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'{{Short description|British historian}} {{other people}} {{EngvarB|date=August 2014}} {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}} {{Infobox scientist | name = Paul Kennedy | image = Profpaulkennedy.jpg | image_size = | caption = Kennedy in 2012 | birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1945|06|17}} | birth_place = [[Wallsend]], Northumberland, England | death_date = | death_place = | citizenship = | nationality = | fields = | workplaces = {{plainlist| * [[University of East Anglia]] * [[Yale University]] * [[London School of Economics]]}} | alma_mater = {{plainlist| * [[Newcastle University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]]) * [[St Antony's College, Oxford]] ([[DPhil]])}} | doctoral_advisor = [[A. J. P. Taylor]]<br/>[[John Andrew Gallagher]] | academic_advisors = | doctoral_students = [[Richard Drayton]]<br>[[Matthew Connelly]] }} '''Paul Michael Kennedy''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|CBE|FBA}} (born 17 June 1945) is a British historian specialising in the history of [[international relations]], economic power and [[grand strategy]]. He is on the editorial board of numerous scholarly journals and writes for ''The New York Times'', ''[[The Atlantic]]'', and many foreign-language newspapers and magazines. His monthly column on current global issues is distributed worldwide by the [[Tribune Content Agency]].<ref name="tca">{{cite web |title=Paul Kennedy articles |url=https://tribunecontentagency.com/premium-content/opinion/international/paul-kennedy/ |access-date=9 October 2018 |website=Tribune Content Agency}}</ref> He has published on the history of British foreign policy and [[great power]] struggles, emphasizing the changing economic power base that undergirds military and naval strength, noting how declining economic power leads to reduced military and diplomatic weight. ==Life== Kennedy was born in [[Wallsend]], Northumberland, and attended [[St. Cuthbert's High School|St. Cuthbert's Grammar School]] in [[Newcastle upon Tyne]]. Subsequently, he graduated with first-class honours in history from [[Newcastle University]] and obtained his doctorate from [[St Antony's College, Oxford]],<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2008/feb/05/academicexperts.highereducationprofile | title=Interview: Paul Kennedy| newspaper=The Guardian| date=2008-02-05| last1=Crace| first1=John}}</ref> under the supervision of [[A.&nbsp;J.&nbsp;P.&nbsp;Taylor]] and [[John Andrew Gallagher]]. He was a member of the History Department at the [[University of East Anglia]] between 1970 and 1983. He is a Fellow of the [[Royal Historical Society]], a former visiting fellow of the [[Institute for Advanced Study]] in [[Princeton, New Jersey]], and of the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation in Germany. In 2007–2008, Kennedy was the Phillipe Roman Professor of History and International Affairs at the [[London School of Economics]]. In 1983 he was named the J. Richardson Dilworth professor of British History at [[Yale University|Yale]]. He is now also the Director of International Security Studies and along with [[John Lewis Gaddis]] and [[Charles Hill (diplomat)|Charles Hill]], teaches the Studies in Grand Strategy course there. In 2012, Professor Kennedy began teaching a course at Yale entitled "Military History of the West Since 1500", elaborating on his presentation of military history as inextricably intertwined with economic power and technological progress. His most well known book, ''[[The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers]]'', assesses the interaction between economics and strategy over the past five centuries. The book was very well received by fellow historians, with A.&nbsp;J.&nbsp;P.&nbsp;Taylor labelling it "an encyclopaedia in itself" and [[Sir Michael Howard]] crediting it as "a deeply humane book in the very best sense of the word".<ref>''The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers: Economic Change and Military Conflict from 1500 to 2000'' (1987) {{ISBN|0-394-54674-1}} – Synopsis.</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Liu|first1=Xiaohang|title=An interview with Paul Kennedy|url=http://thepolitic.org/content/view/60/39/|work=The Politic|date=7 September 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081012231748/http://thepolitic.org/content/view/60/39/|archive-date=12 October 2008}}</ref> It has been translated into 23 languages. In his 2006 book ''[[The Parliament of Man]]'', Kennedy contemplates the past and future of the [[United Nations]]. In 2010 he delivered the first [[Lucy Houston]] Lecture in Cambridge on the subject of "Innovation and Industrial Regeneration".