw-redirect" title="Seljuks">Seljuk</a> (Sultan Sanjar) overseer's.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32">[30]</a></sup>
</p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol</a> conquest under <a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a> during the 13th century brought change to the region. The invasions of Bukhara, Samarkand, <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ne%C3%BCrgen%C3%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="Köneürgenç">Urgench</a> and others resulted in <a href="/wiki/Destruction_under_the_Mongol_Empire" title="Destruction under the Mongol Empire">mass murders</a> and unprecedented destruction, which saw parts of <a href="/wiki/Khwarazmian_Empire" title="Khwarazmian Empire">Khwarezmia</a> being completely razed.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33">[31]</a></sup>
</p><p>Following the death of Genghis Khan in 1227, his empire was divided among his four sons and his family members. Despite the potential for serious fragmentation, there was an orderly succession for several generations, and control of most of Transoxiana stayed in the hands of the direct descendants of <a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khan" title="Chagatai Khan">Chagatai Khan</a>, the second son of Genghis Khan. Orderly succession, prosperity, and internal peace prevailed in the Chaghatai lands, and the Mongol Empire as a whole remained a strong and united kingdom, the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELubin1997389–90_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELubin1997389–90-34">[32]</a></sup>
</p><p>In the early 14th century, however, as the Persian empire began to break up into its constituent parts, the Chaghatai territory was disrupted as the princes of various tribal groups competed for influence. One tribal chieftain, Timur (Tamerlane),<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35">[33]</a></sup> emerged from these struggles in the 1380s as the dominant force in Transoxiana. Although he was not a descendant of Genghis Khan, Timur became the <i>de facto</i> ruler of Transoxiana and proceeded to conquer all of western Central Asia, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a>, and the southern steppe region north of the <a href="/wiki/Aral_Sea" title="Aral Sea">Aral Sea</a>. He also invaded Russia before dying during an invasion of <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">China</a> in 1405.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELubin1997389–90_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELubin1997389–90-34">[32]</a></sup> Timur was also known for his extreme brutality and his conquests were accompanied by <a href="/wiki/Genocidal_massacre" title="Genocidal massacre">genocidal massacres</a> in the cities he occupied.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36">[34]</a></sup>
</p><p>Timur initiated the last flowering of Transoxiana by gathering together numerous artisans and scholars from the vast lands he had conquered into his capital, Samarkand, thus imbuing his empire with a rich Perso-Islamic culture. During his reign and the reigns of his immediate descendants, a wide range of religious and palatial construction masterpieces were undertaken in Samarkand and other population centres.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37">[35]</a></sup>
</p><p>Tamerlane also established an exchange of medical discoveries and patronised physicians, scientists and artists from the neighbouring regions such as India;<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38">[36]</a></sup> His grandson <a href="/wiki/Ulugh_Beg" title="Ulugh Beg">Ulugh Beg</a> was one of the world's first great astronomers. It was during the Timurid dynasty that Turkic, in the form of the <a href="/wiki/Chagatai_language" title="Chagatai language">Chaghatai</a> dialect, became a literary language in its own right in Transoxiana, although the Timurids were Persianate in culture. The greatest Chaghataid writer, <a href="/wiki/Ali-Shir_Nava%27i" title="Ali-Shir Nava'i">Ali-Shir Nava'i</a>, was active in the city of <a href="/wiki/Herat" title="Herat">Herat</a> (now in northwestern Afghanistan) in the second half of the 15th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELubin1997389–90_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELubin1997389–90-34">[32]</a></sup>
</p>
<figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_3_Uzbek_tribal_dynasties_in_the_middle_of_the_19th_century.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Map_of_3_Uzbek_tribal_dynasties_in_the_middle_of_the_19th_century.svg/253px-Map_of_3_Uzbek_tribal_dynasties_in_the_middle_of_the_19th_century.svg.png" decoding="async" width="253" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Map_of_3_Uzbek_tribal_dynasties_in_the_middle_of_the_19th_century.svg/380px-Map_of_3_Uzbek_tribal_dynasties_in_the_middle_of_the_19th_century.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Map_of_3_Uzbek_tribal_dynasties_in_the_middle_of_the_19th_century.svg/506px-Map_of_3_Uzbek_tribal_dynasties_in_the_middle_of_the_19th_century.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="351" /></a><figcaption>Areas of three Uzbek Tribal States in the middle of the 19th century <table> <tbody><tr> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ccff99; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Kokand" title="Khanate of Kokand">Khanate of Kokand</a> (Ming dynasty)</div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#fdd99b; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Khiva" title="Khanate of Khiva">Khanate of Khiva</a> (Qhongirat dynasty)</div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffaaaa; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Bukhara" title="Emirate of Bukhara">Emirate of Bukhara</a> (Manghit dynasty)</div> </td></tr></tbody></table></figcaption></figure>
<p>The Timurid state quickly split in half after the death of Timur. The chronic internal fighting of the Timurids attracted the attention of the Uzbek nomadic tribes living to the north of the Aral Sea. In 1501, the Uzbek forces began a wholesale invasion of Transoxiana.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELubin1997389–90_34-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELubin1997389–90-34">[32]</a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery" title="History of slavery">slave trade</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Bukhara" title="Emirate of Bukhara">Emirate of Bukhara</a> became prominent and was firmly established at this time.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39">[37]</a></sup> The Khanate of Bukhara was eventually invaded by the foreign government of Persia in 1510, and then became a part of the Persian empire of the day.
</p><p>
Before the arrival of the Russians, present-day Uzbekistan was divided between the Emirate of Bukhara and the <a href="/wiki/Khanate" title="Khanate">khanates</a> of <a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Khiva" title="Khanate of Khiva">Khiva</a> and <a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Kokand" title="Khanate of Kokand">Kokand</a>. </p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sartscrop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Sartscrop.jpg/190px-Sartscrop.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Sartscrop.jpg/285px-Sartscrop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Sartscrop.jpg/380px-Sartscrop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2731" data-file-height="2351" /></a><figcaption>Two <a href="/wiki/Sart" title="Sart">Sart</a> men and two Sart boys in <a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a>, c. 1910</figcaption></figure><p> In the 19th century, the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> began to expand and spread into <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>. There were 210,306 Russians living in Uzbekistan in 1912.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40">[38]</a></sup> The "<a href="/wiki/Great_Game" title="Great Game">Great Game</a>" period is generally regarded as running from approximately 1813 to the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Russian_Convention_of_1907" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Russian Convention of 1907">Anglo-Russian Convention of 1907</a>. A second, less intensive phase followed the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">Bolshevik Revolution</a> of 1917. At the start of the 19th century, there were some 3,200 kilometres (2,000 mi) separating <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British India</a> and the outlying regions of <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Russia">Tsarist Russia</a>. Much of the land between was unmapped. In the early 1890s, <a href="/wiki/Sven_Hedin" title="Sven Hedin">Sven Hedin</a> passed through Uzbekistan, during his first expedition.
</p><p>By the beginning of 1920, Central Asia was firmly in the hands of Russia and, despite some early <a href="/wiki/Basmachi_movement" title="Basmachi movement">resistance</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a>, Uzbekistan and the rest of Central Asia became a part of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. On 27 October 1924 the <a href="/wiki/Uzbek_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic">Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic</a> was created. From 1941 to 1945, during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, 1,433,230 people from Uzbekistan fought in the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> against <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>. A number also <a href="/wiki/Ostlegionen" title="Ostlegionen">fought on the German side</a>. As many as 263,005 Uzbek soldiers died in the battlefields of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a>, and 32,670 went missing in action.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41">[39]</a></sup>
</p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Soviet-Afghan_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet-Afghan War">Soviet-Afghan War</a>, a number of Uzbek troops fought in neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Democratic Republic of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>. At least 1,500 lost their lives and thousands more paralysed.
</p><p>On 20 June 1990, Uzbekistan declared its state sovereignty. On 31 August 1991, Uzbekistan declared independence after the <a href="/wiki/1991_Soviet_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt">failed coup attempt</a> in Moscow. 1 September was proclaimed National Independence Day. The Soviet Union was <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolved</a> on 26 December of that year. <a href="/wiki/Islam_Karimov" title="Islam Karimov">Islam Karimov</a>, previously first secretary of the Communist Party of Uzbekistan since 1989, was elected president of the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic in 1990. After the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, he was elected president of independent Uzbekistan.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42">[40]</a></sup> An authoritarian ruler, Karimov died in September 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43">[41]</a></sup> He was replaced by his long-time <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Uzbekistan" title="Prime Minister of Uzbekistan">Prime Minister</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shavkat_Mirziyoyev" title="Shavkat Mirziyoyev">Shavkat Mirziyoyev</a>, on 14 December of the same year.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44">[42]</a></sup> On 6 November 2021, Mirziyoyev was sworn into his second term in office, after gaining a landslide victory in presidential <a href="/wiki/2021_Uzbek_presidential_election" title="2021 Uzbek presidential election">election.</a><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45">[43]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46">[44]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Geography">Geography</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uzbekistan&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Uzbekistan" title="Geography of Uzbekistan">Geography of Uzbekistan</a></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Uzbekistan" title="List of cities in Uzbekistan">List of cities in Uzbekistan</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UN-Uzbekistan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/UN-Uzbekistan.svg/250px-UN-Uzbekistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/UN-Uzbekistan.svg/375px-UN-Uzbekistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/UN-Uzbekistan.svg/500px-UN-Uzbekistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="753" data-file-height="559" /></a><figcaption>Map of Uzbekistan, including the former <a href="/wiki/Aral_Sea" title="Aral Sea">Oral Dengiz</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>Uzbekistan has an area of 448,978 square kilometres (173,351 sq mi). It is the 56th largest country in the world by area and the 40th by population.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47">[45]</a></sup> Among the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">CIS</a> countries, it is the fourth largest by area and the second largest by population.<sup id="cite_ref-uzstat_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uzstat-48">[46]</a></sup>
</p><p>Uzbekistan lies between latitudes <a href="/wiki/37th_parallel_north" title="37th parallel north">37°</a> and <a href="/wiki/46th_parallel_north" title="46th parallel north">46° N</a>, and longitudes <a href="/wiki/56th_meridian_east" title="56th meridian east">56°</a> and <a href="/wiki/74th_meridian_east" title="74th meridian east">74° E</a>. It stretches 1,425 kilometres (885 mi) from west to east and 930 kilometres (580 mi) from north to south. Bordering <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Aralkum_Desert" title="Aralkum Desert">Aralkum Desert</a> (former <a href="/wiki/Aral_Sea" title="Aral Sea">Aral Sea</a>) to the north and northwest, <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> to the southwest, <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a> to the southeast, and <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a> to the northeast, Uzbekistan is one of the largest <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asian</a> states and the only Central Asian state to border all the other four. Uzbekistan also shares a short border (less than 150 km or 93 mi) with <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> to the south.
</p><p>Uzbekistan is a hot, dry, <a href="/wiki/Landlocked_country" title="Landlocked country">landlocked country</a>. It is one of two <a href="/wiki/Doubly_landlocked" class="mw-redirect" title="Doubly landlocked">doubly landlocked</a> countries in the world - that is, a landlocked country completely surrounded by other landlocked countries. The second doubly landlocked country is <a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a>. In addition, due to its location within a series of <a href="/wiki/Endorheic_basin" title="Endorheic basin">endorheic basins</a>, none of its rivers lead to the sea. Less than 10% of its territory is intensively cultivated irrigated land in river valleys and oases, and formerly in the <a href="/wiki/Aral_Sea" title="Aral Sea">Aral Sea</a>, which has largely desiccated in one of the world's worst environmental disasters.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49">[47]</a></sup> The rest is the vast <a href="/wiki/Kyzylkum_Desert" title="Kyzylkum Desert">Kyzylkum Desert</a> and mountains.
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_UZB_present.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Koppen-Geiger_Map_UZB_present.svg/250px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_UZB_present.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Koppen-Geiger_Map_UZB_present.svg/375px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_UZB_present.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Koppen-Geiger_Map_UZB_present.svg/500px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_UZB_present.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1786" data-file-height="850" /></a><figcaption>Köppen climate classification</figcaption></figure>
<p>The highest point in Uzbekistan is <a href="/wiki/Alpomish" title="Alpomish">Alpomish Peak</a>, at 4,668 metres (15,315 ft) above sea level, in the southern part of the <a href="/wiki/Gissar_Range" class="mw-redirect" title="Gissar Range">Gissar Range</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Surxondaryo_Region" title="Surxondaryo Region">Surxondaryo Region</a> on the border with Tajikistan, just northwest of <a href="/wiki/Dushanbe" title="Dushanbe">Dushanbe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50">[48]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51">[49]</a></sup>
</p><p>The climate in Uzbekistan is continental, with little <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> expected annually (100–200 millimetres, or 3.9–7.9 inches). The average summer high <a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">temperature</a> tends to be 40 °C <span class="nowrap">(104 °F)</span>, while the average winter low temperature is around −23 °C <span class="nowrap">(−9 °F)</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-LoC:Climate_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LoC:Climate-52">[50]</a></sup>
</p><p>Uzbekistan is home to six terrestrial ecoregions: <a href="/wiki/Alai-Western_Tian_Shan_steppe" class="mw-redirect" title="Alai-Western Tian Shan steppe">Alai-Western Tian Shan steppe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gissaro-Alai_open_woodlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Gissaro-Alai open woodlands">Gissaro-Alai open woodlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Badghyz_and_Karabil_semi-desert" title="Badghyz and Karabil semi-desert">Badghyz and Karabil semi-desert</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_northern_desert" title="Central Asian northern desert">Central Asian northern desert</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_riparian_woodlands" title="Central Asian riparian woodlands">Central Asian riparian woodlands</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_southern_desert" title="Central Asian southern desert">Central Asian southern desert</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DinersteinOlson2017_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DinersteinOlson2017-53">[51]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Environment">Environment</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uzbekistan&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Environment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karakalpakstan_Kyzyl_Qala_Cotton_Picking.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Karakalpakstan_Kyzyl_Qala_Cotton_Picking.jpg/220px-Karakalpakstan_Kyzyl_Qala_Cotton_Picking.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Karakalpakstan_Kyzyl_Qala_Cotton_Picking.jpg/330px-Karakalpakstan_Kyzyl_Qala_Cotton_Picking.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Karakalpakstan_Kyzyl_Qala_Cotton_Picking.jpg/440px-Karakalpakstan_Kyzyl_Qala_Cotton_Picking.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="3194" /></a><figcaption>Cotton picking near <a href="/wiki/Kyzyl-Kala" title="Kyzyl-Kala">Kyzyl-Kala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karakalpakstan" title="Karakalpakstan">Karakalpakstan</a></figcaption></figure>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Water_Stress,_Top_Countries_(2020).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Water_Stress%2C_Top_Countries_%282020%29.svg/220px-Water_Stress%2C_Top_Countries_%282020%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Water_Stress%2C_Top_Countries_%282020%29.svg/330px-Water_Stress%2C_Top_Countries_%282020%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Water_Stress%2C_Top_Countries_%282020%29.svg/440px-Water_Stress%2C_Top_Countries_%282020%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="265" /></a><figcaption>Uzbekistan is the seventh most water stressed country in the world.</figcaption></figure>
<p>Uzbekistan has a rich and diverse natural environment. However, decades of <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> policies in pursuit of greater <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a> production have resulted in a catastrophic scenario with the agricultural industry being the main contributor to the pollution and devastation of both air and water in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54">[52]</a></sup>
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AralSea1989_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/AralSea1989_2014.jpg/220px-AralSea1989_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/AralSea1989_2014.jpg/330px-AralSea1989_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/AralSea1989_2014.jpg/440px-AralSea1989_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="870" /></a><figcaption>Comparison of the <a href="/wiki/Aral_Sea" title="Aral Sea">Aral Sea</a> between 1989 and 2014</figcaption></figure>
<p>The <a href="/wiki/Aral_Sea" title="Aral Sea">Aral Sea</a> was once the fourth-largest inland sea on Earth, humidifying the surrounding air and irrigating the arid land.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55">[53]</a></sup> Since the 1960s, when the overuse of the Aral Sea water began, it has shrunk to about 10% of its former area and divided into parts, with only the southern part of the narrow western lobe of the <a href="/wiki/South_Aral_Sea" title="South Aral Sea">South Aral Sea</a> remaining permanently in Uzbekistan. Much of the water was and continues to be used for the <a href="/wiki/Cotton_production_in_Uzbekistan" title="Cotton production in Uzbekistan">irrigation of cotton fields</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-guardian_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian-56">[54]</a></sup> a crop requiring a large amount of water to grow.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57">[55]</a></sup>
</p><p>Due to the Aral Sea loss, high salinity and contamination of the soil with <a href="/wiki/Heavy_elements" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavy elements">heavy elements</a> are especially widespread in <a href="/wiki/Karakalpakstan" title="Karakalpakstan">Karakalpakstan</a>, the region of Uzbekistan adjacent to the Aral Sea. The bulk of the nation's water resources is used for farming, which accounts for nearly 84% of the water use and contributes to high <a href="/wiki/Soil_salinity" title="Soil salinity">soil salinity</a>. Heavy use of <a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">pesticides</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fertiliser" class="mw-redirect" title="Fertiliser">fertilisers</a> for cotton growing further aggravates <a href="/wiki/Soil_contamination" title="Soil contamination">soil contamination</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-LoC:Climate_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LoC:Climate-52">[50]</a></sup>
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Suv-ombori.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Suv-ombori.gif/220px-Suv-ombori.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Suv-ombori.gif/330px-Suv-ombori.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Suv-ombori.gif/440px-Suv-ombori.gif 2x" data-file-width="2363" data-file-height="1396" /></a><figcaption>Map of flooded areas as a result of the collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Sardoba_Reservoir" title="Sardoba Reservoir">Sardoba Reservoir</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>According to the UNDP (United Nations Development Program), <a href="/wiki/Climate_risk" title="Climate risk">climate risk</a> management in Uzbekistan should consider its ecological safety.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58">[56]</a></sup>
</p><p>Numerous oil and gas deposits have been discovered in the south of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59">[57]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60">[58]</a></sup>
</p><p>Uzbekistan has also been home to seismic activity, as evidenced by the <a href="/wiki/1902_Andijan_earthquake" title="1902 Andijan earthquake">1902 Andijan earthquake</a>, <a href="/wiki/2011_Fergana_Valley_earthquake" title="2011 Fergana Valley earthquake">2011 Fergana Valley earthquake</a>, and <a href="/wiki/1966_Tashkent_earthquake" title="1966 Tashkent earthquake">1966 Tashkent earthquake</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61">[59]</a></sup>
</p><p>A dam collapse at <a href="/wiki/Sardoba_Reservoir" title="Sardoba Reservoir">Sardoba Reservoir</a> in May 2020 flooded much farmland and many villages. The devastation extended into areas inside neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62">[60]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63">[61]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Politics">Politics</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uzbekistan&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Uzbekistan" title="Politics of Uzbekistan">Politics of Uzbekistan</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oliy_Majlis_(Parliament_of_Uzbekistan).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Oliy_Majlis_%28Parliament_of_Uzbekistan%29.jpg/220px-Oliy_Majlis_%28Parliament_of_Uzbekistan%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Oliy_Majlis_%28Parliament_of_Uzbekistan%29.jpg/330px-Oliy_Majlis_%28Parliament_of_Uzbekistan%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Oliy_Majlis_%28Parliament_of_Uzbekistan%29.jpg/440px-Oliy_Majlis_%28Parliament_of_Uzbekistan%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1227" data-file-height="818" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Chamber_of_Uzbekistan" title="Legislative Chamber of Uzbekistan">Legislative Chamber of Uzbekistan</a> (Lower House)</figcaption></figure>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Islam_Karimov_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Islam_Karimov_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Islam_Karimov_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Islam_Karimov_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Islam_Karimov_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Islam_Karimov_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Islam_Karimov_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="912" data-file-height="1216" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Islam_Karimov" title="Islam Karimov">Islam Karimov</a>, the first President of Uzbekistan, during a visit to the Pentagon in 2002</figcaption></figure>
<p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Multiple_imafortn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Multiple imafortn (page does not exist)">Template:Multiple imafortn</a>
</p><p>After Uzbekistan declared independence from the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> in 1991, an election was held, and <a href="/wiki/Islam_Karimov" title="Islam Karimov">Islam Karimov</a> was elected as the [[List of Presidents of Uzbekistan|first P
| caption_align = center
| image1 = Shavkat Mirziyoyev official portrait (cropped 2).jpg
| width1 = 120
| caption1 = <a href="/wiki/Shavkat_Mirziyoyev" title="Shavkat Mirziyoyev">Shavkat Mirziyoyev</a><br /><small>2nd <a href="/wiki/President_of_Uzbekistan" title="President of Uzbekistan">President</a></small>
| image2 = Abdulla Aripov.png
| width2 = 120resident]] of Uzbekistan on 29 December 1991. T−
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uzbekistan&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Administrative divisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Uzbekistan" title="Regions of Uzbekistan">Regions of Uzbekistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Uzbekistan" title="Districts of Uzbekistan">Districts of Uzbekistan</a></div>
<p>Uzbekistan is divided into twelve <a href="/wiki/Region" title="Region">regions</a> (<i>viloyatlar</i>, singular <i><a href="/wiki/Viloyat" class="mw-redirect" title="Viloyat">viloyat</a></i>, compound noun <i>viloyati</i> e.g., Toshkent <i>viloyati</i>, Samarqand <i>viloyati</i>, etc.), one <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_republic" title="Autonomous republic">autonomous republic</a> (<i>respublika</i>, compound noun <i>respublikasi</i> e.g. Qoraqalpogʻiston Muxtor <i>Respublikasi</i>, Karakalpakstan <i>Autonomous Republic</i>, etc.), and one <a href="/wiki/Independent_city" title="Independent city">independent city</a> (<i>shahar</i>, compound noun <i>shahri</i>, e.g., Toshkent <i>shahri</i>). Names are given below in <a href="/wiki/Uzbek_language" title="Uzbek language">Uzbek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Karakalpak_language" title="Karakalpak language">Karakalpak</a> languages when applicable, although numerous variations of the transliterations of each name exist.
</p>
<div role="img" class="floatright noresize" style="width: 400px; padding: 15px; line-height: 1; text-align: center; background-color: #ffffff; position: relative;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Uzbekistan_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Uzbekistan_location_map.svg/400px-Uzbekistan_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Uzbekistan_location_map.svg/600px-Uzbekistan_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Uzbekistan_location_map.svg/800px-Uzbekistan_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2114" data-file-height="1397" /></a></span>
<div style="position:absolute; font-size:70%; left:54px; top:70.8px"><a href="/wiki/Karakalpakstan_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Karakalpakstan Republic">Karakalpakstan</a></div>
<div style="position:absolute; font-size:70%; left:190px; top:116px"><a href="/wiki/Navoiy_Region" title="Navoiy Region">Navoiy</a></div>
<div style="position:absolute; font-size:70%; left:88.8px; top:136.4px"><a href="/wiki/Khorezm_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Khorezm Region">Khorezm</a></div>
<div style="position:absolute; font-size:70%; left:174px; top:174px"><a href="/wiki/Bukhara_Region" title="Bukhara Region">Bukhara</a></div>
<div style="position:absolute; font-size:70%; left:218px; top:216px"><a href="/wiki/Qashqadaryo_Region" title="Qashqadaryo Region">Qashqadaryo</a></div>
<div style="position:absolute; font-size:70%; left:230px; top:248px"><a href="/wiki/Surxondaryo_Region" title="Surxondaryo Region">Surxondaryo</a></div>
<div style="position:absolute; font-size:70%; left:224px; top:190.8px"><a href="/wiki/Samarkand_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Samarkand Region">Samarkand</a></div>
<div style="position:absolute; font-size:70%; left:269.2px; top:180px"><a href="/wiki/Jizzakh_Region" title="Jizzakh Region">Jizzakh</a></div>
<div style="position:absolute; font-size:70%; left:340.4px; top:168px"><a href="/wiki/Fergana_Region" title="Fergana Region">Fergana</a></div>
<div style="position:absolute; font-size:70%; left:374px; top:160px"><a href="/wiki/Andijan_Region" title="Andijan Region">Andijan</a></div>
<div style="position:absolute; font-size:70%; left:350px; top:148.4px"><a href="/wiki/Namangan_Region" title="Namangan Region">Namangan</a></div>
<div style="position:absolute; font-size:70%; left:284px; top:170px"><a href="/wiki/Sirdaryo_Region" title="Sirdaryo Region">Sirdaryo</a></div>
<div style="position:absolute; font-size:70%; left:306px; top:151.6px"><a href="/wiki/Tashkent_Region" title="Tashkent Region">Tashkent</a></div>
<div style="position:absolute; font-size:70%; left:264px; top:138.4px"><a href="/wiki/Tashkent_City" title="Tashkent City">Tashkent City</a></div>
</div>
<table class="wikitable sortable">
<tbody><tr style="background:#efefef;">
<th>Division</th>
<th>Capital City</th>
<th>Area<br />(km<sup>2</sup>)</th>
<th>Population<br />(1/1/2024)<sup id="cite_ref-stat.uz_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stat.uz-64">[62]</a></sup></th>
<th>Key
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><b><a href="/wiki/Andijan_Region" title="Andijan Region">Andijan Region</a></b><br />Uzbek: <i>Андижон вилояти/Andijon Viloyati</i>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Andijan" title="Andijan">Andijan</a><br /><i>Andijon</i></td>
<td>4,303</td>
<td>3394,4</td>
<td>2
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><b><a href="/wiki/Bukhara_Region" title="Bukhara Region">Bukhara Region</a></b><br />Uzbek: <i>Бухоро вилояти/Buxoro Viloyati</i>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Bukhara" title="Bukhara">Bukhara</a><br /><i>Buxoro</i></td>
<td>41,937</td>
<td>2044,0</td>
<td>3
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><b><a href="/wiki/Fergana_Region" title="Fergana Region">Fergana Region</a></b><br />Uzbek: <i>Фарғона вилояти/Fargʻona Viloyati</i>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Fergana" title="Fergana">Fergana</a><br /><i>Fargʻona</i></td>
<td>7,005</td>
<td>4061,5</td>
<td>4
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><b><a href="/wiki/Jizzakh_Region" title="Jizzakh Region">Jizzakh Region</a></b><br />Uzbek: <i>Жиззах вилояти/Jizzax Viloyati</i>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Jizzakh" title="Jizzakh">Jizzakh</a><br /><i>Jizzax</i></td>
<td>21,179</td>
<td>1507,4</td>
<td>5
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><b><a href="/wiki/Karakalpakstan" title="Karakalpakstan">Republic of Karakalpakstan</a></b><br />Karakalpak: <i>Қарақалпақстан Республикасы/Qaraqalpaqstan Respublikasiʻ</i><br />Uzbek: <i>Қорақалпоғистон Республикаси/Qoraqalpogʻiston Respublikasi</i>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Nukus" title="Nukus">Nukus</a><br /><i>No‘kis</i><br /><i>Nukus</i></td>
<td>161,358</td>
<td>2002,7</td>
<td>14
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><b><a href="/wiki/Qashqadaryo_Region" title="Qashqadaryo Region">Kashkadarya Region</a></b><br />Uzbek: <i>Қашқадарё вилояти/Qashqadaryo Viloyati</i>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Qarshi" title="Qarshi">Karshi</a><br /><i>Qarshi</i></td>
<td>28,568</td>
<td>3560,6</td>
<td>8
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><b><a href="/wiki/Xorazm_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Xorazm Region">Khorezm Region</a></b><br />Uzbek: <i>Хоразм вилояти/Xorazm Viloyati</i>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Urgench" title="Urgench">Urgench</a><br /><i>Urganch</i></td>
<td>6,464 </td>
<td>1995,6</td>
<td>13
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><b><a href="/wiki/Namangan_Region" title="Namangan Region">Namangan Region</a></b><br />Uzbek: <i>Наманган вилояти/Namangan Viloyati</i>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Namangan" title="Namangan">Namangan</a><br /><i>Namangan</i></td>
<td>7,181</td>
<td>3066,1</td>
<td>6
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><b><a href="/wiki/Navoiy_Region" title="Navoiy Region">Navoiy Region</a></b><br />Uzbek: <i>Навоий вилояти/Navoiy Viloyati</i>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Navoiy" title="Navoiy">Navoiy</a><br /><i>Navoiy</i></td>
<td>109,375</td>
<td>1075,3</td>
<td>7
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><b><a href="/wiki/Samarqand_Region" title="Samarqand Region">Samarkand Region</a></b><br />Uzbek: <i>Самарқанд вилояти/Samarqand Viloyati</i>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a><br /><i>Samarqand</i></td>
<td>16,773 </td>
<td>4208,5</td>
<td>9
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><b><a href="/wiki/Surxondaryo_Region" title="Surxondaryo Region">Surkhandarya Region</a></b><br />Uzbek: <i>Сурхондарё вилояти/Surxondaryo Viloyati</i>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Termez" title="Termez">Termez</a><br /><i>Termiz</i></td>
<td>20,099</td>
<td>2877,1</td>
<td>11
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><b><a href="/wiki/Sirdaryo_Region" title="Sirdaryo Region">Syrdarya Region</a></b><br />Uzbek: <i>Сирдарё вилояти/Sirdaryo Viloyati</i>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Guliston" title="Guliston">Gulistan</a><br /><i>Guliston</i></td>
<td>4,276</td>
<td>914,0</td>
<td>10
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><b><a href="/wiki/Tashkent" title="Tashkent">Tashkent City</a></b><br />Uzbek:<i>Тошкент/Toshkent Shahri</i>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Tashkent" title="Tashkent">Tashkent</a><br /><i>Toshkent</i></td>
<td>327</td>
<td>3040,8</td>
<td>1
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><b><a href="/wiki/Tashkent_Region" title="Tashkent Region">Tashkent Region</a></b><br />Uzbek: <i>Тошкент вилояти/Toshkent Viloyati</i>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Nurafshon" title="Nurafshon">Nurafshon</a><br /><i>Nurafshon</i></td>
<td>15,258 </td>
<td>3051,8</td>
<td>12
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>The regions are further divided into <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Uzbekistan" title="Districts of Uzbekistan">districts</a> (<i>tuman</i>).
