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==History==
==History==
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+Growth of JIP<ref name=growth-371>[https://books.google.com/books/about/Encyclopedia_of_Islam_and_the_Muslim_Wor.html?id=OVcUAQAAIAAJ Encyclopedia of Islam & the Muslim World]| By Richard C. Martín| Granite Hill Publishers|2004|p.371</ref>
|+Growth of JIP<ref name="growth-371">{{Cite book |last=Martin |first=Richard C. |url=https://books.google.co.nz/books/about/Encyclopedia_of_Islam_and_the_Muslim_Wor.html?id=OVcUAQAAIAAJ&redir_esc=y |title=Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World: A-L |date=2004 |publisher=Macmillan Reference USA |isbn=978-0-02-865604-5 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
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!rowspan=1 colspan=1|Year
!rowspan=1 colspan=1|Year
Jamaat-e-Islami's founder and leader until 1972 was [[Abul A'la Maududi]], a widely read Islamist philosopher and political commentator, who wrote about the role of Islam in South Asia.<ref name=kepel-34 /> His thought was influenced by many factors including the [[Khilafat Movement]]; [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]]'s ascension at the end of the [[Ottoman Caliphate]]; and the impact of [[Indian Nationalism]], the [[Indian National Congress]] and [[Hindu]]ism on [[Muslim]]s in India. He supported what he called "Islamization from above", through an Islamic state in which sovereignty would be exercised in the name of Allah and Islamic law (''[[sharia]]'') would be implemented. Mawdudi believed politics was "an integral, inseparable part of the Islamic faith, and that the Islamic state that Muslim political action seeks to build" would not only be an act of piety but would also solve the many (seemingly non-religious) social and economic problems that Muslims faced.<ref name=kepel-34/>{{sfnp|Nasr, Vanguard of Islamic Revolution|1994|p=7}}
Jamaat-e-Islami's founder and leader until 1972 was [[Abul A'la Maududi]], a widely read Islamist philosopher and political commentator, who wrote about the role of Islam in South Asia.<ref name=kepel-34 /> His thought was influenced by many factors including the [[Khilafat Movement]]; [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]]'s ascension at the end of the [[Ottoman Caliphate]]; and the impact of [[Indian Nationalism]], the [[Indian National Congress]] and [[Hindu]]ism on [[Muslim]]s in India. He supported what he called "Islamization from above", through an Islamic state in which sovereignty would be exercised in the name of Allah and Islamic law (''[[sharia]]'') would be implemented. Mawdudi believed politics was "an integral, inseparable part of the Islamic faith, and that the Islamic state that Muslim political action seeks to build" would not only be an act of piety but would also solve the many (seemingly non-religious) social and economic problems that Muslims faced.<ref name=kepel-34/>{{sfnp|Nasr, Vanguard of Islamic Revolution|1994|p=7}}
[[File:Secreteriate Jamaat-e-Islami Punjab.jpg|thumb|Jamaat-e-Islami Headquarter in Lahore]]
[[File:Secreteriate Jamaat-e-Islami Punjab.jpg|thumb|Jamaat-e-Islami Headquarter in Lahore]]
Maududi opposed British rule but also opposed the Muslim nationalist movement (nationalism being un-Islamic) and their plan for a circumscribed "Muslim state". Maududi agitating instead for an "Islamic state" covering the whole of India<ref name=kepel-34>{{cite book|last1=Kepel|first1=Gilles|title=Jihad: on the Trail of Political Islam|date=2002|publisher=Belknap Press|page=34|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OLvTNk75hUoC&q=jamaat+e+islami&pg=PA441|isbn=9781845112578|ref=GKJ2002}}</ref>—this despite the fact Muslims made up only about one quarter of India's population.
Maududi opposed British rule but also opposed the Muslim nationalist movement (nationalism being un-Islamic) and their plan for a circumscribed "Muslim state". Maududi agitating instead for an "Islamic state" covering the whole of India<ref name=kepel-34>{{cite book|last1=Kepel|first1=Gilles|title=Jihad: on the Trail of Political Islam|date=2002|publisher=Belknap Press|page=34|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OLvTNk75hUoC&q=jamaat+e+islami&pg=PA441|isbn=9781845112578|ref=GKJ2002}}</ref> – this despite the fact Muslims made up only about one quarter of India's population.


Jamaat-e-Islami thus actively [[opposition to the partition of India|opposed the partition of India]], with its leader Maulana Abul A'la Maududi arguing that concept violated the Islamic doctrine of the [[ummah]].<ref name="Oh2007"/><ref name="NG336"/><ref name="Gupta2016">{{cite web |last1=Gupta |first1=Shekhar |title=Why Zakir Naik is dangerous |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/column/why-zakir-naik-is-dangerous/20160718.htm |publisher=[[Rediff]] |access-date=29 April 2020 |language=en}}</ref> The Jamaat-e-Islami saw the partition as creating a temporal border that would divide Muslims from one another.<ref name="Oh2007">{{cite book |last1=Oh |first1=Irene |title=The Rights of God: Islam, Human Rights, and Comparative Ethics |url=https://archive.org/details/rightsgod00ohir |url-access=limited |date=2007 |publisher=Georgetown University Press |isbn=978-1-58901-463-3 |page=[https://archive.org/details/rightsgod00ohir/page/n52 45] |language=en |quote=In the debate over whether Muslims should establish their own state, separate from a Hindu India, Maududi initially argued against such a creation and asserted that the establishment of a political Muslim state defined by borders violated the idea of the universal ''umma''. Citizenship and national borders, which would characterize the new Muslim state, contradicted the notion that Muslims should not be separated by one another by these temporal boundaries. In this milieu, Maududi founded the organization Jama'at-i Islamic. ... The Jama'at for its first few years worked actively to prevent the partition, but once partition became inevitable, it established offices in both Pakistan and India.}}</ref><ref name="NG336">{{cite book |last1=Rasheed, Nighat |title=A critical study of the reformist trends in the Indian Muslim society during the nineteenth century |page=336 |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/52379/13/13_chapter%207.pdf#page=74 |access-date=2 March 2020 |quote=The Jama'at -i-Islami was founded in 1941. Maulana Maududi being its founder strongly opposed the idea of creating Pakistan, a separate Muslim country, by dividing India, but surprisingly after the creation of Pakistan he migrated to Lahore. Again in the beginning he was opposed to and denounced the struggle for Kashmir as un-Islamic, for which he was imprisoned in 1950, but later on in 1965, he changed his views and endorsed the Kashmir war as Jihad. Maulana Maududi took an active part in demanding discriminative legislation and executive action against the Ahmadi sect leading to widespread rioting and violence in Pakistan. He was persecuted arrested and imprisoned for advocating his political ideas through his writings and speeches. During the- military regime from 1958 the Jama'at-iIslami was banned and was revived only in 1962, Maududi was briefly imprisoned. He refused to apologize for his actions or to request clemency from the government. He demanded his freedom to speak and accepted the punishment of death as the will of God. His fierce commitment to his ideals caused his supporters worldwide to rally for his release and the government acceded commuting his death sentence to a term of life imprisonment. Eventually the military government pardoned Maulana Maududi completely.}}</ref>
Jamaat-e-Islami thus actively [[opposition to the partition of India|opposed the partition of India]], with its leader Maulana Abul A'la Maududi arguing that concept violated the Islamic doctrine of the [[ummah]].<ref name="Oh2007"/><ref name="NG336"/><ref name="Gupta2016">{{cite web |last1=Gupta |first1=Shekhar |title=Why Zakir Naik is dangerous |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/column/why-zakir-naik-is-dangerous/20160718.htm |publisher=[[Rediff]] |access-date=29 April 2020 |language=en}}</ref> The Jamaat-e-Islami saw the partition as creating a temporal border that would divide Muslims from one another.<ref name="Oh2007">{{cite book |last1=Oh |first1=Irene |title=The Rights of God: Islam, Human Rights, and Comparative Ethics |url=https://archive.org/details/rightsgod00ohir |url-access=limited |date=2007 |publisher=Georgetown University Press |isbn=978-1-58901-463-3 |page=[https://archive.org/details/rightsgod00ohir/page/n52 45] |language=en |quote=In the debate over whether Muslims should establish their own state, separate from a Hindu India, Maududi initially argued against such a creation and asserted that the establishment of a political Muslim state defined by borders violated the idea of the universal ''umma''. Citizenship and national borders, which would characterize the new Muslim state, contradicted the notion that Muslims should not be separated by one another by these temporal boundaries. In this milieu, Maududi founded the organization Jama'at-i Islamic. ... The Jama'at for its first few years worked actively to prevent the partition, but once partition became inevitable, it established offices in both Pakistan and India.}}</ref><ref name="NG336">{{cite book |last1=Rasheed, Nighat |title=A critical study of the reformist trends in the Indian Muslim society during the nineteenth century |page=336 |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/52379/13/13_chapter%207.pdf#page=74 |access-date=2 March 2020 |quote=The Jama'at -i-Islami was founded in 1941. Maulana Maududi being its founder strongly opposed the idea of creating Pakistan, a separate Muslim country, by dividing India, but surprisingly after the creation of Pakistan he migrated to Lahore. Again in the beginning he was opposed to and denounced the struggle for Kashmir as un-Islamic, for which he was imprisoned in 1950, but later on in 1965, he changed his views and endorsed the Kashmir war as Jihad. Maulana Maududi took an active part in demanding discriminative legislation and executive action against the Ahmadi sect leading to widespread rioting and violence in Pakistan. He was persecuted arrested and imprisoned for advocating his political ideas through his writings and speeches. During the- military regime from 1958 the Jama'at-iIslami was banned and was revived only in 1962, Maududi was briefly imprisoned. He refused to apologize for his actions or to request clemency from the government. He demanded his freedom to speak and accepted the punishment of death as the will of God. His fierce commitment to his ideals caused his supporters worldwide to rally for his release and the government acceded commuting his death sentence to a term of life imprisonment. Eventually the military government pardoned Maulana Maududi completely.}}</ref>
===Founding of JI in colonial India===
===Founding of JI in colonial India===
{{Main|Jamaat-e-Islami}}
{{Main|Jamaat-e-Islami}}
[[Jamaat-e-Islami]] was founded in [[colonial India]] on 26 August 1941, at [[Islamia Park]] in the city of [[Lahore]], before the [[Partition of India]].{{sfnp|Guidere, Islamic Fundamentalism|2012|p=li}} JI began as an [[Islamism|Islamist]] social and political movement. Seventy-five people attended the first meeting and became the first 75 members of the movement. Maulana [[Amin Ahsan Islahi]], Maulana [[Naeem Siddiqui]], Maulana Muhammad Manzoor Naumanai and Maula Abul Hassan Ali Nadwi (although he left after a few years) <ref>{{cite web |url=https://abulhasanalinadwi.org/books/Biography.pdf}}</ref> were among the founders of Jamat e Islami along with Syed Abul Ala Maududi<ref>Edara Manshoraat, Mansora Lahore 1980, pp5-25</ref>
[[Jamaat-e-Islami]] was founded in [[colonial India]] on 26 August 1941, at [[Islamia Park]] in the city of [[Lahore]], before the [[Partition of India]].{{sfnp|Guidere, Islamic Fundamentalism|2012|p=li}} JI began as an [[Islamism|Islamist]] social and political movement. Seventy-five people attended the first meeting and became the first members of the movement. Maulana [[Amin Ahsan Islahi]], Maulana [[Naeem Siddiqui]], Maulana Muhammad Manzoor Naumanai and Maulana [[Abul Hasan Ali Hasani Nadwi]] (although he left after a few years)<ref>{{cite web |title=Biography of Sayyid Abul Hasan Ali Nadwi |url=https://abulhasanalinadwi.org/books/Biography.pdf}}</ref> were among the founders of Jamat e Islami along with Syed Abul Ala Maududi.<ref>Edara Manshoraat, Mansora Lahore 1980, pp5-25</ref>


Maududi saw his group as a vanguard of Islamic revolution following the footsteps of early Muslims who gathered in Medina to found an Islamic state.<ref name=kepel-34 />{{sfnp|Nasr, Vanguard of Islamic Revolution|1994|p=7}} JI was and is strictly and hierarchically organised in a pyramid-like structure, working toward the common goal of establishing an ideological Islamic society, particularly though educational and social work, under the leadership of its emirs (commanders or leaders).<ref name=growth-371 /> As a vanguard party, its fully-fledged members (''arkan'') are intended to be leaders and devoted to the party, but there is also a category of much more numerous sympathizers and workers (''karkun'').
Maududi saw his group as a vanguard of Islamic revolution following the footsteps of early Muslims who gathered in Medina to found an Islamic state.<ref name=kepel-34 />{{sfnp|Nasr, Vanguard of Islamic Revolution|1994|p=7}} JI was and is strictly and hierarchically organised in a pyramid-like structure, working toward the common goal of establishing an ideological Islamic society, particularly though educational and social work, under the leadership of its emirs (commanders or leaders).<ref name=growth-371 /> As a vanguard party, its fully-fledged members (''arkan'') are intended to be leaders and devoted to the party, but there is also a category of much more numerous sympathizers and workers (''karkun'').
The emir is obliged by the party constitution to consult an assembly called the ''shura''. The JI also developed sub-organisations, such as those for women and students.<ref name="growth-371"/> JI began by volunteering in refugee camps; performing social work; opening hospitals and medical clinics and by gathering the skins of animals sacrificed for [[Eid-ul-Azha]].
The emir is obliged by the party constitution to consult an assembly called the ''shura''. The JI also developed sub-organisations, such as those for women and students.<ref name="growth-371"/> JI began by volunteering in refugee camps; performing social work; opening hospitals and medical clinics and by gathering the skins of animals sacrificed for [[Eid-ul-Azha]].


JI had a number of unique features. All members, including its founder Mawdudi, uttered the shahadah—the traditional act of converts to Islam—when they joined. This was a symbolic gesture of conversion to a new Islamic perspective, but to some implied that "the Jamaat stood before Muslim society as Islam before [[jahiliyah]]", (pre-Islamic ignorance).<ref>{{harvp|Nasr, Mawdudi and Islamic Revivalism|1996|p=110}}: "All members, including Mawdudi, uttered the shahadah when they joined, in a symbolic gesture of conversion to a new Islamic Perspective."</ref> After Pakistan was formed, it forbade Pakistanis to take an oath of allegiance to the state until it became Islamic, arguing that a Muslim could in clear conscience render allegiance only to God.{{sfnp|Nasr, Mawdudi and Islamic Revivalism|1996|p=42}}{{sfnp|Nasr, Vanguard of Islamic Revolution|1994|pp=119-120}}
JI had a number of unique features. All members, including its founder Mawdudi, uttered the shahadah – the traditional act of converts to Islam – when they joined. This was a symbolic gesture of conversion to a new Islamic perspective, but to some implied that "the Jamaat stood before Muslim society as Islam before [[jahiliyah]]", (pre-Islamic ignorance).<ref>{{harvp|Nasr, Mawdudi and Islamic Revivalism|1996|p=110}}: "All members, including Mawdudi, uttered the shahadah when they joined, in a symbolic gesture of conversion to a new Islamic Perspective."</ref> After Pakistan was formed, it forbade Pakistanis to take an oath of allegiance to the state until it became Islamic, arguing that a Muslim could in clear conscience render allegiance only to God.{{sfnp|Nasr, Mawdudi and Islamic Revivalism|1996|p=42}}{{sfnp|Nasr, Vanguard of Islamic Revolution|1994|pp=119-120}}


===Pakistan===
===Pakistan===
;Creation and early years
;Creation and early years
Following the Partition of India, Maududi and JI migrated from East Punjab to [[Lahore]] in Pakistan. There they volunteered to help the thousands of refugees pouring into the country from India<ref name=Adams-102>Adams, Charles J., "Mawdudi and the Islamic State," in John L. Esposito, ed., ''Voices of Resurgent Islam'', (New York: Oxford University Press, 1983, p.102)</ref>—performing social work; opening hospitals and medical clinics; and by gathering the skins of animals sacrificed for [[Eid-ul-Azha]].
Following the Partition of India, Maududi and JI migrated from East Punjab to [[Lahore]] in Pakistan. There they volunteered to help the thousands of refugees pouring into the country from India<ref name=Adams-102>Adams, Charles J., "Mawdudi and the Islamic State," in John L. Esposito, ed., ''Voices of Resurgent Islam'', (New York: Oxford University Press, 1983, p.102)</ref> – performing social work; opening hospitals and medical clinics; and by gathering the skins of animals sacrificed for [[Eid-ul-Azha]].


During the prime-ministership of [[Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy]] (September 1956 – October 1957), JI argued for a separate voting system for different religious communities. Suhrawardy convened a session of the National Assembly at [[Dhaka]] and through an alliance with Republicans, his party passed a bill for a mixed voting system.
During the prime-ministership of [[Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy]] (September 1956 – October 1957), JI argued for a separate voting system for different religious communities. Suhrawardy convened a session of the [[National Assembly of Pakistan|National Assembly]] at [[Dhaka]] and through an alliance with Republicans, his party passed a bill for a mixed voting system.


In 1951 it ran candidates for office but did not do well. JI found it was more successful in promoting its cause in the streets.{{sfnp|Nasr, Mawdudi and Islamic Revivalism|1996|p=43}} The election also occasioned a split in the party with the JI shura passing a resolution in support of the party withdrawing from politics but Maududi arguing for continued involvement. Maududi prevailed and several senior JI leaders resigned in protest. All this strengthened Maududi's position still further and "a cult of personality began to grow up around him."{{sfnp|Nasr, Mawdudi and Islamic Revivalism|1996|p=43}}
In 1951, it ran candidates for office, but did not do well. JI found it was more successful in promoting its cause in the streets.{{sfnp|Nasr, Mawdudi and Islamic Revivalism|1996|p=43}} The election also occasioned a split in the party with the JI shura passing a resolution in support of the party withdrawing from politics but Maududi arguing for continued involvement. Maududi prevailed and several senior JI leaders resigned in protest. All this strengthened Maududi's position still further and "a cult of personality began to grow up around him."{{sfnp|Nasr, Mawdudi and Islamic Revivalism|1996|p=43}}


In 1953, JI led "direct action" against the [[Ahmadiyya]], who the JI believed should be declared non-Muslims. In March 1953 [[Lahore riots of 1953|riots in Lahore]] started leading to looting, arson and the killing of at least 200 Ahmadis and the declaration of selective [[martial law]]. The military leader, [[Azam Khan (general)|Azam Khan]] had Maududi arrested and [[Rahimuddin Khan]] sentenced him to death for [[sedition]] (writing anti-Ahmadiyya pamphlets).Many JI supporters were imprisoned during this time.
In 1953, JI led "direct action" against the [[Ahmadiyya]], who the JI believed should be declared non-Muslims. In March 1953, [[Lahore riots of 1953|riots in Lahore]] started leading to looting, arson and the killing of at least 200 Ahmadis and the declaration of selective [[martial law]]. The military leader, [[Azam Khan (general)|Azam Khan]] had Maududi arrested and [[Rahimuddin Khan]] sentenced him to death for [[sedition]] (writing anti-Ahmadiyya pamphlets). Many JI supporters were imprisoned during this time.