<ref>{{cite web|title=Innovation and industrial regeneration: The first Lucy Houston lecture and dinner|url=http://www.scee.org.uk/past-events/dinner|website=Smart Club East of England|date=17 March 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Chakrabortty|first1=Aditya|title=Why doesn't Britain make things any more?|url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2011/nov/16/why-britain-doesnt-make-things-manufacturing|work=The Guardian|date=16 November 2011}}</ref> ==Honours== Kennedy was elected to the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]] in 1989 and the [[American Philosophical Society]] in 1991.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Paul Michael Kennedy |url=https://www.amacad.org/person/paul-michael-kennedy |access-date=2022-04-08 |website=American Academy of Arts & Sciences |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=APS Member History |url=https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Paul+Kennedy&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced |access-date=2022-04-08 |website=search.amphilsoc.org}}</ref> He was made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 2001 and elected a Fellow of the [[British Academy]] in 2003. The [[National Maritime Museum]] awarded him its [[Caird Medal]] in 2005 for his contributions to naval history. Kennedy was named the [[US Naval War College]]'s [[Hattendorf Prize]] Laureate for 2014.<ref>{{cite web|title=NWC Announces Yale Historian to Receive Hattendorf Prize|url=http://www.usnwc.edu/About/News/January-2014/NWC-Announces-Yale-Historian-to-Receive-Hattendorf.aspx|website=US Naval War College|date=January 2014}}</ref> ==Interpretations== ===''The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers''=== {{Further|The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers}} In ''The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers'' (1987), Kennedy argues that economic strength and military power have been highly correlated in the rise and fall of major nations since 1500. He shows that expanding strategic commitments lead to increases in military expenditures that eventually overburden a country's economic base, and cause its long-term decline. His book reached a wide audience of policy makers when it suggested that the United States and the Soviet Union were presently experiencing the same historical dynamics that previously affected Spain, the Netherlands, France, Great Britain, and Germany, and that the United States must come to grips with its own "imperial overstretch".<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Reagan|first1=Patrick D.|title=Strategy and History: Paul Kennedy's The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers|journal=The Journal of Military History|date=July 1989|volume=53|issue=3|pages=291–306|doi=10.2307/1985875|jstor=1985875}}</ref> However, the Cold War ended two years after Kennedy's book appeared, validating his thesis regarding the Soviet Union, but leaving the United States as the sole superpower and, apparently, at the peak of its economy. Nau (2001) contends that Kennedy's "[[Realism (international relations)|realist]]" model of international politics underestimates the power of national, domestic identities or the possibility of the ending of the Cold War and the growing convergence of democracy and markets resulting from the democratic peace that followed.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Nau|first1=Henry R.|title=Why 'The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers' Was Wrong|journal=Review of International Studies|date=October 2001|volume=27|issue=4|pages=579–592|doi=10.1017/S0260210501005794|jstor=20097761|s2cid=143905499 }}</ref> ===World War I=== {{Further|British entry into World War I}} In explaining why neutral Britain went to war with Germany, Kennedy (1980) recognised it was critical for war that Germany become economically more powerful than Britain, but he downplays the disputes over economic trade imperialism, the [[Baghdad Railway]], confrontations in Eastern Europe, high-charged political rhetoric and domestic pressure-groups. Germany's reliance time and again on sheer power, while Britain increasingly appealed to moral sensibilities, played a role, especially in seeing the invasion of Belgium as a necessary military tactic or a profound moral crime. The German invasion of neutral Belgium was not important because the British decision had already been made and the British were more concerned with the fate of France (pp.&nbsp;457–62). Kennedy argues that by far the main reason was London's fear that a repeat of 1870, when Prussia and the German states smashed France, would mean that Germany, with a powerful army and navy, would control the [[English Channel]] and northwest France. British policy-makers insisted that that would be a catastrophe for British security.