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Largest_cities">Largest cities</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uzbekistan&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Largest cities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1219497266">.mw-parser-output .largestCities-table-background{background:#f9f9f9;color:#222}.mw-parser-output .largestCities-cell-background{background:#f0f0f0;color:#222}</style>
<div>
<table style="font-size:88%;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 100%; border: 1px solid darkgray;">
<tbody><tr>
<th colspan="10" style="padding:0.3em 0.75em;"><div style="float:right; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div><div style="float:left; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div> <div style="height:2.6em;line-height:1.3em;"><span style="font-size:110%;">Largest cities or towns in Uzbekistan</span><br /><div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal;"> </div></div>
</th></tr>
<tr>
<th></th>
<th>Rank
</th>
<th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Uzbekistan" title="List of cities in Uzbekistan">Name</a>
</th>
<th><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Uzbekistan" title="Regions of Uzbekistan">Region</a>
</th>
<th>Pop.
</th>
<th>
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tashkent_skyline_2019.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tashkent"><img alt="Tashkent" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Tashkent_skyline_2019.jpg/120px-Tashkent_skyline_2019.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Tashkent_skyline_2019.jpg/180px-Tashkent_skyline_2019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Tashkent_skyline_2019.jpg/240px-Tashkent_skyline_2019.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="854" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Tashkent" title="Tashkent">Tashkent</a><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Moellah_Kirigizmadrassa.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Namangan"><img alt="Namangan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Moellah_Kirigizmadrassa.jpg/120px-Moellah_Kirigizmadrassa.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Moellah_Kirigizmadrassa.jpg/180px-Moellah_Kirigizmadrassa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Moellah_Kirigizmadrassa.jpg/240px-Moellah_Kirigizmadrassa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="720" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Namangan" title="Namangan">Namangan</a>
</td>
<td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">1</td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tashkent" title="Tashkent">Tashkent</a></td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tashkent" title="Tashkent">Tashkent</a></td>
<td style="text-align:right;">2,955,700<sup id="cite_ref-UzbekStat2022_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UzbekStat2022-5">[5]</a></sup>
</td>
<td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:20230615_Samarkand025.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Samarkand"><img alt="Samarkand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/20230615_Samarkand025.jpg/120px-20230615_Samarkand025.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/20230615_Samarkand025.jpg/180px-20230615_Samarkand025.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/20230615_Samarkand025.jpg/240px-20230615_Samarkand025.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Navoi_Square_(Formerly_Bobur_Square)_-_Where_2005_Massacre_Took_Place_-_Andijon_-_Uzbekistan_(7544000842).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Andijan"><img alt="Andijan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Navoi_Square_%28Formerly_Bobur_Square%29_-_Where_2005_Massacre_Took_Place_-_Andijon_-_Uzbekistan_%287544000842%29.jpg/120px-Navoi_Square_%28Formerly_Bobur_Square%29_-_Where_2005_Massacre_Took_Place_-_Andijon_-_Uzbekistan_%287544000842%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Navoi_Square_%28Formerly_Bobur_Square%29_-_Where_2005_Massacre_Took_Place_-_Andijon_-_Uzbekistan_%287544000842%29.jpg/180px-Navoi_Square_%28Formerly_Bobur_Square%29_-_Where_2005_Massacre_Took_Place_-_Andijon_-_Uzbekistan_%287544000842%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Navoi_Square_%28Formerly_Bobur_Square%29_-_Where_2005_Massacre_Took_Place_-_Andijon_-_Uzbekistan_%287544000842%29.jpg/240px-Navoi_Square_%28Formerly_Bobur_Square%29_-_Where_2005_Massacre_Took_Place_-_Andijon_-_Uzbekistan_%287544000842%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Andijan" title="Andijan">Andijan</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">2</td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Namangan" title="Namangan">Namangan</a></td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Namangan_Region" title="Namangan Region">Namangan Region</a></td>
<td style="text-align:right;">678,200<sup id="cite_ref-UzbekStat2022_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UzbekStat2022-5">[5]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">3</td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a></td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Samarkand_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Samarkand Region">Samarkand Region</a></td>
<td style="text-align:right;">573,200<sup id="cite_ref-UzbekStat2022_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UzbekStat2022-5">[5]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">4</td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Andijan" title="Andijan">Andijan</a></td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Andijan_Region" title="Andijan Region">Andijan Region</a></td>
<td style="text-align:right;">468,100<sup id="cite_ref-UzbekStat2022_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UzbekStat2022-5">[5]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">5</td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Nukus" title="Nukus">Nukus</a></td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Karakalpakstan" title="Karakalpakstan">Karakalpakstan</a></td>
<td style="text-align:right;">310,000<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65">[63]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">6</td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Fergana" title="Fergana">Fergana</a></td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Fergana_Region" title="Fergana Region">Fergana Region</a></td>
<td style="text-align:right;">299,000<sup id="cite_ref-data.gov.uz_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-data.gov.uz-66">[64]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">7</td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bukhara" title="Bukhara">Bukhara</a></td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bukhara_Region" title="Bukhara Region">Bukhara Region</a></td>
<td style="text-align:right;">285,000<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67">[65]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">8</td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Qarshi" title="Qarshi">Qarshi</a></td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Qashqadaryo_Region" title="Qashqadaryo Region">Qashqadaryo Region</a></td>
<td style="text-align:right;">260,000<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68">[66]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">9</td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kokand" title="Kokand">Kokand</a></td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Fergana_Region" title="Fergana Region">Fergana Region</a></td>
<td style="text-align:right;">260,000<sup id="cite_ref-data.gov.uz_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-data.gov.uz-66">[64]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">10</td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Margilan" title="Margilan">Margilan</a></td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Fergana_Region" title="Fergana Region">Fergana Region</a></td>
<td style="text-align:right;">242,500<sup id="cite_ref-data.gov.uz_66-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-data.gov.uz-66">[64]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Economy">Economy</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uzbekistan&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Uzbekistan" title="Economy of Uzbekistan">Economy of Uzbekistan</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Real_GDP_per_capita_development_of_Uzbekistan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Real_GDP_per_capita_development_of_Uzbekistan.svg/220px-Real_GDP_per_capita_development_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Real_GDP_per_capita_development_of_Uzbekistan.svg/330px-Real_GDP_per_capita_development_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Real_GDP_per_capita_development_of_Uzbekistan.svg/440px-Real_GDP_per_capita_development_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Development of real GDP per capita</figcaption></figure>
<p>Uzbekistan mines 80 tons of gold annually, seventh in the world. Uzbekistan's copper deposits rank tenth in the world and its uranium deposits twelfth. The country's uranium production ranks seventh globally.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69">[67]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70">[68]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71">[69]</a></sup> The Uzbek national gas company, <a href="/wiki/Uzbekneftegas" class="mw-redirect" title="Uzbekneftegas">Uzbekneftegaz</a>, ranks 11th in the world in natural gas production with an annual output of 60 to 70 billion cubic metres (2.1–2.5 trillion cubic feet). The country has significant untapped reserves of oil and gas: there are 194 deposits of hydrocarbons in Uzbekistan, including 98 condensate and natural gas deposits and 96 gas condensate deposits.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72">[70]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73">[71]</a></sup>
</p><p>Uzbekistan improved marginally in the <i>2020 Ease of Doing Business</i> ranking by the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-edbwb2020_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-edbwb2020-74">[72]</a></sup>
The largest corporations involved in Uzbekistan's energy sector are the <a href="/wiki/China_National_Petroleum_Corporation" title="China National Petroleum Corporation">China National Petroleum Corporation</a> (CNPC), <a href="/wiki/Petronas" title="Petronas">Petronas</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Korea_National_Oil_Corporation" title="Korea National Oil Corporation">Korea National Oil Corporation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gazprom" title="Gazprom">Gazprom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lukoil" title="Lukoil">Lukoil</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Uzbekneftegas" class="mw-redirect" title="Uzbekneftegas">Uzbekneftegaz</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p><p>Along with many <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">Commonwealth of Independent States</a> or CIS economies, Uzbekistan's economy declined during the first years of transition and then recovered after 1995, as the cumulative effect of policy reforms began to be felt.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75">[73]</a></sup> It has shown robust growth, rising by 4% per year between 1998 and 2003 and accelerating thereafter to 7%–8% per year. According to IMF estimates,<sup id="cite_ref-imf_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-imf-76">[74]</a></sup> the GDP in 2008 will be almost double its value in 1995 (in constant prices). Since 2003, annual inflation rates varied, reaching almost 40% in 2010 and less than 20% in 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77">[75]</a></sup>
</p><p>Uzbekistan has a GNI per capita of US$2,020 in current dollars in 2018, giving a <a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a> equivalent of US$7,230.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78">[76]</a></sup> Economic production is concentrated in commodities. In 2011, Uzbekistan was the world's seventh-largest producer and fifth-largest exporter of <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79">[77]</a></sup> as well as the seventh-largest world producer of gold. It is also a regionally significant producer of natural gas, coal, copper, oil, silver and uranium.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80">[78]</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Uzbekistan" title="Agriculture in Uzbekistan">Agriculture</a> employs 27% of Uzbekistan's labour force and contributes 17.4% of its GDP (2012 data).<sup id="cite_ref-uzstat_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uzstat-48">[46]</a></sup> Cultivable land is 4.4 million hectares, or about 10% of Uzbekistan's total area. While official unemployment is very low, underemployment – especially in rural areas – is estimated to be at least 20%.<sup id="cite_ref-cia1_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cia1-81">[79]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cotton_production_in_Uzbekistan" title="Cotton production in Uzbekistan">Cotton production in Uzbekistan</a> is important to the national economy of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-guardian_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian-56">[54]</a></sup> Uzbek cotton is even used to make banknotes in South Korea.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82">[80]</a></sup> Uzbek cotton exports have become the cause of a scandal related to the Russian-Ukrainian war and sanctions imposed on the Russian military industry. According to the Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project (OCCRP), Vlast, and iStories, after February 24, 2022, Uzbekistan significantly increased its exports of cotton pulp and nitrocellulose to Russia, key components for the manufacture of explosives and gunpowder. According to Ekonomichna Pravda, at least two large Uzbek exporters have been working with Russian military-industrial complex enterprises. Documents from the Federal Tax Service of the Russian Federation confirm that at least three Russian companies - Bina Group, Khimtrade, and Lenakhim - sold imported cotton pulp in Russia to military plants under US sanctions.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83">[81]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84">[82]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85">[83]</a></sup>
</p><p>The country has a considerable production of carrots as well. The use of child labour in Uzbekistan has led several companies, including Tesco,<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86">[84]</a></sup> C&A,<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87">[85]</a></sup> Marks & Spencer, Gap, and H&M, to boycott Uzbek cotton.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88">[86]</a></sup>
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yodgorlik_Silk_Factory_(5982822980).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Yodgorlik_Silk_Factory_%285982822980%29.jpg/220px-Yodgorlik_Silk_Factory_%285982822980%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Yodgorlik_Silk_Factory_%285982822980%29.jpg/330px-Yodgorlik_Silk_Factory_%285982822980%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Yodgorlik_Silk_Factory_%285982822980%29.jpg/440px-Yodgorlik_Silk_Factory_%285982822980%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4416" data-file-height="3312" /></a><figcaption>Yodgorlik <a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">silk</a> factory</figcaption></figure>
<p>Facing a multitude of economic challenges upon acquiring independence, the government adopted an evolutionary reform strategy, with an emphasis on state control, reduction of imports and self-sufficiency in energy. Since 1994, the state-controlled media have repeatedly proclaimed the success of this "Uzbekistan Economic Model"<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89">[87]</a></sup> and suggested that it is a unique example of a smooth transition to the market economy while avoiding shock, pauperism and stagnation. As of 2019, Uzbekistan's economy is one of the most diversified in Central Asia which makes the country an attractive economic partner for China.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90">[88]</a></sup>
</p><p>The gradualist reform strategy has involved postponing significant macroeconomic and structural reforms. The state in the hands of the <a href="/wiki/New_class" title="New class">bureaucracy</a> has remained a dominant influence in the economy. Corruption permeates the society and grows more rampant over time: Uzbekistan's 2005 <a href="/wiki/Corruption_Perception_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Corruption Perception Index">Corruption Perception Index</a> was 137 out of 159 countries, whereas in 2007 Uzbekistan was 175th out of 179 countries. A February 2006 report on the country by the <a href="/wiki/International_Crisis_Group" title="International Crisis Group">International Crisis Group</a> suggests that revenues earned from key exports, especially <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a> and increasingly gas, are distributed among a very small circle of the ruling elite, with little or no benefit for the populace at large.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91">[89]</a></sup> The early-2010s high-profile corruption scandals involving government contracts and large international companies, notably <a href="/wiki/Telecom_corruption_scandal" title="Telecom corruption scandal">TeliaSonera</a>, have shown that businesses are particularly vulnerable to corruption when operating in Uzbekistan.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92">[90]</a></sup>
</p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Economist_Intelligence_Unit" title="Economist Intelligence Unit">Economist Intelligence Unit</a>, "the government is hostile to allowing the development of an independent private sector, over which it would have no control".<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93">[91]</a></sup>
</p><p>The economic policies have repelled foreign investment, which is the lowest per capita in the CIS.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94">[92]</a></sup> For years, the largest barrier to foreign companies entering the Uzbekistan market has been the difficulty of converting currency. In 2003 the government accepted the obligations of Article VIII under the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a> (IMF)<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95">[93]</a></sup> providing for full currency convertibility. However, strict currency controls and the tightening of borders have lessened the effect of this measure.
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Urgut_Sunday_market_bread_sellers.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Urgut_Sunday_market_bread_sellers.JPG/220px-Urgut_Sunday_market_bread_sellers.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Urgut_Sunday_market_bread_sellers.JPG/330px-Urgut_Sunday_market_bread_sellers.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Urgut_Sunday_market_bread_sellers.JPG/440px-Urgut_Sunday_market_bread_sellers.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1067" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Bread sellers in <a href="/wiki/Urgut" title="Urgut">Urgut</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>Uzbekistan experienced rampant <a href="/wiki/Inflation" title="Inflation">inflation</a> of around 1000% per year immediately after independence (1992–1994). Stabilisation efforts implemented with guidance from the IMF<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96">[94]</a></sup> paid off. The inflation rates were brought down to 50% in 1997 and then to 22% in 2002. Since 2003 annual inflation rates averaged less than 10%.<sup id="cite_ref-imf_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-imf-76">[74]</a></sup> Tight economic policies in 2004 resulted in a drastic reduction of inflation to 3.8% (although alternative estimates based on the price of a true <a href="/wiki/Market_basket" title="Market basket">market basket</a> put it at 15%).<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97">[95]</a></sup> The inflation rates moved up to 6.9% in 2006 and 7.6% in 2007 but have remained in the single-digit range.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98">[96]</a></sup>
</p><p>The government of Uzbekistan restricts foreign imports in many ways, including high import duties. Excise taxes are applied in a highly discriminatory manner to protect locally produced goods,<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99">[97]</a></sup> although the excises taxes were removed for foreign cars in 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100">[98]</a></sup> Official tariffs are combined with unofficial, discriminatory charges resulting in total charges amounting to as much as 100 to 150% of the actual value of the product, making imported products virtually unaffordable.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101">[99]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Import_substitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Import substitution">Import substitution</a> is an officially declared policy and the government proudly reports a reduction by a factor of two in the volume of consumer goods imported. A number of CIS countries are officially exempt from Uzbekistan import duties. Uzbekistan has a Bilateral Investment Treaty with fifty other countries.<sup id="cite_ref-bitUZ_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bitUZ-102">[100]</a></sup>
</p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Tashkent_Stock_Exchange" title="Tashkent Stock Exchange">Republican Stock Exchange</a> (RSE) opened in 1994. The stocks of all Uzbek joint stock companies (around 1,250) are traded on RSE. The number of listed companies as of January 2013 exceeds 110. Securities market volume reached 2 trillion in 2012, and the number is rapidly growing due to the rising interest by companies of attracting necessary resources through the capital market. According to Central Depository as of January 2013 par value of outstanding shares of Uzbek emitters exceeded 9 trillion.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p><p>Thanks in part to the recovery of world market prices of gold and cotton (the country's key export commodities), expanded natural gas and some manufacturing exports, and increasing labour migrant transfers, the current account turned into a large surplus (between 9% and 11% of GDP from 2003 to 2005). In 2018, foreign exchange reserves, including gold, totalled around US$25 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103">[101]</a></sup>
</p><p>Foreign exchange reserves amounted in 2010 to US$13 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104">[102]</a></sup>
</p><p>Uzbekistan is predicted to be one of the fastest-growing economies in the world (top 26) in future decades, according to a survey by global bank HSBC.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105">[103]</a></sup>
Uzbekistan was ranked 82nd in the <a href="/wiki/Global_Innovation_Index" title="Global Innovation Index">Global Innovation Index</a> in 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106">[104]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Demographics">Demographics</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uzbekistan&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Uzbekistan" title="Demographics of Uzbekistan">Demographics of Uzbekistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uzbeks" title="Uzbeks">Uzbeks</a></div>
<table class="wikitable" style="float: right; margin-left: 10px">
<tbody><tr>
<th colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#cfb;">Population<sup id="cite_ref-UN_WPP_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP-107">[105]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UN_WPP_2022_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP_2022-108">[106]</a></sup>
</th></tr>
<tr>
<th style="background:#cfb;">Year
</th>
<th style="background:#cfb;">Million
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left;">1950</td>
<td style="text-align:right;">6.2
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left;">2000</td>
<td style="text-align:right;">24.8
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left;">2021</td>
<td style="text-align:right;">34.1
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>2023
</td>
<td>36.2
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jeunes_Mari%C3%A9s_dans_le_parc_dAk_Saray_(Shahrisabz)_(6018352949).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Jeunes_Mari%C3%A9s_dans_le_parc_dAk_Saray_%28Shahrisabz%29_%286018352949%29.jpg/220px-Jeunes_Mari%C3%A9s_dans_le_parc_dAk_Saray_%28Shahrisabz%29_%286018352949%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Jeunes_Mari%C3%A9s_dans_le_parc_dAk_Saray_%28Shahrisabz%29_%286018352949%29.jpg/330px-Jeunes_Mari%C3%A9s_dans_le_parc_dAk_Saray_%28Shahrisabz%29_%286018352949%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Jeunes_Mari%C3%A9s_dans_le_parc_dAk_Saray_%28Shahrisabz%29_%286018352949%29.jpg/440px-Jeunes_Mari%C3%A9s_dans_le_parc_dAk_Saray_%28Shahrisabz%29_%286018352949%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Newlywed couples visit <a href="/wiki/Tamerlane" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamerlane">Tamerlane's</a> statues to receive wedding blessings.</figcaption></figure>
<p>As of 2022, Uzbekistan has the largest population out of all the countries in Central Asia. Its 36 million citizens comprise nearly half the region's total population.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109">[107]</a></sup> The population of Uzbekistan is very young though it is slowly aging. 23.1% of its people are younger than 16 (2020 estimate).<sup id="cite_ref-cia1_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cia1-81">[79]</a></sup> According to official sources, <a href="/wiki/Uzbeks" title="Uzbeks">Uzbeks</a> comprise a majority (84.5%) of the total population. Other ethnic groups include <a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a> 2.1%, <a href="/wiki/T%C4%81jik_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tājik people">Tajiks</a> 4.8%, <a href="/wiki/Kazakhs" title="Kazakhs">Kazakhs</a> 2.4%, <a href="/wiki/Karakalpaks" title="Karakalpaks">Karakalpaks</a> 2.2% and <a href="/wiki/Tatars" title="Tatars">Tatars</a> 0.5% as of 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-NatEtnicPop_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NatEtnicPop-3">[3]</a></sup>
</p><p>There is some controversy about the percentage of the Tajik population. While official state numbers from Uzbekistan put the number around 5%, the number is said to be an understatement and some Western scholars put the number up to 10%–20%.<sup id="cite_ref-Karl_Cordell_1999._pg_201_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Karl_Cordell_1999._pg_201-110">[108]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lena_Jonson_2006._pg_108_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lena_Jonson_2006._pg_108-111">[109]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoltz1996213–6_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoltz1996213–6-112">[110]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cornellcaspian.com_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cornellcaspian.com-113">[111]</a></sup> Uzbekistan has an <a href="/wiki/Koryo-saram" title="Koryo-saram">ethnic Korean</a> population that was <a href="/wiki/Deportation_of_Koreans_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Deportation of Koreans in the Soviet Union">forcibly relocated</a> to the region by Stalin from the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Far_East" title="Russian Far East">Soviet Far East</a> in 1937–1938. There are also small groups of <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Uzbekistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenians in Uzbekistan">Armenians in Uzbekistan</a>, mostly in Tashkent and Samarkand.
</p><p>The nation is 96% Muslim (mostly <a href="/wiki/Sunnis" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunnis">Sunni</a>, with a <a href="/wiki/Shi%27a" class="mw-redirect" title="Shi'a">Shi'a</a> minority), 2.3% <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Eastern Orthodox</a> and 1.7% other faiths. The U.S. State Department's International Religious Freedom Report 2004 reports that 0.2% of the population are <a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a> (these being ethnic Koreans). The <a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Jews" title="Bukharan Jews">Bukharan Jews</a> have lived in Central Asia, mostly in Uzbekistan, for thousands of years. There were 94,900 <a href="/wiki/Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Jew">Jews</a> in Uzbekistan in 1989<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114">[112]</a></sup> (about 0.5% of the population according to the <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Uzbekistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in Uzbekistan">1989 census</a>), but now, since the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a>, most Central Asian Jews left the region for the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>. Fewer than 5,000 Jews remained in Uzbekistan in 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115">[113]</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Uzbekistan" title="Russians in Uzbekistan">Russians in Uzbekistan</a> represented 5.5% of the total population in 1989. During the Soviet period, Russians and <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainians</a> constituted more than half the population of <a href="/wiki/Tashkent" title="Tashkent">Tashkent</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116">[114]</a></sup> The country counted nearly 1.5 million Russians, 12.5% of the population, in the 1970 census.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117">[115]</a></sup> After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, significant emigration of ethnic Russians has taken place, mostly for economic reasons.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118">[116]</a></sup>
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Uzbek_Kids.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Uzbek children" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Uzbek_Kids.JPG/220px-Uzbek_Kids.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Uzbek_Kids.JPG/330px-Uzbek_Kids.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Uzbek_Kids.JPG/440px-Uzbek_Kids.JPG 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>Uzbek children</figcaption></figure>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gorskii_03978u.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Gorskii_03978u.jpg/220px-Gorskii_03978u.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Gorskii_03978u.jpg/330px-Gorskii_03978u.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Gorskii_03978u.jpg/440px-Gorskii_03978u.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3222" data-file-height="2791" /></a><figcaption>Shakh-i Zindeh mosque, Samarkand, in the early 20th century</figcaption></figure>
<p>In the 1940s, the Crimean Tatars, along with the <a href="/wiki/Volga_Germans" title="Volga Germans">Volga Germans</a>, Chechens, Pontic<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119">[117]</a></sup> Greeks, Kumaks and many other nationalities were <a href="/wiki/Population_transfer_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Population transfer in the Soviet Union">deported</a> to Central Asia. Approximately 100,000 <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatars" title="Crimean Tatars">Crimean Tatars</a> continue to live in Uzbekistan.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120">[118]</a></sup> The number of <a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_Uzbekistan" title="Greeks in Uzbekistan">Greeks</a> in Tashkent has decreased from 35,000 in 1974 to about 12,000 in 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121">[119]</a></sup> The majority of <a href="/wiki/Meskhetian_Turks" title="Meskhetian Turks">Meskhetian Turks</a> left the country after the <a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">pogroms</a> in the Fergana valley in June 1989.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122">[120]</a></sup>
</p><p>Almost 10% of Uzbekistan's labour force works abroad, mostly in Russia and <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123">[121]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124">[122]</a></sup>
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nukus_Art_Museum.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d1/Nukus_Art_Museum.JPG/220px-Nukus_Art_Museum.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d1/Nukus_Art_Museum.JPG/330px-Nukus_Art_Museum.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d1/Nukus_Art_Museum.JPG/440px-Nukus_Art_Museum.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Nukus Art Museum named after Savicky.</figcaption></figure>
<p>Uzbekistan has a 100% literacy rate among adults older than 15 (2019 estimate).<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125">[123]</a></sup>
</p><p>Life expectancy in Uzbekistan is 75 years average. 72 years among men and 78 years among women.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc.com_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc.com-126">[124]</a></sup>
</p><p>President Shavkat Mirziyoyev signed a law in March 2020 that demands a national census take place at least every 10 years.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127">[125]</a></sup> The population has not been officially counted in over 30 years. In November 2020, the first census was cancelled due to concerns about coronavirus and the sheer size of the task. It now has been postponed to 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128">[126]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Religion">Religion</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uzbekistan&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Uzbekistan" title="Religion in Uzbekistan">Religion in Uzbekistan</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Le_minaret_et_la_mosqu%C3%A9e_Kalon_(Boukhara,_Ouzb%C3%A9kistan)_(5658826884).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Le_minaret_et_la_mosqu%C3%A9e_Kalon_%28Boukhara%2C_Ouzb%C3%A9kistan%29_%285658826884%29.jpg/220px-Le_minaret_et_la_mosqu%C3%A9e_Kalon_%28Boukhara%2C_Ouzb%C3%A9kistan%29_%285658826884%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Le_minaret_et_la_mosqu%C3%A9e_Kalon_%28Boukhara%2C_Ouzb%C3%A9kistan%29_%285658826884%29.jpg/330px-Le_minaret_et_la_mosqu%C3%A9e_Kalon_%28Boukhara%2C_Ouzb%C3%A9kistan%29_%285658826884%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Le_minaret_et_la_mosqu%C3%A9e_Kalon_%28Boukhara%2C_Ouzb%C3%A9kistan%29_%285658826884%29.jpg/440px-Le_minaret_et_la_mosqu%C3%A9e_Kalon_%28Boukhara%2C_Ouzb%C3%A9kistan%29_%285658826884%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1793" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Mosque of <a href="/wiki/Bukhara" title="Bukhara">Bukhara</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>Uzbekistan is a secular country and Article 61 of its constitution states that religious organizations and associations shall be separated from the state and equal before law. The state shall not interfere in the activity of religious associations.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129">[127]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Uzbekistan" title="Islam in Uzbekistan">Islam</a> is the dominant religion in Uzbekistan, although Soviet power (1924–1991) discouraged the expression of religious belief, and it was repressed during its existence as a <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Republic</a>. The CIA Factbook (2004) estimates that <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> constitute 88% of the population, while 9% of the population follow <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church_in_Uzbekistan" title="Russian Orthodox Church in Uzbekistan">Russian Orthodox Christianity</a>, 3% other religions and non-religious,<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130">[128]</a></sup> while a 2020 <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a> projection stated that Uzbekistan's population is 96.7% Muslim and <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Uzbekistan" title="Christianity in Uzbekistan">Christians</a> (mostly <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church_in_Uzbekistan" title="Russian Orthodox Church in Uzbekistan">Russian Orthodox Christians</a>) comprised 2.3% of the population (630,000).<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131">[129]</a></sup> An estimated 93,000 <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> lived in the country in the early 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-lcweb2_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lcweb2-132">[130]</a></sup>
In addition, there are about 7,400 Zoroastrians left in Uzbekistan, mostly in Tajik areas like <a href="/wiki/Khojand" class="mw-redirect" title="Khojand">Khojand</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133">[131]</a></sup>
</p><p>Despite the predominance of Islam and its rich history in the country, the practice of the faith is far from monolithic. Uzbeks have practised many versions of Islam. The conflict of Islamic tradition with various agendas of <a href="/wiki/Reform_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Reform movement">reform</a> or <a href="/wiki/Secularisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Secularisation">secularisation</a> throughout the 20th century has left a wide variety of Islamic practices in <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-lcweb2_132-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lcweb2-132">[130]</a></sup>
</p><p>The end of Soviet control in Uzbekistan in 1991 did not bring an immediate upsurge of religion-associated <a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">fundamentalism</a>, as many had predicted, but rather a gradual re-acquaintance with the precepts of the Islamic faith and a gradual resurgence of <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Uzbekistan" title="Islam in Uzbekistan">Islam</a> in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134">[132]</a></sup> However, since 2015 there has been a slight increase in <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamist</a> activity, with small organisations such as the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Movement_of_Uzbekistan" title="Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan">Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan</a> declaring allegiance to <a href="/wiki/ISIL" class="mw-redirect" title="ISIL">ISIL</a> and contributing fighters abroad,<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135">[133]</a></sup> although the terror threat in Uzbekistan itself remains low.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136">[134]</a></sup> (See <a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Uzbekistan" title="Terrorism in Uzbekistan">Terrorism in Uzbekistan</a>).