The [[Constitution of Pakistan of 1956|1956 Constitution]] was adopted after [[Constitution of Pakistan of 1956#Islamic provisions|accommodating]] many of the demands of the JI. Maududi endorsed the constitution and claimed it a victory for Islam.{{sfnp|Nasr, Mawdudi and Islamic Revivalism|1996|p=44}} In 1958, JI formed an alliance with [[Abdul Qayyum Khan]] (Muslim League) and Chudhary Muhammad Ali (Nizam-e-Islami party). The alliance destabilised the presidency of [[Iskander Mirza]] (1956–1958) and Pakistan returned to martial law. The military ruler, the president [[Muhammad Ayub Khan]] (1958–1964), had a modernising agenda and opposed the encroachment of religion into politics. He banned political parties and warned Maududi against continued religio-political activism. JI offices were closed down, funds were confiscated and Maududi was imprisoned in 1964 and 1967.{{sfnp|Nasr, Mawdudi and Islamic Revivalism|1996|p=44}}
The [[Constitution of Pakistan of 1956|1956 Constitution]] was adopted after [[Constitution of Pakistan of 1956#Islamic provisions|accommodating]] many of the demands of the JI. Maududi endorsed the constitution and claimed it a victory for Islam.{{sfnp|Nasr, Mawdudi and Islamic Revivalism|1996|p=44}} In 1958, JI formed an alliance with [[Abdul Qayyum Khan]] (Muslim League) and [[Chaudhry Muhammad Ali]] ([[Nizam-e-Islam Party]]). The alliance destabilised the presidency of [[Iskander Mirza]] (1956–1958), and Pakistan returned to martial law. The military ruler, the president [[Muhammad Ayub Khan]] (1958–1964), had a modernising agenda and opposed the encroachment of religion into politics. He banned political parties and warned Maududi against continued religio-political activism. JI offices were closed down, funds were confiscated and Maududi was imprisoned in 1964 and 1967.{{sfnp|Nasr, Mawdudi and Islamic Revivalism|1996|p=44}}


JI supported the opposition party, the [[Pakistan Democratic Movement]] (PDM). In the 1964–1965 presidential elections, JI supported the opposition leader, [[Fatima Jinnah]], despite its opposition to women in politics.{{sfnp|Nasr, Mawdudi and Islamic Revivalism|1996|p=44}}
JI supported the opposition party, the Pakistan Democratic Movement (PDM). In the 1964–1965 presidential elections, JI supported the opposition leader, [[Fatima Jinnah]], despite its opposition to women in politics.{{sfnp|Nasr, Mawdudi and Islamic Revivalism|1996|p=44}}


In 1965, during the [[Indo-Pakistani war]], JI supported the government's call for [[jihad]], presenting patriotic speeches on [[Radio Pakistan]] and seeking support from Arab and Central Asian countries. The group resisted [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]] and [[Maulana Bhashani]]'s socialist program of the time.
In 1965, during the [[Indo-Pakistani war]], JI supported the government's call for [[jihad]], presenting patriotic speeches on [[Radio Pakistan]] and seeking support from Arab and Central Asian countries. The group resisted [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]] and [[Maulana Bhashani]]'s socialist program of the time.
By the end of 1969, the Jamaat-e-Islami was spearheading a major "campaign for the protection of ideology of Pakistan," which it believed was under threat from atheistic socialists and secularists.{{sfnp|Haqqani, Pakistan between Mosque and Military|2005|p=46}}
By the end of 1969, the Jamaat-e-Islami was spearheading a major "campaign for the protection of ideology of Pakistan," which it believed was under threat from atheistic socialists and secularists.{{sfnp|Haqqani, Pakistan between Mosque and Military|2005|p=46}}


JI participated in the [[1970 Pakistani general election|1970 general election]]. Its political platform advocated political freedom of the provinces and Islamic law based on the Quran and Sunnah. There would be separation of the powers (judiciary and legislature); basic rights for minorities (such as equal employment opportunities and the ''Bonus Share Scheme'' allowing factory workers to own shares in their employers' companies); and a policy of strong relationships with the [[Muslim world]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2015}} Just prior to the election, [[Nawabzada Nasrullah Khan]] left the alliance leaving JI to run against the [[Pakistan Peoples Party]] and the [[Awami League]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2015}} The party had a disappointing showing when it won only four seats in the national assembly and four in the provincial assembly after fielding 151 candidates.{{sfnp|Nasr, Mawdudi and Islamic Revivalism|1996|p=45}}
JI participated in the [[1970 Pakistani general election|1970 general election]]. Its political platform advocated political freedom of the provinces and Islamic law based on the Quran and Sunnah. There would be separation of the powers (judiciary and legislature); basic rights for minorities (such as equal employment opportunities and the ''Bonus Share Scheme'' allowing factory workers to own shares in their employers' companies); and a policy of strong relationships with the [[Muslim world]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2015}} Just prior to the election, [[Nawabzada Nasrullah Khan]] left the alliance leaving JI to run against the [[Pakistan Peoples Party]] and the [[Awami League]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2015}} The party had a disappointing showing when it won only four seats in the National Assembly and four in the provincial assemblies after fielding 151 candidates.{{sfnp|Nasr, Mawdudi and Islamic Revivalism|1996|p=45}}


[[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]] won the 1970 election campaign and was strongly opposed by JI who believed he and his socialist ideology were a threat to Islam.{{sfnp|Haqqani, Pakistan between Mosque and Military|2005|p=69}}
[[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]] won the 1970 election campaign and was strongly opposed by JI who believed he and his socialist ideology were a threat to Islam.{{sfnp|Haqqani, Pakistan between Mosque and Military|2005|p=69}}


;Division
;Division
JI opposed the [[Awami League]] East Pakistani separatist movement.{{sfnp|Haqqani, Pakistan between Mosque and Military|2005|p=100}} [[Islami Jamiat-e-Talaba]] organised the [[Al-Badar]] to fight the [[Mukti Bahini]] (Bengali liberation forces). In 1971, during the [[Bangladesh liberation war]], JI members may have collaborated with the Pakistani army.<ref>Arefin S. [http://freebanglaebooks.com/bangla-ebook/muktijuddho-71-punished-war-criminals-under-dalal-law/ "Muktijuddho '71: Punished War Criminals Under Dalal Law."] Bangladesh Research and Publications.</ref><ref>[http://www.genocidebangladesh.org/?page_id=14] Bangladesh Genocide Archive website. Accessed 9 March 2013.</ref><ref>Nabi N. [https://books.google.com/books?id=F_OUc-TvGOIC&pg=PA108&dq=jamaat+e+islami&hl=en&sa=X&ei=rYRTU_DpEY7HlAXW4oHwAQ&ved=0CD8Q6AEwAzgo#v=onepage&q=jamaat%20e%20islami&f=false "Bullets of '71: A Freedom Fighter's Story."] AuthorHouse, 2010 p.108 {{ISBN|1452043833}}, 9781452043838.</ref>{{Self-published inline|date=September 2016}}<!-- This is a personal narrative from a self-publisher (AuthorHouse), so not a reliable source. WP:HISTRS describes acceptable sources for history-related articles. Also, this shouldn't be in the lede because it isn't a summary of anything in the article. -->
JI opposed the [[Awami League]] East Pakistani separatist movement.{{sfnp|Haqqani, Pakistan between Mosque and Military|2005|p=100}} [[Islami Jamiat-e-Talaba]] organised the [[Al-Badar]] to fight the [[Mukti Bahini]] (Bengali liberation forces). In 1971, during the [[Bangladesh liberation war]], JI members may have collaborated with the Pakistani army.<ref>Arefin S. [http://freebanglaebooks.com/bangla-ebook/muktijuddho-71-punished-war-criminals-under-dalal-law/ "Muktijuddho '71: Punished War Criminals Under Dalal Law."] Bangladesh Research and Publications.</ref><ref>[http://www.genocidebangladesh.org/?page_id=14] Bangladesh Genocide Archive website. Accessed 9 March 2013.</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Nabi |first=Dr Nuran |url=https://books.google.co.nz/books?id=F_OUc-TvGOIC&pg=PA108&dq=jamaat+e+islami&hl=en&sa=X&ei=rYRTU_DpEY7HlAXW4oHwAQ&redir_esc=y |title=Bullets of '71: A Freedom Fighter's Story |date=2010-08-27 |publisher=AuthorHouse |isbn=978-1-4520-4383-8 |language=en}}</ref>{{Self-published inline|date=September 2016}}<!-- This is a personal narrative from a self-publisher (AuthorHouse), so not a reliable source. WP:HISTRS describes acceptable sources for history-related articles. Also, this shouldn't be in the lede because it isn't a summary of anything in the article. -->


In 1968 Maulana Maududi took leave from Emarat of the Jamaat and Maulana [[Naeem Siddiqui]] became the Ameer of Jamat e Islami for One year, in 1969 Maulana took Charge of the Jumat again. In 1972, Maududi resigned citing poor health and Maulana [[Naeem Siddiqui]] refused to become the Ameer of the Jamaat due to his research activities. Thus in October 1972, the ''Majlis-e-Shoura'' (council) elected [[Mian Tufail Mohammad]] (1914–2009), the new leader of JI.Naeeem Siddiqui was chosen as the General secretary of Jamaat e Islami.
In 1968, Maulana Maududi took leave from Emarat of the Jamaat and Maulana [[Naeem Siddiqui]] became the Ameer of Jamat e Islami for one year. In 1969, Maulana took Charge of the Jamaat again. In 1972, Maududi resigned citing poor health, and Maulana [[Naeem Siddiqui]] refused to become the Ameer of the Jamaat due to his research activities. Thus, in October 1972, the ''Majlis-e-Shoura'' (council) elected [[Mian Tufail Mohammad]] (1914–2009) as the new leader of JI. Naeeem Siddiqui was chosen as the general secretary.


===Mian Tufail Mohammad (1972–1987)===
===Mian Tufail Mohammad (1972–1987)===
JI "spearheaded" the anti-Bhutto political movement under the religious banner of ''Nizam-i-Mustafa'' (Order of the Prophet). Bhutto attempted to suppress JI through the imprisonment of JI and Islami Jamiat-e-Talaba members. There were electoral irregularities at the 1975 elections with JI members being arrested in order to prevent them from lodging their nomination papers.{{sfnp|Haqqani, Pakistan between Mosque and Military|2005|p=120}} However, by 1976, JI had 2 million registrants.
JI "spearheaded" the anti-Bhutto political movement under the religious banner of ''Nizam-i-Mustafa'' (Order of the Prophet). Bhutto attempted to suppress JI through the imprisonment of JI and Islami Jamiat-e-Talaba members. There were electoral irregularities at the 1975 elections with JI members being arrested in order to prevent them from lodging their nomination papers.{{sfnp|Haqqani, Pakistan between Mosque and Military|2005|p=120}} However, by 1976, JI had 2 million registrants.


In the 1977 JI won nine of the 36 seats won by the opposition [[Pakistan National Alliance]]. The opposition considered the election rigged (Bhutto's PPP won 155 out of 200 seats) and Maududi, who had been arrested, called on Islamist parties to commence a campaign of [[civil disobedience]]. The [[Sunni]] led government of [[Saudi Arabia]] intervened to secure Maududi's release from prison warning of revolution in Pakistan. JI assisted the [[Pakistan National Alliance]] (PNA) to oust Bhutto and met with Zia-ul-Haq for ninety minutes on the night before Bhutto was hanged.{{sfnp|Haqqani, Pakistan between Mosque and Military|2005|p=139}}
In the [[1977 Pakistani general election|1977 election]], JI won nine of the 36 seats won by the opposition [[Pakistan National Alliance]]. The opposition considered the election rigged (Bhutto's PPP won 155 out of 200 seats) and Maududi, who had been arrested, called on Islamist parties to commence a campaign of [[civil disobedience]]. The [[Sunni]]-led government of [[Saudi Arabia]] intervened to secure Maududi's release from prison warning of revolution in Pakistan. JI assisted the [[Pakistan National Alliance]] (PNA) to oust Bhutto and met with Zia-ul-Haq for ninety minutes on the night before Bhutto was hanged.{{sfnp|Haqqani, Pakistan between Mosque and Military|2005|p=139}}


Initially, JI supported [[General Zia-ul-Haq]] (1977–1987).{{sfnp|Haqqani, Pakistan between Mosque and Military|2005|p=123}} In turn, Zia's use of Islamist rhetoric gave JI importance in public life beyond the size of its membership.<ref name="Osella (2013)">{{citation |last=Iqtidar |first=Humeira |chapter=Secularism Beyond the State |editor1=Filippo Osella |editor2=Caroline Osella |title=Islamic Reform in South Asia |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ipU-cTz5_JYC&pg=PA479 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2013 |page=479 |isbn=9781107031753}}</ref> According to journalist Owen Bennett Jones, JI was the "only political party" to offer Zia "consistent support" and was rewarded with jobs for "tens of thousands of Jamaat activists and sympathisers", giving Zia's Islamic agenda power "long after he died."<ref name=jones-16>{{cite book|last1=Jones|first1=Owen Bennett|title=Pakistan : eye of the storm|date=2002|publisher=Yale University Press|location=New Haven and London|pages=16–7|isbn=9780300097603|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t8iYEgPYG_EC&q=Tens+of+thousands+of+Jamaat+activists+and+sympathisers&pg=PA17|quote=... Zia rewarded the only political party to offer him consistent support, Jamaat-e-Islami. Tens of thousands of Jamaat activists and sympathisers were given jobs in the judiciary, the civil service and other state institutions. These appointments meant Zia's Islamic agenda lived on long after he died.}}</ref>
Initially, JI supported [[General Zia-ul-Haq]] (1977–1987).{{sfnp|Haqqani, Pakistan between Mosque and Military|2005|p=123}} In turn, Zia's use of Islamist rhetoric gave JI importance in public life beyond the size of its membership.<ref name="Osella (2013)">{{citation |last=Iqtidar |first=Humeira |chapter=Secularism Beyond the State |editor1=Filippo Osella |editor2=Caroline Osella |title=Islamic Reform in South Asia |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ipU-cTz5_JYC&pg=PA479 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2013 |page=479 |isbn=9781107031753}}</ref> According to journalist [[Owen Bennett-Jones]], JI was the "only political party" to offer Zia "consistent support" and was rewarded with jobs for "tens of thousands of Jamaat activists and sympathisers", giving Zia's Islamic agenda power "long after he died."<ref name=jones-16>{{cite book|last1=Jones|first1=Owen Bennett|title=Pakistan : eye of the storm|date=2002|publisher=Yale University Press|location=New Haven and London|pages=16–7|isbn=9780300097603|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t8iYEgPYG_EC&q=Tens+of+thousands+of+Jamaat+activists+and+sympathisers&pg=PA17|quote=... Zia rewarded the only political party to offer him consistent support, Jamaat-e-Islami. Tens of thousands of Jamaat activists and sympathisers were given jobs in the judiciary, the civil service and other state institutions. These appointments meant Zia's Islamic agenda lived on long after he died.}}</ref>


However, Zia failed to deliver timely elections and distanced himself from the JI. When Zia banned [[Students' union|student unions]], [[Islami Jamiat-e-Talaba]] and pro-JI labour unions protested. However, JI did not participate in the [[Pakistan Peoples Party]]'s [[Movement for the Restoration of Democracy]]. JI also supported Zia's [[Jihad]] against the [[Soviet–Afghan War]] and its sister party [[Jamiat-e Islami]] led by [[Burhanuddin Rabbani]] became part of the [[Peshawar Seven]] that received aid from Saudi Arabia, United States and other jihad supporters.{{sfnp|Guidere, Islamic Fundamentalism|2012|p=272}} Such conundrums caused tension in JI based on conflict between ideology and politics.<ref name="Osella (2013)"/><ref name=kepel-104>{{cite book|last1=Kepel|first1=Gilles|title=Jihad: on the Trail of Political Islam|date=2002|publisher=Belknap Press|page=104 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OLvTNk75hUoC&q=jamaat+e+islami&pg=PA441 |isbn=9781845112578|ref=GKJ2002}}</ref>
However, Zia failed to deliver timely elections and distanced himself from the JI. When Zia banned [[Students' union|student unions]], [[Islami Jamiat-e-Talaba]] and pro-JI labour unions protested. However, JI did not participate in the [[Pakistan Peoples Party]]'s [[Movement for the Restoration of Democracy]]. JI also supported Zia's [[Jihad]] against the [[Soviet–Afghan War]] and its sister party [[Jamiat-e Islami]] led by [[Burhanuddin Rabbani]] became part of the [[Peshawar Seven]] that received aid from Saudi Arabia, United States and other jihad supporters.{{sfnp|Guidere, Islamic Fundamentalism|2012|p=272}} Such conundrums caused tension in JI based on conflict between ideology and politics.<ref name="Osella (2013)"/><ref name=kepel-104>{{cite book|last1=Kepel|first1=Gilles|title=Jihad: on the Trail of Political Islam|date=2002|publisher=Belknap Press|page=104 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OLvTNk75hUoC&q=jamaat+e+islami&pg=PA441 |isbn=9781845112578|ref=GKJ2002}}</ref>
In 1987, when Zia died, the [[Pakistan Muslim League]] formed the [[right-wing]] alliance, [[Islami Jamhoori Ittehad]] (IJI).<ref>{{citation |last=Haniffa |first=Farzana |chapter=Piety as Politics amongst Muslim Women in Contemporary Sri Lanka |editor1=Filippo Osella |editor2=Caroline Osella |title=Islamic Reform in South Asia |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ipU-cTz5_JYC&pg=PA180 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2013 |page=180 |isbn=9781107031753}}</ref> In 1990 when [[Nawaz Sharif]] came to power, JI boycotted the cabinet on the basis that the Pakistan Peoples' Party and the Pakistan Muslim League were problematic to equal degrees.
In 1987, when Zia died, the [[Pakistan Muslim League]] formed the [[right-wing]] alliance, [[Islami Jamhoori Ittehad]] (IJI).<ref>{{citation |last=Haniffa |first=Farzana |chapter=Piety as Politics amongst Muslim Women in Contemporary Sri Lanka |editor1=Filippo Osella |editor2=Caroline Osella |title=Islamic Reform in South Asia |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ipU-cTz5_JYC&pg=PA180 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2013 |page=180 |isbn=9781107031753}}</ref> In 1990 when [[Nawaz Sharif]] came to power, JI boycotted the cabinet on the basis that the Pakistan Peoples' Party and the Pakistan Muslim League were problematic to equal degrees.