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Kennedy|first1=Paul M.|title=The rise of the anglo-german antagonism: 1860-1914|date=1980|publisher=Allen & Unwin|location=London|isbn=9780049400641|pages=464–70}}</ref> ==Notable students== *[[Geoffrey Wawro]] ([[PhD]] 1992) *[[Richard Drayton]] (PhD 1999) *[[Fareed Zakaria]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]] 1986)<ref>{{cite news|last1=Marion|first1=Maneker|title=Man of the World|url=http://nymag.com/nymetro/news/politics/national/features/n_8621/|work=New York magazine|date=21 April 2003}}</ref> ==Bibliography== {{external media| float = right| video1 = [https://www.c-span.org/video/?38742-1/preparing-21st-century ''Booknotes'' interview with Kennedy on ''Preparing for the 21st Century'', March 19, 1993], [[C-SPAN]]}} *''Victory at Sea: Naval Power and the Transformation of the Global Order in World War II'' (2022) *''[https://archive.org/details/engineersofvicto0000kenn Engineers of Victory: The Problem Solvers Who Turned the Tide in the Second World War]'' (2013) {{ISBN|978-1-4000-6761-9}} *''[[The Parliament of Man]]: The Past, Present, and Future of the United Nations'' (2006) {{ISBN|0-375-50165-7}} *''[https://archive.org/details/fromwartopeaceal0000unse/mode/2up From War to Peace: Altered Strategic Landscapes in the Twentieth Century co-editor]'' (2000) {{ISBN|0-300-08010-7}} *''[https://archive.org/details/preparingfortwen00kennrich Preparing for the Twenty-first Century]'' (1993) {{ISBN|0-394-58443-0}} *''[https://archive.org/details/grandstrategiesi00paul Grand Strategies in War and Peace]'' (editor) (1991) {{ISBN|0-300-04944-7}} *''The Rise of the Anglo-German Antagonism, 1860–1914'' (2nd edn. 1988) {{ISBN|1-57392-301-X}} *''[[The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers]]: Economic Change and Military Conflict from 1500 to 2000'' (1987) {{ISBN|0-394-54674-1}} *''The Rise and Fall of British Naval Mastery'' (1986) {{ISBN|1-57392-278-1}} (2nd edn. 2006) {{ISBN|1-59102-374-2}} *''[https://www.jstor.org/stable/2538634 The First World War and the International Power System (1984)]''<ref>{{Cite journal|jstor = 2538634|title = The First World War and the International Power System|journal = International Security|volume = 9|issue = 1|pages = 7–40|last1 = Kennedy|first1 = Paul M.|doi = 10.2307/2538634|year = 1984|s2cid = 154844324}}</ref> * ''[https://archive.org/details/strategydiplomac00kenn Strategy and Diplomacy 1870–1945]'' (1983) {{ISBN|0-00-686165-2}} *''[https://archive.org/details/realitiesbehindd0000kenn The Realities Behind Diplomacy: Background Influences on British External Policy 1865–1980 (1981)]'' *''[https://archive.org/details/riseofanglogerma0000kenn The Rise of the Anglo-German Antagonism 1860–1914]'' (1980) *''[https://archive.org/details/isbn_2901591023745/ The Rise and Fall of British Naval Mastery]'' (1976, paperback reissue 2001, 2004) *''[https://archive.org/details/TheSamoanTangle The Samoan Tangle: A Study in Anglo-German-American Relations 1878–1900]'' (1974) *''Conquest: The Pacific War 1943–45'' (1973) *''[https://archive.org/details/pacificonslaught0000kenn Pacific Onslaught 1941–43]'' (1972) ==Further reading== * Nau, Henry R. "Why 'The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers' was wrong", ''[[Review of International Studies]]'', October 2001, Vol. 27, Issue 4, pp.&nbsp;579–592. * Eugene L. Rasor, ''British Naval History since 1815: A Guide to the Literature''. New York: Garland, 1990, pp.&nbsp;41–54. * Patrick D. Reagan, "Strategy and History: Paul Kennedy's The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers", ''[[Journal of Military History]]'', July 89, Vol. 53#3, pp.&nbsp;291–306 [https://www.jstor.org/pss/1985875 in JSTOR]. ==References== {{Reflist}} ==External links== *{{C-SPAN|2057}} *[https://ratical.org/ratville/JFK/JohnJudge/linkscopy/EagleLand.html "The Eagle has Landed"], 2002 ''[[Financial Times]]'' article {{Wolfson History Prize Winners}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kennedy, Paul}} [[Category:1945 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Academics of the University of East Anglia]] [[Category:Alumni of Newcastle University]] [[Category:Alumni of St Antony's College, Oxford]] [[Category:Carnegie Council for Ethics in International Affairs]] [[Category:Corresponding Fellows of the British Academy]] [[Category:English male non-fiction writers]] [[Category:English naval historians]] [[Category:Fellows of the Royal Historical Society]] [[Category:Members of the American Philosophical Society]] [[Category:People educated at St. Cuthbert's School]] [[Category:People from Wallsend]] [[Category:Political realists]] [[Category:Theoretical historians]] [[Category:Theorists on Western civilization]] [[Category:Yale University faculty]]'