</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Jewish_community">Jewish community</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uzbekistan&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Jewish community"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Uzbek_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Uzbek Jews">Uzbek Jews</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Jews" title="Bukharan Jews">Bukharan Jews</a></div>
<p>The Jewish community in the Uzbek lands flourished for centuries, with occasional hardships during the reigns of certain rulers. During the rule of <a href="/wiki/Tamerlane" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamerlane">Tamerlane</a> in the 14th century, <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> contributed greatly to his efforts to rebuild <a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a>, and a great Jewish centre was established there.<sup id="cite_ref-JVL_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JVL-137">[135]</a></sup>
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bukharan_Jews_(before_1899).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Bukharan_Jews_%28before_1899%29.jpg/220px-Bukharan_Jews_%28before_1899%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Bukharan_Jews_%28before_1899%29.jpg/330px-Bukharan_Jews_%28before_1899%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Bukharan_Jews_%28before_1899%29.jpg/440px-Bukharan_Jews_%28before_1899%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1525" data-file-height="1047" /></a><figcaption>Bukharan Jews, c. 1899</figcaption></figure>
<p>After the area came under Russian rule in 1868, Jews were granted equal rights with the local Muslim population.<sup id="cite_ref-JVL_137-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JVL-137">[135]</a></sup> In that period some 50,000 Jews lived in Samarkand and 20,000 in <a href="/wiki/Bukhara" title="Bukhara">Bukhara</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-JVL_137-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JVL-137">[135]</a></sup>
</p><p>After the Russian revolutions in 1917 and the establishment of the Soviet regime, Jewish religious life (as with all religions) became restricted. By 1935 only one synagogue out of 30 remained in Samarkand; nevertheless, underground Jewish community life continued during the Soviet era.<sup id="cite_ref-JVL_137-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JVL-137">[135]</a></sup>
</p><p>By 1970 there were 103,000 Jews registered in the <a href="/wiki/Uzbek_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic">Uzbek SSR</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-JVL_137-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JVL-137">[135]</a></sup> Since the 1980s most of the Jews of Uzbekistan emigrated to Israel or to the United States of America.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138">[136]</a></sup> A small community of several thousand remained in the country as of 2013<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uzbekistan&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>: some 7,000 lived in Tashkent, 3,000 in Bukhara and 700 in Samarkand.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139">[137]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Languages">Languages</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uzbekistan&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Uzbekistan" title="Languages of Uzbekistan">Languages of Uzbekistan</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adib-i_sani.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Adib-i_sani.jpg/170px-Adib-i_sani.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Adib-i_sani.jpg/255px-Adib-i_sani.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Adib-i_sani.jpg/340px-Adib-i_sani.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1760" data-file-height="3160" /></a><figcaption>A page in <a href="/wiki/Uzbek_language" title="Uzbek language">Uzbek language</a> written in <a href="/wiki/Nasta%CA%BFl%C4%ABq" class="mw-redirect" title="Nastaʿlīq">Nastaʿlīq</a> script printed in Tashkent in 1911</figcaption></figure>
<p>The Uzbek language is one of the <a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic languages</a>, close to the <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_language" title="Uyghur language">Uyghur language</a>, and both of them belong to the <a href="/wiki/Karluk_languages" title="Karluk languages">Karluk</a> branch of the Turkic language family. It is the only official national language and since 1992 is officially written in the <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140">[138]</a></sup>
</p><p>Before the 1920s, the written language of Uzbeks was called Turki (known to Western scholars as <a href="/wiki/Chagatai_language" title="Chagatai language">Chagatai</a>) and used the <a href="/wiki/Nasta%CA%BFl%C4%ABq" class="mw-redirect" title="Nastaʿlīq">Nastaʿlīq</a> script. In 1926 the Latin alphabet was introduced and went through several revisions throughout the 1930s. Finally, in 1940, the <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_alphabets" title="Cyrillic alphabets">Cyrillic alphabet</a> was introduced by Soviet authorities and was used until the fall of Soviet Union. In 1993 Uzbekistan shifted back to the Latin script (<a href="/wiki/Uzbek_alphabet" title="Uzbek alphabet">Uzbek alphabet</a>), which was modified in 1996 and is being taught in schools since 2000. Educational establishments teach only the Latin notation. At the same time, the Cyrillic notation is common among the older generation.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141">[139]</a></sup> Even though the Cyrillic notation of Uzbek has now been abolished for official documents, it is still used by a number of some newspapers and websites.
</p><p><a href="/wiki/Karakalpak_language" title="Karakalpak language">Karakalpak</a>, belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Kipchak_languages" title="Kipchak languages">Kipchak</a> branch of the Turkic language family and thus closer to <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a>, is spoken by half a million people, primarily in the <a href="/wiki/Karakalpakstan" title="Karakalpakstan">Republic of Karakalpakstan</a>, and has an official status in that territory.
</p><p>Although the <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian language</a> is not an official language in the country, it is widely used in many fields as a second official de-facto language. Digital information from the government is bilingual.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142">[140]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fbuz_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fbuz-143">[141]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pres.uz_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pres.uz-144">[142]</a></sup> The country is also home to approximately one million native Russian speakers. Signs throughout the country are both in Uzbek and Russian.<sup id="cite_ref-AA_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AA-145">[143]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Шухрат_Хуррамов_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Шухрат_Хуррамов-146">[144]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AB_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AB-147">[145]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AC_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AC-148">[146]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FFF_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FFF-149">[147]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150">[148]</a></sup>
</p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Tajik_language" title="Tajik language">Tajik language</a> (a variety of <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>) is widespread in the cities of <a href="/wiki/Bukhara" title="Bukhara">Bukhara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a> because of their relatively large population of ethnic <a href="/wiki/Tajik_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tajik people">Tajiks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoltz1996213–6_112-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoltz1996213–6-112">[110]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Karl_Cordell_1999._pg_201_110-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Karl_Cordell_1999._pg_201-110">[108]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lena_Jonson_2006._pg_108_111-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lena_Jonson_2006._pg_108-111">[109]</a></sup> It is also found in large pockets in the <a href="/wiki/Tashkent" title="Tashkent">Tashkent</a> region, and <a href="/wiki/Kosonsoy" title="Kosonsoy">Kasansay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chust,_Uzbekistan" title="Chust, Uzbekistan">Chust</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rishton,_Uzbekistan" title="Rishton, Uzbekistan">Rishtan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sokh_District" title="Sokh District">Sokh</a> in <a href="/wiki/Fergana" title="Fergana">Ferghana Valley</a>, as well as in <a href="/wiki/Burchmulla" class="mw-redirect" title="Burchmulla">Burchmulla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Okhangaron_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Okhangaron District">Ahangaran</a>, Baghistan in the middle <a href="/wiki/Syr_Darya" title="Syr Darya">Syr Darya</a> district, and finally in, <a href="/wiki/Shahrisabz" title="Shahrisabz">Shahrisabz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qarshi" title="Qarshi">Qarshi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kitob_District" title="Kitob District">Kitab</a> and the river valleys of Kafiringan and Chaganian, forming altogether, approximately 25–30% of the population of Uzbekistan.<sup id="cite_ref-Karl_Cordell_1999._pg_201_110-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Karl_Cordell_1999._pg_201-110">[108]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lena_Jonson_2006._pg_108_111-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lena_Jonson_2006._pg_108-111">[109]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoltz1996213–6_112-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoltz1996213–6-112">[110]</a></sup>
</p><p>There are no language requirements to attain citizenship in Uzbekistan.<sup id="cite_ref-FFF_149-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FFF-149">[147]</a></sup>
</p><p>In April 2020, a draft bill was introduced in Uzbekistan to regulate the exclusive use of the Uzbek language in government affairs. Under this legislation, government workers could incur fines for doing work in languages other than Uzbek. Though unsuccessful, it was met with criticism by the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Russia)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Russia)">Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a> spokeswoman, <a href="/wiki/Maria_Zakharova" title="Maria Zakharova">Maria Zakharova</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151">[149]</a></sup> In response, a group of Uzbek intellectuals signed an open letter arguing for the instatement of Russian as an official language alongside Uzbek, citing historical ties, the large Russian-speaking population in Uzbekistan, and the usefulness of Russian in higher education, together with the argument that only Russian language opened the communication with the other peoples of the region and the literature of the outside world.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152">[150]</a></sup> The Cyrillic Uzbek alphabet is still widely used, and 862 Russian-language schools are functioning in the country, compared to 1,100 in 1991, despite the fact that the Russian minority there has decreased from 1,7 million in 1990 to nearly 700,000 in 2022. In business, the Russian language outpaces Uzbek. Many Uzbeks in urban areas, as of 2019, are feeling more comfortable to speak in Russian, while Uzbek is more present in the agricultural regions. Uzbek did not manage to become a state language, and many blame the <a href="/wiki/Intelligentsia" title="Intelligentsia">intelligentsia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153">[151]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Communications">Communications</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uzbekistan&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Communications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Uzbekistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in Uzbekistan">Communications in Uzbekistan</a></div>
<p>According to the official source report, as of 10 March 2008, the number of cellular phone users in Uzbekistan reached 7 million, up from 3.7 million on 1 July 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154">[152]</a></sup> Mobile users in 2017 were more than 24 million.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155">[153]</a></sup> The largest mobile operator in terms of number of subscribers is MTS-Uzbekistan (former <a href="/wiki/Uzdunrobita" title="Uzdunrobita">Uzdunrobita</a> and part of Russian Mobile TeleSystems) and it is followed by Beeline (part of Russia's Beeline) and UCell (ex Coscom) (originally part of the U.S. MCT Corp., now a subsidiary of the Nordic/Baltic telecommunication company <a href="/wiki/TeliaSonera" class="mw-redirect" title="TeliaSonera">TeliaSonera</a> AB).<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156">[154]</a></sup>
</p><p>As of 2019, the estimated number of internet users was more than 22 million<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157">[155]</a></sup> or about 52% of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158">[156]</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/wiki/Internet_Censorship" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet Censorship">Internet Censorship</a> exists in Uzbekistan and in October 2012 the government toughened internet censorship by blocking access to proxy servers.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159">[157]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Reporters_Without_Borders" title="Reporters Without Borders">Reporters Without Borders</a> has named Uzbekistan's government an "Enemy of the Internet" and government control over the internet has increased dramatically since the start of the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_1_160-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_1-160">[158]</a></sup>
</p><p>The press in Uzbekistan practices <a href="/wiki/Self-censorship" title="Self-censorship">self-censorship</a> and foreign journalists have been gradually expelled from the country since the <a href="/wiki/Andijan_massacre" title="Andijan massacre">Andijan massacre</a> of 2005 when government troops fired into crowds of protesters killing 187 according to official reports and estimates of several hundred by unofficial and witness accounts.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_1_160-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_1-160">[158]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Transportation">Transportation</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uzbekistan&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Transportation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Uzbekistan" title="Transport in Uzbekistan">Transport in Uzbekistan</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Toshkent_Railway_Station.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Toshkent_Railway_Station.jpg/220px-Toshkent_Railway_Station.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Toshkent_Railway_Station.jpg/330px-Toshkent_Railway_Station.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Toshkent_Railway_Station.jpg/440px-Toshkent_Railway_Station.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Central Station of Tashkent</figcaption></figure>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Afrosiyob_Express_Train_in_Station_-_Samarkand_-_Uzbekistan_(7502824436)_(3).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Afrosiyob_Express_Train_in_Station_-_Samarkand_-_Uzbekistan_%287502824436%29_%283%29.jpg/220px-Afrosiyob_Express_Train_in_Station_-_Samarkand_-_Uzbekistan_%287502824436%29_%283%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Afrosiyob_Express_Train_in_Station_-_Samarkand_-_Uzbekistan_%287502824436%29_%283%29.jpg/330px-Afrosiyob_Express_Train_in_Station_-_Samarkand_-_Uzbekistan_%287502824436%29_%283%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Afrosiyob_Express_Train_in_Station_-_Samarkand_-_Uzbekistan_%287502824436%29_%283%29.jpg/440px-Afrosiyob_Express_Train_in_Station_-_Samarkand_-_Uzbekistan_%287502824436%29_%283%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>The Afrosiyob high-speed train</figcaption></figure>
<p><a href="/wiki/Tashkent" title="Tashkent">Tashkent</a>, the nation's capital and largest city, has a four-line <a href="/wiki/Tashkent_Metro" title="Tashkent Metro">metro</a> built in 1977, and expanded in 2001 after ten years' independence from the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan are currently the only two countries in Central Asia with a subway system. It is promoted as one of the cleanest systems in the former Soviet Union.<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161">[159]</a></sup> The stations are exceedingly ornate. For example, the station <i>Kosmonavtlar</i> built in 1984 is decorated using a <a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight" title="Human spaceflight">space travel</a> theme to recognise the achievements of humankind in space exploration and to commemorate the role of <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Dzhanibekov" title="Vladimir Dzhanibekov">Vladimir Dzhanibekov</a>, the Soviet <a href="/wiki/Cosmonaut" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmonaut">cosmonaut</a> of Uzbek origin. A statue of Vladimir Dzhanibekov stands near a station entrance.
</p><p>There are government-operated trams and buses running across the city. There are also many taxis, registered and unregistered. Uzbekistan has plants that produce modern cars. The car production is supported by the government and the Korean auto company <a href="/wiki/Daewoo" title="Daewoo">Daewoo</a>. In May 2007 <a href="/wiki/UzDaewooAuto" class="mw-redirect" title="UzDaewooAuto">UzDaewooAuto</a>, the car maker, signed a strategic agreement with General Motors-Daewoo Auto and Technology (<a href="/wiki/GM_Daewoo" class="mw-redirect" title="GM Daewoo">GMDAT</a>, see <a href="/wiki/GM_Uzbekistan" class="mw-redirect" title="GM Uzbekistan">GM Uzbekistan</a> also).<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162">[160]</a></sup> The government bought a stake in Turkey's Koc in <a href="/wiki/SamKochAvto" class="mw-redirect" title="SamKochAvto">SamKochAvto</a>, a producer of small buses and lorries. Afterward, it signed an agreement with <a href="/wiki/Isuzu" title="Isuzu">Isuzu</a> Motors of Japan to produce Isuzu buses and lorries.<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163">[161]</a></sup>
</p><p>Train links connect many towns in Uzbekistan, as well as neighbouring former republics of the Soviet Union. Moreover, after independence two fast-running train systems were established. Uzbekistan launched the first <a href="/wiki/Tashkent%E2%80%93Samarkand_high-speed_rail_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Tashkent–Samarkand high-speed rail line">high-speed railway in Central Asia</a> in September 2011 between <a href="/wiki/Tashkent" title="Tashkent">Tashkent</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samarqand" class="mw-redirect" title="Samarqand">Samarqand</a>. The new high-speed electric train <a href="/wiki/Talgo_250" class="mw-redirect" title="Talgo 250">Talgo 250</a>, called <i>Afrosiyob</i>, was manufactured by <a href="/wiki/Talgo" title="Talgo">Patentes Talgo S.L.</a> (Spain) and took its first trip from Tashkent to Samarkand on 26 August 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164">[162]</a></sup>
</p><p>There is a large aeroplane plant that was built during the Soviet era – <a href="/wiki/Tashkent_Aviation_Production_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Tashkent Aviation Production Association">Tashkent Chkalov Aviation Manufacturing Plant</a> or ТАПОиЧ in Russian. The plant originated during World War II, when production facilities were evacuated south and east to avoid capture by advancing Nazi forces. Until the late 1980s, the plant was one of the leading aeroplane production centres in the USSR. With dissolution of the Soviet Union, its manufacturing equipment became outdated; most of the workers were laid off. Now it produces only a few planes a year, but with interest from Russian companies growing, there are rumours of production-enhancement plans.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Military">Military</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uzbekistan&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Military"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Republic_of_Uzbekistan" title="Armed Forces of the Republic of Uzbekistan">Armed Forces of the Republic of Uzbekistan</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ukbekistani_troops.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Ukbekistani_troops.jpg/220px-Ukbekistani_troops.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Ukbekistani_troops.jpg/330px-Ukbekistani_troops.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Ukbekistani_troops.jpg/440px-Ukbekistani_troops.jpg 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="460" /></a><figcaption>Uzbek troops during a cooperative operation exercise</figcaption></figure>
<p>With close to 65,000 servicemen, Uzbekistan possesses the largest armed forces in Central Asia. The military structure is largely inherited from the <a href="/wiki/Turkestan_Military_District" title="Turkestan Military District">Turkestan Military District</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Army" title="Soviet Army">Soviet Army</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165">[163]</a></sup> The Uzbek Armed Forces' equipment is standard, mostly consisting those of post-Soviet inheritance and newly crafted Russian and some American equipment.
</p><p>The government has accepted the arms control obligations of the former Soviet Union, acceded to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (as a non-nuclear state), and supported an active program by the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Defense_Threat_Reduction_Agency" title="Defense Threat Reduction Agency">Defense Threat Reduction Agency</a> (DTRA) in western Uzbekistan (<a href="/wiki/Nukus" title="Nukus">Nukus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vozrozhdeniye_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Vozrozhdeniye Island">Vozrozhdeniye Island</a>). The Government of Uzbekistan spends about 3.7% of GDP on the military but has received a growing infusion of Foreign Military Financing (FMF) and other security assistance funds since 1998.
</p><p>Following 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks in the U.S., Uzbekistan approved the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Central_Command" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Central Command">U.S. Central Command</a>'s request for access to an air base, the <a href="/wiki/Karshi-Khanabad" class="mw-redirect" title="Karshi-Khanabad">Karshi-Khanabad</a> airfield, in southern Uzbekistan. However, Uzbekistan demanded that the U.S. withdraw from the airbases after the <a href="/wiki/Andijan_massacre" title="Andijan massacre">Andijan massacre</a> and the U.S. reaction to this massacre. The last US troops left Uzbekistan in November 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166">[164]</a></sup> In 2020, it was revealed that the former US base was contaminated with radioactive materials which may have resulted in unusually high cancer rates in US personnel stationed there. Yet the government of Uzbekistan has denied this statement claiming that there has never been such a case.<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167">[165]</a></sup>
</p><p>On 23 June 2006, Uzbekistan became a full participant in the <a href="/wiki/Collective_Security_Treaty_Organization" title="Collective Security Treaty Organization">Collective Security Treaty Organization</a> (CSTO), but informed the CSTO to suspend its membership in June 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168">[166]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Culture">Culture</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uzbekistan&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Uzbekistan" title="Culture of Uzbekistan">Culture of Uzbekistan</a></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Kurash" title="Kurash">Kurash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Uzbekistan" title="Islam in Uzbekistan">Islam in Uzbekistan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Scout_Association_of_Uzbekistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Scout Association of Uzbekistan">Scout Association of Uzbekistan</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Taschkent_-_Art_of_Uzbekistan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Taschkent_-_Art_of_Uzbekistan.jpg/220px-Taschkent_-_Art_of_Uzbekistan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Taschkent_-_Art_of_Uzbekistan.jpg/330px-Taschkent_-_Art_of_Uzbekistan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Taschkent_-_Art_of_Uzbekistan.jpg/440px-Taschkent_-_Art_of_Uzbekistan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1984" data-file-height="1488" /></a><figcaption>Traditional Uzbek <a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">pottery</a></figcaption></figure>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Theatre_Alisher_Navoi.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Theatre_Alisher_Navoi.JPG/220px-Theatre_Alisher_Navoi.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Theatre_Alisher_Navoi.JPG/330px-Theatre_Alisher_Navoi.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Theatre_Alisher_Navoi.JPG/440px-Theatre_Alisher_Navoi.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Navoi_Theater" title="Navoi Theater">Navoi Opera Theater</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tashkent" title="Tashkent">Tashkent</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>Uzbekistan has a wide mix of ethnic groups and cultures, with the <a href="/wiki/Uzbeks" title="Uzbeks">Uzbek</a> being the majority group. In 1995 about 71% of Uzbekistan's population was Uzbek. The chief minority groups were Russians (8%), <a href="/wiki/Tajiks" title="Tajiks">Tajiks</a> (3–4.7%),<sup id="cite_ref-Karl_Cordell_1999._pg_201_110-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Karl_Cordell_1999._pg_201-110">[108]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lena_Jonson_2006._pg_108_111-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lena_Jonson_2006._pg_108-111">[109]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoltz1996213–6_112-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoltz1996213–6-112">[110]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cornellcaspian.com_113-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cornellcaspian.com-113">[111]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kazakhs" title="Kazakhs">Kazakhs</a> (4%), <a href="/wiki/Tatars" title="Tatars">Tatars</a> (2.5%) and <a href="/wiki/Karakalpaks" title="Karakalpaks">Karakalpaks</a> (2%). It is said, however, that non-Uzbeks decline as Russians and other minority groups slowly leave and Uzbeks return from other parts of the former <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>.
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Suzani_(Boukhara,_Ouzb%C3%A9kistan)_(5657423581).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Suzani_%28Boukhara%2C_Ouzb%C3%A9kistan%29_%285657423581%29.jpg/220px-Suzani_%28Boukhara%2C_Ouzb%C3%A9kistan%29_%285657423581%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Suzani_%28Boukhara%2C_Ouzb%C3%A9kistan%29_%285657423581%29.jpg/330px-Suzani_%28Boukhara%2C_Ouzb%C3%A9kistan%29_%285657423581%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Suzani_%28Boukhara%2C_Ouzb%C3%A9kistan%29_%285657423581%29.jpg/440px-Suzani_%28Boukhara%2C_Ouzb%C3%A9kistan%29_%285657423581%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Embroidery from Uzbekistan</figcaption></figure>
<p>When Uzbekistan gained independence in 1991, there was concern that <a href="/wiki/Muslim_fundamentalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim fundamentalism">Muslim fundamentalism</a> would spread across the region.<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169">[167]</a></sup> The expectation was that a country long denied freedom of religious practice would undergo a very rapid increase in the expression of its dominant faith.
</p><p>According to a 2009 Pew Research Center report, Uzbekistan's population is 96.3% Muslim; around 54% identifies as non-denominational Muslim, 18% as Sunni and 1% as Shia. Furthermore, 11% say they belong to a Sufi order.<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170">[168]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Media">Media</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uzbekistan&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Uzbekistan" title="Mass media in Uzbekistan">Mass media in Uzbekistan</a></div>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Music">Music</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uzbekistan&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Uzbekistan" title="Music of Uzbekistan">Music of Uzbekistan</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boukhara_4696a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Boukhara_4696a.jpg/220px-Boukhara_4696a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Boukhara_4696a.jpg/330px-Boukhara_4696a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Boukhara_4696a.jpg/440px-Boukhara_4696a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a><figcaption>Silk and Spice Festival in <a href="/wiki/Bukhara" title="Bukhara">Bukhara</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>Central Asian classical music is called <a href="/wiki/Shashmaqam" title="Shashmaqam">Shashmaqam</a>, which arose in <a href="/wiki/Bukhara" title="Bukhara">Bukhara</a> in the late 16th century when that city was a regional capital.<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171">[169]</a></sup> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://open.spotify.com/album/26g2oEzxzPvvJtz0HqRBt3">[3]</a> Shashmaqam is closely related to <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijani</a> <a href="/wiki/Mugam" class="mw-redirect" title="Mugam">Mugam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_muqam" class="mw-redirect" title="Uyghur muqam">Uyghur muqam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172">[170]</a></sup> The name, which translates as <i>six maqams</i> refers to the structure of the music, which contains six sections in six different <a href="/wiki/Musical_mode" class="mw-redirect" title="Musical mode">Musical modes</a>, similar to classical <a href="/wiki/Persian_traditional_music" title="Persian traditional music">Persian traditional music</a>. Interludes of spoken <a href="/wiki/Sufi_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufi poetry">Sufi poetry</a> interrupt the music, typically beginning at a lower register and gradually ascending to a climax before calming back down to the beginning tone.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Education">Education</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uzbekistan&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Uzbekistan" title="Education in Uzbekistan">Education in Uzbekistan</a></div>
<p>Uzbekistan has a high <a href="/wiki/Literacy_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Literacy rate">literacy rate</a>, with 99.9% of adults above the age of 15 being able to read and write.<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173">[171]</a></sup> However, with only 76% of the under-15 population currently enrolled in education (and only 20% of the 3–6 year olds attending pre-school), this figure may drop in the future. Students attend school Monday through Saturday during the school year, and education officially concludes at the end of the 11th grade.
</p><p>Uzbekistan has encountered severe budget shortfalls in its education program. The education law of 1992 began the process of theoretical reform, but the physical base has deteriorated and curriculum revision has been slow. Corruption within the education system is rampant, with students from wealthier families routinely bribing teachers and school executives to achieve high grades without attending school, or undertaking official examinations.<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174">[172]</a></sup>
</p><p>Several universities, including <a href="/wiki/Westminster_International_University_in_Tashkent" title="Westminster International University in Tashkent">Westminster University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turin_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Turin University">Turin University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Management_Development_Institute_of_Singapore_in_Tashkent" title="Management Development Institute of Singapore in Tashkent">Management University Institute of Singapore</a>, Bucheon University in Tashkent, <a href="/wiki/TEAM_University_Tashkent" title="TEAM University Tashkent">TEAM University</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inha_University_Tashkent" class="mw-redirect" title="Inha University Tashkent">Inha University Tashkent</a> maintain a campus in Tashkent offering English language courses across several disciplines. The Russian-language high education is provided by most national universities, including foreign <a href="/wiki/Moscow_State_University" title="Moscow State University">Moscow State University</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gubkin_Russian_State_University_of_Oil_and_Gas" title="Gubkin Russian State University of Oil and Gas">Gubkin Russian State University of Oil and Gas</a>, maintaining campuses in Tashkent. As of 2019, <a href="/wiki/Webster_University" title="Webster University">Webster University</a>, in partnership with the Ministry of Education (now Ministry of Higher Education, Science and Innovation), has opened a graduate school offering an MBA in Project Management and a MA in Teaching English as a Second Language (TESL).