In the [[1993 Pakistani general election|election of 1993]], JI won three seats. In this year, JI was a member of the newly formed All Parties Hurriyat Conference (APHC) which promotes the independence of Jammu and Kashmir from India.{{sfnp|Guidere, Islamic Fundamentalism|2012|p=26}} Prior to this, JI had allegedly set up the Hizb-ul-Mujahideen, a Kashmir liberation militia to oppose the Kashmir Liberation Front which fights for the complete independence of the Kashmir region.{{sfnp|Guidere, Islamic Fundamentalism|2012|p=127}}
In the [[1993 Pakistani general election|election of 1993]], JI won three seats. In this year, JI was a member of the newly formed All Parties Hurriyat Conference (APHC) which promotes the independence of Jammu and Kashmir from India.{{sfnp|Guidere, Islamic Fundamentalism|2012|p=26}} Prior to this, JI had allegedly set up the [[Hizbul Mujahideen|Hizb-ul-Mujahideen]], a Kashmir liberation militia to oppose the [[Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front|Kashmir Liberation Front]] which fights for the complete independence of the Kashmir region.{{sfnp|Guidere, Islamic Fundamentalism|2012|p=127}}


Ahmad left his position in the Senate in protest against corruption.
Ahmad left his position in the [[Senate of Pakistan|Senate]] in protest against corruption.


=== Successful long march against Bhutto's government ===
=== Successful long march against Bhutto's government ===
On 20 July 1996, Qazi Hussain Ahmed announced to start protests against government alleging corruption. Qazi Hussain resigned from the Senate on 27 September and announced the start of a long march against Benazir government. The protest started on 27 October 1996 by Jamaat-e-Islami and opposition parties. On 4 November 1996, Bhutto's government was dismissed by President Leghari primarily because of corruption.<ref name="Adel (2012)">{{citation |last=Salim |first=Muhammad Said |chapter=India: Jamaat-e-Islami |editor1=Gholamali Haddad Adel |editor2=Mohammad Jafar Elmi |editor3=Hassan Taromi-Rad |title=Muslim Organisations in the Twentieth Century: Selected Entries from Encyclopaedia of the World of Islam |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RS73Xn1Gjv8C&pg=PA67 |year=2012 |publisher=EWI Press |isbn=978-1-908433-09-1 |pages=67–}}</ref> JI then boycotted the [[1997 Pakistani general election|1997 election]] and therefore lost representation in parliament. However, the party remained politically active, for example, protesting the arrival of the Indian prime minister, [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]], in Lahore.
On 20 July 1996, Qazi Hussain Ahmed announced to start protests against government alleging corruption. Qazi Hussain resigned from the Senate on 27 September and announced the start of a long march against [[Benazir Bhutto]]'s government. The protest started on 27 October 1996 by Jamaat-e-Islami and opposition parties. On 4 November 1996, Bhutto's government was dismissed by [[Farooq Leghari|President Leghari]] primarily because of corruption.<ref name="Adel (2012)">{{citation |last=Salim |first=Muhammad Said |chapter=India: Jamaat-e-Islami |editor1=Gholamali Haddad Adel |editor2=Mohammad Jafar Elmi |editor3=Hassan Taromi-Rad |title=Muslim Organisations in the Twentieth Century: Selected Entries from Encyclopaedia of the World of Islam |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RS73Xn1Gjv8C&pg=PA67 |year=2012 |publisher=EWI Press |isbn=978-1-908433-09-1 |pages=67–}}</ref> JI then boycotted the [[1997 Pakistani general election|1997 election]], and therefore, lost representation in [[Parliament of Pakistan|Parliament]]. However, the party remained politically active, for example, protesting the arrival of the Indian Prime Minister, [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]], [[Lahore Declaration|in Lahore]].


In 1999, [[Pervez Musharraf]] took power in a [[military coup]]. JI, at first, welcomed the general but then objected when Musharraf began to make secular reforms and then again in 2001, when Pakistan joined the [[War on Terror]], alleging Musharraf had betrayed the [[Taliban]]. JI condemned the events of 11 September 2001 but equally condemned the US when Afghanistan was entered.<ref name="Adel (2012)"/>{{rp|page=69}} Some members of [[Al-Qaeda]], for example, [[Khalid Sheik Mohammed]], were arrested in Pakistan.<ref name="Gannon2006">{{citation |last=Gannon |first=Kathy |title=I is for Infidel: From Holy War to Holy Terror in Afghanistan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GPsnizjHBx4C&pg=PA158 |year=2006 |publisher=PublicAffairs |isbn=978-1-58648-452-1 |pages=158–}}</ref><ref name="Spencer2003">{{citation |last=Spencer |first=Robert |title=Onward Muslim Soldiers: How Jihad Still Threatens America and the West |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xGE5YshINtMC&pg=PA244 |year=2003 |publisher=Regnery Pub. |isbn=978-0-89526-100-7 |pages=244–}}</ref>
In 1999, [[Pervez Musharraf]] took power in a [[1999 Pakistani coup d'état|military coup]]. JI, at first, welcomed the general but then objected when Musharraf began to make secular reforms and then again in 2001, when Pakistan joined the [[war on terror]], alleging Musharraf had betrayed the [[Taliban]]. JI condemned the [[September 11 attacks|events of 11 September 2001]], but equally condemned the US when Afghanistan [[United States invasion of Afghanistan|was invaded]].<ref name="Adel (2012)"/>{{rp|page=69}} Some members of [[Al-Qaeda]], for example, [[Khalid Sheikh Mohammed]], were arrested in Pakistan.<ref name="Gannon2006">{{citation |last=Gannon |first=Kathy |title=I is for Infidel: From Holy War to Holy Terror in Afghanistan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GPsnizjHBx4C&pg=PA158 |year=2006 |publisher=PublicAffairs |isbn=978-1-58648-452-1 |pages=158–}}</ref><ref name="Spencer2003">{{citation |last=Spencer |first=Robert |title=Onward Muslim Soldiers: How Jihad Still Threatens America and the West |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xGE5YshINtMC&pg=PA244 |year=2003 |publisher=Regnery Pub. |isbn=978-0-89526-100-7 |pages=244–}}</ref>


In 2002, JI made an alliance of religious parties called [[Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal]] (MMA) (United Council of Action) and won 53 seats, including most of those representing the [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] Province.{{sfnp|Guidere, Islamic Fundamentalism|2012|p=356}} JI continued its opposition to the War on terrorism, particularly the presence of American troops and agencies in Pakistan. JI also called for restoration of judiciary.
In the [[2002 Pakistani general election|2002 election]], JI made an alliance of religious parties called [[Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal]] (MMA) ({{Literally|United Council of Action}}) and won 53 seats, including most of those representing the [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] province.{{sfnp|Guidere, Islamic Fundamentalism|2012|p=356}} JI continued its opposition to the War on terrorism, particularly the presence of American troops and agencies in Pakistan. JI also called for restoration of judiciary.

[[Qazi Hussain Ahmad]] gave his resignation from the National Assembly when visiting the camp of victims of an attack in [[Lal Masjid, Islamabad|Lal Masjid]].


In 2006, JI opposed the [[Women's Protection Bill]] saying it did not need to be scrapped but instead, be applied in a fairer way and more and be more clearly understood by judges. Ahmed said,
In 2006, JI opposed the [[Women's Protection Bill]] saying it did not need to be scrapped but instead, be applied in a fairer way and more and be more clearly understood by judges. Ahmed said,


At least during the time of Ahmad, the position of JI on revolutionary action was that it was not ready to turn to extra-legal action but that its objectives are definite (''qat'i'') but its methods are "open to interpretation and adaptation (''ijtihadi'')" based on the "exigencies of the moment".<ref>Based on interviews with a number of JI leaders, especially Khalil Ahmadu'l-Hamidi by Seyyed [[Vali Reza Nasr]] (in {{harvnb|Nasr, Mawdudi and Islamic Revivalism|1996|p=76}})</ref>
At least during the time of Ahmad, the position of JI on revolutionary action was that it was not ready to turn to extra-legal action but that its objectives are definite (''qat'i'') but its methods are "open to interpretation and adaptation (''ijtihadi'')" based on the "exigencies of the moment".<ref>Based on interviews with a number of JI leaders, especially Khalil Ahmadu'l-Hamidi by Seyyed [[Vali Reza Nasr]] (in {{harvnb|Nasr, Mawdudi and Islamic Revivalism|1996|p=76}})</ref>

On 23 July 2007, [[Qazi Hussain Ahmad]] tendered his resignation from the National Assembly to protest against the [[Siege of Lal Masjid|Army operation]] at [[Lal Masjid, Islamabad|Lal Masjid]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-07-24 |title=Qazi tenders resignation |url=http://beta.dawn.com/news/257869/qazi-tenders-resignation |access-date=2022-08-09 |website=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |language=en}}</ref>


===Sayyed Munawer Hassan (2008–2014)===
===Sayyed Munawer Hassan (2008–2014)===
In 2008, JI and [[Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf]] again boycotted the [[2008 Pakistani general election|elections]]. Ahmad declined reelection and [[Syed Munawar Hassan]] became ameer.
In 2008, JI and [[Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf]] again boycotted the [[2008 Pakistani general election|elections]]. Ahmad declined to stand for re-election due to health issues, and [[Syed Munawar Hassan]] was elected as the ameer.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-26 |title=Syed Munawar Hasan - a socialist turned Islamic political leader |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/2251036/syed-munawar-hasan-socialist-turned-islamic-political-leader |access-date=2022-08-09 |website=[[The Express Tribune]] |language=en}}</ref>


===Siraj ul Haq (2014–present)===
===Siraj-ul-Haq (2014–present)===
On 30 March 2014, [[Siraj-ul-Haq]], serving as senior minister in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa government and the party's deputy chief, was elected as the new ameer. He defeated the incumbent Munawer Hasan and the party's general secretary, [[Liaqat Baloch]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2014-03-30 |title=Sirajul Haq elected as new JI chief |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1096635 |access-date=2022-08-09 |website=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |language=en}}</ref> 25,533 office bearers of the party out of a total of 31,311 voted in these elections. It was the first time that the party had voted out an ameer after just one term. He, therefore, resigned from his role as senior minister. This coincided with a drone attack on a [[Madrasa|madrassa]] in [[Bajaur District|Bajaur Agency]].
On 30 March 2014, [[Siraj ul Haq]] became ameer.<ref name="ET: Siraj replaces Munawar"/> He resigned from his role as senior minister of the [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] Province. This coincided with a drone attack on [[Madrassa]], [[Bajour Agency]].


== Organisations ==
== Organisations ==
<ref name=Bajoria>{{cite web| last = Bajoria| first = Jayshree| title = Pakistan's New Generation of Terrorists| publisher = Council on Foreign Relations| date = 6 February 2008| url = http://www.cfr.org/publication/15422/pakistans_new_generation_of_terrorists.html?breadcrumb=%2Fbios%2F13611%2Fjayshree_bajoria%3Fgroupby%3D1%26hide%3D1%26id%3D13611%26filter%3D456| access-date = 30 March 2009| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090514060717/http://www.cfr.org/publication/15422/pakistans_new_generation_of_terrorists.html?breadcrumb=%2Fbios%2F13611%2Fjayshree_bajoria%3Fgroupby%3D1&hide=1&id=13611&filter=456| archive-date = 14 May 2009| df = dmy-all}}</ref><ref name=gall2009327>{{cite news | author =[[Carlotta Gall]], Ismail Khan, [[Pir Zubair Shah]] and Taimoor Shah| title = Pakistani and Afghan Taliban Unify in Face of U.S. Influx |work=New York Times| date = 26 March 2009| url = https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/27/world/asia/27taliban.html| access-date =27 March 2009}}</ref>
<ref name=Bajoria>{{cite web| last = Bajoria| first = Jayshree| title = Pakistan's New Generation of Terrorists| publisher = Council on Foreign Relations| date = 6 February 2008| url = http://www.cfr.org/publication/15422/pakistans_new_generation_of_terrorists.html?breadcrumb=%2Fbios%2F13611%2Fjayshree_bajoria%3Fgroupby%3D1%26hide%3D1%26id%3D13611%26filter%3D456| access-date = 30 March 2009| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090514060717/http://www.cfr.org/publication/15422/pakistans_new_generation_of_terrorists.html?breadcrumb=%2Fbios%2F13611%2Fjayshree_bajoria%3Fgroupby%3D1&hide=1&id=13611&filter=456| archive-date = 14 May 2009| df = dmy-all}}</ref><ref name=gall2009327>{{cite news | author =[[Carlotta Gall]], Ismail Khan, [[Pir Zubair Shah]] and Taimoor Shah| title = Pakistani and Afghan Taliban Unify in Face of U.S. Influx |work=New York Times| date = 26 March 2009| url = https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/27/world/asia/27taliban.html| access-date =27 March 2009}}</ref>


According to another source, TNSM and Jamaat-e-Islami (JI) seem to have been locked in a turf war in the [[Malakand District]] of Pakistan, and the Jamaat-Ulema-e-Islam, JI, and TNSM are in conflict with each other in the tribal areas for power and influence.<ref name=mapping>{{cite web|title=Tehreek Nifaz-e-Shariat Mohammadi|url=https://web.stanford.edu/group/mappingmilitants/cgi-bin/groups/view/411|website=Mapping Militant Organizations|publisher=Stanford University|access-date=29 December 2014}}</ref>
According to another source, TNSM and Jamaat-e-Islami (JI) seem to have been locked in a turf war in the [[Malakand District]] of Pakistan, and the Jamaat-Ulema-e-Islam, JI, and TNSM are in conflict with each other in the tribal areas for power and influence.<ref name=mapping>{{cite web|title=Tehreek Nifaz-e-Shariat Mohammadi|url=https://web.stanford.edu/group/mappingmilitants/cgi-bin/groups/view/411|website=Mapping Militant Organizations|publisher=Stanford University|access-date=29 December 2014}}</ref>


== List of Emirs ==
== List of Emirs ==
|-
|-
! No.
! No.
! Name<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pakistan: Sirajul Haq re-elected Jamaat-e-Islami chief |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/pakistan-sirajul-haq-re-elected-jamaat-e-islami-chief/1424883 |access-date=2022-08-09 |website=www.aa.com.tr}}</ref>
! Name
! Term
! Term
|- align=center
|- align=center
|- align=center
|- align=center
| 4
| 4
| [[Syed Munawar Hassan]]
| [[Munawar Hasan|Syed Munawar Hassan]]
| 2008–2014
| 2008–2014
|- align=center
|- align=center
| 5
| 5
| [[Siraj ul Haq]]
| [[Siraj-ul-Haq]]
| 2014–present
| 2014–present
|- align=center
|- align=center
== Leaders ==
== Leaders ==
* [[Abul A'la Maududi]] (1940–1972)
* [[Abul A'la Maududi]] (1940–1972)
*[[Naeem siddiqui]]
*[[Naeem Siddiqui]]
* [[Mian Tufail Mohammad]] (1972–1987)
* [[Mian Tufail Mohammad]] (1972–1987)
* [[Qazi Hussain Ahmad]] (1987–2008)
* [[Qazi Hussain Ahmad]] (1987–2008)
* [[Syed Munawar Hassan]] (2008–2014)
* [[Syed Munawar Hassan]] (2008–2014)
* [[Siraj ul Haq]] (2014–present)
* [[Siraj-ul-Haq]] (2014–present)
* [[Khurram Murad]]
* [[Khurram Murad]]
* [[Liaqat Baloch]]
* [[Liaqat Baloch]]
* [[Khurshid Ahmad (Islamic scholar)]]
* [[Khurshid Ahmad (scholar)|Khurshid Ahmad]]
* [[Abdul Ghaffar Aziz]]<ref>{{cite news |title=JI leader buried |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/725316-ji-leader-buried |work=www.thenews.com.pk |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=JI Vice-Amir Abdul Ghaffar Aziz passes away {{!}} SAMAA |url=https://www.samaa.tv/news/2020/10/ji-vice-amir-abdul-ghaffar-aziz-passes-away/ |work=Samaa TV}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=JI chief slams govt for inducting an 'IMF agent' |url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/413247/ji-chief-slams-govt-for-inducting-an-imf-agent/ |work=Daily Times |date=16 June 2019}}</ref>
* [[Abdul Ghaffar Aziz]]<ref>{{cite news |date=6 October 2020 |title=JI leader buried |language=en |work=[[The News International]] |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/725316-ji-leader-buried}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2020-10-05 |title=JI Vice-Amir Abdul Ghaffar Aziz passes away |url=http://www.samaaenglish.tv/news/2142586 |access-date=2022-08-09 |website=[[Samaa TV]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=16 June 2019 |title=JI chief slams govt for inducting an 'IMF agent' |work=[[Daily Times (Pakistan)|Daily Times]] |url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/413247/ji-chief-slams-govt-for-inducting-an-imf-agent/ |access-date=9 August 2022}}</ref>
* [[Hafiz Naeem ur Rehman]]
* [[Hafiz Naeem ur Rehman]]


== External links ==
== External links ==
* {{Official website|http://www.jamaat.org}}
* {{Official website|http://www.jamaat.org}}
* [https://www.facebook.com/JIPOfficial1 Jamaat-e-Islami] on [[Facebook]]
* [https://twitter.com/JIPOfficial?ref_src=twsrc%5Egoogle%7Ctwcamp%5Eserp%7Ctwgr%5Eauthor Jamaat-e-Islami] on [[Twitter]]
* [https://www.instagram.com/jipofficial/?hl=en Jamaat-e-Islami] on [[Instagram]]
* [http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/pakistan/ji.htm Profile: Jamaat-e-Islami & Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi] GlobalSecurity.org
* [http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/pakistan/ji.htm Profile: Jamaat-e-Islami & Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi] GlobalSecurity.org
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/4470254.stm Bangladesh ruling party expels MP] [[BBC]], 25 November 2005
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/4470254.stm Bangladesh ruling party expels MP] [[BBC]], 25 November 2005