</p><p>There are three Islamic institutes and an academy in Uzbekistan. They are <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tashkent_islamic_institute&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tashkent islamic institute (page does not exist)">Tashkent islamic institute</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mir_Arab_high_school&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mir Arab high school (page does not exist)">Mir Arab high school</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=School_of_hadith_knowledge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="School of hadith knowledge (page does not exist)">School of hadith knowledge</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=International_islamic_academy_of_Uzbekistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International islamic academy of Uzbekistan (page does not exist)">International islamic academy of Uzbekistan</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Holidays">Holidays</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uzbekistan&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Holidays"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Uzbekistan" title="Public holidays in Uzbekistan">Public holidays in Uzbekistan</a></div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col">
<ul><li>1 January: <a href="/wiki/New_Year%27s_Day" title="New Year's Day">New Year's Day</a>, "Yangi Yil Bayrami"</li>
<li>14 January: <a href="/wiki/Defender_of_the_Motherland_Day" title="Defender of the Motherland Day">Day of Defenders of the Motherland</a>, "Vatan Himoyachilari kuni"</li>
<li>8 March: <a href="/wiki/International_Women%27s_Day" title="International Women's Day">International Women's Day</a>, "Xalqaro Xotin-Qizlar kuni"</li>
<li>21 March: <a href="/wiki/Nowruz" title="Nowruz">Nowruz</a>, "Navroʻz Bayrami"</li>
<li>9 May: <a href="/wiki/Day_of_Remembrance_and_Honour" class="mw-redirect" title="Day of Remembrance and Honour">Day of Remembrance and Honour</a>, "Xotira va Qadrlash kuni"</li>
<li>1 September: <a href="/wiki/Independence_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Independence Day">Independence Day</a>, "Mustaqillik kuni"</li>
<li>1 October: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Teachers%27_Days" title="List of Teachers' Days">Teachers' Day</a>, "Oʻqituvchi va Murabbiylar kuni"</li>
<li>8 December: <a href="/wiki/Constitution_Day" title="Constitution Day">Constitution Day</a>, "Konstitutsiya kuni"</li></ul>
</div>
<p><i>Variable date</i>
</p>
<ul><li>End of <a href="/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan">Ramadan</a>, Ramazon Hayiti (<a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Fitr" title="Eid al-Fitr">Eid al-Fitr</a>)</li>
<li>70 days later, Qurbon Hayiti (<a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Adha" title="Eid al-Adha">Eid al-Adha</a>)</li></ul>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Cuisine">Cuisine</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uzbekistan&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Cuisine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Uzbek_cuisine" title="Uzbek cuisine">Uzbek cuisine</a></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Uzbek_dishes" title="List of Uzbek dishes">List of Uzbek dishes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soviet_cuisine" title="Soviet cuisine">Soviet cuisine</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plov.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Plov.jpg/220px-Plov.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Plov.jpg/330px-Plov.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Plov.jpg/440px-Plov.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Pilaf" title="Pilaf">Palov</a></i></figcaption></figure>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Uzbek_Manti_(bright).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Uzbek_Manti_%28bright%29.jpg/220px-Uzbek_Manti_%28bright%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Uzbek_Manti_%28bright%29.jpg/330px-Uzbek_Manti_%28bright%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Uzbek_Manti_%28bright%29.jpg/440px-Uzbek_Manti_%28bright%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Uzbek <a href="/wiki/Manti_(food)" title="Manti (food)">manti</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>Uzbek cuisine is influenced by local <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a>; since there is a great deal of grain farming in Uzbekistan, bread and noodles are of importance and Uzbek cuisine has been characterised as "noodle-rich". <a href="/wiki/Lamb_and_mutton" title="Lamb and mutton">Mutton</a> is a popular variety of meat due to the abundance of <a href="/wiki/Sheep" title="Sheep">sheep</a> in the country and it is part of various Uzbek dishes.<sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175">[173]</a></sup>
</p><p>Uzbekistan's signature dish is <a href="/wiki/Pilaf" title="Pilaf"><i>palov</i></a> (or <i>plov</i>), a main course typically made with rice, meat, carrots, and onions, though it was not available to ordinary people until the 1930s.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> There are many regional variations of the dish. Often the fat found near the sheep tail, <i>qurdiuq</i>, is used. In the past, the cooking of <i>palov</i> was reserved for men, but the Soviets allowed women to cook it as well. Since then, it seems, the old gender roles have been restored.<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176">[174]</a></sup>
</p><p>Other notable national dishes include <a href="/wiki/Chorba" title="Chorba">shurpa</a>, a soup made of large pieces of fatty meat (usually mutton), and fresh vegetables;<sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177">[175]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Naryn_(dish)" title="Naryn (dish)">norin</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Laghman_(food)" title="Laghman (food)">laghman</a></i>, noodle-based dishes that may be served as a soup or a main course;<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178">[176]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Manti_(food)" title="Manti (food)">manti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joshpara" title="Joshpara">chuchvara</a>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Samsa_(food)" title="Samsa (food)">somsa</a></i>, stuffed pockets of <a href="/wiki/Dough" title="Dough">dough</a> served as an appetizer or a main course; <a href="/wiki/Dimlama" title="Dimlama">dimlama</a>, a meat and vegetable stew; and various <a href="/wiki/Kebab" title="Kebab">kebabs</a>, usually served as a main course.
</p><p><a href="/wiki/Green_tea" title="Green tea">Green tea</a> is the national hot beverage consumed throughout the day; <a href="/wiki/Teahouse" title="Teahouse">teahouses</a> (<i>chaikhanas</i>) are of cultural importance.<sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179">[177]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Black_tea" title="Black tea">Black tea</a> is preferred in <a href="/wiki/Tashkent" title="Tashkent">Tashkent</a>, but both green and black teas are consumed daily, without milk or sugar. Tea always accompanies a meal, but it is also a drink of hospitality that is automatically offered: green or black to every guest.<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180">[178]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ayran" title="Ayran">Ayran</a>, a chilled yogurt drink, is popular in summer.<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181">[179]</a></sup>
</p><p>The use of alcohol is less widespread than in the West, but wine is comparatively popular for a Muslim nation as Uzbekistan is largely secular. Uzbekistan has 14 wineries, the oldest and most famous being the Khovrenko Winery in <a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a> (established in 1927).<sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182">[180]</a></sup> A number of vineyards in and around Tashkent are also growing in popularity, including Chateau Hamkor.<sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183">[181]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Sport">Sport</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uzbekistan&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Sport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Uzbekistan" title="Sport in Uzbekistan">Sport in Uzbekistan</a></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan_at_the_Olympics" title="Uzbekistan at the Olympics">Uzbekistan at the Olympics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Football_in_Uzbekistan" title="Football in Uzbekistan">Football in Uzbekistan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Uzbekistan" title="Rugby union in Uzbekistan">Rugby union in Uzbekistan</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bunyodkor_stadium2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Bunyodkor_stadium2.jpg/220px-Bunyodkor_stadium2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Bunyodkor_stadium2.jpg/330px-Bunyodkor_stadium2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Bunyodkor_stadium2.jpg/440px-Bunyodkor_stadium2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Milliy_Stadium" title="Milliy Stadium">Milliy Stadium</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tashkent" title="Tashkent">Tashkent</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>Uzbekistan is home to former racing cyclist <a href="/wiki/Djamolidine_Abdoujaparov" title="Djamolidine Abdoujaparov">Djamolidine Abdoujaparov</a>. Abdoujaparov has won the <a href="/wiki/Green_jersey" title="Green jersey">green jersey</a> points contest in the <a href="/wiki/Tour_de_France" title="Tour de France">Tour de France</a> three times.<sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184">[182]</a></sup> Abdoujaparov was a specialist at winning stages in tours or one-day races when the bunch or <a href="/wiki/Peloton" title="Peloton">peloton</a> would finish together. He would often 'sprint' in the final kilometer and had a reputation as being dangerous in these bunch sprints as he would weave from side to side. This reputation earned him the nickname 'The Terror of Tashkent'.<sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185">[183]</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/wiki/Artur_Taymazov" title="Artur Taymazov">Artur Taymazov</a> won Uzbekistan's inaugural wrestling medal at the <a href="/wiki/2000_Summer_Olympics" title="2000 Summer Olympics">2000 Summer Olympics</a>, followed by three Olympic gold medals in Men's 120 kg in <a href="/wiki/2004_Summer_Olympics" title="2004 Summer Olympics">2004</a>, <a href="/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics" title="2008 Summer Olympics">2008</a> and <a href="/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics" title="2012 Summer Olympics">2012</a>. His 2008 gold was taken away in 2017 after a re-testing of samples from the Beijing Games and Taymazov was later stripped of his London 2012 Olympic gold medal after re-analysis of stored samples in 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186">[184]</a></sup> His London gold had made him the most successful freestyle competitor in Olympic history. He is the 60th athlete to be disqualified from the London Olympics after the event.<sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187">[185]</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/wiki/Ruslan_Chagaev" title="Ruslan Chagaev">Ruslan Chagaev</a> is a former professional boxer representing Uzbekistan in the WBA. He won the WBA champion title in 2007 after defeating Nikolai Valuev.<sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188">[186]</a></sup> Chagaev defended his title twice before losing it to Vladimir Klitschko in 2009. Another young talented boxer <a href="/wiki/Hasanboy_Dusmatov" title="Hasanboy Dusmatov">Hasanboy Dusmatov</a>, light flyweight champion at the <a href="/wiki/2016_Summer_Olympics" title="2016 Summer Olympics">2016 Summer Olympics</a>, won the <a href="/wiki/Val_Barker_Trophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Val Barker Trophy">Val Barker Trophy</a> for the outstanding male boxer of Rio 2016 on 21 August 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189">[187]</a></sup> On 21 December 2016 Dusmatov was honoured with the AIBA Boxer of the Year award at a 70-year anniversary event of <a href="/wiki/International_Boxing_Association" title="International Boxing Association">AIBA</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-190">[188]</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/wiki/Michael_Kolganov" title="Michael Kolganov">Michael Kolganov</a>, an Uzbek–born sprint canoer, was world champion and won an Olympic bronze in Sydney in the K1 500-meter in 2000 on behalf of Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-191" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-191">[189]</a></sup> In 2009 and 2011, another Uzbek émigré, gymnast <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Shatilov" title="Alexander Shatilov">Alexander Shatilov</a>, won a world bronze medal as an <a href="/wiki/Artistic_gymnastics" title="Artistic gymnastics">artistic gymnast</a> in floor exercise, though he lives in and represents Israel in international competitions.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Previous URL: '"`UNIQ--nowiki-00000203-QINU`"' is a generic page to subscribe to Haaretz. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Oksana_Chusovitina" title="Oksana Chusovitina">Oksana Chusovitina</a> has attended eight Olympic games, and won five world medals in artistic gymnastics including an Olympic gold. Some of those medals were won while representing Germany and the Soviet Union, though she currently competes for Uzbekistan.<sup id="cite_ref-192" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-192">[190]</a></sup>
</p><p>Uzbekistan is the home of the International <a href="/wiki/Kurash" title="Kurash">Kurash</a> Association.<sup id="cite_ref-193" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-193">[191]</a></sup> Kurash is an internationalised and modernised form of traditional Uzbek wrestling.
</p><p><a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Football</a> is the most popular sport in Uzbekistan. Uzbekistan's premier football league is the <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan_Super_League" title="Uzbekistan Super League">Uzbek Super League</a>, which has consisted of 16 teams since 2015. The current champions (2022) are <a href="/wiki/Pakhtakor_Tashkent_FK" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakhtakor Tashkent FK">FC Pakhtakor</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pakhtakor_Tashkent_FK" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakhtakor Tashkent FK">Pakhtakor</a> holds the record for the most Uzbekistan champion titles, having won the league ten times. Uzbekistan's football clubs regularly participate in the <a href="/wiki/AFC_Champions_League" title="AFC Champions League">AFC Champions League</a> and the <a href="/wiki/AFC_Cup" title="AFC Cup">AFC Cup</a>. <a href="/wiki/FC_Nasaf" title="FC Nasaf">FC Nasaf Qarashi</a> won the <a href="/wiki/2011_AFC_Cup" title="2011 AFC Cup">AFC Cup in 2011</a>, the first international club cup for Uzbek football.<sup id="cite_ref-194" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-194">[192]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-195" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-195">[193]</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/wiki/Humo_Tashkent" title="Humo Tashkent">Humo Tashkent</a>, a professional ice hockey team was established in 2019 with the aim of joining <a href="/wiki/Kontinental_Hockey_League" title="Kontinental Hockey League">Kontinental Hockey League</a> (KHL), a top level Eurasian league in the future.<sup id="cite_ref-196" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-196">[194]</a></sup> Humo will join the second-tier <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Hockey_League" title="Supreme Hockey League">Supreme Hockey League</a> (VHL) for the 2019–20 season. Humo play their games at the <a href="/wiki/Humo_Ice_Dome" class="mw-redirect" title="Humo Ice Dome">Humo Ice Dome</a> which cost over €175 million in construction; both the team and arena derive their name from the mythical <a href="/wiki/Huma_bird" title="Huma bird">Huma bird</a>, a symbol of happiness and freedom.<sup id="cite_ref-Logo_197-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Logo-197">[195]</a></sup> Uzbekistan Hockey Federation (UHF) began preparation for forming national ice hockey team in joining <a href="/wiki/International_Ice_Hockey_Federation" title="International Ice Hockey Federation">IIHF</a> competitions.<sup id="cite_ref-198" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-198">[196]</a></sup>
</p><p>Before Uzbekistan's independence in 1991, the country was part of the Soviet Union <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_national_football_team" title="Soviet Union national football team">football</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_national_rugby_union_team" title="Soviet Union national rugby union team">rugby union</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_men%27s_national_basketball_team" title="Soviet Union men's national basketball team">basketball</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_men%27s_national_ice_hockey_team" title="Soviet Union men's national ice hockey team">ice hockey</a>, and handball national teams. After independence, Uzbekistan created its own <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan_national_football_team" title="Uzbekistan national football team">football</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan_national_rugby_union_team" title="Uzbekistan national rugby union team">rugby union</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan_men%27s_national_basketball_team" title="Uzbekistan men's national basketball team">basketball</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan_national_futsal_team" title="Uzbekistan national futsal team">futsal</a> national teams.
</p><p><a href="/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis">Tennis</a> is a very popular sport in Uzbekistan, especially after Uzbekistan's sovereignty in 1991. Uzbekistan has its own Tennis Federation called the "UTF" (Uzbekistan Tennis Federation), created in 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-199" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-199">[197]</a></sup> Uzbekistan also hosts an International WTA tennis tournament, the "Tashkent Open", held in Uzbekistan's capital city. This tournament has been held since 1999, and is played on outdoor hard courts. The most notable active players from Uzbekistan are <a href="/wiki/Denis_Istomin" title="Denis Istomin">Denis Istomin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Akgul_Amanmuradova" title="Akgul Amanmuradova">Akgul Amanmuradova</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-200" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-200">[198]</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/wiki/Chess" title="Chess">Chess</a> is quite popular in Uzbekistan. The country boasts <a href="/wiki/Rustam_Kasimdzhanov" title="Rustam Kasimdzhanov">Rustam Kasimdzhanov</a>, who was the <a href="/wiki/FIDE_World_Chess_Championship_2004" title="FIDE World Chess Championship 2004">FIDE World Chess Champion in 2004</a>, and many junior players like <a href="/wiki/Nodirbek_Abdusattorov" title="Nodirbek Abdusattorov">Nodirbek Abdusattorov</a>, the 2021 <a href="/wiki/World_Rapid_Chess_Championship" title="World Rapid Chess Championship">World Rapid Chess Champion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-201" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-201">[199]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-202" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-202">[200]</a></sup> The Uzbek team – consisting of GM <a href="/wiki/Nodirbek_Abdusattorov" title="Nodirbek Abdusattorov">Nodirbek Abdusattorov</a>, GM <a href="/wiki/Nodirbek_Yakubboev" title="Nodirbek Yakubboev">Nodirbek Yakubboev</a>, GM <a href="/wiki/Javokhir_Sindarov" title="Javokhir Sindarov">Javokhir Sindarov</a>, GM <a href="/wiki/Shamsiddin_Vokhidov" title="Shamsiddin Vokhidov">Shamsiddin Vokhidov</a> and GM <a href="/wiki/Jahongir_Vakhidov" class="mw-redirect" title="Jahongir Vakhidov">Jahongir Vakhidov</a> won gold at the <a href="/wiki/44th_Chess_Olympiad" title="44th Chess Olympiad">44th Chess Olympiad</a> in Chennai.<sup id="cite_ref-203" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-203">[201]</a></sup>
</p><p>Other popular sports in Uzbekistan include <a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">basketball</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judo" title="Judo">judo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Handball" title="Handball">team handball</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baseball" title="Baseball">baseball</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo">taekwondo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Futsal" title="Futsal">futsal</a>.
</p><p><a href="/wiki/Ulugbek_Rashitov" title="Ulugbek Rashitov">Ulugbek Rashitov</a>, won the country's first Olympic gold medal in taekwondo, at the Summer Olympic Games in Tokyo 2021.
</p><p>In 2022, the <a href="/wiki/2022_World_Judo_Championships" title="2022 World Judo Championships">World Judo Championships</a> were held in Tashkent.
</p><p>In 2024, the <a href="/wiki/2024_FIFA_Futsal_World_Cup" title="2024 FIFA Futsal World Cup">FIFA Futsal World Cup</a> will be held in Uzbekistan.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uzbekistan&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214689105">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:solid #aaa 1px;padding:0.1em;background:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .portalbox{background:transparent}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .pane{background:transparent}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright">
<li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/32px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/48px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/64px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Uzbekistan" title="Portal:Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan portal</a></span></li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Uzbekistan" title="Health in Uzbekistan">Health in Uzbekistan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Uzbekistan" title="Outline of Uzbekistan">Outline of Uzbekistan</a></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uzbekistan&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1217336898">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha">
<div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_language" title="Uzbek language">Uzbek</a>: <i lang="uz">Oʻzbekiston</i>, <span title="Uzbek-language text"><span lang="uz">Ўзбекистон</span></span>; <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ʊ/: 'u' in 'push'">ʊ</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ʌ/: 'u' in 'cut'">ʌ</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span></span>-,<span class="wrap"> </span>-<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span></span>, <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ʊ/: 'u' in 'push'">ʊ</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span>-<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos skin-invert"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/2\/26\/En-us-Uzbekistan.ogg\/En-us-Uzbekistan.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-Uzbekistan.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/26/En-us-Uzbekistan.ogg/En-us-Uzbekistan.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-Uzbekistan.ogg" title="File:En-us-Uzbekistan.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span> <sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span title="Uzbek-language text"><i lang="uz">Oʻzbekiston Respublikasi</i></span>, <span title="Uzbek-language text"><span lang="uz">Ўзбекистон Республикаси</span></span></span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uzbekistan&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1217336898"><div class="reflist">
<div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-law-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-law_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-law_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1215172403">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#2C882D;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b4d328.html">"Uzbekistan: Law "On Official Language"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Refworld</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190508060700/https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b4d328.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Refworld&rft.atitle=Uzbekistan%3A+Law+%22On+Official+Language%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.refworld.org%2Fdocid%2F3ae6b4d328.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-UzbekConstit-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UzbekConstit_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UzbekConstit_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://constitution.uz/en">"Constitution of the Republic of Uzbekistan"</a>. <i>constitution.uz</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151215043716/http://constitution.uz/en">Archived</a> from the original on 15 December 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=constitution.uz&rft.atitle=Constitution+of+the+Republic+of+Uzbekistan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fconstitution.uz%2Fen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-NatEtnicPop-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NatEtnicPop_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NatEtnicPop_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.egov.uz/eng/data/6117a05996188a0f14ac917b?page=1">"Permanent population by national and / or ethnic group, urban / rural place of residence"</a>. <i>Data.egov.uz</i>. 2-001-1779. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230202184355/https://data.egov.uz/eng/data/6117a05996188a0f14ac917b?page=1">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Data.egov.uz&rft.atitle=Permanent+population+by+national+and+%2F+or+ethnic+group%2C+urban+%2F+rural+place+of+residence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.egov.uz%2Feng%2Fdata%2F6117a05996188a0f14ac917b%3Fpage%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/uzbekistan/#geography">"Uzbekistan"</a>. Central Intelligence Agency. 27 February 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210110072816/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/uzbekistan#geography">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2023</span> – via CIA.gov.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Uzbekistan&rft.pub=Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft.date=2023-02-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fuzbekistan%2F%23geography&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-UzbekStat2022-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UzbekStat2022_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UzbekStat2022_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UzbekStat2022_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UzbekStat2022_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UzbekStat2022_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stat.uz/images/uploads/reliz2021/demografiya-press-reliz-27_01_2023-ang.pdf">"Demographic situation in the Republic of Uzbekistan - 1/1/2023"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Statistics Agency of Uzbekistan</i>. p. 23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Statistics+Agency+of+Uzbekistan&rft.atitle=Demographic+situation+in+the+Republic+of+Uzbekistan+-+1%2F1%2F2023&rft.pages=23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stat.uz%2Fimages%2Fuploads%2Freliz2021%2Fdemografiya-press-reliz-27_01_2023-ang.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-IMFWEO.UZ-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.UZ_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.UZ_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.UZ_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/November/weo-report?c=927,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1">"World Economic Outlook Database, November 2023 Edition. (Uzbekistan)"</a>. <i>IMF.org</i>. <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a>. 10 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMF.org&rft.atitle=World+Economic+Outlook+Database%2C+November+2023+Edition.+%28Uzbekistan%29&rft.date=2023-11-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fen%2FPublications%2FWEO%2Fweo-database%2F2023%2FNovember%2Fweo-report%3Fc%3D927%2C%26s%3DNGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC%2C%26sy%3D2020%26ey%3D2028%26ssm%3D0%26scsm%3D1%26scc%3D0%26ssd%3D1%26ssc%3D0%26sic%3D0%26sort%3Dcountry%26ds%3D.%26br%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-IMFWEOUZ-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEOUZ_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2019/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=20&pr.y=11&sy=2017&ey=2021&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=927&s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC%2CPCPIPCH&grp=0&a=">"World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023"</a>. <i>IMF.org</i>. <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMF.org&rft.atitle=World+Economic+Outlook+Database%2C+October+2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fexternal%2Fpubs%2Fft%2Fweo%2F2019%2F02%2Fweodata%2Fweorept.aspx%3Fpr.x%3D20%26pr.y%3D11%26sy%3D2017%26ey%3D2021%26scsm%3D1%26ssd%3D1%26sort%3Dcountry%26ds%3D.%26br%3D1%26c%3D927%26s%3DNGDPD%252CPPPGDP%252CNGDPDPC%252CPPPPC%252CPCPIPCH%26grp%3D0%26a%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/income-gini-coefficient">"Income Gini coefficient"</a>. <i>Human Development Reports</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100610232357/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2172.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Human+Development+Reports&rft.atitle=Income+Gini+coefficient&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fen%2Fcontent%2Fincome-gini-coefficient&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mecometer.com/whats/uzbekistan/gini-index/">"GINI index – Uzbekistan"</a>. <i>MECOMeter – Macro Economy Meter</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150404160525/http://mecometer.com/whats/uzbekistan/gini-index/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MECOMeter+%E2%80%93+Macro+Economy+Meter&rft.atitle=GINI+index+%E2%80%93+Uzbekistan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmecometer.com%2Fwhats%2Fuzbekistan%2Fgini-index%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-HDI-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HDI_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf">"Human Development Report 2021/2022"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme" title="United Nations Development Programme">United Nations Development Programme</a>. 8 September 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220908114232/http://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 8 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Human+Development+Report+2021%2F2022&rft.pub=United+Nations+Development+Programme&rft.date=2022-09-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2Fglobal-report-document%2Fhdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-report-on-international-religious-freedom/uzbekistan/">"2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Uzbekistan"</a>. <i>United States Department of State</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220602232057/https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-report-on-international-religious-freedom/uzbekistan/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Department+of+State&rft.atitle=2021+Report+on+International+Religious+Freedom%3A+Uzbekistan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.state.gov%2Freports%2F2021-report-on-international-religious-freedom%2Fuzbekistan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFWells2008" class="citation book cs1">Wells, John C. (2008). <i>Longman Pronunciation Dictionary</i> (3rd ed.). Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-8118-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-8118-0"><bdi>978-1-4058-8118-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Longman+Pronunciation+Dictionary&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4058-8118-0&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"></span>. This source gives the British pronunciation as <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="/ʊ/: 'u' in 'push'">ʊ</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ʌ/: 'u' in 'cut'">ʌ</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span></span>-,<span class="wrap"> </span>-<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span></span>, rather than <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ʊ/: 'u' in 'push'">ʊ</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span></span>-/</a></span></span> found in CEPD. It also does not list the <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ʊ/: 'u' in 'push'">ʊ</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span></span> variant in American English.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFRoach2011" class="citation book cs1">Roach, Peter (2011). <i>Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary</i> (18th ed.). Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-15253-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-15253-2"><bdi>978-0-521-15253-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cambridge+English+Pronouncing+Dictionary&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.edition=18th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-521-15253-2&rft.aulast=Roach&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"></span> This source does not list the <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/-<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span></span> pronunciation in British English.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation". <i>The World's Muslims: Unity and Diversity</i>. Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. 9 August 2012. Retrieved 4 September 2013.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.languagesoftheworld.info/language-families/uzbek-the-penguin-of-turkic-languages.html">"Uzbek, the penguin of Turkic languages"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211113124345/https://www.languagesoftheworld.info/language-families/uzbek-the-penguin-of-turkic-languages.html">Archived</a> 13 November 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved 26 November 2022.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-US_State_Dept_-_human_rights-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-US_State_Dept_-_human_rights_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="en" dir="ltr">Cite error: The named reference <code>US State Dept - human rights</code> was invoked but never defined (see the <a href="/wiki/Help:Cite_errors/Cite_error_references_no_text" title="Help:Cite errors/Cite error references no text">help page</a>).</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/kenrapoza/2017/09/14/eurasias-new-perestroika-uzbekistan-silk-road-china/#670f09196f25">"Eurasia's Latest Economic Reboot Can Be Found in Uzbekistan"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a></i>. 14 September 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170914201819/https://www.forbes.com/sites/kenrapoza/2017/09/14/eurasias-new-perestroika-uzbekistan-silk-road-china/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=Eurasia%27s+Latest+Economic+Reboot+Can+Be+Found+in+Uzbekistan&rft.date=2017-09-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fkenrapoza%2F2017%2F09%2F14%2Feurasias-new-perestroika-uzbekistan-silk-road-china%2F%23670f09196f25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Lillis2017-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lillis2017_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFLillis2017" class="citation news cs1">Lillis, Joanna (3 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/03/are-decades-of-political-repression-making-way-for-an-uzbek-spring">"Are decades of political repression making way for an 'Uzbek spring'?"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171201080937/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/03/are-decades-of-political-repression-making-way-for-an-uzbek-spring">Archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Are+decades+of+political+repression+making+way+for+an+%27Uzbek+spring%27%3F&rft.date=2017-10-03&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Lillis&rft.aufirst=Joanna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2017%2Foct%2F03%2Fare-decades-of-political-repression-making-way-for-an-uzbek-spring&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eurasiareview.com/08122017-uzbekistan-a-quiet-revolution-taking-place-analysis/">"Uzbekistan: A Quiet Revolution Taking Place – Analysis"</a>. <i>Eurasia Review</i>. 8 December 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171208175149/https://www.eurasiareview.com/08122017-uzbekistan-a-quiet-revolution-taking-place-analysis/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Eurasia+Review&rft.atitle=Uzbekistan%3A+A+Quiet+Revolution+Taking+Place+%E2%80%93+Analysis&rft.date=2017-12-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eurasiareview.com%2F08122017-uzbekistan-a-quiet-revolution-taking-place-analysis%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://csrskabul.com/en/blog/growing-ties-afghanistan-uzbekistan/">"The growing ties between Afghanistan and Uzbekistan – CSRS En"</a>. <i>CSRS En</i>. 28 January 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171222053100/http://csrskabul.com/en/blog/growing-ties-afghanistan-uzbekistan/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CSRS+En&rft.atitle=The+growing+ties+between+Afghanistan+and+Uzbekistan+%E2%80%93+CSRS+En&rft.date=2017-01-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcsrskabul.com%2Fen%2Fblog%2Fgrowing-ties-afghanistan-uzbekistan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sdgs.un.org/basic-page/uzbekistan-24786">"Uzbekistan"</a>. UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211113131141/https://sdgs.un.org/basic-page/uzbekistan-24786">Archived</a> from the original on 13 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Uzbekistan&rft.pub=UN+Department+of+Economic+and+Social+Affairs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsdgs.un.org%2Fbasic-page%2Fuzbekistan-24786&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.globallegalinsights.com/practice-areas/energy-laws-and-regulations/uzbekistan">"Uzbekistan | Energy 2018"</a>. GLI – Global Legal Insights. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171203153910/https://www.globallegalinsights.com/practice-areas/energy-laws-and-regulations/uzbekistan">Archived</a> from the original on 3 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Uzbekistan+%7C+Energy+2018&rft.pub=GLI+%E2%80%93+Global+Legal+Insights&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.globallegalinsights.com%2Fpractice-areas%2Fenergy-laws-and-regulations%2Fuzbekistan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobaleconomy.com/Uzbekistan/credit_rating/">"Uzbekistan Sovereign credit ratings - data, chart"</a>. TheGlobalEconomy.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Uzbekistan+Sovereign+credit+ratings+-+data%2C+chart&rft.pub=TheGlobalEconomy.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobaleconomy.com%2FUzbekistan%2Fcredit_rating%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFPajank2019" class="citation news cs1">Pajank, Daniel (23 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brookings.edu/blog/future-development/2019/01/23/uzbekistans-star-appears-in-the-credit-rating-universe">"Uzbekistan's star appears in the credit rating universe"</a>. <i>Brookings</i>. <a href="/wiki/Brookings_Institution" title="Brookings Institution">Brookings Institution</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211219111342/https://www.brookings.edu/blog/future-development/2019/01/23/uzbekistans-star-appears-in-the-credit-rating-universe/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Brookings&rft.atitle=Uzbekistan%27s+star+appears+in+the+credit+rating+universe&rft.date=2019-01-23&rft.aulast=Pajank&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brookings.edu%2Fblog%2Ffuture-development%2F2019%2F01%2F23%2Fuzbekistans-star-appears-in-the-credit-rating-universe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFKenzheakhmet_Nurlan2013" class="citation book cs1">Kenzheakhmet Nurlan (2013). <i>The Qazaq Khanate as Documented in Ming Dynasty Sources</i>. p. 140.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Qazaq+Khanate+as+Documented+in+Ming+Dynasty+Sources&rft.pages=140&rft.date=2013&rft.au=Kenzheakhmet+Nurlan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-H._Keane,_A._Hingston_Quiggin_p.312-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-H._Keane,_A._Hingston_Quiggin_p.312_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-H._Keane,_A._Hingston_Quiggin_p.312_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">A. H. Keane, A. Hingston Quiggin, A. C. Haddon, Man: Past and Present, p.312, Cambridge University Press, 2011, Google Books, quoted: "Who take their name from a mythical Uz-beg, Prince Uz (beg in Turki=a chief, or hereditary ruler)."</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFMacLeodBradley_Mayhew" class="citation book cs1">MacLeod, Calum; Bradley Mayhew. <i>Uzbekistan: Golden Road to Samarkand</i>. p. 31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Uzbekistan%3A+Golden+Road+to+Samarkand&rft.pages=31&rft.aulast=MacLeod&rft.aufirst=Calum&rft.au=Bradley+Mayhew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFKenzheakhmet_Nurlan2013" class="citation book cs1">Kenzheakhmet Nurlan (2013). <i>The Qazaq Khanate as Documented in Ming Dynasty Sources</i>. p. 140.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Qazaq+Khanate+as+Documented+in+Ming+Dynasty+Sources&rft.pages=140&rft.date=2013&rft.au=Kenzheakhmet+Nurlan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELubin1997385–6-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELubin1997385–6_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELubin1997385–6_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELubin1997385–6_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELubin1997385–6_31-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLubin1997">Lubin (1997)</a>, pp. 385–6.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFDavidovich1998" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Davidovich, E.A. (1998). "The Karakhanids (Chapter 6)". In M.S. Asimov; Clifford Edmund Bosworth (eds.). <i>History of civilizations of Central Asia</i>. Vol. 4.1 The age of achievement: A.D. 750 to the end of the fifteenth century, pt. 1, the historical, social and economic setting. UNESCO Publishing. pp. 119–44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/92-3-103467-7" title="Special:BookSources/92-3-103467-7"><bdi>92-3-103467-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Karakhanids+%28Chapter+6%29&rft.btitle=History+of+civilizations+of+Central+Asia&rft.pages=119-44&rft.pub=UNESCO+Publishing&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=92-3-103467-7&rft.aulast=Davidovich&rft.aufirst=E.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFModelski" class="citation web cs1">Modelski, George. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120118054002/https://faculty.washington.edu/modelski/CAWC.htm">"Central Asian world cities (XI – XIII century)"</a>. <i>faculty.washington.edu</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://faculty.washington.edu/modelski/CAWC.htm">the original</a> on 18 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=faculty.washington.edu&rft.atitle=Central+Asian+world+cities+%28XI+%E2%80%93+XIII+century%29&rft.aulast=Modelski&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffaculty.washington.edu%2Fmodelski%2FCAWC.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELubin1997389–90-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELubin1997389–90_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELubin1997389–90_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELubin1997389–90_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELubin1997389–90_34-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLubin1997">Lubin (1997)</a>, pp. 389–90.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sicker, Martin (2000) <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v3AdA-Ogl34C&pg=PA154">The Islamic World in Ascendancy: From the Arab Conquests to the Siege of Vienna</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150912153747/https://books.google.com/books?id=v3AdA-Ogl34C&pg=PA154">Archived</a> 12 September 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group" title="Greenwood Publishing Group">Greenwood Publishing Group</a>. p. 154. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-275-96892-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-275-96892-8">0-275-96892-8</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Totten, Samuel and Bartrop, Paul Robert (2008) <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rgGA91skoP4C">Dictionary of Genocide: A-L</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171018194024/https://books.google.com/books?id=rgGA91skoP4C">Archived</a> 18 October 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>, ABC-CLIO, p. 422, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0313346429" title="Special:BookSources/0313346429">0313346429</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Forbes, Andrew, & Henley, David: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cpamedia.com/article.php?pg=archive&acid=120613150427&aiid=120613151433">Timur's Legacy: The Architecture of Samarkand</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130524193127/http://www.cpamedia.com/article.php?pg=archive&acid=120613150427&aiid=120613151433">Archived</a> 24 May 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i> (CPA Media).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Medical Links between India & Uzbekistan in Medieval Times by <a href="/wiki/Hakim_Syed_Zillur_Rahman" title="Hakim Syed Zillur Rahman">Hakim Syed Zillur Rahman</a>, Historical and Cultural Links between India & Uzbekistan, <a href="/wiki/Khuda_Bakhsh_Oriental_Library" title="Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Library">Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Library</a>, Patna, 1996. pp. 353–381.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110201110849/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,810930,00.html">"Adventure in the East"</a>. <i>Time</i>. 6 April 1959. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,810930,00.html">the original</a> on 1 February 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Adventure+in+the+East&rft.date=1959-04-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C810930%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shlapentokh, Vladimir; Sendich, Munir; Payin, Emil (1994) <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Bg-dn0g0SikC&pg=PA108">The New Russian Diaspora: Russian Minorities in the Former Soviet Republics</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150408005412/http://books.google.com/books?id=Bg-dn0g0SikC&pg=PA108">Archived</a> 8 April 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>. M.E. Sharpe. p. 108. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56324-335-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-56324-335-0">1-56324-335-0</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chahryar Adle, Madhavan K. Palat, Anara Tabyshalieva (2005). "<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XPfcfF8LRWQC">Towards the Contemporary Period: From the Mid-nineteenth to the End of the Twentieth Century</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180329231706/https://books.google.com/books?id=XPfcfF8LRWQC">Archived</a> 29 March 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>". UNESCO. p.232. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9231039857" title="Special:BookSources/9231039857">9231039857</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Islam-Karimov">"Islam Karimov | president of Uzbekistan"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Islam+Karimov+%7C+president+of+Uzbekistan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FIslam-Karimov&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-37218158">"Obituary: Uzbekistan President Islam Karimov"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i>. 2 October 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160903142534/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-37218158">Archived</a> from the original on 3 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Obituary%3A+Uzbekistan+President+Islam+Karimov&rft.date=2016-10-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-37218158&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/dec/05/uzbekistan-elects-shavkat-mirziyoyev-president-islam-karimov">"Uzbekistan elects Shavkat Mirziyoyev as president"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/TheGuardian.com" class="mw-redirect" title="TheGuardian.com">TheGuardian.com</a></i>. 5 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TheGuardian.com&rft.atitle=Uzbekistan+elects+Shavkat+Mirziyoyev+as+president&rft.date=2016-12-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2016%2Fdec%2F05%2Fuzbekistan-elects-shavkat-mirziyoyev-president-islam-karimov&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/10/25/uzbek-president-secures-second-term-in-landslide-election-victory">"Uzbek president secures second term in landslide election victory"</a>. <i>www.aljazeera.com</i>. 25 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=www.aljazeera.com&rft.atitle=Uzbek+president+secures+second+term+in+landslide+election+victory&rft.date=2021-10-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2021%2F10%2F25%2Fuzbek-president-secures-second-term-in-landslide-election-victory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eurasianet.org/uzbek-president-pledges-constitutional-reform">"Uzbek president pledges constitutional reform | Eurasianet"</a>. <i>eurasianet.org</i>. 7 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=eurasianet.org&rft.atitle=Uzbek+president+pledges+constitutional+reform+%7C+Eurasianet&rft.date=2021-11-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feurasianet.org%2Fuzbek-president-pledges-constitutional-reform&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldatlas.com/aatlas/populations/ctypopls.htm">"Countries of the world"</a>. worldatlas.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100507141553/http://www.worldatlas.com/aatlas/populations/ctypopls.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 7 May 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Countries+of+the+world&rft.pub=worldatlas.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldatlas.com%2Faatlas%2Fpopulations%2Fctypopls.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-uzstat-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-uzstat_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-uzstat_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://enews.fergananews.com/article.php?id=2051">Uzbekistan will publish its own book of records – Ferghana.ru</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130513010043/http://enews.fergananews.com/article.php?id=2051">Archived</a> 13 May 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. 18 July 2007. Retrieved 29 July 2009.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100408214552/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/earthnews/7554679/Aral-Sea-one-of-the-planets-worst-environmental-disasters.html">"Aral Sea 'one of the planet's worst environmental disasters'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a></i>. London. 5 April 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/earthnews/7554679/Aral-Sea-one-of-the-planets-worst-environmental-disasters.html">the original</a> on 8 April 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Aral+Sea+%27one+of+the+planet%27s+worst+environmental+disasters%27&rft.date=2010-04-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fearth%2Fearthnews%2F7554679%2FAral-Sea-one-of-the-planets-worst-environmental-disasters.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=130621">"Alpomish - Peakbagger.com"</a>. <i>www.peakbagger.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.peakbagger.com&rft.atitle=Alpomish+-+Peakbagger.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.peakbagger.com%2Fpeak.aspx%3Fpid%3D130621&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.countryhighpoints.com/alpomish-uzbekistan-highpoint/">"Alpomish, Uzbekistan Highpoint"</a>. <i>Country Highpoints</i>. 30 August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Country+Highpoints&rft.atitle=Alpomish%2C+Uzbekistan+Highpoint&rft.date=2023-08-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.countryhighpoints.com%2Falpomish-uzbekistan-highpoint%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-LoC:Climate-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LoC:Climate_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LoC:Climate_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+uz0029)">Climate</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080922172530/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID+uz0029%29">Archived</a> 22 September 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Uzbekistan : Country Studies – Federal Research Division, Library of Congress.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-DinersteinOlson2017-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DinersteinOlson2017_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFDinersteinOlsonJoshiVynne2017" class="citation journal cs1">Dinerstein, Eric; et al. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5451287">"An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm"</a>. <i>BioScience</i>. <b>67</b> (6): 534–545. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbiosci%2Fbix014">10.1093/biosci/bix014</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0006-3568">0006-3568</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5451287">5451287</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28608869">28608869</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BioScience&rft.atitle=An+Ecoregion-Based+Approach+to+Protecting+Half+the+Terrestrial+Realm&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=534-545&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5451287%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0006-3568&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28608869&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fbiosci%2Fbix014&rft.aulast=Dinerstein&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft.au=Olson%2C+David&rft.au=Joshi%2C+Anup&rft.au=Vynne%2C+Carly&rft.au=Burgess%2C+Neil+D.&rft.au=Wikramanayake%2C+Eric&rft.au=Hahn%2C+Nathan&rft.au=Palminteri%2C+Suzanne&rft.au=Hedao%2C+Prashant&rft.au=Noss%2C+Reed&rft.au=Hansen%2C+Matt&rft.au=Locke%2C+Harvey&rft.au=Ellis%2C+Erle+C.&rft.au=Jones%2C+Benjamin&rft.au=Barber%2C+Charles+Victor&rft.au=Hayes%2C+Randy&rft.au=Kormos%2C+Cyril&rft.au=Martin%2C+Vance&rft.au=Crist%2C+Eileen&rft.au=Sechrest%2C+Wes&rft.au=Price%2C+Lori&rft.au=Baillie%2C+Jonathan+E.+M.&rft.au=Weeden%2C+Don&rft.au=Suckling%2C+Kier%C3%A1n&rft.au=Davis%2C+Crystal&rft.au=Sizer%2C+Nigel&rft.au=Moore%2C+Rebecca&rft.au=Thau%2C+David&rft.au=Birch%2C+Tanya&rft.au=Potapov%2C+Peter&rft.au=Turubanova%2C+Svetlana&rft.au=Tyukavina%2C+Alexandra&rft.au=de+Souza%2C+Nadia&rft.au=Pintea%2C+Lilian&rft.au=Brito%2C+Jos%C3%A9+C.&rft.au=Llewellyn%2C+Othman+A.&rft.au=Miller%2C+Anthony+G.&rft.au=Patzelt%2C+Annette&rft.au=Ghazanfar%2C+Shahina+A.&rft.au=Timberlake%2C+Jonathan&rft.au=Kl%C3%B6ser%2C+Heinz&rft.au=Shennan-Farp%C3%B3n%2C+Yara&rft.au=Kindt%2C+Roeland&rft.au=Lilles%C3%B8%2C+Jens-Peter+Barnekow&rft.au=van+Breugel%2C+Paulo&rft.au=Graudal%2C+Lars&rft.au=Voge%2C+Maianna&rft.au=Al-Shammari%2C+Khalaf+F.&rft.au=Saleem%2C+Muhammad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5451287&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/uzbekistan/17.htm">Environment</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131208033959/http://countrystudies.us/uzbekistan/17.htm">Archived</a> 8 December 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". In Glenn E. Curtis (Ed.), <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/uzbekistan">Uzbekistan: A Country Study</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060923040626/http://countrystudies.us/uzbekistan/">Archived</a> 23 September 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>. Washington: Government Printing Office for the Library of Congress, 1996. Online version retrieved 2 May 2010.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930020327/http://www.msf.org/msfinternational/invoke.cfm?objectid=6589D208-DC2C-11D4-B2010060084A6370&component=toolkit.article&method=full_html">"Uzbekistan: Environmental disaster on a colossal scale"</a>. <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9decins_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8res" title="Médecins Sans Frontières">Médecins Sans Frontières</a>. 1 November 2000. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.msf.org/msfinternational/invoke.cfm?objectid=6589D208-DC2C-11D4-B2010060084A6370&component=toolkit.article&method=full_html">the original</a> on 30 September 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Uzbekistan%3A+Environmental+disaster+on+a+colossal+scale&rft.pub=M%C3%A9decins+Sans+Fronti%C3%A8res&rft.date=2000-11-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.msf.org%2Fmsfinternational%2Finvoke.cfm%3Fobjectid%3D6589D208-DC2C-11D4-B2010060084A6370%26component%3Dtoolkit.article%26method%3Dfull_html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-guardian-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-guardian_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-guardian_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/sustainable-fashion-blog/2014/oct/01/cotton-production-linked-to-images-of-the-dried-up-aral-sea-basin">"Cotton production linked to images of the dried up Aral Sea basin"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. 1 October 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200325050154/https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/sustainable-fashion-blog/2014/oct/01/cotton-production-linked-to-images-of-the-dried-up-aral-sea-basin">Archived</a> from the original on 25 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Cotton+production+linked+to+images+of+the+dried+up+Aral+Sea+basin&rft.date=2014-10-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fsustainable-business%2Fsustainable-fashion-blog%2F2014%2Foct%2F01%2Fcotton-production-linked-to-images-of-the-dried-up-aral-sea-basin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ejfoundation.org/page146.html">Aral Sea Crisis</a> Environmental Justice Foundation Report <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120407122425/http://www.ejfoundation.org/page146.html">Archived</a> 7 April 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ca-crm.info/en/country-climate-risk-profiles/country-climate-risk-profile-uzbekistan">Climate Risk Knowledge Management Platform for Central Asia, UNDP</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150926101214/http://www.ca-crm.info/en/country-climate-risk-profiles/country-climate-risk-profile-uzbekistan">Archived</a> 26 September 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Ca-crm.info. Retrieved on 29 November 2015.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iea.org/reports/uzbekistan-energy-profile">"Uzbekistan energy profile"</a>. <i>IEA</i>. International Energy Agency. April 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220322192216/https://www.iea.org/reports/uzbekistan-energy-profile">Archived</a> from the original on 22 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2022</span>. <q>Uzbekistan is one of the world's largest natural gas producers, annually producing around 60 billion cubic metres (bcm)...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IEA&rft.atitle=Uzbekistan+energy+profile&rft.date=2020-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iea.org%2Freports%2Fuzbekistan-energy-profile&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thefreelibrary.com/UZBEKISTAN+-+Gas+Production+%26+Reserves.-a0123542903">"UZBEKISTAN - Gas Production & Reserves"</a>. <i>The Free Library</i>. Farlex Inc. 18 October 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2022</span>. <q>The fields in Kokdumalak, Shurtan, Olan, Urgin and South-Tandirchi - all in south-western Uzbekistan - are being developed rapidly. Now they account for more than 90% of the country's output of gas and condensate.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Free+Library&rft.atitle=UZBEKISTAN+-+Gas+Production+%26+Reserves.&rft.date=2004-10-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thefreelibrary.com%2FUZBEKISTAN%2B-%2BGas%2BProduction%2B%2526%2BReserves.-a0123542903&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.int/uzbekistan/uzbekistan/country-facts">"Country Facts (Uzbekistan)"</a>. <i>UN</i>. United Nations<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UN&rft.atitle=Country+Facts+%28Uzbekistan%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.int%2Fuzbekistan%2Fuzbekistan%2Fcountry-facts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFSimonov2020" class="citation web cs1">Simonov, Eugene (23 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thethirdpole.net/en/regional-cooperation/uzbekistan-dam-collapse/">"Uzbekistan dam collapse was a disaster waiting to happen"</a>. <i>The Third Pole</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Third+Pole&rft.atitle=Uzbekistan+dam+collapse+was+a+disaster+waiting+to+happen&rft.date=2020-06-23&rft.aulast=Simonov&rft.aufirst=Eugene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thethirdpole.net%2Fen%2Fregional-cooperation%2Fuzbekistan-dam-collapse%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xc52hgvr2QU">"Image of the Week - Dam Failure in Uzbekistan"</a>. <i>YouTube</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211229120043/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xc52hgvr2QU">Archived</a> from the original on 29 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=Image+of+the+Week+-+Dam+Failure+in+Uzbekistan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3Dxc52hgvr2QU&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-stat.uz-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-stat.uz_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stat.uz/uz/matbuot-markazi/qo-mita-yangiliklar/49354-hududlar-kesimida-2024-yil-boshiga-doimiy-aholi-soni">"Hududlar kesimida 2024 yil boshiga doimiy aholi soni"</a> (in Uzbek). O‘ZBEKISTON RESPUBLIKASI PREZIDENTI HUZURIDAGI STATISTIKA AGENTLIGI.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hududlar+kesimida+2024+yil+boshiga+doimiy+aholi+soni&rft.pub=O%E2%80%98ZBEKISTON+RESPUBLIKASI+PREZIDENTI+HUZURIDAGI+STATISTIKA+AGENTLIGI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stat.uz%2Fuz%2Fmatbuot-markazi%2Fqo-mita-yangiliklar%2F49354-hududlar-kesimida-2024-yil-boshiga-doimiy-aholi-soni&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180818170634/https://data.gov.uz/ru/datasets/4948">"Число постоянных жителей в Республики Каракалпакстан"</a>. Портал открытых данных Республики Узбекистан. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.gov.uz/ru/datasets/4948">the original</a> on 18 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A7%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9+%D0%B2+%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD&rft.pub=%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB+%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%A3%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.gov.uz%2Fru%2Fdatasets%2F4948&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-data.gov.uz-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-data.gov.uz_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-data.gov.uz_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-data.gov.uz_66-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200924013337/https://data.gov.uz/ru/datasets/1657">"Демографическая ситуация в Ферганской области"</a>. Портал открытых данных Республики Узбекистан. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.gov.uz/ru/datasets/1657">the original</a> on 24 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%B2+%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8&rft.pub=%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB+%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%A3%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.gov.uz%2Fru%2Fdatasets%2F1657&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180311191639/http://www.poltavareview.com/?p=18105">"Численность населения Узбекистана по городам, 2018"</a>. poltavareview.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.poltavareview.com/?p=18105">the original</a> on 11 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A7%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%A3%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%BF%D0%BE+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC%2C+2018&rft.pub=poltavareview.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.poltavareview.com%2F%3Fp%3D18105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stat.uz/upload/str2.jpg">"Численность населения Кашкадарьи"</a>. Statistics. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141014235825/http://www.stat.uz/upload/str2.jpg">Archived</a> from the original on 14 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A7%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C%D0%B8&rft.pub=Statistics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stat.uz%2Fupload%2Fstr2.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf75.html">Supply of Uranium</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080509123211/http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf75.html">Archived</a> 9 May 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. World Nuclear Association. August 2012.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.euronuclear.org/info/encyclopedia/u/uranium-reserves.htm">Uranium resources</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080522121613/http://www.euronuclear.org/info/encyclopedia/u/uranium-reserves.htm">Archived</a> 22 May 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. European Nuclear Society</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bgs.ac.uk/mineralsuk/statistics/worldStatistics.html">The World Mineral Statistics dataset: 100 years and counting</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131020095042/http://www.bgs.ac.uk/mineralsuk/statistics/worldStatistics.html">Archived</a> 20 October 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. British Geological Survey</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190421182440/http://www.gazprom-international.com/en/news-media/articles/new-head-nhc-uzbekneftegaz-appointed">"New head of NHC Uzbekneftegaz appointed"</a>. <i>Gazprom International</i>. Gazprom. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gazprom-international.com/en/news-media/articles/new-head-nhc-uzbekneftegaz-appointed">the original</a> on 21 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gazprom+International&rft.atitle=New+head+of+NHC+Uzbekneftegaz+appointed&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gazprom-international.com%2Fen%2Fnews-media%2Farticles%2Fnew-head-nhc-uzbekneftegaz-appointed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://invest-in-uzbekistan.org/en/ekonomika/">"Economy"</a>. <i>Invest in Uzbekistan</i>. Uzbekistani Government<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Invest+in+Uzbekistan&rft.atitle=Economy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finvest-in-uzbekistan.org%2Fen%2Fekonomika%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-edbwb2020-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-edbwb2020_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.doingbusiness.org/en/data/exploreeconomies/uzbekistan">"2020 Ease of Doing Business report"</a>. The World Bank.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2020+Ease+of+Doing+Business+report&rft.pub=The+World+Bank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.doingbusiness.org%2Fen%2Fdata%2Fexploreeconomies%2Fuzbekistan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/en/Countries/UZB">"Republic of Uzbekistan"</a>. <i>Imf</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190422080928/https://www.imf.org/en/Countries/UZB">Archived</a> from the original on 22 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Imf&rft.atitle=Republic+of+Uzbekistan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fen%2FCountries%2FUZB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-imf-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-imf_76-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-imf_76-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imf.org/external/data.htm">IMF World Economic Outlook Database</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141006220934/http://www.imf.org/external/data.htm">Archived</a> 6 October 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, October 2007</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.DEFL.KD.ZG?end=2019&locations=UZ&start=1988&view=chart">"Inflation, GDP deflator (annual %) - Uzbekistan | Data"</a>. <i>data.worldbank.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417210507/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.DEFL.KD.ZG?end=2019&locations=UZ&start=1988&view=chart">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=data.worldbank.org&rft.atitle=Inflation%2C+GDP+deflator+%28annual+%25%29+-+Uzbekistan+%7C+Data&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FNY.GDP.DEFL.KD.ZG%3Fend%3D2019%26locations%3DUZ%26start%3D1988%26view%3Dchart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://databank.worldbank.org/views/reports/reportwidget.aspx?Report_Name=CountryProfile&Id=b450fd57&tbar=y&dd=y&inf=n&zm=n&country=UZB">"World Bank Country Profile"</a>. <i>World Bank</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200309215328/https://databank.worldbank.org/views/reports/reportwidget.aspx?Report_Name=CountryProfile&Id=b450fd57&tbar=y&dd=y&inf=n&zm=n&country=UZB">Archived</a> from the original on 9 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Bank&rft.atitle=World+Bank+Country+Profile&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatabank.worldbank.org%2Fviews%2Freports%2Freportwidget.aspx%3FReport_Name%3DCountryProfile%26Id%3Db450fd57%26tbar%3Dy%26dd%3Dy%26inf%3Dn%26zm%3Dn%26country%3DUZB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cotton.org/econ/cropinfo/cropdata/rankings.cfm">"The National Cotton Council of America: Rankings"</a>. 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120415113812/http://www.cotton.org/econ/cropinfo/cropdata/rankings.cfm">Archived</a> from the original on 15 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+National+Cotton+Council+of+America%3A+Rankings&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cotton.org%2Fecon%2Fcropinfo%2Fcropdata%2Frankings.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100827203828/http://www.irinnews.org/country.aspx?CountryCode=UZ&RegionCode=ASI">"Country Profile: Uzbekistan"</a>. IRIN. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irinnews.org/country.aspx?CountryCode=UZ&RegionCode=ASI">the original</a> on 27 August 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Country+Profile%3A+Uzbekistan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irinnews.org%2Fcountry.aspx%3FCountryCode%3DUZ%26RegionCode%3DASI&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-cia1-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cia1_81-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cia1_81-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stat.uz/en/435-analiticheskie-materialy-en1/2075-demographic-situation-in-the-republic-of-uzbekistan">"Demographic situation in the Republic of Uzbekistan"</a>. The State Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan on statistics. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191117233559/https://stat.uz/en/435-analiticheskie-materialy-en1/2075-demographic-situation-in-the-republic-of-uzbekistan">Archived</a> from the original on 17 November 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Demographic+situation+in+the+Republic+of+Uzbekistan&rft.pub=The+State+Committee+of+the+Republic+of+Uzbekistan+on+statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstat.uz%2Fen%2F435-analiticheskie-materialy-en1%2F2075-demographic-situation-in-the-republic-of-uzbekistan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131220192936/http://bs-agro.com/index.php/news/other-countries/23906-uzbekistan-korean-government-uses-uzbek-cotton-to-make-banknotes">"Uzbekistan: Korean government uses Uzbek cotton to make banknotes"</a>. BS-AGRO. 12 December 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bs-agro.com/index.php/news/other-countries/23906-uzbekistan-korean-government-uses-uzbek-cotton-to-make-banknotes">the original</a> on 20 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Uzbekistan%3A+Korean+government+uses+Uzbek+cotton+to+make+banknotes&rft.date=2013-12-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbs-agro.com%2Findex.php%2Fnews%2Fother-countries%2F23906-uzbekistan-korean-government-uses-uzbek-cotton-to-make-banknotes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.occrp.org/en/investigations/central-asian-cotton-powers-russias-sanctioned-gunpowder-plants">"Central Asian Cotton Powers Russia's Sanctioned Gunpowder Plants"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Central+Asian+Cotton+Powers+Russia%27s+Sanctioned+Gunpowder+Plants&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.occrp.org%2Fen%2Finvestigations%2Fcentral-asian-cotton-powers-russias-sanctioned-gunpowder-plants&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pravda.com.ua/eng/articles/2024/01/10/7436569/">"White and fluffy death. How Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan help Russians produce gunpowder"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=White+and+fluffy+death.+How+Uzbekistan+and+Kazakhstan+help+Russians+produce+gunpowder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pravda.com.ua%2Feng%2Farticles%2F2024%2F01%2F10%2F7436569%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/russian/articles/c51d7n1ze92o">"Порох, хлопок и принудительный труд. Кто поставляет сырье российским оружейным заводам?"</a>. 30 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%85%2C+%D1%85%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BA+%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B4.+%D0%9A%D1%82%D0%BE+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B5%D1%82+%D1%81%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%8C%D0%B5+%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BC+%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%BC+%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC%3F&rft.date=2024-01-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Frussian%2Farticles%2Fc51d7n1ze92o&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"></span><span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100706003257/http://www.ejfoundation.org/pdf/Uzbekistan_Cotton%20Tesco_letter_to_%20suppliers.pdf">"Tesco Ethical Assessment Programme"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ejfoundation.org/pdf/Uzbekistan_Cotton%20Tesco_letter_to_%20suppliers.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 6 July 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tesco+Ethical+Assessment+Programme&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ejfoundation.org%2Fpdf%2FUzbekistan_Cotton%2520Tesco_letter_to_%2520suppliers.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100527204731/http://www.c-and-a.com/aboutUs/socialResponsibility/">"C&A Code of Conduct for Uzbekistan"</a>. C&A. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.c-and-a.com/aboutUs/socialResponsibility/">the original</a> on 27 May 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=C%26A+Code+of+Conduct+for+Uzbekistan&rft.pub=C%26A&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.c-and-a.com%2FaboutUs%2FsocialResponsibility%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFSaidazimova2008" class="citation news cs1">Saidazimova, Gulnoza (12 June 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110727184416/http://www.rferl.org/content/article/1144612.html">"Central Asia: Child Labor Alive And Thriving"</a>. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rferl.org/content/article/1144612.html">the original</a> on 27 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Central+Asia%3A+Child+Labor+Alive+And+Thriving&rft.date=2008-06-12&rft.aulast=Saidazimova&rft.aufirst=Gulnoza&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rferl.org%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F1144612.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080922045122/http://2004.press-service.uz/rus/knigi/9tom/3tom_12.htm">"Islam Karimov's interview to Rossijskaya Gazeta"</a>. <i>Пресс-служба Президента Республики Узбекистан</i> (in Russian). 7 July 1995. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://2004.press-service.uz/rus/knigi/9tom/3tom_12.htm">the original</a> on 22 September 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2005</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81-%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B1%D0%B0+%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%A3%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD&rft.atitle=Islam+Karimov%27s+interview+to+Rossijskaya+Gazeta&rft.date=1995-07-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F2004.press-service.uz%2Frus%2Fknigi%2F9tom%2F3tom_12.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vakulchuk, Roman and Indra Overland (2019) "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329310641">China's Belt and Road Initiative through the Lens of Central Asia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211024180554/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329310641_China%27s_Belt_and_Road_Initiative_through_the_lens_of_Central_Asia">Archived</a> 24 October 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", in Fanny M. Cheung and Ying-yi Hong (eds) <i>Regional Connection under the Belt and Road Initiative. The Prospects for Economic and Financial Cooperation</i>. London: Routledge, pp. 115–133. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781138607491" title="Special:BookSources/9781138607491">9781138607491</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas, Gary (16 February 2006). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20090825223014/http://www.voanews.com/english/archive/2006-02/New-Report-Paints-Grim-Picture-of-Uzbekistan.cfm?CFID=281017252&CFTOKEN=40626492&jsessionid=00308b85b39c112dba1e6241221e37211353">"New Report Paints Grim Picture of Uzbekistan"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.voanews.com/english/archive/2006-02/New-Report-Paints-Grim-Picture-of-Uzbekistan.cfm?CFID=281017252&CFTOKEN=40626492&jsessionid=00308b85b39c112dba1e6241221e37211353">the original</a> on 25 August 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+Report+Paints+Grim+Picture+of+Uzbekistan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.voanews.com%2Fenglish%2Farchive%2F2006-02%2FNew-Report-Paints-Grim-Picture-of-Uzbekistan.cfm%3FCFID%3D281017252%26CFTOKEN%3D40626492%26jsessionid%3D00308b85b39c112dba1e6241221e37211353&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"></span>. <i>Voice of America</i>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/europe-central-asia/uzbekistan/business-corruption-in-uzbekistan.aspx">"Business Corruption in Uzbekistan"</a>. Business Anti-Corruption Portal. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140324230655/http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/europe-central-asia/uzbekistan/business-corruption-in-uzbekistan.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 24 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Business+Corruption+in+Uzbekistan&rft.pub=Business+Anti-Corruption+Portal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.business-anti-corruption.com%2Fcountry-profiles%2Feurope-central-asia%2Fuzbekistan%2Fbusiness-corruption-in-uzbekistan.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110511170759/http://www.eurasiacenter.org/Country%20reports/Central%20Asia/Uzbekistan%20Economic%20Highlights.doc">"Uzbekistan: Economic Overview"</a>. eurasiacenter.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eurasiacenter.org/Country%20reports/Central%20Asia/Uzbekistan%20Economic%20Highlights.doc">the original</a> on 11 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Uzbekistan%3A+Economic+Overview&rft.pub=eurasiacenter.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eurasiacenter.org%2FCountry%2520reports%2FCentral%2520Asia%2FUzbekistan%2520Economic%2520Highlights.doc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/e/eb/rls/othr/ics/2011/157382.htm">2011 Investment Climate Statement – Uzbekistan</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200421160423/https://2009-2017.state.gov/e/eb/rls/othr/ics/2011/157382.htm">Archived</a> 21 April 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. US Department of State, March 2011</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imf.org/external/np/sec/pr/2003/pr03188.htm">"Press Release: The Republic of Uzbekistan Accepts Article VIII Obligations"</a>. Imf.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101121134806/http://www.imf.org/external/np/sec/pr/2003/pr03188.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 21 November 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Press+Release%3A+The+Republic+of+Uzbekistan+Accepts+Article+VIII+Obligations&rft.pub=Imf.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fexternal%2Fnp%2Fsec%2Fpr%2F2003%2Fpr03188.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mfa.uz/eng/inter_cooper/econ_org/Inter_MF/">Uzbekistan's Ministry of Foreign Affairs on IMF's role in economic stabilisation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110510075000/http://mfa.uz/eng/inter_cooper/econ_org/Inter_MF/">Archived</a> 10 May 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 22 June 2009</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101120065551/http://www.adb.org/Documents/Books/ADO/2005/uzb.asp">"Asian Development Outlook 2005 – Uzbekistan"</a>. ADB.org. 1 January 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adb.org/Documents/Books/ADO/2005/uzb.asp">the original</a> on 20 November 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Asian+Development+Outlook+2005+%E2%80%93+Uzbekistan&rft.pub=ADB.org&rft.date=2005-01-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.adb.org%2FDocuments%2FBooks%2FADO%2F2005%2Fuzb.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indexmundi.com/uzbekistan/inflation_rate_(consumer_prices).html">"Uzbekistan CPI 2003–2007"</a>. Indexmundi.com. 19 February 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110510074954/http://www.indexmundi.com/uzbekistan/inflation_rate_(consumer_prices).html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Uzbekistan+CPI+2003%E2%80%932007&rft.pub=Indexmundi.com&rft.date=2010-02-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indexmundi.com%2Fuzbekistan%2Finflation_rate_%28consumer_prices%29.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pwc.de/de/internationale-maerkte/assets/doing-business-in-usbekistan-2014.pdf">"Doing Business in Usbekistan - 2014"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>www.pwc.de</i>. PWC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417215226/https://www.pwc.de/de/internationale-maerkte/assets/doing-business-in-usbekistan-2014.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 17 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.pwc.de&rft.atitle=Doing+Business+in+Usbekistan+-+2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pwc.de%2Fde%2Finternationale-maerkte%2Fassets%2Fdoing-business-in-usbekistan-2014.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/uzbekistan-autos-tax-idUSL8N2DH1L8">"Uzbekistan to scrap excise tax on imported cars"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. 4 June 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210101173611/https://www.reuters.com/article/uzbekistan-autos-tax-idUSL8N2DH1L8">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Uzbekistan+to+scrap+excise+tax+on+imported+cars&rft.date=2020-06-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fuzbekistan-autos-tax-idUSL8N2DH1L8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080815015618/http://www.ustr.gov/assets/Document_Library/Reports_Publications/2004/2004_National_Trade_Estimate/2004_NTE_Report/asset_upload_file327_4803.pdf">"UZBEKISTAN"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>FOREIGN TRADE BARRIERS</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ustr.gov/assets/Document_Library/Reports_Publications/2004/2004_National_Trade_Estimate/2004_NTE_Report/asset_upload_file327_4803.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 15 August 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 December</span> 2005</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FOREIGN+TRADE+BARRIERS&rft.atitle=UZBEKISTAN&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ustr.gov%2Fassets%2FDocument_Library%2FReports_Publications%2F2004%2F2004_National_Trade_Estimate%2F2004_NTE_Report%2Fasset_upload_file327_4803.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"></span>. NTE 2004 FINAL 3.30.04</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-bitUZ-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bitUZ_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://investmentpolicyhub.unctad.org/IIA/CountryBits/226#iiaInnerMenu">"Uzbekistan Bilateral Investment Treaties"</a>. <i>UNCTAD Division on Investment and Enterprise</i>. United Nations. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171107055442/http://investmentpolicyhub.unctad.org/IIA/CountryBits/226#iiaInnerMenu">Archived</a> from the original on 7 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNCTAD+Division+on+Investment+and+Enterprise&rft.atitle=Uzbekistan+Bilateral+Investment+Treaties&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finvestmentpolicyhub.unctad.org%2FIIA%2FCountryBits%2F226%23iiaInnerMenu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tashkenttimes.uz/finances/3050-uzbekistan-s-gold-and-foreign-exchange-reserves-at-us-25-49-billion">"Uzbekistan's gold and foreign exchange reserves at US$ 25.49 billion"</a>. <i>Tashkent Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190501060527/http://tashkenttimes.uz/finances/3050-uzbekistan-s-gold-and-foreign-exchange-reserves-at-us-25-49-billion">Archived</a> from the original on 1 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tashkent+Times&rft.atitle=Uzbekistan%27s+gold+and+foreign+exchange+reserves+at+US%24+25.49+billion&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftashkenttimes.uz%2Ffinances%2F3050-uzbekistan-s-gold-and-foreign-exchange-reserves-at-us-25-49-billion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/EXTRUSSIANHOME/EXTRUSSIANCOUNTRIES/ECAINRUSSIANEXT/EXTUZBEKISTANINRUS/0,,contentMDK:20546336~menuPK:1151287~pagePK:1497618~piPK:217854~theSitePK:1151265,00.html#contact">"Uzbekistan"</a> (in Russian). The world bank. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130605175712/http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/EXTRUSSIANHOME/EXTRUSSIANCOUNTRIES/ECAINRUSSIANEXT/EXTUZBEKISTANINRUS/0,,contentMDK:20546336~menuPK:1151287~pagePK:1497618~piPK:217854~theSitePK:1151265,00.html#contact">Archived</a> from the original on 5 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Uzbekistan&rft.pub=The+world+bank&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.worldbank.org%2FWBSITE%2FEXTERNAL%2FEXTRUSSIANHOME%2FEXTRUSSIANCOUNTRIES%2FECAINRUSSIANEXT%2FEXTUZBEKISTANINRUS%2F0%2C%2CcontentMDK%3A20546336~menuPK%3A1151287~pagePK%3A1497618~piPK%3A217854~theSitePK%3A1151265%2C00.html%23contact&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hsbc.com.mx/1/PA_esf-ca-app-content/content/home/empresas/archivos/world_2050.pdf">"the World in 2050"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. HSBC. p. 2. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171014100813/https://www.hsbc.com.mx/1/PA_esf-ca-app-content/content/home/empresas/archivos/world_2050.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 14 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=the+World+in+2050&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=HSBC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hsbc.com.mx%2F1%2FPA_esf-ca-app-content%2Fcontent%2Fhome%2Fempresas%2Farchivos%2Fworld_2050.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFWIPO" class="citation journal cs1">WIPO. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2023/index.html">"Global Innovation Index 2023, 15th Edition"</a>. <i>www.wipo.int</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.34667%2Ftind.46596">10.34667/tind.46596</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=www.wipo.int&rft.atitle=Global+Innovation+Index+2023%2C+15th+Edition&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.34667%2Ftind.46596&rft.au=WIPO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wipo.int%2Fglobal_innovation_index%2Fen%2F2023%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-UN_WPP-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UN_WPP_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://population.un.org/wpp/">"World Population Prospects 2022"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs" title="United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs">United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs</a>, Population Division<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Population+Prospects+2022&rft.pub=United+Nations+Department+of+Economic+and+Social+Affairs%2C+Population+Division&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpopulation.un.org%2Fwpp%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-UN_WPP_2022-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UN_WPP_2022_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_General/WPP2022_GEN_F01_DEMOGRAPHIC_INDICATORS_COMPACT_REV1.xlsx">"World Population Prospects 2022: Demographic indicators by region, subregion and country, annually for 1950-2100"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(XSLX)</span> ("Total Population, as of 1 July (thousands)"). <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs" title="United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs">United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs</a>, Population Division<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Population+Prospects+2022%3A+Demographic+indicators+by+region%2C+subregion+and+country%2C+annually+for+1950-2100&rft.pub=United+Nations+Department+of+Economic+and+Social+Affairs%2C+Population+Division&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpopulation.un.org%2Fwpp%2FDownload%2FFiles%2F1_Indicators%2520%28Standard%29%2FEXCEL_FILES%2F1_General%2FWPP2022_GEN_F01_DEMOGRAPHIC_INDICATORS_COMPACT_REV1.xlsx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tashkenttimes.uz/national/10147-uzbekistan-population-surpasses-36-million">"Uzbekistan population surpasses 36 million"</a>. ashkenttimes.uz. 9 December 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221212110418/http://tashkenttimes.uz/national/10147-uzbekistan-population-surpasses-36-million">Archived</a> from the original on 12 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Uzbekistan+population+surpasses+36+million&rft.pub=ashkenttimes.uz&rft.date=2022-12-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftashkenttimes.uz%2Fnational%2F10147-uzbekistan-population-surpasses-36-million&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Karl_Cordell_1999._pg_201-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Karl_Cordell_1999._pg_201_110-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Karl_Cordell_1999._pg_201_110-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Karl_Cordell_1999._pg_201_110-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Karl_Cordell_1999._pg_201_110-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cordell, Karl (1998) <i>Ethnicity and Democratisation in the New Europe</i>, Routledge, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0415173124" title="Special:BookSources/0415173124">0415173124</a>, p. 201: "Consequently, the number of citizens who regard themselves as Tajiks is difficult to determine. Tajikis within and outside of the republic, Samarkand State University (SamGU) academic and international commentators suggest that there may be between six and seven million Tajiks in Uzbekistan, constituting 30% of the republic's 22 million population, rather than the official figure of 4.7% (<a href="#CITEREFFoltz1996">Foltz 1996</a>, p. 213; Carlisle 1995:88<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CITESHORT" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:CITESHORT"><span title="More information is required to link this short citation to its long citation. (December 2023)">incomplete short citation</span></a></i>]</sup>).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Lena_Jonson_2006._pg_108-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lena_Jonson_2006._pg_108_111-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lena_Jonson_2006._pg_108_111-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lena_Jonson_2006._pg_108_111-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lena_Jonson_2006._pg_108_111-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jonson, Lena (1976) <i>Tajikistan in the New Central Asia</i>, I.B.Tauris, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/085771726X" title="Special:BookSources/085771726X">085771726X</a>, p. 108: "According to official Uzbek statistics there are slightly over 1.7 million Tajiks in Uzbekistan or about 5% of the population. The unofficial figure is over 6 million Tajiks. They are concentrated in the Sukhandarya, Samarqand and Bukhara regions."</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoltz1996213–6-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoltz1996213–6_112-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoltz1996213–6_112-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoltz1996213–6_112-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoltz1996213–6_112-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFoltz1996">Foltz (1996)</a>, pp. 213–6.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-cornellcaspian.com-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cornellcaspian.com_113-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cornellcaspian.com_113-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFCornell2000" class="citation journal cs1">Cornell, Svante E. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090505153156/http://www.cornellcaspian.com/pub/0010uzbekistan.htm">"Uzbekistan: A Regional Player in Eurasian Geopolitics?"</a>. <i>European Security</i>. <b>9</b> (2): 115. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09662830008407454">10.1080/09662830008407454</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154194469">154194469</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cornellcaspian.com/pub/0010uzbekistan.htm">the original</a> on 5 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Security&rft.atitle=Uzbekistan%3A+A+Regional+Player+in+Eurasian+Geopolitics%3F&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=115&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09662830008407454&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154194469%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Cornell&rft.aufirst=Svante+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cornellcaspian.com%2Fpub%2F0010uzbekistan.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131206165604/http://www.ajcarchives.org/AJC_DATA/Files/2001_13_WJP.pdf"><i>World Jewish Population 2001</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. American Jewish Yearbook. Vol. 101. 2001. p. 561. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ajcarchives.org/AJC_DATA/Files/2001_13_WJP.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 6 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Jewish+Population+2001&rft.series=American+Jewish+Yearbook&rft.pages=561&rft.date=2001&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ajcarchives.org%2FAJC_DATA%2FFiles%2F2001_13_WJP.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090326020910/http://www.ajcarchives.org/AJC_DATA/Files/AJYB727.CV.pdf"><i>World Jewish Population 2007</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. American Jewish Yearbook. Vol. 107. 2007. p. 592. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ajcarchives.org/AJC_DATA/Files/AJYB727.CV.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 26 March 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Jewish+Population+2007&rft.series=American+Jewish+Yearbook&rft.pages=592&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ajcarchives.org%2FAJC_DATA%2FFiles%2FAJYB727.CV.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Allworth, Edward (1994) <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X2XpddVB0l0C&pg=PA102">Central Asia, 130 years of Russian dominance: a historical overview</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150915152247/https://books.google.com/books?id=X2XpddVB0l0C&pg=PA102">Archived</a> 15 September 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Duke_University_Press" title="Duke University Press">Duke University Press</a>. p. 102. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8223-1521-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8223-1521-1">0-8223-1521-1</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/OP297.pdf">The Russian Minority in Central Asia: Migration, Politics, and Language</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131206184216/http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/OP297.pdf">Archived</a> 6 December 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" (PDF). Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.turkishweekly.net/news/874/the-russians-are-still-leaving-uzbekistan-for-kazakhstan-now.html">The Russians are Still Leaving Uzbekistan For Kazakhstan Now</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090211171635/http://turkishweekly.net/news/874/the-russians-are-still-leaving-uzbekistan-for-kazakhstan-now.html">Archived</a> 11 February 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Journal of Turkish Weekly. 16 December 2004.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFAgtzidis1991" class="citation journal cs1">Agtzidis, Vlasis (1991). "The Persecution of Pontic Greeks in the Soviet Union". <i>Journal of Refugee Studies</i>. <b>4</b> (4): 372–381. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjrs%2F4.4.372">10.1093/jrs/4.4.372</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0951-6328">0951-6328</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Refugee+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Persecution+of+Pontic+Greeks+in+the+Soviet+Union&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=372-381&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjrs%2F4.4.372&rft.issn=0951-6328&rft.aulast=Agtzidis&rft.aufirst=Vlasis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFKuzio2009" class="citation journal cs1">Kuzio, Taras (24 June 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jamestown.org/program/crimean-tatars-divide-ukraine-and-russia/">"Crimean Tatars Divide Ukraine and Russia"</a>. <i>Eurasia Daily Monitor</i>. <b>6</b> (121). The Jamestown Foundation.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Eurasia+Daily+Monitor&rft.atitle=Crimean+Tatars+Divide+Ukraine+and+Russia&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=121&rft.date=2009-06-24&rft.aulast=Kuzio&rft.aufirst=Taras&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjamestown.org%2Fprogram%2Fcrimean-tatars-divide-ukraine-and-russia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/greece-overcomes-its-ancient-history-finally-552207.html">Greece overcomes its ancient history, finally</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150925190532/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/greece-overcomes-its-ancient-history-finally-552207.html">Archived</a> 25 September 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. The Independent. 6 July 2004.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/topic,463af2212,488edfe22,49749c843c,0.html">World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples – Uzbekistan : Meskhetian Turks</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121016183834/http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/topic,463af2212,488edfe22,49749c843c,0.html">Archived</a> 16 October 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Minority Rights Group International.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eurasianet.org/node/78701">"Uzbekistan: Labor Migrants Looking Beyond Russia"</a>. 10 May 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161225130718/http://www.eurasianet.org/node/78701">Archived</a> from the original on 25 December 2016 – via EurasiaNet.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Uzbekistan%3A+Labor+Migrants+Looking+Beyond+Russia&rft.date=2016-05-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eurasianet.org%2Fnode%2F78701&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091111025921/http://www.crisisgroup.org/home/index.cfm?id=5027&l=1">"Uzbekistan: Stagnation and Uncertainty"</a>. <i>Asia Briefing N°67</i>. <a href="/wiki/International_Crisis_Group" title="International Crisis Group">International Crisis Group</a>. 22 August 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crisisgroup.org/home/index.cfm?id=5027&l=1">the original</a> on 11 November 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Asia+Briefing+N%C2%B067&rft.atitle=Uzbekistan%3A+Stagnation+and+Uncertainty&rft.date=2007-08-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.crisisgroup.org%2Fhome%2Findex.cfm%3Fid%3D5027%26l%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://knoema.com/atlas/Uzbekistan/topics/Education/Literacy/Adult-literacy-rate?mode=amp">"Uzbekistan Adult literacy rate, 1960-2021"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Uzbekistan+Adult+literacy+rate%2C+1960-2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fknoema.com%2Fatlas%2FUzbekistan%2Ftopics%2FEducation%2FLiteracy%2FAdult-literacy-rate%3Fmode%3Damp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-bbc.com-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bbc.com_126-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-37260375">"Islam Karimov: Uzbekistan president's death confirmed"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160903231914/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-37260375">Archived</a> from the original on 3 September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Islam+Karimov%3A+Uzbekistan+president%27s+death+confirmed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-37260375&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lex.uz/ru/docs/4766085">"ЗРУ-611-сон 16.03.2020. О переписи населения"</a>. <i>lex.uz</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210709190631/https://lex.uz/ru/docs/4766085">Archived</a> from the original on 9 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lex.uz&rft.atitle=%D0%97%D0%A0%D0%A3-611-%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD+16.03.2020.+%D0%9E+%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flex.uz%2Fru%2Fdocs%2F4766085&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eurasianet.org/uzbekistan-postpones-first-census-because-of-coronavirus">"Uzbekistan postpones first census because of coronavirus | Eurasianet"</a>. <i>eurasianet.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210617003227/https://eurasianet.org/uzbekistan-postpones-first-census-because-of-coronavirus">Archived</a> from the original on 17 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=eurasianet.org&rft.atitle=Uzbekistan+postpones+first+census+because+of+coronavirus+%7C+Eurasianet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feurasianet.org%2Fuzbekistan-postpones-first-census-because-of-coronavirus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://constitution.uz/en/clause/index#section7">"Constitution of Uzbekistan. Part II. Basic human and civil rights, freedoms and duties"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210209112241/https://constitution.uz/en/clause/index#section7">Archived</a> from the original on 9 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Constitution+of+Uzbekistan.+Part+II.+Basic+human+and+civil+rights%2C+freedoms+and+duties.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fconstitution.uz%2Fen%2Fclause%2Findex%23section7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/uzbekistan/">"Uzbekistan"</a>. CIA. 19 October 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210203042919/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/uzbekistan/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Uzbekistan&rft.pub=CIA&rft.date=2021-10-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fuzbekistan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/uzbekistan/religious_demography#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2010">"Religions in Uzbekistan | PEW-GRF"</a>. <i>www.globalreligiousfutures.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180129141645/http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/uzbekistan/religious_demography#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2010">Archived</a> from the original on 29 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.globalreligiousfutures.org&rft.atitle=Religions+in+Uzbekistan+%7C+PEW-GRF&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalreligiousfutures.org%2Fcountries%2Fuzbekistan%2Freligious_demography%23%2F%3Faffiliations_religion_id%3D0%26affiliations_year%3D2010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-lcweb2-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lcweb2_132-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lcweb2_132-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130831195935/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/uztoc.html">"A Country Study: Uzbekistan"</a>. Federal Research Division. 1988–1998. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/uztoc.html">the original</a> on 31 August 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Country+Study%3A+Uzbekistan&rft.pub=Federal+Research+Division&rft.date=1988%2F1998&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flcweb2.loc.gov%2Ffrd%2Fcs%2Fuztoc.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zoroastrians.net/2013/08/21/uzbekistan-zoroastrian-association-registered/">"UZBEKISTAN Zoroastrian Association Registered"</a>. <i>Zoroastrians.net</i>. 21 August 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191106080944/https://zoroastrians.net/2013/08/21/uzbekistan-zoroastrian-association-registered/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 November 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Zoroastrians.net&rft.atitle=UZBEKISTAN+Zoroastrian+Association+Registered&rft.date=2013-08-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzoroastrians.net%2F2013%2F08%2F21%2Fuzbekistan-zoroastrian-association-registered%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFAFP2019" class="citation web cs1">AFP (27 May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nst.com.my/world/2019/05/491858/muslims-seek-voice-changing-uzbekistan">"Muslims seek voice in changing Uzbekistan | New Straits Times"</a>. <i>NST Online</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200606194627/https://www.nst.com.my/world/2019/05/491858/muslims-seek-voice-changing-uzbekistan">Archived</a> from the original on 6 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NST+Online&rft.atitle=Muslims+seek+voice+in+changing+Uzbekistan+%7C+New+Straits+Times&rft.date=2019-05-27&rft.au=AFP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nst.com.my%2Fworld%2F2019%2F05%2F491858%2Fmuslims-seek-voice-changing-uzbekistan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/opinion/editorials/ct-central-asia-islamic-state-edit-20170203-story.html">"The Rising Islamic State threat in Central Asia"</a>. <i>Chicago Tribune</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170803221345/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/opinion/editorials/ct-central-asia-islamic-state-edit-20170203-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=The+Rising+Islamic+State+threat+in+Central+Asia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2Fnews%2Fopinion%2Feditorials%2Fct-central-asia-islamic-state-edit-20170203-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.politico.eu/article/uzbekistans-real-problem-is-not-terrorism-its-politics-aliyev-karimov/">"Uzbekistan's real problem is not terrorism, it's politics"</a>. <i>Politico</i>. 6 September 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170803212101/http://www.politico.eu/article/uzbekistans-real-problem-is-not-terrorism-its-politics-aliyev-karimov/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Politico&rft.atitle=Uzbekistan%27s+real+problem+is+not+terrorism%2C+it%27s+politics&rft.date=2016-09-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.eu%2Farticle%2Fuzbekistans-real-problem-is-not-terrorism-its-politics-aliyev-karimov%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-JVL-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JVL_137-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JVL_137-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JVL_137-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JVL_137-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JVL_137-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150712005324/http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/Uzbekistan.html">"Uzbekistan"</a>. <i>Jewish Virtual Library</i>. 30 July 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/Uzbekistan.html">the original</a> on 12 July 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Virtual+Library&rft.atitle=Uzbekistan&rft.date=2004-07-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fjsource%2Fvjw%2FUzbekistan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jweekly.com/2002/09/20/bukharan-jews-now-in-queens-recreate-their-sukkot-memories/">"Bukharan Jews now in Queens recreate their Sukkot memories"</a>. <i>The Jewish News of Northern California</i>. 20 September 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190730203728/https://www.jweekly.com/2002/09/20/bukharan-jews-now-in-queens-recreate-their-sukkot-memories/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jewish+News+of+Northern+California&rft.atitle=Bukharan+Jews+now+in+Queens+recreate+their+Sukkot+memories&rft.date=2002-09-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jweekly.com%2F2002%2F09%2F20%2Fbukharan-jews-now-in-queens-recreate-their-sukkot-memories%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">
<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eajc.org/page277">Euro-Asian Jewish Congress</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131224120130/http://eajc.org/page277">Archived</a> 24 December 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (retrieved 29 December 2013)</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anthony J. Liddicoat, "Uzbekistan", in Liddicoat and Andy Kirkpatrick, eds., <i>The Routledge International Handbook of Language Education Policy in Asia</i> (London: Routledge, 2019), 495. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317354499" title="Special:BookSources/9781317354499">9781317354499</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFKamp2008" class="citation book cs1">Kamp, Marianne (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XYZVvJSdLBkC&pg=PP14"><i>The New Woman in Uzbekistan: Islam, Modernity, and Unveiling Under Communism</i></a>. University of Washington Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-295-98819-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-295-98819-1"><bdi>978-0-295-98819-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150405011646/http://books.google.com/books?id=XYZVvJSdLBkC&pg=PP14">Archived</a> from the original on 5 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Woman+in+Uzbekistan%3A+Islam%2C+Modernity%2C+and+Unveiling+Under+Communism&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-295-98819-1&rft.aulast=Kamp&rft.aufirst=Marianne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXYZVvJSdLBkC%26pg%3DPP14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ziyonet.uz/ru">"State Education Portal of Uzbekistan"</a>. <i>Ziyonet</i>. Government of Uzbekistan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180826065220/http://ziyonet.uz/ru">Archived</a> from the original on 26 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ziyonet&rft.atitle=State+Education+Portal+of+Uzbekistan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fziyonet.uz%2Fru&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-fbuz-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fbuz_143-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.facebook.com/Mirziyoyev">"President's FaceBook"</a>. <i>FaceBook</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FaceBook&rft.atitle=President%27s+FaceBook&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2FMirziyoyev&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-pres.uz-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pres.uz_144-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.president.uz/ru">"Presidential Site of Uzbekistan"</a>. <i>President.uz</i>. The Government of Uzbekistan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180902221632/http://president.uz/ru">Archived</a> from the original on 2 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=President.uz&rft.atitle=Presidential+Site+of+Uzbekistan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.president.uz%2Fru&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-AA-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AA_145-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFЮрий_Подпоренко2001" class="citation web cs1">Юрий Подпоренко (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mytashkent.uz/2015/04/27/bespraven-no-vostrebovan-russkij-yazyk-v-uzbekistane/">"Бесправен, но востребован. Русский язык в Узбекистане"</a>. Дружба Народов. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160513012627/http://mytashkent.uz/2015/04/27/bespraven-no-vostrebovan-russkij-yazyk-v-uzbekistane/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%2C+%D0%BD%D0%BE+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD.+%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA+%D0%B2+%D0%A3%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5&rft.pub=%D0%94%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B1%D0%B0+%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2&rft.date=2001&rft.au=%D0%AE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmytashkent.uz%2F2015%2F04%2F27%2Fbespraven-no-vostrebovan-russkij-yazyk-v-uzbekistane%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Шухрат_Хуррамов-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Шухрат_Хуррамов_146-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFШухрат_Хуррамов2015" class="citation web cs1">Шухрат Хуррамов (11 September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://365info.kz/2015/09/russkij-yazyk-v-uzbekistane/">"Почему русский язык нужен узбекам?"</a>. 365info.kz. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160701175737/http://365info.kz/2015/09/russkij-yazyk-v-uzbekistane/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%83+%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA+%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD+%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%3F&rft.pub=365info.kz&rft.date=2015-09-11&rft.au=%D0%A8%D1%83%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82+%D0%A5%D1%83%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F365info.kz%2F2015%2F09%2Frusskij-yazyk-v-uzbekistane%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-AB-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AB_147-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFЕвгений_Абдуллаев2009" class="citation web cs1">Евгений Абдуллаев (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://magazines.russ.ru/nz/2009/4/ab21.html">"Русский язык: жизнь после смерти. Язык, политика и общество в современном Узбекистане"</a>. Неприкосновенный запас. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160623201807/http://magazines.russ.ru/nz/2009/4/ab21.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%3A+%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8C+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5+%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8.+%D0%AF%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%2C+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D0%B8+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE+%D0%B2+%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC+%D0%A3%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5&rft.pub=%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81&rft.date=2009&rft.au=%D0%95%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmagazines.russ.ru%2Fnz%2F2009%2F4%2Fab21.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-AC-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AC_148-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFА._Е._Пьянов" class="citation web cs1">А. Е. Пьянов. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.philology.ru/linguistics2/pyanov-11.htm">"СТАТУС РУССКОГО ЯЗЫКА В СТРАНАХ СНГ"</a>. 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160528192438/http://www.philology.ru/linguistics2/pyanov-11.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 28 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A1%D0%A2%D0%90%D0%A2%D0%A3%D0%A1+%D0%A0%D0%A3%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%9A%D0%9E%D0%93%D0%9E+%D0%AF%D0%97%D0%AB%D0%9A%D0%90+%D0%92+%D0%A1%D0%A2%D0%A0%D0%90%D0%9D%D0%90%D0%A5+%D0%A1%D0%9D%D0%93&rft.pub=2011&rft.au=%D0%90.+%D0%95.+%D0%9F%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.philology.ru%2Flinguistics2%2Fpyanov-11.