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'{{About|Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan|other organisations with similar names|Jamaat-e-Islami (disambiguation)}} {{EngvarB|date=September 2013}} {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2013}} {{Infobox political party | name = Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan | logo = Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan Logo.png | logo_size = 150px | colorcode = {{party color|Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan}} | predecessor = [[Jamaat-e-Islami]] | successor = [[Jamaat-e-Islami Bangladesh]] in [[Bangladesh]]<ref name="Rubin2010">{{cite book |last=Rubin |first=Barry A.|date=2010 |title=Guide to Islamist Movements|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wEih57-GWQQC&pg=PA59 |publisher=M.E. Sharpe |page=59 |isbn=978-0-7656-4138-0}}</ref> | abbreviation = JI | founded = {{start date and age|df=yes|p=y|br=y|1941|08|26}} in British India <br/> {{start date and age|df=yes|p=y|br=y|1947}} in Pakistan | ideology = [[Islamism]]<br/>[[Islamic revivalism]]<br/>[[Social conservatism]]<br/>[[Pan-Islamism]]<br/>[[Islamic democracy]]<br/>[[Anti-capitalism]]<br/>[[Anti-communism]]<br/>[[Anti-liberalism]] | headquarters = Multan Road, [[Mansoorah, Lahore|Mansoorah]], [[Lahore]] | national = [[Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal]] | international = [[Muslim Brotherhood]] <br />[[Jamaat-e-Islami Hind|JI (Hind)]]<br/> [[Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami|JI (Bangladesh)]]<br/> [[Jamaat-e-Islami Kashmir|JI (Kashmir)]] | religion = [[Islam]]<ref>{{Cite book|last=Campo|first=Juan Eduardo|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OZbyz_Hr-eIC&q=In+Pakistan%2C+the+JUI+was+active+in+th|title=Encyclopedia of Islam|date=2009|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-2696-8|location=|pages=390|language=en}}</ref> | website = {{URL|http://www.jamaat.org/en/}} {{in lang|en}}<br>{{URL|http://www.jamaat.org/}} {{in lang|ur}} | country = Pakistan | native_name = جماعت اسلامی پاکستان<br>Islamic Congress Pakistan | leader1_title = [[Emir|Ameer]] | leader1_name = [[Siraj ul Haq]]<ref name="ET: Siraj replaces Munawar">{{cite news|title=Sirajul Haq replaces Munawar Hassan as chief of Jamaat-e-Islami|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/689135/sirajul-haq-replaces-munawar-hassan-as-chief-of-jamaat-e-islami/|access-date=30 March 2014|newspaper=The Express Tribune|date=30 March 2014}}</ref> | general_secretary = Ameer ul Azeem<ref name="Family from Lahore always ‘selected’, we weren’t: Bilawal"/> | leader3_title = [[Naib]] [[Emir|Ameer]] | leader3_name = [[Liaqat Baloch]]<ref name="Family from Lahore always ‘selected’, we weren’t: Bilawal">{{Cite news|date=2021-03-23|title=Family from Lahore always 'selected', we weren't: Bilawal|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/808519-family-from-lahore-always-selected-we-weren-t-bilawal|url-status=live|access-date=2021-08-26|work=The News International (newspaper)|language=en}}</ref> | colors = {{colour box|#008000}}{{colour box|#FFFFFF}}{{colour box|{{party color|Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan}}}} Green, white, cyan | founder = [[Sayyid Abul A'la Maududi]] | position = [[Right-wing politics|Right-wing]] to [[Far-right politics|Far-right]] | student_wing = [[Islami Jamiat-e-Talaba]] | wing1_title = Labour wing | wing1 = [[National Labour Federation (Pakistan)|National Labour Federation]] | wing2_title= Welfare wing | wing2 = [[Al-Khidmat Foundation]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/865975-alkhidmat-spent-rs8-2bn-in-a-year-on-welfare|title=Alkhidmat spent Rs8.2bn in a year on welfare|date=19 July 2021|access-date=17 September 2021|work=[[The News International]]}}</ref> | youth_wing = [[Shabab e Milli]]<ref name="ET: JI chief Sirajul-Haq announces to change Shabab-e-Milli in party's youth wing">{{cite news|title=JI chief Sirajul-Haq announces to change Shabab-e-Milli in party's youth wing|url= https://92newshd.tv/ji-chief-sirajul-haq-announces-to-change-shabab-e-milli-in-partys-youth-wing/|access-date=15 November 2015|newspaper=92 News HD|date=15 November 2015}}</ref> <br> JI Youth<ref name="ET: JI launches its youth wing">{{cite news|title=JI launches it youth wing|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1219955/|access-date=16 November 2015|newspaper=DAWN|date=16 November 2015}}</ref> | newspaper = [[Daily Jasarat]] | seats1_title = [[Senate of Pakistan|Senate]] | seats1 = {{Composition bar|1|100|{{party color|Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan}}}} | seats2_title = [[National Assembly of Pakistan|National Assembly]] | seats2 = {{Composition bar|1|342|{{party color|Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan}}}} | seats3_title = [[Provincial Assembly of Balochistan|Balochistan Assembly]] | seats3 = {{Composition bar|0|65|{{party color|Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan}}}} | seats5_title = [[Provincial Assembly of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|KPK Assembly]] | seats5 = {{Composition bar|3|145|{{party color|Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan}}}} | seats6_title = [[Provincial Assembly of Sindh|Sindh Assembly]] | seats6 = {{Composition bar|1|168|{{party color|Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan}}}} | seats7_title = [[Provincial Assembly of Punjab|Punjab Assembly]] | seats7 = {{Composition bar|0|371|{{party color|Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan}}}} | seats8_title = [[Gilgit-Baltistan Legislative Assembly|GB Assembly]] | seats8 = {{Composition bar|0|33|{{party color|Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan}}}} | seats9_title = [[Azad Kashmir Legislative Assembly|Azad Kashmir Assembly]] | seats9 = {{Composition bar|0|49|{{party color|Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan}}}} | flag = Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan Flag.svg | symbol = [[File:017-Scale.jpg|150px]] }} {{Islamism sidebar}} [[File:Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan Logo.svg|thumb|right|The logo used on Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan's [[Facebook]] page.<ref>{{citation |url=https://www.facebook.com/JIPOfficial1 |title=Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan |work=[[Facebook]]}}</ref>]] '''Jamaat-e-Islami''' ('''JI'''; [[Urdu language|Urdu]]: {{Nastaliq| جماعتِ اسلامی}}, "Islamic Congress"), or '''Jamaat''' as it is simply known, is an [[Islamism|Islamist]] political party which is based in Pakistan and it is the Pakistani successor to [[Jamaat-e-Islami]], which was founded in [[colonial India]] in 1941.<ref name="NG336"/> Its objective is the transformation of [[Pakistan]] into an [[Islamic state]], governed by [[Sharia]] law, through a gradual legal, and political process.{{sfnp|Haqqani, Pakistan between Mosque and Military|2005|p=122}} JI strongly opposes [[capitalism]], [[communism]], [[liberalism]], [[Socialism in Pakistan|socialism]] and [[secularism]] as well as economic practices such as offering [[Interest rate|bank interest]]. JI is a [[vanguard party]]: its members form an ''elite'' with "affiliates" and then "sympathizers" beneath them. The party leader is called an ''[[Emir|ameer]]''.<ref name="Adel (2012)"/>{{rp|page=70}} Although it does not have a large popular following, the party is quite influential and considered one of the major Islamic movements in Pakistan, along with [[Deobandi]] and [[Barelvi]] (represented by [[Jamiat Ulema-e Islam (F)|Jamiat Ulema-e Islam]] and [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Pakistan]] respectively).<ref name=roy-88>{{cite book|last1=Roy|first1=Olivier|title=The Failure of Political Islam|url=https://archive.org/details/failureofpolitic00royo|url-access=registration|date=1994|publisher=Harvard University Press|pages=[https://archive.org/details/failureofpolitic00royo/page/88 88]|isbn=9780674291409 |quote=Islam in Pakistan is divided into three tendencies: the Jamaat, which is the Islamist party and which, although it does not have extensive popular roots, is politically influential; the ''deobandi'', administered by fundamentalists and reformist ulamas; and the Barelvi, which recruits from popular and Sufi Islamic circles.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=bin Mohamed Osman |first1=Mohamed Nawab |title=The Ulama in Pakistani Politics |journal=South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies |volume=32 |issue=2 |year=2009 |pages=230–247 |issn=0085-6401 |doi=10.1080/00856400903049499 |s2cid=219698819 |ref={{sfnref|bin Mohamed Osman, The Ulama in Pakistani Politics|2009}}}}</ref> [[Jamaat-e-Islami]] was founded in [[Lahore]], [[British India]] in 1941 by the Muslim theologian and socio-political philosopher, [[Abul Ala Maududi]], who was widely influenced by the [[Sharia]] based reign of the Mughal Emperor [[Aurangzeb]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Jackson|first1=Roy|title=Mawlana Mawdudi and Political Islam: Authority and the Islamic State|date=2010|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781136950360}}</ref> At the time of the [[Indian independence movement]], Maududi and the Jamaat-e-Islami actively worked to [[opposition to the partition of India|oppose the partition of India]].<ref name="Oh2007"/><ref name="NG336"/><ref name="Gupta2016"/> In 1947, following the [[partition of India]], the Jamaat split into two organisations, Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan and [[Jamaat-e-Islami Hind]] (the Indian wing).<ref>{{citation |last=Ahmad |first=Irfan |chapter=The Jewish hand: the response of the Jamaat-e-Islami Hind |editor1=Peter van der Veer |editor2=S. Munshi |title=Media, War, and Terrorism: Responses from the Middle East and Asia |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pAm_YptXTPMC&pg=PA138 |publisher=Psychology Press |year=2004 |page=138 |isbn=9780415331401}}</ref>{{sfnp|Guidere, Islamic Fundamentalism|2012|p=223}} Other wings of Jamaat include [[Jamaat-e-Islami Kashmir]], founded in 1953, [[#Jamaat-e-Islami Azad Kashmir|Jamaat-e-Islami Azad Kashmir]] founded in 1974, and [[Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami]], founded in 1975.{{sfnp|Haqqani, Pakistan between Mosque and Military|2005|p=171}} Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan came under severe government repression in 1948, 1953, and 1963.{{sfnp|Nasr, Mawdudi and Islamic Revivalism|1996|p=97}} During the early years of the regime of General [[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq]], Jamaat-e-Islami's position improved and was became seen as the "regime's ideological and political arm", with party members at times holding cabinet portfolios of information and broadcasting, production, and water, power and natural resources (although none remained long in their positions).<ref>Kepel, ''Jihad'', (2002), pp.98, 100, 101</ref>{{sfnp|Haqqani, Pakistan between Mosque and Military|2005|p=138}} In 1971, during the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]], JI opposed the independence of Bangladesh.<ref>{{harvp|Schmid|2011|p=600}}; {{harvp|Tomsen|2011|p=240}}</ref> However, in 1975, it established Jamaat-e-Islami Bangladesh with Abbas Ali Khan ([[Joypurhat]]) as the first ameer.{{sfnp|Haqqani, Pakistan between Mosque and Military|2005|p=171}} Since the early 1980s, it has also developed close links with Jamaat-e-Islami Kashmir and acted as the vanguard of the [[Kashmir insurgency|armed insurgency]] in Kashmir.{{sfn|Jamal|2009|loc=Chapters 3–4}}{{sfn|Sirrs|2016|pp=157–161}} ==History== {| class="wikitable" |+Growth of JIP<ref name=growth-371>[https://books.google.com/books/about/Encyclopedia_of_Islam_and_the_Muslim_Wor.html?id=OVcUAQAAIAAJ Encyclopedia of Islam & the Muslim World]| By Richard C. Martín| Granite Hill Publishers|2004|p.371</ref> |- !rowspan=1 colspan=1|Year !rowspan=1 colspan=1|Members<br /> (''Arkan'') !rowspan=1 colspan=1|Sympathizers and workers<br />(''Hum-Khayal'') |- |1941||75|| (unknown) |- |1951||659||2,913 |- |1989||5,723||305,792 |- |2003||16,033||4.5 million |- |2017||37000||(unknown) |- !colspan=3|<small>SOURCE: ''Encyclopedia of Islam & the Muslim World'' (2004)</small><ref name=growth-371/> |} ===Syed Abul A'la Maududi (1941–1972)=== Jamaat-e-Islami's founder and leader until 1972 was [[Abul A'la Maududi]], a widely read Islamist philosopher and political commentator, who wrote about the role of Islam in South Asia.<ref name=kepel-34 /> His thought was influenced by many factors including the [[Khilafat Movement]]; [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]]'s ascension at the end of the [[Ottoman Caliphate]]; and the impact of [[Indian Nationalism]], the [[Indian National Congress]] and [[Hindu]]ism on [[Muslim]]s in India. He supported what he called "Islamization from above", through an Islamic state in which sovereignty would be exercised in the name of Allah and Islamic law (''[[sharia]]'') would be implemented. Mawdudi believed politics was "an integral, inseparable part of the Islamic faith, and that the Islamic state that Muslim political action seeks to build" would not only be an act of piety but would also solve the many (seemingly non-religious) social and economic problems that Muslims faced.<ref name=kepel-34/>{{sfnp|Nasr, Vanguard of Islamic Revolution|1994|p=7}} [[File:Secreteriate Jamaat-e-Islami Punjab.jpg|thumb|Jamaat-e-Islami Headquarter in Lahore]] Maududi opposed British rule but also opposed the Muslim nationalist movement (nationalism being un-Islamic) and their plan for a circumscribed "Muslim state". Maududi agitating instead for an "Islamic state" covering the whole of India<ref name=kepel-34>{{cite book|last1=Kepel|first1=Gilles|title=Jihad: on the Trail of Political Islam|date=2002|publisher=Belknap Press|page=34|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OLvTNk75hUoC&q=jamaat+e+islami&pg=PA441|isbn=9781845112578|ref=GKJ2002}}</ref>—this despite the fact Muslims made up only about one quarter of India's population. Jamaat-e-Islami thus actively [[opposition to the partition of India|opposed the partition of India]], with its leader Maulana Abul A'la Maududi arguing that concept violated the Islamic doctrine of the [[ummah]].<ref name="Oh2007"/><ref name="NG336"/><ref name="Gupta2016">{{cite web |last1=Gupta |first1=Shekhar |title=Why Zakir Naik is dangerous |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/column/why-zakir-naik-is-dangerous/20160718.htm |publisher=[[Rediff]] |access-date=29 April 2020 |language=en}}</ref> The Jamaat-e-Islami saw the partition as creating a temporal border that would divide Muslims from one another.<ref name="Oh2007">{{cite book |last1=Oh |first1=Irene |title=The Rights of God: Islam, Human Rights, and Comparative Ethics |url=https://archive.org/details/rightsgod00ohir |url-access=limited |date=2007 |publisher=Georgetown University Press |isbn=978-1-58901-463-3 |page=[https://archive.org/details/rightsgod00ohir/page/n52 45] |language=en |quote=In the debate over whether Muslims should establish their own state, separate from a Hindu India, Maududi initially argued against such a creation and asserted that the establishment of a political Muslim state defined by borders violated the idea of the universal ''umma''. Citizenship and national borders, which would characterize the new Muslim state, contradicted the notion that Muslims should not be separated by one another by these temporal boundaries. In this milieu, Maududi founded the organization Jama'at-i Islamic. ... The Jama'at for its first few years worked actively to prevent the partition, but once partition became inevitable, it established offices in both Pakistan and India.}}</ref><ref name="NG336">{{cite book |last1=Rasheed, Nighat |title=A critical study of the reformist trends in the Indian Muslim society during the nineteenth century |page=336 |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/52379/13/13_chapter%207.pdf#page=74 |access-date=2 March 2020 |quote=The Jama'at -i-Islami was founded in 1941. Maulana Maududi being its founder strongly opposed the idea of creating Pakistan, a separate Muslim country, by dividing India, but surprisingly after the creation of Pakistan he migrated to Lahore. Again in the beginning he was opposed to and denounced the struggle for Kashmir as un-Islamic, for which he was imprisoned in 1950, but later on in 1965, he changed his views and endorsed the Kashmir war as Jihad. Maulana Maududi took an active part in demanding discriminative legislation and executive action against the Ahmadi sect leading to widespread rioting and violence in Pakistan. He was persecuted arrested and imprisoned for advocating his political ideas through his writings and speeches. During the- military regime from 1958 the Jama'at-iIslami was banned and was revived only in 1962, Maududi was briefly imprisoned. He refused to apologize for his actions or to request clemency from the government. He demanded his freedom to speak and accepted the punishment of death as the will of God. His fierce commitment to his ideals caused his supporters worldwide to rally for his release and the government acceded commuting his death sentence to a term of life imprisonment. Eventually the military government pardoned Maulana Maududi completely.}}</ref> ===Founding of JI in colonial India=== {{Main|Jamaat-e-Islami}} [[Jamaat-e-Islami]] was founded in [[colonial India]] on 26 August 1941, at [[Islamia Park]] in the city of [[Lahore]], before the [[Partition of India]].{{sfnp|Guidere, Islamic Fundamentalism|2012|p=li}} JI began as an [[Islamism|Islamist]] social and political movement. Seventy-five people attended the first meeting and became the first 75 members of the movement. Maulana [[Amin Ahsan Islahi]], Maulana [[Naeem Siddiqui]], Maulana Muhammad Manzoor Naumanai and Maula Abul Hassan Ali Nadwi (although he left after a few years) <ref>{{cite web |url=https://abulhasanalinadwi.org/books/Biography.pdf}}</ref> were among the founders of Jamat e Islami along with Syed Abul Ala Maududi<ref>Edara Manshoraat, Mansora Lahore 1980, pp5-25</ref> Maududi saw his group as a vanguard of Islamic revolution following the footsteps of early Muslims who gathered in Medina to found an Islamic state.<ref name=kepel-34 />{{sfnp|Nasr, Vanguard of Islamic Revolution|1994|p=7}} JI was and is strictly and hierarchically organised in a pyramid-like structure, working toward the common goal of establishing an ideological Islamic society, particularly though educational and social work, under the leadership of its emirs (commanders or leaders).<ref name=growth-371 /> As a vanguard party, its fully-fledged members (''arkan'') are intended to be leaders and devoted to the party, but there is also a category of much more numerous sympathizers and workers (''karkun''). The emir is obliged by the party constitution to consult an assembly called the ''shura''. The JI also developed sub-organisations, such as those for women and students.<ref name="growth-371"/> JI began by volunteering in refugee camps; performing social work; opening hospitals and medical clinics and by gathering the skins of animals sacrificed for [[Eid-ul-Azha]]. JI had a number of unique features. All members, including its founder Mawdudi, uttered the shahadah—the traditional act of converts to Islam—when they joined. This was a symbolic gesture of conversion to a new Islamic perspective, but to some implied that "the Jamaat stood before Muslim society as Islam before [[jahiliyah]]", (pre-Islamic ignorance).<ref>{{harvp|Nasr, Mawdudi and Islamic Revivalism|1996|p=110}}: "All members, including Mawdudi, uttered the shahadah when they joined, in a symbolic gesture of conversion to a new Islamic Perspective."</ref> After Pakistan was formed, it forbade Pakistanis to take an oath of allegiance to the state until it became Islamic, arguing that a Muslim could in clear conscience render allegiance only to God.{{sfnp|Nasr, Mawdudi and Islamic Revivalism|1996|p=42}}{{sfnp|Nasr, Vanguard of Islamic Revolution|1994|pp=119-120}} ===Pakistan=== ;Creation and early years Following the Partition of India, Maududi and JI migrated from East Punjab to [[Lahore]] in Pakistan. There they volunteered to help the thousands of refugees pouring into the country from India<ref name=Adams-102>Adams, Charles J., "Mawdudi and the Islamic State," in John L. Esposito, ed., ''Voices of Resurgent Islam'', (New York: Oxford University Press, 1983, p.102)</ref>—performing social work; opening hospitals and medical clinics; and by gathering the skins of animals sacrificed for [[Eid-ul-Azha]]. During the prime-ministership of [[Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy]] (September 1956 – October 1957), JI argued for a separate voting system for different religious communities. Suhrawardy convened a session of the National Assembly at [[Dhaka]] and through an alliance with Republicans, his party passed a bill for a mixed voting system. In 1951 it ran candidates for office but did not do well. JI found it was more successful in promoting its cause in the streets.{{sfnp|Nasr, Mawdudi and Islamic Revivalism|1996|p=43}} The election also occasioned a split in the party with the JI shura passing a resolution in support of the party withdrawing from politics but Maududi arguing for continued involvement. Maududi prevailed and several senior JI leaders resigned in protest. All this strengthened Maududi's position still further and "a cult of personality began to grow up around him."{{sfnp|Nasr, Mawdudi and Islamic Revivalism|1996|p=43}} In 1953, JI led "direct action" against the [[Ahmadiyya]], who the JI believed should be declared non-Muslims. In March 1953 [[Lahore riots of 1953|riots in Lahore]] started leading to looting, arson and the killing of at least 200 Ahmadis and the declaration of selective [[martial law]]. The military leader, [[Azam Khan (general)|Azam Khan]] had Maududi arrested and [[Rahimuddin Khan]] sentenced him to death for [[sedition]] (writing anti-Ahmadiyya pamphlets).Many JI supporters were imprisoned during this time. The [[Constitution of Pakistan of 1956|1956 Constitution]] was adopted after [[Constitution of Pakistan of 1956#Islamic provisions|accommodating]] many of the demands of the JI. Maududi endorsed the constitution and claimed it a victory for Islam.{{sfnp|Nasr, Mawdudi and Islamic Revivalism|1996|p=44}} In 1958, JI formed an alliance with [[Abdul Qayyum Khan]] (Muslim League) and Chudhary Muhammad Ali (Nizam-e-Islami party). The alliance destabilised the presidency of [[Iskander Mirza]] (1956–1958) and Pakistan returned to martial law. The military ruler, the president [[Muhammad Ayub Khan]] (1958–1964), had a modernising agenda and opposed the encroachment of religion into politics. He banned political parties and warned Maududi against continued religio-political activism. JI offices were closed down, funds were confiscated and Maududi was imprisoned in 1964 and 1967.{{sfnp|Nasr, Mawdudi and Islamic Revivalism|1996|p=44}} JI supported the opposition party, the [[Pakistan Democratic Movement]] (PDM). In the 1964–1965 presidential elections, JI supported the opposition leader, [[Fatima Jinnah]], despite its opposition to women in politics.{{sfnp|Nasr, Mawdudi and Islamic Revivalism|1996|p=44}} In 1965, during the [[Indo-Pakistani war]], JI supported the government's call for [[jihad]], presenting patriotic speeches on [[Radio Pakistan]] and seeking support from Arab and Central Asian countries. The group resisted [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]] and [[Maulana Bhashani]]'s socialist program of the time. By the end of 1969, the Jamaat-e-Islami was spearheading a major "campaign for the protection of ideology of Pakistan," which it believed was under threat from atheistic socialists and secularists.{{sfnp|Haqqani, Pakistan between Mosque and Military|2005|p=46}} JI participated in the [[1970 Pakistani general election|1970 general election]]. Its political platform advocated political freedom of the provinces and Islamic law based on the Quran and Sunnah. There would be separation of the powers (judiciary and legislature); basic rights for minorities (such as equal employment opportunities and the ''Bonus Share Scheme'' allowing factory workers to own shares in their employers' companies); and a policy of strong relationships with the [[Muslim world]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2015}} Just prior to the election, [[Nawabzada Nasrullah Khan]] left the alliance leaving JI to run against the [[Pakistan Peoples Party]] and the [[Awami League]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2015}} The party had a disappointing showing when it won only four seats in the national assembly and four in the provincial assembly after fielding 151 candidates.{{sfnp|Nasr, Mawdudi and Islamic Revivalism|1996|p=45}} [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]] won the 1970 election campaign and was strongly opposed by JI who believed he and his socialist ideology were a threat to Islam.{{sfnp|Haqqani, Pakistan between Mosque and Military|2005|p=69}} ;Division JI opposed the [[Awami League]] East Pakistani separatist movement.{{sfnp|Haqqani, Pakistan between Mosque and Military|2005|p=100}} [[Islami Jamiat-e-Talaba]] organised the [[Al-Badar]] to fight the [[Mukti Bahini]] (Bengali liberation forces). In 1971, during the [[Bangladesh liberation war]], JI members may have collaborated with the Pakistani army.<ref>Arefin S. [http://freebanglaebooks.com/bangla-ebook/muktijuddho-71-punished-war-criminals-under-dalal-law/ "Muktijuddho '71: Punished War Criminals Under Dalal Law."] Bangladesh Research and Publications.</ref><ref>[http://www.genocidebangladesh.org/?page_id=14] Bangladesh Genocide Archive website. Accessed 9 March 2013.</ref><ref>Nabi N. [https://books.google.com/books?id=F_OUc-TvGOIC&pg=PA108&dq=jamaat+e+islami&hl=en&sa=X&ei=rYRTU_DpEY7HlAXW4oHwAQ&ved=0CD8Q6AEwAzgo#v=onepage&q=jamaat%20e%20islami&f=false "Bullets of '71: A Freedom Fighter's Story."] AuthorHouse, 2010 p.108 {{ISBN|1452043833}}, 9781452043838.</ref>{{Self-published inline|date=September 2016}}<!-- This is a personal narrative from a self-publisher (AuthorHouse), so not a reliable source. WP:HISTRS describes acceptable sources for history-related articles. Also, this shouldn't be in the lede because it isn't a summary of anything in the article. --> In 1968 Maulana Maududi took leave from Emarat of the Jamaat and Maulana [[Naeem Siddiqui]] became the Ameer of Jamat e Islami for One year, in 1969 Maulana took Charge of the Jumat again. In 1972, Maududi resigned citing poor health and Maulana [[Naeem Siddiqui]] refused to become the Ameer of the Jamaat due to his research activities. Thus in October 1972, the ''Majlis-e-Shoura'' (council) elected [[Mian Tufail Mohammad]] (1914–2009), the new leader of JI.Naeeem Siddiqui was chosen as the General secretary of Jamaat e Islami. ===Mian Tufail Mohammad (1972–1987)=== After [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]] (1973–1977) was elected, the student wing of the Jamaat-e-Islami ([[Islami Jamiat-e-Talaba]]) burned effigies of him in Lahore and declared his election a "black day." In early 1973, the amir, of the JI even appealed to the army to overthrow Bhutto's government because of "its inherent moral corruption."{{sfnp|Haqqani, Pakistan between Mosque and Military|2005|p=96}} JI "spearheaded" the anti-Bhutto political movement under the religious banner of ''Nizam-i-Mustafa'' (Order of the Prophet). Bhutto attempted to suppress JI through the imprisonment of JI and Islami Jamiat-e-Talaba members. There were electoral irregularities at the 1975 elections with JI members being arrested in order to prevent them from lodging their nomination papers.{{sfnp|Haqqani, Pakistan between Mosque and Military|2005|p=120}} However, by 1976, JI had 2 million registrants. In the 1977 JI won nine of the 36 seats won by the opposition [[Pakistan National Alliance]]. The opposition considered the election rigged (Bhutto's PPP won 155 out of 200 seats) and Maududi, who had been arrested, called on Islamist parties to commence a campaign of [[civil disobedience]]. The [[Sunni]] led government of [[Saudi Arabia]] intervened to secure Maududi's release from prison warning of revolution in Pakistan. JI assisted the [[Pakistan National Alliance]] (PNA) to oust Bhutto and met with Zia-ul-Haq for ninety minutes on the night before Bhutto was hanged.{{sfnp|Haqqani, Pakistan between Mosque and Military|2005|p=139}} Initially, JI supported [[General Zia-ul-Haq]] (1977–1987).{{sfnp|Haqqani, Pakistan between Mosque and Military|2005|p=123}} In turn, Zia's use of Islamist rhetoric gave JI importance in public life beyond the size of its membership.<ref name="Osella (2013)">{{citation |last=Iqtidar |first=Humeira |chapter=Secularism Beyond the State |editor1=Filippo Osella |editor2=Caroline Osella |title=Islamic Reform in South Asia |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ipU-cTz5_JYC&pg=PA479 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2013 |page=479 |isbn=9781107031753}}</ref> According to journalist Owen Bennett Jones, JI was the "only political party" to offer Zia "consistent support" and was rewarded with jobs for "tens of thousands of Jamaat activists and sympathisers", giving Zia's Islamic agenda power "long after he died."<ref name=jones-16>{{cite book|last1=Jones|first1=Owen Bennett|title=Pakistan : eye of the storm|date=2002|publisher=Yale University Press|location=New Haven and London|pages=16–7|isbn=9780300097603|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t8iYEgPYG_EC&q=Tens+of+thousands+of+Jamaat+activists+and+sympathisers&pg=PA17|quote=... Zia rewarded the only political party to offer him consistent support, Jamaat-e-Islami. Tens of thousands of Jamaat activists and sympathisers were given jobs in the judiciary, the civil service and other state institutions. These appointments meant Zia's Islamic agenda lived on long after he died.}}</ref> However, Zia failed to deliver timely elections and distanced himself from the JI. When Zia banned [[Students' union|student unions]], [[Islami Jamiat-e-Talaba]] and pro-JI labour unions protested. However, JI did not participate in the [[Pakistan Peoples Party]]'s [[Movement for the Restoration of Democracy]]. JI also supported Zia's [[Jihad]] against the [[Soviet–Afghan War]] and its sister party [[Jamiat-e Islami]] led by [[Burhanuddin Rabbani]] became part of the [[Peshawar Seven]] that received aid from Saudi Arabia, United States and other jihad supporters.{{sfnp|Guidere, Islamic Fundamentalism|2012|p=272}} Such conundrums caused tension in JI based on conflict between ideology and politics.<ref name="Osella (2013)"/><ref name=kepel-104>{{cite book|last1=Kepel|first1=Gilles|title=Jihad: on the Trail of Political Islam|date=2002|publisher=Belknap Press|page=104 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OLvTNk75hUoC&q=jamaat+e+islami&pg=PA441 |isbn=9781845112578|ref=GKJ2002}}</ref> In 1987, Mian Tufail declined further service as head of JI for health reasons and [[Qazi Hussain Ahmad]] was elected. === Qazi Hussain Ahmad (1987–2008) === In 1987, when Zia died, the [[Pakistan Muslim League]] formed the [[right-wing]] alliance, [[Islami Jamhoori Ittehad]] (IJI).<ref>{{citation |last=Haniffa |first=Farzana |chapter=Piety as Politics amongst Muslim Women in Contemporary Sri Lanka |editor1=Filippo Osella |editor2=Caroline Osella |title=Islamic Reform in South Asia |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ipU-cTz5_JYC&pg=PA180 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2013 |page=180 |isbn=9781107031753}}</ref> In 1990 when [[Nawaz Sharif]] came to power, JI boycotted the cabinet on the basis that the Pakistan Peoples' Party and the Pakistan Muslim League were problematic to equal degrees. In the [[1993 Pakistani general election|election of 1993]], JI won three seats. In this year, JI was a member of the newly formed All Parties Hurriyat Conference (APHC) which promotes the independence of Jammu and Kashmir from India.{{sfnp|Guidere, Islamic Fundamentalism|2012|p=26}} Prior to this, JI had allegedly set up the Hizb-ul-Mujahideen, a Kashmir liberation militia to oppose the Kashmir Liberation Front which fights for the complete independence of the Kashmir region.{{sfnp|Guidere, Islamic Fundamentalism|2012|p=127}} Ahmad left his position in the Senate in protest against corruption. === Successful long march against Bhutto's government === On 20 July 1996, Qazi Hussain Ahmed announced to start protests against government alleging corruption. Qazi Hussain resigned from the Senate on 27 September and announced the start of a long march against Benazir government. The protest started on 27 October 1996 by Jamaat-e-Islami and opposition parties. On 4 November 1996, Bhutto's government was dismissed by President Leghari primarily because of corruption.<ref name="Adel (2012)">{{citation |last=Salim |first=Muhammad Said |chapter=India: Jamaat-e-Islami |editor1=Gholamali Haddad Adel |editor2=Mohammad Jafar Elmi |editor3=Hassan Taromi-Rad |title=Muslim Organisations in the Twentieth Century: Selected Entries from Encyclopaedia of the World of Islam |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RS73Xn1Gjv8C&pg=PA67 |year=2012 |publisher=EWI Press |isbn=978-1-908433-09-1 |pages=67–}}</ref> JI then boycotted the [[1997 Pakistani general election|1997 election]] and therefore lost representation in parliament. However, the party remained politically active, for example, protesting the arrival of the Indian prime minister, [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]], in Lahore. In 1999, [[Pervez Musharraf]] took power in a [[military coup]]. JI, at first, welcomed the general but then objected when Musharraf began to make secular reforms and then again in 2001, when Pakistan joined the [[War on Terror]], alleging Musharraf had betrayed the [[Taliban]]. JI condemned the events of 11 September 2001 but equally condemned the US when Afghanistan was entered.<ref name="Adel (2012)"/>{{rp|page=69}} Some members of [[Al-Qaeda]], for example, [[Khalid Sheik Mohammed]], were arrested in Pakistan.<ref name="Gannon2006">{{citation |last=Gannon |first=Kathy |title=I is for Infidel: From Holy War to Holy Terror in Afghanistan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GPsnizjHBx4C&pg=PA158 |year=2006 |publisher=PublicAffairs |isbn=978-1-58648-452-1 |pages=158–}}</ref><ref name="Spencer2003">{{citation |last=Spencer |first=Robert |title=Onward Muslim Soldiers: How Jihad Still Threatens America and the West |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xGE5YshINtMC&pg=PA244 |year=2003 |publisher=Regnery Pub. |isbn=978-0-89526-100-7 |pages=244–}}</ref> In 2002, JI made an alliance of religious parties called [[Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal]] (MMA) (United Council of Action) and won 53 seats, including most of those representing the [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] Province.{{sfnp|Guidere, Islamic Fundamentalism|2012|p=356}} JI continued its opposition to the War on terrorism, particularly the presence of American troops and agencies in Pakistan. JI also called for restoration of judiciary. [[Qazi Hussain Ahmad]] gave his resignation from the National Assembly when visiting the camp of victims of an attack in [[Lal Masjid, Islamabad|Lal Masjid]]. In 2006, JI opposed the [[Women's Protection Bill]] saying it did not need to be scrapped but instead, be applied in a fairer way and more and be more clearly understood by judges. Ahmed said, : "Those who oppose [these] laws are only trying to run away from Islam. ... These laws do not affect women adversely. Our system wants to protect women from unnecessary worry and save them the trouble of appearing in court."{{sfnp|Haqqani, Pakistan between Mosque and Military|2005|p=145}} Samia Raheel Qazi, MP and daughter of Ahmed stated, :"We have been against the bill from the start. The [[Hudood Ordinance]] was devised by a highly qualified group of [[Ulema]], and is beyond question". At least during the time of Ahmad, the position of JI on revolutionary action was that it was not ready to turn to extra-legal action but that its objectives are definite (''qat'i'') but its methods are "open to interpretation and adaptation (''ijtihadi'')" based on the "exigencies of the moment".<ref>Based on interviews with a number of JI leaders, especially Khalil Ahmadu'l-Hamidi by Seyyed [[Vali Reza Nasr]] (in {{harvnb|Nasr, Mawdudi and Islamic Revivalism|1996|p=76}})</ref> ===Sayyed Munawer Hassan (2008–2014)=== In 2008, JI and [[Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf]] again boycotted the [[2008 Pakistani general election|elections]]. Ahmad declined reelection and [[Syed Munawar Hassan]] became ameer. ===Siraj ul Haq (2014–present)=== On 30 March 2014, [[Siraj ul Haq]] became ameer.<ref name="ET: Siraj replaces Munawar"/> He resigned from his role as senior minister of the [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] Province. This coincided with a drone attack on [[Madrassa]], [[Bajour Agency]]. == Organisations == JI provides unions for doctors, teachers, lawyers, farmers, workers and women, for example, [[Islami Jamiat-e-Talaba]] (IJT) and Islami Jamaat-e-Talibaat (its female branch){{sfnp|Guidere, Islamic Fundamentalism|2012|p=181}} a [[Students' union]] and [[JI Youth Pakistan]], a youth group. The party has a number of publications from affiliated agencies such as Idara Marif-e-Islami, Lahore, the Islamic Research Academy, Karachi, Idara Taleemi Tehqeeq, Lahore, the Mehran Academy, and the [[Institute of Regional Studies]]. Its print media publications number 22, including the daily ''[[Jasarat]]'', weekly ''Friday Special'', weekly ''Asia'', monthly ''Tarjumanul Quran'' and fortnightly ''Jihad-e-Kashmir'',<ref>''Journal of the International Relations and Affairs Group'', Volume V, Issue II, Issue 2, p. 250</ref> with ''Jasarat'' in particular having a circulation of 50,000.<ref>[[Praveen Swamy]], "Roads to perdition?: the politics and practice of Islamist terrorism in India" in K. Warikoo (ed.), ''Religion and Security in South and Central Asia'', Routledge, 2010, p. 64</ref> The Islami Nizamat-e-Taleem, led by [[Abdul Ghafoor Ahmed]], is an educational body that includes 63 Baithak schools. ''Rabita-ul-Madaris Al-Islamia'' supports 164 JI [[madrasa]]s. JI also operates the [[Hira Schools (Pakistan)]] Project and Al Ghazali Trust. The foundation administers schools, women's vocational centres, adult literacy programs, hospitals and mobile chemists and other welfare programs. In this respect, JI interacts with the general market.<ref>{{citation |last=Iqtidar |first=Humeira |chapter=Secularism Beyond the State |editor1=Filippo Osella |editor2=Caroline Osella |title=Islamic Reform in South Asia |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ipU-cTz5_JYC&pg=PA480 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2013 |page=480 |isbn=9781107031753}}</ref> In total, there are around 1000 registered madrasas affiliated with the JeI in Pakistan, the province of [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] having most of them, with some 245 or nearly a quarter of the total.<ref>Masooda Bano, ''The Rational Believer: Choices and Decisions in the Madrasas of Pakistan'', Cornell University Press (2012), pp. 70-71</ref> ===Jamaat-e-Islami Azad Kashmir=== An independent wing of Jamaat-e-Islami in [[Azad Kashmir]] was started in 1974. According to journalist Arif Jamal, it was done to slow the spread of secular ideas in Azad Kashmir. It had its own ''amir'', Maulana Abdul Bari, who had previously participated in the [[First Kashmir War]] (1947) as well as the [[Operation Gibraltar]] (1965).