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FFF-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FFF_149-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FFF_149-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://factsanddetails.com/central-asia/Uzbekistan/sub8_3d/entry-4699.html">Languages in Uzbekistan</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160911061953/http://factsanddetails.com/central-asia/Uzbekistan/sub8_3d/entry-4699.html">Archived</a> 11 September 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – Facts and Details</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101129214857/http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/insight/articles/eav091906.shtml">"Uzbekistan's Russian-Language Conundrum"</a>. Eurasianet.org. 19 September 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/insight/articles/eav091906.shtml">the original</a> on 29 November 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Uzbekistan%27s+Russian-Language+Conundrum&rft.pub=Eurasianet.org&rft.date=2006-09-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eurasianet.org%2Fdepartments%2Finsight%2Farticles%2Feav091906.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFTolipov" class="citation web cs1">Tolipov, Farkhod. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cacianalyst.org/publications/analytical-articles/item/13623-soft-or-hard-power?-russia-reacts-to-uzbekistans-draft-language-policy.html">"Soft or Hard Power? Russia Reacts to Uzbekistan's Draft Language Policy"</a>. <i>The Central Asia-Caucasus Analyst</i>. CACI Analyst. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200814104221/https://cacianalyst.org/publications/analytical-articles/item/13623-soft-or-hard-power?-russia-reacts-to-uzbekistans-draft-language-policy.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Central+Asia-Caucasus+Analyst&rft.atitle=Soft+or+Hard+Power%3F+Russia+Reacts+to+Uzbekistan%27s+Draft+Language+Policy&rft.aulast=Tolipov&rft.aufirst=Farkhod&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cacianalyst.org%2Fpublications%2Fanalytical-articles%2Fitem%2F13623-soft-or-hard-power%3F-russia-reacts-to-uzbekistans-draft-language-policy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vesti.uz/russkij-yazyk-nam-ne-chuzhoj/">"Russian is not foreign to us"</a>. <i>Vesti.uz</i>. 30 April 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200803142909/https://vesti.uz/russkij-yazyk-nam-ne-chuzhoj/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vesti.uz&rft.atitle=Russian+is+not+foreign+to+us&rft.date=2019-04-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvesti.uz%2Frusskij-yazyk-nam-ne-chuzhoj%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eurasianet.org/uzbekistan-a-second-coming-for-the-russian-language">"Uzbekistan: A second coming for the Russian language? | Eurasianet"</a>. <i>eurasianet.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220801141112/https://eurasianet.org/uzbekistan-a-second-coming-for-the-russian-language">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=eurasianet.org&rft.atitle=Uzbekistan%3A+A+second+coming+for+the+Russian+language%3F+%7C+Eurasianet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feurasianet.org%2Fuzbekistan-a-second-coming-for-the-russian-language&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Uzbekistan agency for Communication and Information (UzACI) <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.aci.uz">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070715223738/http://aci.uz/">Archived</a> 15 July 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> and UzDaily.com <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.uzdaily.com">[2]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070626054241/http://www.uzdaily.com/">Archived</a> 26 June 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Documents/statistics/2019/Mobile_cellular_2000-2018_Jun2019.xls">"ITU Statistics"</a>. <i>ITU</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200417035600/https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Documents/statistics/2019/Mobile_cellular_2000-2018_Jun2019.xls">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ITU&rft.atitle=ITU+Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.itu.int%2Fen%2FITU-D%2FStatistics%2FDocuments%2Fstatistics%2F2019%2FMobile_cellular_2000-2018_Jun2019.xls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uzdaily.com/articles-id-832.htm">TeleSonera AB acquires Coscom</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100608035053/http://www.uzdaily.com/articles-id-832.htm">Archived</a> 8 June 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, UzDaily.com, 17 July 2007. Retrieved 18 January 2009.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFuz" class="citation web cs1">uz, Kun. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kun.uz/en/news/2020/12/12/number-of-internet-users-in-uzbekistan-exceeds-221-million">"Number of Internet users in Uzbekistan exceeds 22.1 million"</a>. <i>Kun.uz</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210119025120/https://kun.uz/en/news/2020/12/12/number-of-internet-users-in-uzbekistan-exceeds-221-million">Archived</a> from the original on 19 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kun.uz&rft.atitle=Number+of+Internet+users+in+Uzbekistan+exceeds+22.1+million&rft.aulast=uz&rft.aufirst=Kun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkun.uz%2Fen%2Fnews%2F2020%2F12%2F12%2Fnumber-of-internet-users-in-uzbekistan-exceeds-221-million&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/IT.NET.USER.ZS?locations=UZ">"Individuals using the Internet (% of population) - Uzbekistan | Data"</a>. <i>data.worldbank.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417212019/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/IT.NET.USER.ZS?locations=UZ">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=data.worldbank.org&rft.atitle=Individuals+using+the+Internet+%28%25+of+population%29+-+Uzbekistan+%7C+Data&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FIT.NET.USER.ZS%3Flocations%3DUZ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131224094142/http://www.uznews.net/news_single.php?lng=en&cid=30&nid=20980">Uzbekistan toughens Internet censorship</a>. uznews.net (11 October 2012)</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-BBC_1-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_1_160-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_1_160-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130821021943/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-16218808">"Uzbekistan profile"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 5 January 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-16218808">the original</a> on 21 August 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Uzbekistan+profile&rft.date=2012-01-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-16218808&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tashkent.org/uzland/subway.html">Tashkent Subway for Quick Travel to Hotels, Resorts, and Around the City!</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120118202134/http://www.tashkent.org/uzland/subway.html">Archived</a> 18 January 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> tashkent.org</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uzdaily.com/?c=118&a=1315">"Uzbekistan, General Motors sign strategic deal"</a>. Uzdaily.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110516011802/http://www.uzdaily.com/?c=118&a=1315">Archived</a> from the original on 16 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Uzbekistan%2C+General+Motors+sign+strategic+deal&rft.pub=Uzdaily.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uzdaily.com%2F%3Fc%3D118%26a%3D1315&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uzdaily.com/?c=118&a=1242">SamAuto supplies 100 buses to Samarkand firms</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927084418/http://www.uzdaily.com/?c=118&a=1242">Archived</a> 27 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, UZDaily.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uzdaily.com/?c=118&a=1336">Japanese firm buys 8% shares in SamAuto</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927084406/http://www.uzdaily.com/?c=118&a=1336">Archived</a> 27 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, UZDaily.com.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uzdaily.com/articles-id-15511.htm">First high-speed electricity train carries out first trip from Samarkand and Tashkent, 27 August 2011</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120111171755/http://www.uzdaily.com/articles-id-15511.htm">Archived</a> 11 January 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Uzdaily (27 August 2011). Retrieved 19 February 2012.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/countries/23424980/">"Uzbekistan | Countries | Collection of Cooper Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum"</a>. <i>collection.cooperhewitt.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130313041638/https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/countries/23424980/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 March 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=collection.cooperhewitt.org&rft.atitle=Uzbekistan+%7C+Countries+%7C+Collection+of+Cooper+Hewitt%2C+Smithsonian+Design+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcollection.cooperhewitt.org%2Fcountries%2F23424980%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/us-troops-leave-uzbekistan/">"U.S. Troops Leave Uzbekistan"</a>. <i>www.cbsnews.com</i>. 21 November 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140830141914/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/us-troops-leave-uzbekistan/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cbsnews.com&rft.atitle=U.S.+Troops+Leave+Uzbekistan&rft.date=2005-11-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fnews%2Fus-troops-leave-uzbekistan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFHerridgeKegu2020" class="citation web cs1">Herridge, Catherine; Kegu, Jessica (26 October 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/uzbekistan-k2-karshi-khanabad-base-us-troops-radiation/">"Uzbek base that housed U.S. troops allegedly had "7 to 9 times higher than normal" radiation, yellowcake uranium"</a>. <i>CBS News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201026201758/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/uzbekistan-k2-karshi-khanabad-base-us-troops-radiation/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CBS+News&rft.atitle=Uzbek+base+that+housed+U.S.+troops+allegedly+had+%227+to+9+times+higher+than+normal%22+radiation%2C+yellowcake+uranium&rft.date=2020-10-26&rft.aulast=Herridge&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rft.au=Kegu%2C+Jessica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fnews%2Fuzbekistan-k2-karshi-khanabad-base-us-troops-radiation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rferl.org/a/uzbekistan-csto-suspends-membership/24629244.html">"Uzbekistan Suspends CSTO Membership"</a>. <i>Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty</i>. 28 June 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201027121322/https://www.rferl.org/a/uzbekistan-csto-suspends-membership/24629244.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radio+Free+Europe%2FRadio+Liberty&rft.atitle=Uzbekistan+Suspends+CSTO+Membership&rft.date=2012-06-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rferl.org%2Fa%2Fuzbekistan-csto-suspends-membership%2F24629244.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/5005629/new-york-attack-manhattan-saipov-uzbekistan/">"Uzbekistan's History With Islam Might Explain a Lot About the New York Attack Suspect"</a>. <i>Time</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201109033909/https://time.com/5005629/new-york-attack-manhattan-saipov-uzbekistan/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Uzbekistan%27s+History+With+Islam+Might+Explain+a+Lot+About+the+New+York+Attack+Suspect&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2F5005629%2Fnew-york-attack-manhattan-saipov-uzbekistan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/">"Religious Identity Among Muslims"</a>. <i>Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project</i>. 9 August 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180620101838/http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center%27s+Religion+%26+Public+Life+Project&rft.atitle=Religious+Identity+Among+Muslims&rft.date=2012-08-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewforum.org%2F2012%2F08%2F09%2Fthe-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://voicesoncentralasia.org/shashmaqam-music-and-poetry-of-central-asia/">"Shashmaqam - Music and Poetry of Central Asia"</a>. <i>Voices On Central Asia</i>. 19 October 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184638/https://voicesoncentralasia.org/shashmaqam-music-and-poetry-of-central-asia/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Voices+On+Central+Asia&rft.atitle=Shashmaqam+-+Music+and+Poetry+of+Central+Asia&rft.date=2018-10-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvoicesoncentralasia.org%2Fshashmaqam-music-and-poetry-of-central-asia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/bitstream/1807/80818/3/Dessiatnitchenko_Polina_201711_PhD_thesis.pdf">"Musical and Ontological Possibilities of Mugham Creativity in pre-Soviet, Soviet, and post-Soviet Azerbaijan"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210830072956/https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/bitstream/1807/80818/3/Dessiatnitchenko_Polina_201711_PhD_thesis.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 30 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Musical+and+Ontological+Possibilities+of+Mugham+Creativity+in+pre-Soviet%2C+Soviet%2C+and+post-Soviet+Azerbaijan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftspace.library.utoronto.ca%2Fbitstream%2F1807%2F80818%2F3%2FDessiatnitchenko_Polina_201711_PhD_thesis.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uis.unesco.org/en/country/uz">"Uzbekistan"</a>. <i>uis.unesco.org</i>. 27 November 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210128044605/http://uis.unesco.org/en/country/uz">Archived</a> from the original on 28 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=uis.unesco.org&rft.atitle=Uzbekistan&rft.date=2016-11-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuis.unesco.org%2Fen%2Fcountry%2Fuz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kozlova, Marina (21 January 2008) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chalkboard.tol.org/uzbekistan-lessons-in-graft">Uzbekistan: Lessons in Graft</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120608053517/http://chalkboard.tol.org/uzbekistan-lessons-in-graft">Archived</a> 8 June 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Chalkboard.tol.org</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pilotguides.com/articles/mutton-from-central-asia/">"Mutton from Central Asia"</a>. <i>Pilot Guides</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185344/https://www.pilotguides.com/articles/mutton-from-central-asia/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pilot+Guides&rft.atitle=Mutton+from+Central+Asia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pilotguides.com%2Farticles%2Fmutton-from-central-asia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBuellAndersonMoyaOskenbay2020" class="citation book cs1">Buell, Paul David; Anderson, Eugene N.; Moya, Montserrat de Pablo; Oskenbay, Moldir, eds. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rizvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA226"><i>Crossroads of Cuisine: The Eurasian Heartland, the Silk Roads and Food</i></a>. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004432109" title="Special:BookSources/9789004432109"><bdi>9789004432109</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230202184355/https://books.google.com/books?id=rizvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA226">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crossroads+of+Cuisine%3A+The+Eurasian+Heartland%2C+the+Silk+Roads+and+Food&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9789004432109&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrizvDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA226&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.people-travels.com/about-uzbekistan/uzbek-cuisine/uzbek-shurpa.html">"Uzbek shurpa – one of the most popular dishes in the Uzbek cuisine"</a>. <i>www.people-travels.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185950/https://www.people-travels.com/about-uzbekistan/uzbek-cuisine/uzbek-shurpa.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.people-travels.com&rft.atitle=Uzbek+shurpa+%E2%80%93+one+of+the+most+popular+dishes+in+the+Uzbek+cuisine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.people-travels.com%2Fabout-uzbekistan%2Fuzbek-cuisine%2Fuzbek-shurpa.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184908/https://uzwifi.com/en/blog/10-most-popular-foods-you-have-to-eat-in-uzbekistan-2019">"10 Most Popular Foods You Have To Eat In Uzbekistan (2019)"</a>. <i>uzwifi.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uzwifi.com/en/blog/10-most-popular-foods-you-have-to-eat-in-uzbekistan-2019">the original</a> on 9 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=uzwifi.com&rft.atitle=10+Most+Popular+Foods+You+Have+To+Eat+In+Uzbekistan+%282019%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fuzwifi.com%2Fen%2Fblog%2F10-most-popular-foods-you-have-to-eat-in-uzbekistan-2019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.teamuse.com/article_210402.html">"Guide to Uzbekistan Tea Traditions"</a>. <i>TeaMuse</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210709190413/https://www.teamuse.com/article_210402.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TeaMuse&rft.atitle=Guide+to+Uzbekistan+Tea+Traditions&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.teamuse.com%2Farticle_210402.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uzbek-travel.com/about-uzbekistan/facts/tea-traditions/">"Tea traditions in Uzbekistan"</a>. <i>uzbek-travel.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210709192144/http://uzbek-travel.com/about-uzbekistan/facts/tea-traditions/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=uzbek-travel.com&rft.atitle=Tea+traditions+in+Uzbekistan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuzbek-travel.com%2Fabout-uzbekistan%2Ffacts%2Ftea-traditions%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.people-travels.com/about-uzbekistan/uzbek-food/uzbek-sour-milk-dishes.html">"Uzbek sour-milk products – indelible dishes of the Uzbek dastarkhan"</a>. <i>www.people-travels.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185134/https://www.people-travels.com/about-uzbekistan/uzbek-food/uzbek-sour-milk-dishes.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.people-travels.com&rft.atitle=Uzbek+sour-milk+products+%E2%80%93+indelible+dishes+of+the+Uzbek+dastarkhan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.people-travels.com%2Fabout-uzbekistan%2Fuzbek-food%2Fuzbek-sour-milk-dishes.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-182"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldtravelguide.net/guides/asia/uzbekistan/">"What to eat and drink in Uzbekistan"</a>. <i>World Travel Guide</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210724065732/https://www.worldtravelguide.net/guides/asia/uzbekistan/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Travel+Guide&rft.atitle=What+to+eat+and+drink+in+Uzbekistan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldtravelguide.net%2Fguides%2Fasia%2Fuzbekistan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-183"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://perito-burrito.com/posts/ne-tolko-plov-i-golubye-kupola-chem-vpechatlyaet-uzbekistan-za-predelami-khivy-bukhary-i-samarkanda">"Не только плов и голубые купола: чем впечатляет Узбекистан за | Perito"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221122174130/https://perito-burrito.com/posts/ne-tolko-plov-i-golubye-kupola-chem-vpechatlyaet-uzbekistan-za-predelami-khivy-bukhary-i-samarkanda">Archived</a> from the original on 22 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9D%D0%B5+%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE+%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%B8+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%B5+%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%3A+%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BC+%D0%B2%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B5%D1%82+%D0%A3%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD+%D0%B7%D0%B0+%26%23124%3B+Perito&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fperito-burrito.com%2Fposts%2Fne-tolko-plov-i-golubye-kupola-chem-vpechatlyaet-uzbekistan-za-predelami-khivy-bukhary-i-samarkanda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-184"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120111162430/http://www.letour.fr/HISTO/us/TDF/coureur/4976.html">"Le Tours archive"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.letour.fr/HISTO/us/TDF/coureur/4976.html">the original</a> on 11 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Le+Tours+archive&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.letour.fr%2FHISTO%2Fus%2FTDF%2Fcoureur%2F4976.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-185"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cyclingtips.com/2014/05/where-are-they-now-djamolidine-abdoujaparov/">"Where Are They Now? Djamolidine Abdoujaparov"</a>. <i>CyclingTips</i>. 13 May 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184822/https://cyclingtips.com/2014/05/where-are-they-now-djamolidine-abdoujaparov/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CyclingTips&rft.atitle=Where+Are+They+Now%3F+Djamolidine+Abdoujaparov&rft.date=2014-05-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcyclingtips.com%2F2014%2F05%2Fwhere-are-they-now-djamolidine-abdoujaparov%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-186"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184235/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/topic/artur-taymazov">"artur-taymazov latest news & coverage"</a>. <i>CNA</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/topic/artur-taymazov">the original</a> on 9 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNA&rft.atitle=artur-taymazov+latest+news+%26+coverage&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.channelnewsasia.com%2Fnews%2Ftopic%2Fartur-taymazov&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-187"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-olympics-doping-wrestling-idUSKCN1UI2IW">"Uzbek wrestler Taymazov stripped of London 2012 gold medal"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. 23 July 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185057/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-olympics-doping-wrestling-idUSKCN1UI2IW">Archived</a> from the original on 9 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Uzbek+wrestler+Taymazov+stripped+of+London+2012+gold+medal&rft.date=2019-07-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-olympics-doping-wrestling-idUSKCN1UI2IW&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-188"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFStarck2007" class="citation news cs1">Starck, Peter (15 April 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-boxing-chagaev-idUSL1402374320070415">"Chagaev beats Valuev to lift heavyweight title"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210709192012/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-boxing-chagaev-idUSL1402374320070415">Archived</a> from the original on 9 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Chagaev+beats+Valuev+to+lift+heavyweight+title&rft.date=2007-04-15&rft.aulast=Starck&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-boxing-chagaev-idUSL1402374320070415&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-189"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aiba.org/blog/uzbekistans-new-olympic-light-flyweight-champion-hasanboy-dusmatov-wins-val-barker-trophy-outstanding-male-boxer-rio-2016/">"Uzbekistan's new Olympic Light Flyweight Champion Hasanboy Dusmatov wins the Val Barker Trophy for the outstanding male boxer of Rio 2016"</a>. AIBA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160823132705/http://www.aiba.org/blog/uzbekistans-new-olympic-light-flyweight-champion-hasanboy-dusmatov-wins-val-barker-trophy-outstanding-male-boxer-rio-2016/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Uzbekistan%27s+new+Olympic+Light+Flyweight+Champion+Hasanboy+Dusmatov+wins+the+Val+Barker+Trophy+for+the+outstanding+male+boxer+of+Rio+2016&rft.pub=AIBA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aiba.org%2Fblog%2Fuzbekistans-new-olympic-light-flyweight-champion-hasanboy-dusmatov-wins-val-barker-trophy-outstanding-male-boxer-rio-2016%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-190"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aiba.org/blog/aiba-celebrates-70-year-anniversary-gala-dinner-company-boxing-legends/">"AIBA celebrates 70-year anniversary with Gala Dinner in the company of Boxing Legends"</a>. AIBA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161224043205/http://www.aiba.org/blog/aiba-celebrates-70-year-anniversary-gala-dinner-company-boxing-legends/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AIBA+celebrates+70-year+anniversary+with+Gala+Dinner+in+the+company+of+Boxing+Legends&rft.pub=AIBA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aiba.org%2Fblog%2Faiba-celebrates-70-year-anniversary-gala-dinner-company-boxing-legends%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-191"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFIOC" class="citation web cs1">IOC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://olympics.com/en/olympic-games/sydney-2000/results/canoe-sprint">"Sydney 2000 Canoe Sprint - Olympic Results by Discipline"</a>. <i>Olympics.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210710081716/https://olympics.com/en/olympic-games/sydney-2000/results/canoe-sprint">Archived</a> from the original on 10 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Olympics.com&rft.atitle=Sydney+2000+Canoe+Sprint+-+Olympic+Results+by+Discipline&rft.au=IOC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Folympics.com%2Fen%2Folympic-games%2Fsydney-2000%2Fresults%2Fcanoe-sprint&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-192"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.espn.com/espnw/sports/article/17211754/41-year-old-oksana-chusovitina-most-incredible-athlete-olympics">"The most incredible athlete in Rio?"</a>. <i>ESPN.com</i>. 3 August 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190815005929/http://www.espn.com/espnw/sports/article/17211754/41-year-old-oksana-chusovitina-most-incredible-athlete-olympics">Archived</a> from the original on 15 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ESPN.com&rft.atitle=The+most+incredible+athlete+in+Rio%3F&rft.date=2016-08-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.espn.com%2Fespnw%2Fsports%2Farticle%2F17211754%2F41-year-old-oksana-chusovitina-most-incredible-athlete-olympics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-193"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210715182439/http://kurash-ika.org/en/">"IKA | International Kurash Association"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kurash-ika.org/en/">the original</a> on 15 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IKA+%7C+International+Kurash+Association&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkurash-ika.org%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-194"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alamy.com/players-of-uzbekistans-nasaf-fc-celebrate-their-winning-afc-cup-2011-final-soccer-match-against-al-kuwait-of-kuwait-in-karshi-october-29-2011-reuterstariq-alali-uzbekistan-tags-sport-soccer-image378277201.html">"Stock Photo - Players of Uzbekistan's Nasaf FC celebrate their winning AFC Cup 2011 final soccer match against Al-Kuwait of Kuwait in Karshi October 29, 2011. REUTERS/Tariq AlAli"</a>. <i>Alamy</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210709190434/https://www.alamy.com/players-of-uzbekistans-nasaf-fc-celebrate-their-winning-afc-cup-2011-final-soccer-match-against-al-kuwait-of-kuwait-in-karshi-october-29-2011-reuterstariq-alali-uzbekistan-tags-sport-soccer-image378277201.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Alamy&rft.atitle=Stock+Photo+-+Players+of+Uzbekistan%27s+Nasaf+FC+celebrate+their+winning+AFC+Cup+2011+final+soccer+match+against+Al-Kuwait+of+Kuwait+in+Karshi+October+29%2C+2011.+REUTERS%2FTariq+AlAli&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.alamy.com%2Fplayers-of-uzbekistans-nasaf-fc-celebrate-their-winning-afc-cup-2011-final-soccer-match-against-al-kuwait-of-kuwait-in-karshi-october-29-2011-reuterstariq-alali-uzbekistan-tags-sport-soccer-image378277201.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-195"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.the-afc.com/competitions/afc-cup/latest/news/where-are-they-now-fc-nasaf-s-2011-afc-cup-winners">"Where are they now? FC Nasaf's 2011 AFC Cup winners | Football | News | AFC Cup 2021"</a>. <i>the-AFC</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184531/https://www.the-afc.com/competitions/afc-cup/latest/news/where-are-they-now-fc-nasaf-s-2011-afc-cup-winners">Archived</a> from the original on 9 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=the-AFC&rft.atitle=Where+are+they+now%3F+FC+Nasaf%27s+2011+AFC+Cup+winners+%7C+Football+%7C+News+%7C+AFC+Cup+2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.the-afc.com%2Fcompetitions%2Fafc-cup%2Flatest%2Fnews%2Fwhere-are-they-now-fc-nasaf-s-2011-afc-cup-winners&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-196"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.the-sports.org/ice-hockey-humo-tashkent-results-identity-equ83133.html">"Ice Hockey - Humo Tashkent (Uzbekistan) : palmares, results and name"</a>. <i>www.the-sports.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185009/https://www.the-sports.org/ice-hockey-humo-tashkent-results-identity-equ83133.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.the-sports.org&rft.atitle=Ice+Hockey+-+Humo+Tashkent+%28Uzbekistan%29+%3A+palmares%2C+results+and+name&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.the-sports.org%2Fice-hockey-humo-tashkent-results-identity-equ83133.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Logo-197"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Logo_197-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uihf.uz/news#tab115">"Bird of Happiness - a symbol of the HC HUMO"</a> (in Russian). 22 July 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190720112541/http://www.uihf.uz/news#tab115">Archived</a> from the original on 20 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bird+of+Happiness+-+a+symbol+of+the+HC+HUMO&rft.date=2019-07-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuihf.uz%2Fnews%23tab115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-198"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFakbaryusupov" class="citation web cs1">akbaryusupov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tashkenttimes.uz/sports/3971-tashkent-based-humo-club-to-play-in-higher-hockey-league-in-2019-2020-season">"Tashkent-based Humo club to play in Higher Hockey League in 2019-2020 season"</a>. <i>tashkenttimes.uz</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185733/https://tashkenttimes.uz/sports/3971-tashkent-based-humo-club-to-play-in-higher-hockey-league-in-2019-2020-season">Archived</a> from the original on 9 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tashkenttimes.uz&rft.atitle=Tashkent-based+Humo+club+to+play+in+Higher+Hockey+League+in+2019-2020+season&rft.au=akbaryusupov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftashkenttimes.uz%2Fsports%2F3971-tashkent-based-humo-club-to-play-in-higher-hockey-league-in-2019-2020-season&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-199"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFUzDaily" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">UzDaily. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uzdaily.uz/en/post/15786">"UTF has played a big role in promotion of tennis in Uzbekistan- Kafelnikov"</a>. <i>UzDaily.uz</i> (in Russian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210709183359/https://www.uzdaily.uz/en/post/15786">Archived</a> from the original on 9 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UzDaily.uz&rft.atitle=UTF+has+played+a+big+role+in+promotion+of+tennis+in+Uzbekistan-+Kafelnikov&rft.au=UzDaily&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uzdaily.uz%2Fen%2Fpost%2F15786&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-200"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFUzDaily" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">UzDaily. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uzdaily.uz/en/post/14230">"Denis Istomin wins, Amanmuradova loses"</a>. <i>UzDaily.uz</i> (in Russian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210709190556/https://www.uzdaily.uz/en/post/14230">Archived</a> from the original on 9 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UzDaily.uz&rft.atitle=Denis+Istomin+wins%2C+Amanmuradova+loses&rft.au=UzDaily&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uzdaily.uz%2Fen%2Fpost%2F14230&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-201"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chess.com/players/rustam-kasimdzhanov">"Rustam Kasimdzhanov | Top Chess Players"</a>. <i>Chess.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200729132753/https://www.chess.com/players/rustam-kasimdzhanov">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chess.com&rft.atitle=Rustam+Kasimdzhanov+%7C+Top+Chess+Players&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chess.com%2Fplayers%2Frustam-kasimdzhanov&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-202"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chess.com/players/nodirbek-abdusattorov">"Nodirbek Abdusattorov | Top Chess Players"</a>. <i>Chess.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220506213148/https://www.chess.com/players/nodirbek-abdusattorov">Archived</a> from the original on 6 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chess.com&rft.atitle=Nodirbek+Abdusattorov+%7C+Top+Chess+Players&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chess.com%2Fplayers%2Fnodirbek-abdusattorov&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-203"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fide.com/news/1915">"Uzbekistan youngsters surprise winners of 44th Chess Olympiad"</a>. <i>Fide.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220809152957/https://www.fide.com/news/1915">Archived</a> from the original on 9 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fide.com&rft.atitle=Uzbekistan+youngsters+surprise+winners+of+44th+Chess+Olympiad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fide.com%2Fnews%2F1915&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uzbekistan&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_history_of_Central_Asia" title="Bibliography of the history of Central Asia">Bibliography of the history of Central Asia</a></div>
<ul><li>Nahaylo, Bohdan and Victor Swoboda. <i>Soviet Disunion: A History of the Nationalities problem in the USSR</i> (1990) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Soviet-Disunion-Bohdan-Nahaylo/dp/0029224012/">excerpt</a></li>
<li>Rashid, Ahmed. <i>The Resurgence of Central Asia: Islam or Nationalism?</i> (2017)</li>
<li>Smith, Graham, ed. <i>The Nationalities Question in the Soviet Union</i> (2nd ed. 1995)</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFFoltz1996" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Foltz" title="Richard Foltz">Foltz, Richard</a> (1996). "The Tajiks of Uzbekistan". <i>Central Asian Survey</i>. <b>15</b> (2): 213–216. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02634939608400946">10.1080/02634939608400946</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Central+Asian+Survey&rft.atitle=The+Tajiks+of+Uzbekistan&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=213-216&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F02634939608400946&rft.aulast=Foltz&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFLubin1997" class="citation book cs1">Lubin, Nancy (1997). "Uzbekistan". In Glenn E. Curtis (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kazakstankyrgyzs00curt_0"><i>Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan: Country Studies</i></a>. Washington, DC: Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780844409382" title="Special:BookSources/9780844409382"><bdi>9780844409382</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Uzbekistan&rft.btitle=Kazakhstan%2C+Kyrgyzstan%2C+Tajikistan%2C+Turkmenistan%2C+and+Uzbekistan%3A+Country+Studies&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=Federal+Research+Division%2C+Library+of+Congress&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780844409382&rft.aulast=Lubin&rft.aufirst=Nancy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkazakstankyrgyzs00curt_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uzbekistan&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1217611005">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409">
<div class="side-box-flex">
<div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div>
<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Uzbekistan" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></span>.</div></div>
</div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1217611005"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409">
<div class="side-box-flex">
<div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></div>
<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Uzbekistan#Q265" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></b></i>.</div></div>
</div>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uzreport.uz/?lan=e">National Information Agency of Uzbekistan</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://parliament.gov.uz/">Lower House of Uzbekistan parliament</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2b.uz/en/">Digital Agency</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190210110104/https://2b.uz/en/">Archived</a> 10 February 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Uzbekistan To Business Digital Agency</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130928040933/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-u/uzbekistan.html">Chief of State and Cabinet Members</a></li></ul>
<p><b>General information</b>
</p>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/uzbekistan/">Uzbekistan</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>.</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/europe-central-asia/uzbekistan/business-corruption-in-uzbekistan.aspx">Uzbekistan Corruption Profile</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140324230655/http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/europe-central-asia/uzbekistan/business-corruption-in-uzbekistan.aspx">Archived</a> 24 March 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Business-Anti-Corruption_Portal" class="mw-redirect" title="Business-Anti-Corruption Portal">Business Anti-Corruption Portal</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/p/sca/ci/uz/">Uzbekistan</a> from the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a> includes Background Notes, Country Study and major reports</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101210070501/http://www.library.illinois.edu/spx/webct/nationalbib/natbibuzbek.htm">Uzbek Publishing and National Bibliography</a> from the University of Illinois Slavic and East European Library</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080607040200/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/uzbekistan.htm">Uzbekistan</a> at UCB Libraries GovPubs</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gcis&lng=en&des=wg&srt=npan&col=abcdefghinoq&msz=1500&geo=-225">List of cities and populations</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged August 2023">dead link</span></a></i>]</span></sup></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://curlie.org/Regional/Asia/Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a> at <a href="/wiki/Curlie" class="mw-redirect" title="Curlie">Curlie</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-16218112">Uzbekistan profile</a> from the <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></li>