<ref name=Jamal> {{citation |last=Jamal |first=Arif |title=Shadow War: The Untold Story of Jihad in Kashmir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TNO5MAAACAAJ |year=2009 |publisher=Melville House |isbn=978-1-933633-59-6 |pages=108–109}} </ref><ref name=Puri> {{citation |last=Puri |first=Luv |title=Across the Line of Control: Inside Azad Kashmir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kYVcuqYr5FIC |date=2012 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-80084-6 |pages=101–103}} </ref> The main activity of the Azad Kashmir wing is noted as the sponsorship of [[Kashmir insurgency|jihad]] in [[Indian-administered Kashmir]]. Bari said that he was called for a meeting with President [[Zia ul-Haq]] in 1980, and asked to make preparations. He travelled to the Kashmir Valley and eventually persuaded the leaders of [[Jamaat-e-Islami Kashmir]]. However, despite having several groups of Islamist youth trained in militancy, the Kashmiri Jamaat was hesitant to take the plunge. Pakistan's [[Inter-Services Intelligence|ISI]] then used the pro-independence [[Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front]] (JKLF) to initiate operations in July 1988.<ref name=Riedel> {{citation |last=Riedel |first=Bruce |title=Deadly Embrace: Pakistan, America, and the Future of the Global Jihad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w3DQKuPzAXAC |year=2012 |publisher=Brookings Institution Press |isbn=978-0-8157-2283-0 |page=26}} </ref><ref name=Sirrs> {{citation |last=Sirrs |first=Owen L. |title=Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence Directorate: Covert Action and Internal Operations |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_S-TDAAAQBAJ |date=2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-19609-9 |pages=157–159}} </ref>{{sfn|Jamal|2009|pp=112–115}} A year later, Jamaat-e-Islami Azad Kashmir sent operatives to Indian-administered Kashmir to bring all the Islamist groups under an umbrella group called [[Hizbul Mujahideen]] as a counter to the JKLF. Jointly with Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan, it also persuaded the Kashmiri Jamaat to take charge of Hizbul Mujahideen by June 1990, and a Jamaat leader called [[Syed Salahuddin]] was appointed as its chief.{{sfn|Jamal|2009|pp=140–144}} Jamaat-e-Islami Azad Kashmir also has a student wing called Islami Jamiat-i-Tulaba (IJT). It gained popularity after the founding of Hizbul Mujahideen.<ref name=Puri/> Many of its members are said to join the ranks of Hizbul Mujahideen in due course.{{sfn|Puri|2012|p=104}} ===Connections with insurgents=== Jama'ati was said to had close links to many banned outfits of Pakistan. The most notable connection was with the [[Tehreek-e-Nafaz-e-Shariat-e-Mohammadi]]. This militant organisation grew as an offshoot of Jammat e Islami and was founded by [[Sufi Muhammad]] in 1992 after he left Jamaat-e-Islami.<ref name=satp> {{cite web | title = Tehreek-e-Nafaz-e-Shariat-e-Mohammadi (Movement for the Enforcement of Islamic Laws) | publisher = South Asia Terrorism Portal | url = http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/pakistan/terroristoutfits/TNSM.htm | access-date = 18 February 2009}} </ref><ref name=jand> {{cite news|last=Jan |first=Delawar |title=Nizam-e-Adl Regulation for Malakand, Kohistan announced |publisher=The News International |date=17 February 2009 |url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=20372 |access-date=30 April 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090616085917/http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=20372 |archive-date=16 June 2009 }} </ref><ref name=nasirsa> {{cite news |last=Nasir |first=Sohail Abdul |title=Religious Organization TNSM Re-Emerges in Pakistan |journal=Terrorism Focus |volume=3 |issue=19 |publisher=[[The Jamestown Foundation]] |date=17 May 2006 |url=http://www.jamestown.org/programs/gta/single/?tx_ttnews[tt_news]=740&tx_ttnews[backPid]=239&no_cache=1 |access-date=9 February 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903120850/http://www.jamestown.org/programs/gta/single/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=497&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=180&no_cache=1 |archive-date= 3 September 2014 }}</ref> When the founder was imprisoned on 15 January 2002, [[Maulana Fazlullah]], his son-in-law, assumed leadership of the group. In the aftermath of the 2007 [[siege of Lal Masjid]], Fazlullah's forces and [[Baitullah Mehsud]]'s [[Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan]] (TTP) formed an alliance. Fazlullah and his army reportedly received orders from Mehsud.<ref name=rehmatk> {{cite news | last = Rehmat | first = Kamran | title = Swat: Pakistan's lost paradise | publisher = [[Al Jazeera]] | location = Islamabad | date = 27 January 2009 | url = http://english.aljazeera.net/focus/2009/01/200912512351598892.html | access-date = 3 February 2009}} </ref> After the death of [[Hakimullah Mehsud]] in a drone attack, Fazlullah was appointed as the new "Amir" (Chief) of the [[Tehrik-e-Taliban Pakistan]] on 7 November 2013.<ref name=reuters071113>{{cite news|last=Mujtaba |first=Haji |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-pakistan-taliban-idUSBRE9A60OR20131107 |title=No more peace talks, 'Mullah Radio' tells Pakistan |work=Reuters |date=7 November 2013 |access-date=8 November 2013}}</ref><ref name=Bajoria/><ref name="jamestown-black">{{cite news|url=http://www.jamestown.org/single/?no_cache=1&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=986#.VTP_1fzF-ZM|title=The Black-Turbaned Brigade: The Rise of TNSM in Pakistan|author=Hassan Abbas|publisher=Jamestown Foundation|date=12 April 2006|access-date=19 April 2015}}</ref> In a May 2010 interview, U.S. Gen. David Petraeus described the TTP's relationship with other militant groups as difficult to decipher: "There is clearly a symbiotic relationship between all of these different organizations: al-Qaeda, the Pakistani Taliban, the Afghan Taliban, TNSM [Tehreek-e-Nafaz-e-Shariat-e-Mohammadi]. And it's very difficult to parse and to try to distinguish between them. They support each other, they coordinate with each other, sometimes they compete with each other, [and] sometimes they even fight each other. But at the end of the day, there is quite a relationship between them." <ref name=Bajoria>{{cite web| last = Bajoria| first = Jayshree| title = Pakistan's New Generation of Terrorists| publisher = Council on Foreign Relations| date = 6 February 2008| url = http://www.cfr.org/publication/15422/pakistans_new_generation_of_terrorists.html?breadcrumb=%2Fbios%2F13611%2Fjayshree_bajoria%3Fgroupby%3D1%26hide%3D1%26id%3D13611%26filter%3D456| access-date = 30 March 2009| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090514060717/http://www.cfr.org/publication/15422/pakistans_new_generation_of_terrorists.html?breadcrumb=%2Fbios%2F13611%2Fjayshree_bajoria%3Fgroupby%3D1&hide=1&id=13611&filter=456| archive-date = 14 May 2009| df = dmy-all}}</ref><ref name=gall2009327>{{cite news | author =[[Carlotta Gall]], Ismail Khan, [[Pir Zubair Shah]] and Taimoor Shah| title = Pakistani and Afghan Taliban Unify in Face of U.S. Influx |work=New York Times| date = 26 March 2009| url = https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/27/world/asia/27taliban.html| access-date =27 March 2009}}</ref> According to another source, TNSM and Jamaat-e-Islami (JI) seem to have been locked in a turf war in the [[Malakand District]] of Pakistan, and the Jamaat-Ulema-e-Islam, JI, and TNSM are in conflict with each other in the tribal areas for power and influence.<ref name=mapping>{{cite web|title=Tehreek Nifaz-e-Shariat Mohammadi|url=https://web.stanford.edu/group/mappingmilitants/cgi-bin/groups/view/411|website=Mapping Militant Organizations|publisher=Stanford University|access-date=29 December 2014}}</ref> == List of Emirs == {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! No. ! Name ! Term |- align=center | 1 | [[Abul A'la Maududi]] | 1941–1972 |- align=center | 2 | [[Mian Tufail Mohammad]] | 1972–1987 |- align=center | 3 | [[Qazi Hussain Ahmad]] | 1987–2008 |- align=center | 4 | [[Syed Munawar Hassan]] | 2008–2014 |- align=center | 5 | [[Siraj ul Haq]] | 2014–present |- align=center |} == Leaders == * [[Abul A'la Maududi]] (1940–1972) *[[Naeem siddiqui]] * [[Mian Tufail Mohammad]] (1972–1987) * [[Qazi Hussain Ahmad]] (1987–2008) * [[Syed Munawar Hassan]] (2008–2014) * [[Siraj ul Haq]] (2014–present) * [[Khurram Murad]] * [[Liaqat Baloch]] * [[Khurshid Ahmad (Islamic scholar)]] * [[Abdul Ghaffar Aziz]]<ref>{{cite news |title=JI leader buried |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/725316-ji-leader-buried |work=www.thenews.com.pk |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=JI Vice-Amir Abdul Ghaffar Aziz passes away {{!}} SAMAA |url=https://www.samaa.tv/news/2020/10/ji-vice-amir-abdul-ghaffar-aziz-passes-away/ |work=Samaa TV}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=JI chief slams govt for inducting an 'IMF agent' |url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/413247/ji-chief-slams-govt-for-inducting-an-imf-agent/ |work=Daily Times |date=16 June 2019}}</ref> * [[Hafiz Naeem ur Rehman]] ==See also== * [[Naeem Siddiqui]] * [[Israr Ahmed]] * [[Sayed Ahmad Khan]] * [[Amin Ahsan Islahi]] * [[Allamah]] [[Delwar Hossain Sayeedi]] * [[Abdul Qader Molla]] * [[Motiur Rahman Nizami]] * [[Merajuddin Khan]] == References == {{Reflist|30em}} == Bibliography == * {{citation |last=Guidere |first=M. |title=Historical Dictionary of Islamic Fundamentalism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tCvhzGiDMYsC&pg=PA356 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |year=2012 |isbn=9780810879652 |ref={{sfnref|Guidere, Islamic Fundamentalism|2012}}}} * {{citation |editor-last=Schmid |editor-first=Alex |title=The Routledge Handbook of Terrorism Research |year=2011 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-41157-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_PXpFxKRsHgC }} * {{citation |last=Tomsen |first=Peter |title=The Wars of Afghanistan: Messianic Terrorism, Tribal Conflicts, and the Failures of Great Powers |year=2011 |publisher=Public Affairs |isbn=978-1-58648-763-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=86w4DgAAQBAJ }} * {{citation |last1=Nasr |first1=Seyyed Vali Reza Nasr |author-link=Vali Reza Nasr |title=The Vanguard of the Islamic Revolution: the Jamaat-i Islami of Pakistan |date=1994 |publisher=I.B.Tauris |isbn=9780520083691 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5LWepMdh7OkC |ref={{sfnref|Nasr, Vanguard of Islamic Revolution|1994}}}} * {{citation |last1=Nasr |first1=Seyyed Vali Reza Nasr |author-link=Vali Reza Nasr |title=Mawdudi and the Making of Islamic Revivalism |date=1996 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford, New York |isbn=9780195357110 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I07ykFUoKTUC |ref={{sfnref|Nasr, Mawdudi and Islamic Revivalism|1996}}}} * {{citation |last1=Haqqani |first1=Husain |author-link=Husain Haqqani |title=Pakistan: Between Mosque and Military |date=2005 |publisher=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace |url=http://www.pakhtunkhwa.pk/sites/default/files/Publications/Pakistan%20between%20Mosque%20and%20Military%20by%20Hussain%20Haqqani%20%281%29.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171013162307/http://www.pakhtunkhwa.pk/sites/default/files/Publications/Pakistan%20between%20Mosque%20and%20Military%20by%20Hussain%20Haqqani%20(1).pdf |archive-date=13 October 2017 |url-status=dead |ref={{sfnref|Haqqani, Pakistan between Mosque and Military|2005}}}} == External links == * {{Official website|http://www.jamaat.org}} * [http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/pakistan/ji.htm Profile: Jamaat-e-Islami & Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi] GlobalSecurity.org * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/4470254.stm Bangladesh ruling party expels MP] [[BBC]], 25 November 2005 * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/4320078.stm Pakistan rulers claim poll boost] [[BBC]], 7 October 2005 * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/4156808.stm Who's afraid of the six-party alliance?] [[BBC]], 17 August 2005 * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/4155474.stm Pakistan 'hate' paper crackdown] [[BBC]], 16 August 2005 * [https://www.theguardian.com/religion/Story/0,,1548826,00.html Radical links of UK's 'moderate' Muslim group] [[Martin Bright]], [[The Observer]], 14 August 2005 * [https://fas.org/irp/congress/1993_rpt/house_repub_report.html Congressional Report: The New Islamist International](from [[Federation of American Scientists|FAS]] site) [[Bill McCollum]], US Congressional Task Force on Terrorism and Unconventional Warfare, 1 February 1993. * [https://readmaududi.com/ (Read Maududi)] {{Pakistani political parties}} {{IslamismSA}} {{Islamism}} {{Pakistan topics}}{{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Jamaat-E-Islami}} [[Category:Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan| ]] [[Category:Islamic organisations based in Pakistan]] [[Category:Political parties established in 1947]] [[Category:Islamic democratic political parties]] [[Category:Anti-capitalist organizations]] [[Category:Anti-communist organizations]] [[Category:Anti-communist parties]] [[Category:Anti-capitalist political parties]] [[Category:Far-right political parties in Pakistan]] [[Category:Muslim Brotherhood]] [[Category:Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal]] [[Category:1947 establishments in Pakistan]] [[Category:1940s in Islam]] [[Category:Third Position]]'
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'{{About|Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan|other organisations with similar names|Jamaat-e-Islami (disambiguation)}} {{EngvarB|date=September 2013}} {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2013}} {{Infobox political party | name = Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan | logo = Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan Logo.png | logo_size = 150px | colorcode = {{party color|Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan}} | predecessor = [[Jamaat-e-Islami]] | successor = [[Jamaat-e-Islami Bangladesh]] in [[Bangladesh]]<ref name="Rubin2010">{{cite book |last=Rubin |first=Barry A.|date=2010 |title=Guide to Islamist Movements|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wEih57-GWQQC&pg=PA59 |publisher=M.E. Sharpe |page=59 |isbn=978-0-7656-4138-0}}</ref> | abbreviation = JI | founded = {{start date and age|df=yes|p=y|br=y|1941|08|26}} in British India <br/> {{start date and age|df=yes|p=y|br=y|1947}} in Pakistan | ideology = [[Islamism]]<br/>[[Islamic revivalism]]<br/>[[Social conservatism]]<br/>[[Pan-Islamism]]<br/>[[Islamic democracy]]<br/>[[Anti-capitalism]]<br/>[[Anti-communism]]<br/>[[Anti-liberalism]] | headquarters = Multan Road, [[Mansoorah, Lahore|Mansoorah]], [[Lahore]] | national = [[Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal]] | international = [[Muslim Brotherhood]] <br />[[Jamaat-e-Islami Hind|JI (Hind)]]<br/> [[Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami|JI (Bangladesh)]]<br/> [[Jamaat-e-Islami Kashmir|JI (Kashmir)]] | religion = [[Islam]]<ref>{{Cite book|last=Campo|first=Juan Eduardo|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OZbyz_Hr-eIC&q=In+Pakistan%2C+the+JUI+was+active+in+th|title=Encyclopedia of Islam|date=2009|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-2696-8|location=|pages=390|language=en}}</ref> | website = {{URL|http://www.jamaat.org/en/}} {{in lang|en}}<br>{{URL|http://www.jamaat.org/}} {{in lang|ur}} | country = Pakistan | native_name = جماعت اسلامی پاکستان<br>Islamic Congress Pakistan | leader1_title = [[Emir|Ameer]] | leader1_name = [[Siraj ul Haq]]<ref name="ET: Siraj replaces Munawar">{{cite news|title=Sirajul Haq replaces Munawar Hassan as chief of Jamaat-e-Islami|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/689135/sirajul-haq-replaces-munawar-hassan-as-chief-of-jamaat-e-islami/|access-date=30 March 2014|newspaper=The Express Tribune|date=30 March 2014}}</ref> | general_secretary = Ameer ul Azeem<ref name="Family from Lahore always ‘selected’, we weren’t: Bilawal"/> | leader3_title = [[Naib]] [[Emir|Ameer]] | leader3_name = [[Liaqat Baloch]]<ref name="Family from Lahore always ‘selected’, we weren’t: Bilawal">{{Cite news|date=2021-03-23|title=Family from Lahore always 'selected', we weren't: Bilawal|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/808519-family-from-lahore-always-selected-we-weren-t-bilawal|url-status=live|access-date=2021-08-26|work=The News International (newspaper)|language=en}}</ref> | colors = {{colour box|#008000}}{{colour box|#FFFFFF}}{{colour box|{{party color|Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan}}}} Green, white, cyan | founder = [[Sayyid Abul A'la Maududi]] | position = [[Right-wing politics|Right-wing]] to [[Far-right politics|Far-right]] | student_wing = [[Islami Jamiat-e-Talaba]] | wing1_title = Labour wing | wing1 = [[National Labour Federation (Pakistan)|National Labour Federation]] | wing2_title= Welfare wing | wing2 = [[Al-Khidmat Foundation]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/865975-alkhidmat-spent-rs8-2bn-in-a-year-on-welfare|title=Alkhidmat spent Rs8.2bn in a year on welfare|date=19 July 2021|access-date=17 September 2021|work=[[The News International]]}}</ref> | youth_wing = [[Shabab e Milli]]<ref name="ET: JI chief Sirajul-Haq announces to change Shabab-e-Milli in party's youth wing">{{cite news|title=JI chief Sirajul-Haq announces to change Shabab-e-Milli in party's youth wing|url= https://92newshd.tv/ji-chief-sirajul-haq-announces-to-change-shabab-e-milli-in-partys-youth-wing/|access-date=15 November 2015|newspaper=92 News HD|date=15 November 2015}}</ref> <br> JI Youth<ref name="ET: JI launches its youth wing">{{cite news|title=JI launches it youth wing|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1219955/|access-date=16 November 2015|newspaper=DAWN|date=16 November 2015}}</ref> | newspaper = [[Daily Jasarat]] | seats1_title = [[Senate of Pakistan|Senate]] | seats1 = {{Composition bar|1|100|{{party color|Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan}}}} | seats2_title = [[National Assembly of Pakistan|National Assembly]] | seats2 = {{Composition bar|1|342|{{party color|Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan}}}} | seats3_title = [[Provincial Assembly of Balochistan|Balochistan Assembly]] | seats3 = {{Composition bar|0|65|{{party color|Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan}}}} | seats5_title = [[Provincial Assembly of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|KPK Assembly]] | seats5 = {{Composition bar|3|145|{{party color|Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan}}}} | seats6_title = [[Provincial Assembly of Sindh|Sindh Assembly]] | seats6 = {{Composition bar|1|168|{{party color|Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan}}}} | seats7_title = [[Provincial Assembly of Punjab|Punjab Assembly]] | seats7 = {{Composition bar|0|371|{{party color|Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan}}}} | seats8_title = [[Gilgit-Baltistan Legislative Assembly|GB Assembly]] | seats8 = {{Composition bar|0|33|{{party color|Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan}}}} | seats9_title = [[Azad Kashmir Legislative Assembly|Azad Kashmir Assembly]] | seats9 = {{Composition bar|0|49|{{party color|Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan}}}} | flag = Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan Flag.svg | symbol = [[File:017-Scale.jpg|150px]] }} {{Islamism sidebar}} [[File:Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan Logo.svg|thumb|right|The logo used on Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan's [[Facebook]] page.<ref>{{citation |url=https://www.facebook.com/JIPOfficial1 |title=Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan |work=[[Facebook]]}}</ref>]] '''Jamaat-e-Islami''' ('''JI'''; [[Urdu language|Urdu]]: {{Nastaliq| جماعتِ اسلامی}}, "Islamic Congress"), or '''Jamaat''' as it is simply known, is an [[Islamism|Islamist]] political party which is based in Pakistan and it is the Pakistani successor to [[Jamaat-e-Islami]], which was founded in [[colonial India]] in 1941.<ref name="NG336"/> Its objective is the transformation of [[Pakistan]] into an [[Islamic state]], governed by [[Sharia]] law, through a gradual legal, and political process.{{sfnp|Haqqani, Pakistan between Mosque and Military|2005|p=122}} JI strongly opposes [[capitalism]], [[communism]], [[liberalism]], [[Socialism in Pakistan|socialism]] and [[secularism]] as well as economic practices such as offering [[Interest rate|bank interest]]. JI is a [[vanguard party]]: its members form an ''elite'' with "affiliates" and then "sympathizers" beneath them. The party leader is called an ''[[Emir|ameer]]''.<ref name="Adel (2012)"/>{{rp|page=70}} Although it does not have a large popular following, the party is quite influential and considered one of the major Islamic movements in Pakistan, along with [[Deobandi]] and [[Barelvi]] (represented by [[Jamiat Ulema-e Islam (F)|Jamiat Ulema-e Islam]] and [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Pakistan]] respectively).<ref name=roy-88>{{cite book|last1=Roy|first1=Olivier|title=The Failure of Political Islam|url=https://archive.org/details/failureofpolitic00royo|url-access=registration|date=1994|publisher=Harvard University Press|pages=[https://archive.org/details/failureofpolitic00royo/page/88 88]|isbn=9780674291409 |quote=Islam in Pakistan is divided into three tendencies: the Jamaat, which is the Islamist party and which, although it does not have extensive popular roots, is politically influential; the ''deobandi'', administered by fundamentalists and reformist ulamas; and the Barelvi, which recruits from popular and Sufi Islamic circles.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=bin Mohamed Osman |first1=Mohamed Nawab |title=The Ulama in Pakistani Politics |journal=South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies |volume=32 |issue=2 |year=2009 |pages=230–247 |issn=0085-6401 |doi=10.1080/00856400903049499 |s2cid=219698819 |ref={{sfnref|bin Mohamed Osman, The Ulama in Pakistani Politics|2009}}}}</ref> [[Jamaat-e-Islami]] was founded in [[Lahore]], [[British India]] in 1941 by the Muslim theologian and socio-political philosopher, [[Abul Ala Maududi]], who was widely influenced by the [[Sharia]] based reign of the Mughal Emperor [[Aurangzeb]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Jackson|first1=Roy|title=Mawlana Mawdudi and Political Islam: Authority and the Islamic State|date=2010|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781136950360}}</ref> At the time of the [[Indian independence movement]], Maududi and the Jamaat-e-Islami actively worked to [[opposition to the partition of India|oppose the partition of India]].<ref name="Oh2007"/><ref name="NG336"/><ref name="Gupta2016"/> In 1947, following the [[partition of India]], the Jamaat split into two organisations, Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan and [[Jamaat-e-Islami Hind]] (the Indian wing).<ref>{{citation |last=Ahmad |first=Irfan |chapter=The Jewish hand: the response of the Jamaat-e-Islami Hind |editor1=Peter van der Veer |editor2=S. Munshi |title=Media, War, and Terrorism: Responses from the Middle East and Asia |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pAm_YptXTPMC&pg=PA138 |publisher=Psychology Press |year=2004 |page=138 |isbn=9780415331401}}</ref>{{sfnp|Guidere, Islamic Fundamentalism|2012|p=223}} Other wings of Jamaat include [[Jamaat-e-Islami Kashmir]], founded in 1953, [[#Jamaat-e-Islami Azad Kashmir|Jamaat-e-Islami Azad Kashmir]] founded in 1974, and [[Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami]], founded in 1975.{{sfnp|Haqqani, Pakistan between Mosque and Military|2005|p=171}} Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan came under severe government repression in 1948, 1953, and 1963.{{sfnp|Nasr, Mawdudi and Islamic Revivalism|1996|p=97}} During the early years of the regime of General [[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq]], Jamaat-e-Islami's position improved and was became seen as the "regime's ideological and political arm", with party members at times holding cabinet portfolios of information and broadcasting, production, and water, power and natural resources (although none remained long in their positions).<ref>Kepel, ''Jihad'', (2002), pp.98, 100, 101</ref>{{sfnp|Haqqani, Pakistan between Mosque and Military|2005|p=138}} In 1971, during the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]], JI opposed the independence of Bangladesh.<ref>{{harvp|Schmid|2011|p=600}}; {{harvp|Tomsen|2011|p=240}}</ref> However, in 1975, it established Jamaat-e-Islami Bangladesh with Abbas Ali Khan ([[Joypurhat]]) as the first ameer.{{sfnp|Haqqani, Pakistan between Mosque and Military|2005|p=171}} Since the early 1980s, it has also developed close links with Jamaat-e-Islami Kashmir and acted as the vanguard of the [[Kashmir insurgency|armed insurgency]] in Kashmir.{{sfn|Jamal|2009|loc=Chapters 3–4}}{{sfn|Sirrs|2016|pp=157–161}} ==History== {| class="wikitable" |+Growth of JIP<ref name="growth-371">{{Cite book |last=Martin |first=Richard C. |url=https://books.google.co.nz/books/about/Encyclopedia_of_Islam_and_the_Muslim_Wor.html?id=OVcUAQAAIAAJ&redir_esc=y |title=Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World: A-L |date=2004 |publisher=Macmillan Reference USA |isbn=978-0-02-865604-5 |language=en}}</ref> |- !rowspan=1 colspan=1|Year !rowspan=1 colspan=1|Members<br /> (''Arkan'') !rowspan=1 colspan=1|Sympathizers and workers<br />(''Hum-Khayal'') |- |1941||75|| (unknown) |- |1951||659||2,913 |- |1989||5,723||305,792 |- |2003||16,033||4.5 million |- |2017||37000||(unknown) |- !colspan=3|<small>SOURCE: ''Encyclopedia of Islam & the Muslim World'' (2004)</small><ref name=growth-371/> |} ===Syed Abul A'la Maududi (1941–1972)=== Jamaat-e-Islami's founder and leader until 1972 was [[Abul A'la Maududi]], a widely read Islamist philosopher and political commentator, who wrote about the role of Islam in South Asia.<ref name=kepel-34 /> His thought was influenced by many factors including the [[Khilafat Movement]]; [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]]'s ascension at the end of the [[Ottoman Caliphate]]; and the impact of [[Indian Nationalism]], the [[Indian National Congress]] and [[Hindu]]ism on [[Muslim]]s in India. He supported what he called "Islamization from above", through an Islamic state in which sovereignty would be exercised in the name of Allah and Islamic law (''[[sharia]]'') would be implemented. Mawdudi believed politics was "an integral, inseparable part of the Islamic faith, and that the Islamic state that Muslim political action seeks to build" would not only be an act of piety but would also solve the many (seemingly non-religious) social and economic problems that Muslims faced.<ref name=kepel-34/>{{sfnp|Nasr, Vanguard of Islamic Revolution|1994|p=7}} [[File:Secreteriate Jamaat-e-Islami Punjab.jpg|thumb|Jamaat-e-Islami Headquarter in Lahore]] Maududi opposed British rule but also opposed the Muslim nationalist movement (nationalism being un-Islamic) and their plan for a circumscribed "Muslim state". Maududi agitating instead for an "Islamic state" covering the whole of India<ref name=kepel-34>{{cite book|last1=Kepel|first1=Gilles|title=Jihad: on the Trail of Political Islam|date=2002|publisher=Belknap Press|page=34|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OLvTNk75hUoC&q=jamaat+e+islami&pg=PA441|isbn=9781845112578|ref=GKJ2002}}</ref> – this despite the fact Muslims made up only about one quarter of India's population. Jamaat-e-Islami thus actively [[opposition to the partition of India|opposed the partition of India]], with its leader Maulana Abul A'la Maududi arguing that concept violated the Islamic doctrine of the [[ummah]].<ref name="Oh2007"/><ref name="NG336"/><ref name="Gupta2016">{{cite web |last1=Gupta |first1=Shekhar |title=Why Zakir Naik is dangerous |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/column/why-zakir-naik-is-dangerous/20160718.htm |publisher=[[Rediff]] |access-date=29 April 2020 |language=en}}</ref> The Jamaat-e-Islami saw the partition as creating a temporal border that would divide Muslims from one another.<ref name="Oh2007">{{cite book |last1=Oh |first1=Irene |title=The Rights of God: Islam, Human Rights, and Comparative Ethics |url=https://archive.org/details/rightsgod00ohir |url-access=limited |date=2007 |publisher=Georgetown University Press |isbn=978-1-58901-463-3 |page=[https://archive.org/details/rightsgod00ohir/page/n52 45] |language=en |quote=In the debate over whether Muslims should establish their own state, separate from a Hindu India, Maududi initially argued against such a creation and asserted that the establishment of a political Muslim state defined by borders violated the idea of the universal ''umma''. Citizenship and national borders, which would characterize the new Muslim state, contradicted the notion that Muslims should not be separated by one another by these temporal boundaries. In this milieu, Maududi founded the organization Jama'at-i Islamic. ... The Jama'at for its first few years worked actively to prevent the partition, but once partition became inevitable, it established offices in both Pakistan and India.}}</ref><ref name="NG336">{{cite book |last1=Rasheed, Nighat |title=A critical study of the reformist trends in the Indian Muslim society during the nineteenth century |page=336 |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/52379/13/13_chapter%207.pdf#page=74 |access-date=2 March 2020 |quote=The Jama'at -i-Islami was founded in 1941. Maulana Maududi being its founder strongly opposed the idea of creating Pakistan, a separate Muslim country, by dividing India, but surprisingly after the creation of Pakistan he migrated to Lahore. Again in the beginning he was opposed to and denounced the struggle for Kashmir as un-Islamic, for which he was imprisoned in 1950, but later on in 1965, he changed his views and endorsed the Kashmir war as Jihad. Maulana Maududi took an active part in demanding discriminative legislation and executive action against the Ahmadi sect leading to widespread rioting and violence in Pakistan. He was persecuted arrested and imprisoned for advocating his political ideas through his writings and speeches. During the- military regime from 1958 the Jama'at-iIslami was banned and was revived only in 1962, Maududi was briefly imprisoned. He refused to apologize for his actions or to request clemency from the government. He demanded his freedom to speak and accepted the punishment of death as the will of God. His fierce commitment to his ideals caused his supporters worldwide to rally for his release and the government acceded commuting his death sentence to a term of life imprisonment. Eventually the military government pardoned Maulana Maududi completely.}}</ref> ===Founding of JI in colonial India=== {{Main|Jamaat-e-Islami}} [[Jamaat-e-Islami]] was founded in [[colonial India]] on 26 August 1941, at [[Islamia Park]] in the city of [[Lahore]], before the [[Partition of India]].{{sfnp|Guidere, Islamic Fundamentalism|2012|p=li}} JI began as an [[Islamism|Islamist]] social and political movement. Seventy-five people attended the first meeting and became the first members of the movement. Maulana [[Amin Ahsan Islahi]], Maulana [[Naeem Siddiqui]], Maulana Muhammad Manzoor Naumanai and Maulana [[Abul Hasan Ali Hasani Nadwi]] (although he left after a few years)<ref>{{cite web |title=Biography of Sayyid Abul Hasan Ali Nadwi |url=https://abulhasanalinadwi.org/books/Biography.pdf}}</ref> were among the founders of Jamat e Islami along with Syed Abul Ala Maududi.<ref>Edara Manshoraat, Mansora Lahore 1980, pp5-25</ref> Maududi saw his group as a vanguard of Islamic revolution following the footsteps of early Muslims who gathered in Medina to found an Islamic state.<ref name=kepel-34 />{{sfnp|Nasr, Vanguard of Islamic Revolution|1994|p=7}} JI was and is strictly and hierarchically organised in a pyramid-like structure, working toward the common goal of establishing an ideological Islamic society, particularly though educational and social work, under the leadership of its emirs (commanders or leaders).<ref name=growth-371 /> As a vanguard party, its fully-fledged members (''arkan'') are intended to be leaders and devoted to the party, but there is also a category of much more numerous sympathizers and workers (''karkun''). The emir is obliged by the party constitution to consult an assembly called the ''shura''. The JI also developed sub-organisations, such as those for women and students.<ref name="growth-371"/> JI began by volunteering in refugee camps; performing social work; opening hospitals and medical clinics and by gathering the skins of animals sacrificed for [[Eid-ul-Azha]]. JI had a number of unique features. All members, including its founder Mawdudi, uttered the shahadah – the traditional act of converts to Islam – when they joined. This was a symbolic gesture of conversion to a new Islamic perspective, but to some implied that "the Jamaat stood before Muslim society as Islam before [[jahiliyah]]", (pre-Islamic ignorance).<ref>{{harvp|Nasr, Mawdudi and Islamic Revivalism|1996|p=110}}: "All members, including Mawdudi, uttered the shahadah when they joined, in a symbolic gesture of conversion to a new Islamic Perspective."</ref> After Pakistan was formed, it forbade Pakistanis to take an oath of allegiance to the state until it became Islamic, arguing that a Muslim could in clear conscience render allegiance only to God.{{sfnp|Nasr, Mawdudi and Islamic Revivalism|1996|p=42}}{{sfnp|Nasr, Vanguard of Islamic Revolution|1994|pp=119-120}} ===Pakistan=== ;Creation and early years Following the Partition of India, Maududi and JI migrated from East Punjab to [[Lahore]] in Pakistan. There they volunteered to help the thousands of refugees pouring into the country from India<ref name=Adams-102>Adams, Charles J., "Mawdudi and the Islamic State," in John L. Esposito, ed., ''Voices of Resurgent Islam'', (New York: Oxford University Press, 1983, p.102)</ref> – performing social work; opening hospitals and medical clinics; and by gathering the skins of animals sacrificed for [[Eid-ul-Azha]]. During the prime-ministership of [[Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy]] (September 1956 – October 1957), JI argued for a separate voting system for different religious communities. Suhrawardy convened a session of the [[National Assembly of Pakistan|National Assembly]] at [[Dhaka]] and through an alliance with Republicans, his party passed a bill for a mixed voting system. In 1951, it ran candidates for office, but did not do well. JI found it was more successful in promoting its cause in the streets.{{sfnp|Nasr, Mawdudi and Islamic Revivalism|1996|p=43}} The election also occasioned a split in the party with the JI shura passing a resolution in support of the party withdrawing from politics but Maududi arguing for continued involvement. Maududi prevailed and several senior JI leaders resigned in protest. All this strengthened Maududi's position still further and "a cult of personality began to grow up around him."{{sfnp|Nasr, Mawdudi and Islamic Revivalism|1996|p=43}} In 1953, JI led "direct action" against the [[Ahmadiyya]], who the JI believed should be declared non-Muslims. In March 1953, [[Lahore riots of 1953|riots in Lahore]] started leading to looting, arson and the killing of at least 200 Ahmadis and the declaration of selective [[martial law]]. The military leader, [[Azam Khan (general)|Azam Khan]] had Maududi arrested and [[Rahimuddin Khan]] sentenced him to death for [[sedition]] (writing anti-Ahmadiyya pamphlets). Many JI supporters were imprisoned during this time. The [[Constitution of Pakistan of 1956|1956 Constitution]] was adopted after [[Constitution of Pakistan of 1956#Islamic provisions|accommodating]] many of the demands of the JI. Maududi endorsed the constitution and claimed it a victory for Islam.{{sfnp|Nasr, Mawdudi and Islamic Revivalism|1996|p=44}} In 1958, JI formed an alliance with [[Abdul Qayyum Khan]] (Muslim League) and [[Chaudhry Muhammad Ali]] ([[Nizam-e-Islam Party]]). The alliance destabilised the presidency of [[Iskander Mirza]] (1956–1958), and Pakistan returned to martial law. The military ruler, the president [[Muhammad Ayub Khan]] (1958–1964), had a modernising agenda and opposed the encroachment of religion into politics. He banned political parties and warned Maududi against continued religio-political activism. JI offices were closed down, funds were confiscated and Maududi was imprisoned in 1964 and 1967.{{sfnp|Nasr, Mawdudi and Islamic Revivalism|1996|p=44}} JI supported the opposition party, the Pakistan Democratic Movement (PDM). In the 1964–1965 presidential elections, JI supported the opposition leader, [[Fatima Jinnah]], despite its opposition to women in politics.{{sfnp|Nasr, Mawdudi and Islamic Revivalism|1996|p=44}} In 1965, during the [[Indo-Pakistani war]], JI supported the government's call for [[jihad]], presenting patriotic speeches on [[Radio Pakistan]] and seeking support from Arab and Central Asian countries. The group resisted [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]] and [[Maulana Bhashani]]'s socialist program of the time. By the end of 1969, the Jamaat-e-Islami was spearheading a major "campaign for the protection of ideology of Pakistan," which it believed was under threat from atheistic socialists and secularists.{{sfnp|Haqqani, Pakistan between Mosque and Military|2005|p=46}} JI participated in the [[1970 Pakistani general election|1970 general election]]. Its political platform advocated political freedom of the provinces and Islamic law based on the Quran and Sunnah. There would be separation of the powers (judiciary and legislature); basic rights for minorities (such as equal employment opportunities and the ''Bonus Share Scheme'' allowing factory workers to own shares in their employers' companies); and a policy of strong relationships with the [[Muslim world]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2015}} Just prior to the election, [[Nawabzada Nasrullah Khan]] left the alliance leaving JI to run against the [[Pakistan Peoples Party]] and the [[Awami League]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2015}} The party had a disappointing showing when it won only four seats in the National Assembly and four in the provincial assemblies after fielding 151 candidates.{{sfnp|Nasr, Mawdudi and Islamic Revivalism|1996|p=45}} [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]] won the 1970 election campaign and was strongly opposed by JI who believed he and his socialist ideology were a threat to Islam.{{sfnp|Haqqani, Pakistan between Mosque and Military|2005|p=69}} ;Division JI opposed the [[Awami League]] East Pakistani separatist movement.{{sfnp|Haqqani, Pakistan between Mosque and Military|2005|p=100}} [[Islami Jamiat-e-Talaba]] organised the [[Al-Badar]] to fight the [[Mukti Bahini]] (Bengali liberation forces). In 1971, during the [[Bangladesh liberation war]], JI members may have collaborated with the Pakistani army.<ref>Arefin S. [http://freebanglaebooks.com/bangla-ebook/muktijuddho-71-punished-war-criminals-under-dalal-law/ "Muktijuddho '71: Punished War Criminals Under Dalal Law."] Bangladesh Research and Publications.</ref><ref>[http://www.genocidebangladesh.org/?page_id=14] Bangladesh Genocide Archive website. Accessed 9 March 2013.</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Nabi |first=Dr Nuran |url=https://books.google.co.nz/books?id=F_OUc-TvGOIC&pg=PA108&dq=jamaat+e+islami&hl=en&sa=X&ei=rYRTU_DpEY7HlAXW4oHwAQ&redir_esc=y |title=Bullets of '71: A Freedom Fighter's Story |date=2010-08-27 |publisher=AuthorHouse |isbn=978-1-4520-4383-8 |language=en}}</ref>{{Self-published inline|date=September 2016}}<!