<li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/16px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/24px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/32px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Uzbekistan" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of Uzbekistan">Wikimedia Atlas of Uzbekistan</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=UZ">Key Development Forecasts for Uzbekistan</a> from <a href="/wiki/International_Futures" title="International Futures">International Futures</a></li></ul>
<p><b>Media</b>
</p>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mtrk.uz/#uz/uzbekistan/">National Television and Radio Company of Uzbekistan</a></li></ul>
<div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1061467846">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Uzbekistan_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1063604349">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Uzbekistan_topics" title="Template:Uzbekistan topics"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Uzbekistan_topics" title="Template talk:Uzbekistan topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Uzbekistan_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Uzbekistan topics"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Uzbekistan_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Uzbekistan</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Uzbekistan" title="Outline of Uzbekistan">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Uzbekistan" title="History of Uzbekistan">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sogdia" title="Sogdia">Sogdia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Khwarazmian_Empire" title="Khwarazmian Empire">Khwarazmian Empire</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai Khanate</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid Empire</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Bukhara" title="Emirate of Bukhara">Emirate of Bukhara</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Turkestan" title="Russian Turkestan">Russian Turkestan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic">Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Uzbekistan_(1991%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Uzbekistan (1991–present)">Since 1991</a></li></ul>
</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Uzbekistan" title="Emblem of Uzbekistan"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Emblem_of_Uzbekistan.svg/100px-Emblem_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Emblem_of_Uzbekistan.svg/150px-Emblem_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Emblem_of_Uzbekistan.svg/200px-Emblem_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="678" data-file-height="714" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Uzbekistan" title="Geography of Uzbekistan">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Uzbekistan" title="Template:Borders of Uzbekistan">Borders</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Uzbekistan" title="List of cities in Uzbekistan">Cities</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Uzbekistan" title="Districts of Uzbekistan">Districts</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extreme_points_of_Uzbekistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Extreme points of Uzbekistan (page does not exist)">Extreme points</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forests_of_Uzbekistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Forests of Uzbekistan (page does not exist)">Forests</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Uzbekistan" title="List of lakes of Uzbekistan">Lakes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_of_Uzbekistan" title="List of mountains of Uzbekistan">Mountains</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_Uzbekistan" title="List of protected areas of Uzbekistan">Protected areas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Uzbekistan" title="Regions of Uzbekistan">Regions</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Uzbekistan" title="List of rivers of Uzbekistan">Rivers</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Uzbekistan" title="Politics of Uzbekistan">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Uzbekistan" title="Constitution of Uzbekistan">Constitution</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Uzbekistan" title="Elections in Uzbekistan">Elections</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Uzbekistan" title="Foreign relations of Uzbekistan">Foreign relations</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Uzbekistan" title="Human rights in Uzbekistan">Human rights</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Uzbekistan" title="LGBT rights in Uzbekistan">LGBT</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Uzbekistan" title="Law enforcement in Uzbekistan">Law enforcement</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Republic_of_Uzbekistan" title="Armed Forces of the Republic of Uzbekistan">Military</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Oliy_Majlis" title="Oliy Majlis">Oliy Majlis <small>(Parliament)</small></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Uzbekistan" title="List of political parties in Uzbekistan">Political parties</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Uzbekistan" title="Supreme Court of Uzbekistan">Supreme Court</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Uzbekistan" title="President of Uzbekistan">President of Uzbekistan</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Uzbekistan" title="Economy of Uzbekistan">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Uzbekistan" title="List of companies of Uzbekistan">Companies</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistani_sum" title="Uzbekistani sum">Sum <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taxation_in_Uzbekistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taxation in Uzbekistan (page does not exist)">Taxation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Uzbekistan" title="Telecommunications in Uzbekistan">Telecommunications</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Uzbekistan" title="Tourism in Uzbekistan">Tourism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Uzbekistan" title="Transport in Uzbekistan">Transport</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Uzbekistan" title="Category:Society of Uzbekistan">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_Anthem_of_Uzbekistan" title="State Anthem of Uzbekistan">Anthem</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Uzbekistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Coat of arms of Uzbekistan">Coat of arms</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Uzbekistan" title="Demographics of Uzbekistan">Demographics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Uzbekistan" title="Education in Uzbekistan">Education</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Uzbekistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in Uzbekistan">Ethnic groups</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Uzbekistan" title="Flag of Uzbekistan">Flag</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Uzbekistan" title="Health in Uzbekistan">Healthcare</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mental_health_in_Uzbekistan" title="Mental health in Uzbekistan">Mental health</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Uzbekistan" title="Languages of Uzbekistan">Languages</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistani_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Uzbekistani people">People</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Uzbekistan" title="Public holidays in Uzbekistan">Public holidays</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Uzbekistan" title="Culture of Uzbekistan">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Central_Asia" title="Architecture of Central Asia">Architecture</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Uzbekistan" title="Cinema of Uzbekistan">Cinema</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_clothing" title="Uzbek clothing">Clothing</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_cuisine" title="Uzbek cuisine">Cuisine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_literature" title="Uzbek literature">Literature</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Uzbekistan" title="Mass media in Uzbekistan">Media</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Uzbekistan" title="Music of Uzbekistan">Music</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Uzbekistan" title="Religion in Uzbekistan">Religion</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Uzbekistan" title="Sport in Uzbekistan">Sport</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Uzbekistan" title="Outline of Uzbekistan">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Uzbekistan" title="Outline of Uzbekistan">Index</a></span></li></ul></div>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Uzbekistan" title="Category:Uzbekistan">Category</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Uzbekistan" title="Portal:Uzbekistan">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px">
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Economic_Cooperation_Organization_(ECO)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Economic_Cooperation_Organization" title="Template:Economic Cooperation Organization"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Economic_Cooperation_Organization" title="Template talk:Economic Cooperation Organization"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Economic_Cooperation_Organization" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Economic Cooperation Organization"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Economic_Cooperation_Organization_(ECO)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Organization" title="Economic Cooperation Organization">Economic Cooperation Organization</a> (ECO)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Organization_Trade_Agreement" title="Economic Cooperation Organization Trade Agreement">ECOTA</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Organization_Secretariat" title="Economic Cooperation Organization Secretariat">Secretariat</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Organization#List_of_General_Secretaries" title="Economic Cooperation Organization">Secretaries-General</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Izmir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Treaty of Izmir (page does not exist)">Treaty of Izmir</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamabad_Declaration&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Islamabad Declaration (page does not exist)">Islamabad Declaration</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emblem_of_the_Economic_Cooperation_Organization&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emblem of the Economic Cooperation Organization (page does not exist)">Emblem</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_the_Economic_Cooperation_Organization&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flag of the Economic Cooperation Organization (page does not exist)">Flag</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Summits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/1st_ECO_Summit" title="1st ECO Summit">Tehran 1992</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/2nd_ECO_Summit" title="2nd ECO Summit">Istanbul 1993</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/3rd_ECO_Summit" title="3rd ECO Summit">Islamabad 1995</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/4th_ECO_Summit" title="4th ECO Summit">Ashgabat 1996</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=5th_ECO_Summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5th ECO Summit (page does not exist)">Almaty 1998</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=6th_ECO_Summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="6th ECO Summit (page does not exist)">Tehran 2000</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=7th_ECO_Summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="7th ECO Summit (page does not exist)">Istanbul 2002</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=8th_ECO_Summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="8th ECO Summit (page does not exist)">Dushanbe 2004</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=9th_ECO_Summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="9th ECO Summit (page does not exist)">Baku 2006</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=10th_ECO_Summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="10th ECO Summit (page does not exist)">Tehran 2009</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=11th_ECO_Summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="11th ECO Summit (page does not exist)">Istanbul 2010</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/12th_ECO_Summit" title="12th ECO Summit">Baku 2012</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/13th_ECO_Summit" title="13th ECO Summit">Islamabad 2017</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Member</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282013%E2%80%932021%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282013%E2%80%932021%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282013%E2%80%932021%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282013%E2%80%932021%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282013%E2%80%932021%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282013%E2%80%932021%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li>
<li> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li>
<li> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li>
<li> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li>
<li> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li>
<li> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li>
<li> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li>
<li> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li>
<li> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li>
<li> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(as Turkish Cypriot State)</span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Commonwealth_of_Independent_States_(CIS)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Template:Commonwealth of Independent States"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Template talk:Commonwealth of Independent States"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Commonwealth of Independent States"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Commonwealth_of_Independent_States_(CIS)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belovezh_Accords" class="mw-redirect" title="Belovezh Accords">Belovezh Agreement establishing the CIS</a> (1991)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Alma-Ata_Protocol" title="Alma-Ata Protocol">Alma-Ata Protocol establishing the CIS</a> (1991)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/CIS_Charter" title="CIS Charter">CIS Charter</a> (1993)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">"<a href="/wiki/Belovezha_Accords" title="Belovezha Accords">Participants</a>" (11)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Belovezha_Accords" title="Belovezha Accords">1991 agreements parties and "participants"</a> (11)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine%E2%80%93Commonwealth_of_Independent_States_relations" title="Ukraine–Commonwealth of Independent States relations">Ukraine</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Additionally the 1993 <a href="/wiki/CIS_Charter" title="CIS Charter">CIS Charter</a> parties and "members" (9)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Self-proclaimed "associate member" as defined in the <a href="/wiki/CIS_Charter" title="CIS Charter">CIS Charter</a> (1)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1991 agreements parties that do not participate in the summits (2)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former "participant" that renounced 1991 agreements and 1993 Charter (1)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> (1993–2009)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Team_at_the_Olympics" title="Unified Team at the Olympics">Unified Team at the Olympics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Team_at_the_Paralympics" title="Unified Team at the Paralympics">Unified Team at the Paralympics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States_national_bandy_team" title="Commonwealth of Independent States national bandy team">CIS national bandy team</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/CIS_national_football_team" title="CIS national football team">CIS national football team</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/CIS_men%27s_national_ice_hockey_team" class="mw-redirect" title="CIS men's national ice hockey team">CIS national ice hockey team</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/CIS_(rugby)" class="mw-redirect" title="CIS (rugby)">CIS national rugby union team</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States_Cup" title="Commonwealth of Independent States Cup">CIS Cup (football)</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collective_Security_Treaty_Organization" title="Collective Security Treaty Organization">Collective Security Treaty (1992-1999/2002)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_Armed_Forces_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="United Armed Forces of the Commonwealth of Independent States">United Armed Forces (1992)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Joint_CIS_Air_Defense_System" title="Joint CIS Air Defense System">Joint CIS Air Defense System</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_of_Defense_of_the_CIS" title="Council of Ministers of Defense of the CIS">Council of Ministers of Defense of the CIS</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Court_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Economic Court of the Commonwealth of Independent States">Economic Court</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States_Agreement_on_the_Establishment_of_a_Free_Trade_Area_(1994)" title="Commonwealth of Independent States Agreement on the Establishment of a Free Trade Area (1994)">1994 FTA Agreement</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States_Free_Trade_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth of Independent States Free Trade Area">2011 FTA Treaty</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States_Agreement_on_Free_Trade_in_Services,_Establishment,_Operations_and_Investment" title="Commonwealth of Independent States Agreement on Free Trade in Services, Establishment, Operations and Investment">2023 Free Trade in Services</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interstate_Aviation_Committee" title="Interstate Aviation Committee">Interstate Aviation Committee</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/GOST" title="GOST">GOST (Euro-Asian Council for Standardization, Metrology and Certification)</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Outside the CIS framework</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li>Georgia</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Economic_Community" title="Eurasian Economic Community">Eurasian Economic Community</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Patent_Convention" title="Eurasian Patent Convention">Eurasian Patent Convention</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Patent_Organization" title="Eurasian Patent Organization">Eurasian Patent Organization</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Technical_Aid_to_the_Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Technical Aid to the Commonwealth of Independent States">EU Technical Aid</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Customs_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurasian Customs Union">Eurasian Customs Union</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Eurasian Economic Union">Eurasian Economic Union</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Union_State" title="Union State">Union State</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Dissolution of the Soviet Union</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Sovereign_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Union of Sovereign States">Union of Sovereign States</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Collective_Security_Treaty_Organization" title="Collective Security Treaty Organization">Collective Security Treaty Organization</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Collective_Rapid_Reaction_Force" title="Collective Rapid Reaction Force">Collective Rapid Reaction Force</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Category:Commonwealth of Independent States">Category</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_(OIC)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Template:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Template talk:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_(OIC)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a> (OIC)</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Secretary-General of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Secretary-General of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hissein_Brahim_Taha" title="Hissein Brahim Taha">Hissein Brahim Taha</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Member states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">Gambia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_and_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Pakistan and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Pakistan-OIC relations</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Uzbekistan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Suspended</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;padding-right:0.75em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Countries<br />and territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;padding-right:0.75em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Muslim<br />communities</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moro_National_Liberation_Front" title="Moro National Liberation Front">Moro National Liberation Front</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;padding-right:0.75em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">International<br />organizations</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Organization" title="Economic Cooperation Organization">Economic Cooperation Organization</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Declarations" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Declarations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abuja_Declaration_(1989)" title="Abuja Declaration (1989)">Abuja Declaration (1989)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cairo_Declaration_on_Human_Rights_in_Islam" title="Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam">Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam</a> (1990)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/OIC_Resolution_10/11" title="OIC Resolution 10/11">OIC Resolution 10/11</a> (2008)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/OIC_Council_of_Foreign_Ministers_Resolution_10/37" title="OIC Council of Foreign Ministers Resolution 10/37">OIC Council of Foreign Ministers Resolution 10/37</a> (2010)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sessions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Extraordinary" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Extraordinary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="First Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">First</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Second_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Second Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Second</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Third_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Third Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Third</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Fourth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Fourth</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Fifth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Fifth</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Sixth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Sixth</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Seventh_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Seventh Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Seventh</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Eighth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Eighth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Eighth</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ninth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Ninth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Ninth</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/2023_Arab%E2%80%93Islamic_extraordinary_summit" title="2023 Arab–Islamic extraordinary summit">Arab–Islamic (2023)</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Demographics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Economy of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Economy</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by GDP (PPP)">GDP</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_GDP_per_capita_(PPP)" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by GDP per capita (PPP)">GDP per capita</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_exports" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by exports">Exports</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_imports" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by imports">Imports</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by population">Population</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities_in_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="List of largest cities in Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member countries">Largest cities</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_member_states_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Education in the member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Education</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li><sup><small>1</small></sup> As the "Turkish Cypriot State".</li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Eurasian_Economic_Union" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Template:Eurasian Economic Union"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Template talk:Eurasian Economic Union"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Eurasian Economic Union"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Eurasian_Economic_Union" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Eurasian Economic Union">Eurasian Economic Union</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Member states of the Eurasian Economic Union">Member states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Member states of the Eurasian Economic Union">Observer members</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Enlargement of the Eurasian Economic Union">Prospective members</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Eurasian_Economic_Union#Free_Trade_Zone_agreements" title="Member states of the Eurasian Economic Union">Free Trade Zone agreements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Uzbekistan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation_(SCO)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Template:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Template talk:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation_(SCO)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Summits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_SCO_summit" title="2012 SCO summit">Beijing 2012</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/2014_SCO_summit" title="2014 SCO summit">Dushanbe 2014</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/2017_SCO_summit" title="2017 SCO summit">Astana 2017</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/2022_SCO_summit" title="2022 SCO summit">Samarkand 2022</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Member states of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">Member states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observer states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> (inactive)</li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/46px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dialogue partners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="640" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Maldives.svg/23px-Flag_of_Maldives.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Maldives.svg/35px-Flag_of_Maldives.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Maldives.svg/45px-Flag_of_Maldives.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/45px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/12px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/19px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/25px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="726" data-file-height="885" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/46px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="550" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Guests</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">ASEAN</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">Commonwealth of Independent States</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applicants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_East_Timor.svg/23px-Flag_of_East_Timor.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_East_Timor.svg/35px-Flag_of_East_Timor.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_East_Timor.svg/46px-Flag_of_East_Timor.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">East Timor</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Member states of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">Member states</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Three_Evils" title="Three Evils">Three Evils</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/SCO_Interbank_Consortium" title="SCO Interbank Consortium">SCO Interbank Consortium</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Land_Bridge" title="Eurasian Land Bridge">Eurasian Land Bridge</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Working_language" title="Working language">Working languages</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Organization_of_Turkic_States" style="text-align:left;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Organization_of_Turkic_States" title="Template:Organization of Turkic States"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Organization_of_Turkic_States" title="Template talk:Organization of Turkic States"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Organization_of_Turkic_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Organization of Turkic States"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Organization_of_Turkic_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="344" data-file-height="229" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Turkic_States" title="Organization of Turkic States">Organization of Turkic States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lavender;">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul>
</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Turkic_States" title="Organization of Turkic States"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Emblem_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg/100px-Emblem_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Emblem_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg/150px-Emblem_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Emblem_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg/200px-Emblem_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lavender;">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lavender;">Summits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Turkic_Speaking_States_summits" title="List of Turkic Speaking States summits">Turkic Speaking States summits</a> (1992-2010)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Turkic_Council_summits" title="List of Turkic Council summits">Turkic Council summits</a> (2011-2021)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/2022_Organization_of_Turkic_States_summit" title="2022 Organization of Turkic States summit">2022 (Samarkand)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/2023_Organization_of_Turkic_States_summit" title="2023 Organization of Turkic States summit">2023 (Astana)</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lavender;">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States" title="Flag of the Organization of Turkic States">Flag</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_Speaking_Countries_Cooperation_Day" title="Turkic Speaking Countries Cooperation Day">Turkic Speaking Countries Cooperation Day</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lavender;">Award</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Order_of_Turkic_World" title="Supreme Order of Turkic World">Supreme Order of Turkic World</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_dependencies_of_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_of_Asia" title="Template:Countries of Asia"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_of_Asia" title="Template talk:Countries of Asia"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Countries_of_Asia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Countries of Asia"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_dependencies_of_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Asia" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Asia">Countries and dependencies</a> of <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a><sup>2</sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a><sup>1</sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a><sup>2</sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">East Timor</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a><sup>1</sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a><sup>1</sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a><sup>1</sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a><sup>1</sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a><sup>1</sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a><sup>1</sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Uzbekistan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul>
</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/100px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/200px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited<br />recognition</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a><sup>2</sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a><sup>2</sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a><sup>2</sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent<br />territories</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Australia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Greece</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kastellorizo" title="Kastellorizo">Kastellorizo</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a><sup>2</sup> (Sovereign Base Areas)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a> (<a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territory</a>)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Special_administrative_regions_of_China" title="Special administrative regions of China">Special administrative<br />regions of China</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><div class="hlist"><ul><li><sup>1</sup> Spans the conventional boundary between Asia and another continent.</li><li><sup>2</sup> Considered European for cultural, political and historical reasons but is geographically in Western Asia.</li></ul></div>
<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></b></li>
<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></b></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q265#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q265#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q265#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1260657/">FAST</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000406118341">ISNI</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/234141824">VIAF</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJght8grK8xh9JpD7HrTHC">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX453053">Spain</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15342210j">France</a></span>
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb128204606">2</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119411811">3</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15342210j">BnF data</a></span>
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb128204606">2</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119411811">3</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4062199-6">Germany</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007567638605171">Israel</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n91129869">United States</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/pm1339771nt8scw">Sweden</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00577488">Japan</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Uzbekistán"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge134560&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000418029&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/95c0c3ee-ed52-31c4-83e6-19ced497e6d0">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA10051336?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.parliament.uk/0p4uaVac">UK Parliament</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/044996">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10045283">NARA</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027351009">IdRef</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/ozbekistan">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion load-gadget" data-gadget="WikiMiniAtlas"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Uzbekistan&params=42_N_64_E_type:country"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">42°N</span> <span class="longitude">64°E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">42°N 64°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">42; 64</span></span></span></a></span></span>
</p></div>' |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | '1715181537' |