-- This is a personal narrative from a self-publisher (AuthorHouse), so not a reliable source. WP:HISTRS describes acceptable sources for history-related articles. Also, this shouldn't be in the lede because it isn't a summary of anything in the article. --> In 1968, Maulana Maududi took leave from Emarat of the Jamaat and Maulana [[Naeem Siddiqui]] became the Ameer of Jamat e Islami for one year. In 1969, Maulana took Charge of the Jamaat again. In 1972, Maududi resigned citing poor health, and Maulana [[Naeem Siddiqui]] refused to become the Ameer of the Jamaat due to his research activities. Thus, in October 1972, the ''Majlis-e-Shoura'' (council) elected [[Mian Tufail Mohammad]] (1914–2009) as the new leader of JI. Naeeem Siddiqui was chosen as the general secretary. ===Mian Tufail Mohammad (1972–1987)=== After [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]] (1973–1977) was elected, the student wing of the Jamaat-e-Islami ([[Islami Jamiat-e-Talaba]]) burned effigies of him in Lahore and declared his election a "black day." In early 1973, the amir, of the JI even appealed to the army to overthrow Bhutto's government because of "its inherent moral corruption."{{sfnp|Haqqani, Pakistan between Mosque and Military|2005|p=96}} JI "spearheaded" the anti-Bhutto political movement under the religious banner of ''Nizam-i-Mustafa'' (Order of the Prophet). Bhutto attempted to suppress JI through the imprisonment of JI and Islami Jamiat-e-Talaba members. There were electoral irregularities at the 1975 elections with JI members being arrested in order to prevent them from lodging their nomination papers.{{sfnp|Haqqani, Pakistan between Mosque and Military|2005|p=120}} However, by 1976, JI had 2 million registrants. In the [[1977 Pakistani general election|1977 election]], JI won nine of the 36 seats won by the opposition [[Pakistan National Alliance]]. The opposition considered the election rigged (Bhutto's PPP won 155 out of 200 seats) and Maududi, who had been arrested, called on Islamist parties to commence a campaign of [[civil disobedience]]. The [[Sunni]]-led government of [[Saudi Arabia]] intervened to secure Maududi's release from prison warning of revolution in Pakistan. JI assisted the [[Pakistan National Alliance]] (PNA) to oust Bhutto and met with Zia-ul-Haq for ninety minutes on the night before Bhutto was hanged.{{sfnp|Haqqani, Pakistan between Mosque and Military|2005|p=139}} Initially, JI supported [[General Zia-ul-Haq]] (1977–1987).{{sfnp|Haqqani, Pakistan between Mosque and Military|2005|p=123}} In turn, Zia's use of Islamist rhetoric gave JI importance in public life beyond the size of its membership.<ref name="Osella (2013)">{{citation |last=Iqtidar |first=Humeira |chapter=Secularism Beyond the State |editor1=Filippo Osella |editor2=Caroline Osella |title=Islamic Reform in South Asia |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ipU-cTz5_JYC&pg=PA479 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2013 |page=479 |isbn=9781107031753}}</ref> According to journalist [[Owen Bennett-Jones]], JI was the "only political party" to offer Zia "consistent support" and was rewarded with jobs for "tens of thousands of Jamaat activists and sympathisers", giving Zia's Islamic agenda power "long after he died."<ref name=jones-16>{{cite book|last1=Jones|first1=Owen Bennett|title=Pakistan : eye of the storm|date=2002|publisher=Yale University Press|location=New Haven and London|pages=16–7|isbn=9780300097603|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t8iYEgPYG_EC&q=Tens+of+thousands+of+Jamaat+activists+and+sympathisers&pg=PA17|quote=... Zia rewarded the only political party to offer him consistent support, Jamaat-e-Islami. Tens of thousands of Jamaat activists and sympathisers were given jobs in the judiciary, the civil service and other state institutions. These appointments meant Zia's Islamic agenda lived on long after he died.}}</ref> However, Zia failed to deliver timely elections and distanced himself from the JI. When Zia banned [[Students' union|student unions]], [[Islami Jamiat-e-Talaba]] and pro-JI labour unions protested. However, JI did not participate in the [[Pakistan Peoples Party]]'s [[Movement for the Restoration of Democracy]]. JI also supported Zia's [[Jihad]] against the [[Soviet–Afghan War]] and its sister party [[Jamiat-e Islami]] led by [[Burhanuddin Rabbani]] became part of the [[Peshawar Seven]] that received aid from Saudi Arabia, United States and other jihad supporters.{{sfnp|Guidere, Islamic Fundamentalism|2012|p=272}} Such conundrums caused tension in JI based on conflict between ideology and politics.<ref name="Osella (2013)"/><ref name=kepel-104>{{cite book|last1=Kepel|first1=Gilles|title=Jihad: on the Trail of Political Islam|date=2002|publisher=Belknap Press|page=104 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OLvTNk75hUoC&q=jamaat+e+islami&pg=PA441 |isbn=9781845112578|ref=GKJ2002}}</ref> In 1987, Mian Tufail declined further service as head of JI for health reasons and [[Qazi Hussain Ahmad]] was elected. === Qazi Hussain Ahmad (1987–2008) === In 1987, when Zia died, the [[Pakistan Muslim League]] formed the [[right-wing]] alliance, [[Islami Jamhoori Ittehad]] (IJI).<ref>{{citation |last=Haniffa |first=Farzana |chapter=Piety as Politics amongst Muslim Women in Contemporary Sri Lanka |editor1=Filippo Osella |editor2=Caroline Osella |title=Islamic Reform in South Asia |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ipU-cTz5_JYC&pg=PA180 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2013 |page=180 |isbn=9781107031753}}</ref> In 1990 when [[Nawaz Sharif]] came to power, JI boycotted the cabinet on the basis that the Pakistan Peoples' Party and the Pakistan Muslim League were problematic to equal degrees. In the [[1993 Pakistani general election|election of 1993]], JI won three seats. In this year, JI was a member of the newly formed All Parties Hurriyat Conference (APHC) which promotes the independence of Jammu and Kashmir from India.{{sfnp|Guidere, Islamic Fundamentalism|2012|p=26}} Prior to this, JI had allegedly set up the [[Hizbul Mujahideen|Hizb-ul-Mujahideen]], a Kashmir liberation militia to oppose the [[Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front|Kashmir Liberation Front]] which fights for the complete independence of the Kashmir region.{{sfnp|Guidere, Islamic Fundamentalism|2012|p=127}} Ahmad left his position in the [[Senate of Pakistan|Senate]] in protest against corruption. === Successful long march against Bhutto's government === On 20 July 1996, Qazi Hussain Ahmed announced to start protests against government alleging corruption. Qazi Hussain resigned from the Senate on 27 September and announced the start of a long march against [[Benazir Bhutto]]'s government. The protest started on 27 October 1996 by Jamaat-e-Islami and opposition parties. On 4 November 1996, Bhutto's government was dismissed by [[Farooq Leghari|President Leghari]] primarily because of corruption.<ref name="Adel (2012)">{{citation |last=Salim |first=Muhammad Said |chapter=India: Jamaat-e-Islami |editor1=Gholamali Haddad Adel |editor2=Mohammad Jafar Elmi |editor3=Hassan Taromi-Rad |title=Muslim Organisations in the Twentieth Century: Selected Entries from Encyclopaedia of the World of Islam |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RS73Xn1Gjv8C&pg=PA67 |year=2012 |publisher=EWI Press |isbn=978-1-908433-09-1 |pages=67–}}</ref> JI then boycotted the [[1997 Pakistani general election|1997 election]], and therefore, lost representation in [[Parliament of Pakistan|Parliament]]. However, the party remained politically active, for example, protesting the arrival of the Indian Prime Minister, [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]], [[Lahore Declaration|in Lahore]]. In 1999, [[Pervez Musharraf]] took power in a [[1999 Pakistani coup d'état|military coup]]. JI, at first, welcomed the general but then objected when Musharraf began to make secular reforms and then again in 2001, when Pakistan joined the [[war on terror]], alleging Musharraf had betrayed the [[Taliban]]. JI condemned the [[September 11 attacks|events of 11 September 2001]], but equally condemned the US when Afghanistan [[United States invasion of Afghanistan|was invaded]].<ref name="Adel (2012)"/>{{rp|page=69}} Some members of [[Al-Qaeda]], for example, [[Khalid Sheikh Mohammed]], were arrested in Pakistan.<ref name="Gannon2006">{{citation |last=Gannon |first=Kathy |title=I is for Infidel: From Holy War to Holy Terror in Afghanistan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GPsnizjHBx4C&pg=PA158 |year=2006 |publisher=PublicAffairs |isbn=978-1-58648-452-1 |pages=158–}}</ref><ref name="Spencer2003">{{citation |last=Spencer |first=Robert |title=Onward Muslim Soldiers: How Jihad Still Threatens America and the West |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xGE5YshINtMC&pg=PA244 |year=2003 |publisher=Regnery Pub. |isbn=978-0-89526-100-7 |pages=244–}}</ref> In the [[2002 Pakistani general election|2002 election]], JI made an alliance of religious parties called [[Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal]] (MMA) ({{Literally|United Council of Action}}) and won 53 seats, including most of those representing the [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] province.{{sfnp|Guidere, Islamic Fundamentalism|2012|p=356}} JI continued its opposition to the War on terrorism, particularly the presence of American troops and agencies in Pakistan. JI also called for restoration of judiciary. In 2006, JI opposed the [[Women's Protection Bill]] saying it did not need to be scrapped but instead, be applied in a fairer way and more and be more clearly understood by judges. Ahmed said, : "Those who oppose [these] laws are only trying to run away from Islam. ... These laws do not affect women adversely. Our system wants to protect women from unnecessary worry and save them the trouble of appearing in court."{{sfnp|Haqqani, Pakistan between Mosque and Military|2005|p=145}} Samia Raheel Qazi, MP and daughter of Ahmed stated, :"We have been against the bill from the start. The [[Hudood Ordinance]] was devised by a highly qualified group of [[Ulema]], and is beyond question". At least during the time of Ahmad, the position of JI on revolutionary action was that it was not ready to turn to extra-legal action but that its objectives are definite (''qat'i'') but its methods are "open to interpretation and adaptation (''ijtihadi'')" based on the "exigencies of the moment".<ref>Based on interviews with a number of JI leaders, especially Khalil Ahmadu'l-Hamidi by Seyyed [[Vali Reza Nasr]] (in {{harvnb|Nasr, Mawdudi and Islamic Revivalism|1996|p=76}})</ref> On 23 July 2007, [[Qazi Hussain Ahmad]] tendered his resignation from the National Assembly to protest against the [[Siege of Lal Masjid|Army operation]] at [[Lal Masjid, Islamabad|Lal Masjid]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-07-24 |title=Qazi tenders resignation |url=http://beta.dawn.com/news/257869/qazi-tenders-resignation |access-date=2022-08-09 |website=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |language=en}}</ref> ===Sayyed Munawer Hassan (2008–2014)=== In 2008, JI and [[Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf]] again boycotted the [[2008 Pakistani general election|elections]]. Ahmad declined to stand for re-election due to health issues, and [[Syed Munawar Hassan]] was elected as the ameer.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-26 |title=Syed Munawar Hasan - a socialist turned Islamic political leader |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/2251036/syed-munawar-hasan-socialist-turned-islamic-political-leader |access-date=2022-08-09 |website=[[The Express Tribune]] |language=en}}</ref> ===Siraj-ul-Haq (2014–present)=== On 30 March 2014, [[Siraj-ul-Haq]], serving as senior minister in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa government and the party's deputy chief, was elected as the new ameer. He defeated the incumbent Munawer Hasan and the party's general secretary, [[Liaqat Baloch]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2014-03-30 |title=Sirajul Haq elected as new JI chief |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1096635 |access-date=2022-08-09 |website=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |language=en}}</ref> 25,533 office bearers of the party out of a total of 31,311 voted in these elections. It was the first time that the party had voted out an ameer after just one term. He, therefore, resigned from his role as senior minister. This coincided with a drone attack on a [[Madrasa|madrassa]] in [[Bajaur District|Bajaur Agency]]. == Organisations == JI provides unions for doctors, teachers, lawyers, farmers, workers and women, for example, [[Islami Jamiat-e-Talaba]] (IJT) and Islami Jamaat-e-Talibaat (its female branch){{sfnp|Guidere, Islamic Fundamentalism|2012|p=181}} a [[Students' union]] and [[JI Youth Pakistan]], a youth group. The party has a number of publications from affiliated agencies such as Idara Marif-e-Islami, Lahore, the Islamic Research Academy, Karachi, Idara Taleemi Tehqeeq, Lahore, the Mehran Academy, and the [[Institute of Regional Studies]]. Its print media publications number 22, including the daily ''[[Jasarat]]'', weekly ''Friday Special'', weekly ''Asia'', monthly ''Tarjumanul Quran'' and fortnightly ''Jihad-e-Kashmir'',<ref>''Journal of the International Relations and Affairs Group'', Volume V, Issue II, Issue 2, p. 250</ref> with ''Jasarat'' in particular having a circulation of 50,000.<ref>[[Praveen Swamy]], "Roads to perdition?: the politics and practice of Islamist terrorism in India" in K. Warikoo (ed.), ''Religion and Security in South and Central Asia'', Routledge, 2010, p. 64</ref> The Islami Nizamat-e-Taleem, led by [[Abdul Ghafoor Ahmed]], is an educational body that includes 63 Baithak schools. ''Rabita-ul-Madaris Al-Islamia'' supports 164 JI [[madrasa]]s. JI also operates the [[Hira Schools (Pakistan)]] Project and Al Ghazali Trust. The foundation administers schools, women's vocational centres, adult literacy programs, hospitals and mobile chemists and other welfare programs. In this respect, JI interacts with the general market.<ref>{{citation |last=Iqtidar |first=Humeira |chapter=Secularism Beyond the State |editor1=Filippo Osella |editor2=Caroline Osella |title=Islamic Reform in South Asia |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ipU-cTz5_JYC&pg=PA480 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2013 |page=480 |isbn=9781107031753}}</ref> In total, there are around 1000 registered madrasas affiliated with the JeI in Pakistan, the province of [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] having most of them, with some 245 or nearly a quarter of the total.<ref>Masooda Bano, ''The Rational Believer: Choices and Decisions in the Madrasas of Pakistan'', Cornell University Press (2012), pp. 70-71</ref> ===Jamaat-e-Islami Azad Kashmir=== An independent wing of Jamaat-e-Islami in [[Azad Kashmir]] was started in 1974. According to journalist Arif Jamal, it was done to slow the spread of secular ideas in Azad Kashmir. It had its own ''amir'', Maulana Abdul Bari, who had previously participated in the [[First Kashmir War]] (1947) as well as the [[Operation Gibraltar]] (1965).<ref name=Jamal> {{citation |last=Jamal |first=Arif |title=Shadow War: The Untold Story of Jihad in Kashmir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TNO5MAAACAAJ |year=2009 |publisher=Melville House |isbn=978-1-933633-59-6 |pages=108–109}} </ref><ref name=Puri> {{citation |last=Puri |first=Luv |title=Across the Line of Control: Inside Azad Kashmir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kYVcuqYr5FIC |date=2012 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-80084-6 |pages=101–103}} </ref> The main activity of the Azad Kashmir wing is noted as the sponsorship of [[Kashmir insurgency|jihad]] in [[Indian-administered Kashmir]]. Bari said that he was called for a meeting with President [[Zia ul-Haq]] in 1980, and asked to make preparations. He travelled to the Kashmir Valley and eventually persuaded the leaders of [[Jamaat-e-Islami Kashmir]]. However, despite having several groups of Islamist youth trained in militancy, the Kashmiri Jamaat was hesitant to take the plunge. Pakistan's [[Inter-Services Intelligence|ISI]] then used the pro-independence [[Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front]] (JKLF) to initiate operations in July 1988.<ref name=Riedel> {{citation |last=Riedel |first=Bruce |title=Deadly Embrace: Pakistan, America, and the Future of the Global Jihad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w3DQKuPzAXAC |year=2012 |publisher=Brookings Institution Press |isbn=978-0-8157-2283-0 |page=26}} </ref><ref name=Sirrs> {{citation |last=Sirrs |first=Owen L. |title=Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence Directorate: Covert Action and Internal Operations |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_S-TDAAAQBAJ |date=2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-19609-9 |pages=157–159}} </ref>{{sfn|Jamal|2009|pp=112–115}} A year later, Jamaat-e-Islami Azad Kashmir sent operatives to Indian-administered Kashmir to bring all the Islamist groups under an umbrella group called [[Hizbul Mujahideen]] as a counter to the JKLF. Jointly with Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan, it also persuaded the Kashmiri Jamaat to take charge of Hizbul Mujahideen by June 1990, and a Jamaat leader called [[Syed Salahuddin]] was appointed as its chief.{{sfn|Jamal|2009|pp=140–144}} Jamaat-e-Islami Azad Kashmir also has a student wing called Islami Jamiat-i-Tulaba (IJT). It gained popularity after the founding of Hizbul Mujahideen.<ref name=Puri/> Many of its members are said to join the ranks of Hizbul Mujahideen in due course.{{sfn|Puri|2012|p=104}} ===Connections with insurgents=== Jama'ati was said to had close links to many banned outfits of Pakistan. The most notable connection was with the [[Tehreek-e-Nafaz-e-Shariat-e-Mohammadi]]. This militant organisation grew as an offshoot of Jammat e Islami and was founded by [[Sufi Muhammad]] in 1992 after he left Jamaat-e-Islami.<ref name=satp> {{cite web | title = Tehreek-e-Nafaz-e-Shariat-e-Mohammadi (Movement for the Enforcement of Islamic Laws) | publisher = South Asia Terrorism Portal | url = http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/pakistan/terroristoutfits/TNSM.htm | access-date = 18 February 2009}} </ref><ref name=jand> {{cite news|last=Jan |first=Delawar |title=Nizam-e-Adl Regulation for Malakand, Kohistan announced |publisher=The News International |date=17 February 2009 |url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=20372 |access-date=30 April 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090616085917/http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=20372 |archive-date=16 June 2009 }} </ref><ref name=nasirsa> {{cite news |last=Nasir |first=Sohail Abdul |title=Religious Organization TNSM Re-Emerges in Pakistan |journal=Terrorism Focus |volume=3 |issue=19 |publisher=[[The Jamestown Foundation]] |date=17 May 2006 |url=http://www.jamestown.org/programs/gta/single/?tx_ttnews[tt_news]=740&tx_ttnews[backPid]=239&no_cache=1 |access-date=9 February 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903120850/http://www.jamestown.org/programs/gta/single/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=497&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=180&no_cache=1 |archive-date= 3 September 2014 }}</ref> When the founder was imprisoned on 15 January 2002, [[Maulana Fazlullah]], his son-in-law, assumed leadership of the group. In the aftermath of the 2007 [[siege of Lal Masjid]], Fazlullah's forces and [[Baitullah Mehsud]]'s [[Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan]] (TTP) formed an alliance. Fazlullah and his army reportedly received orders from Mehsud.<ref name=rehmatk> {{cite news | last = Rehmat | first = Kamran | title = Swat: Pakistan's lost paradise | publisher = [[Al Jazeera]] | location = Islamabad | date = 27 January 2009 | url = http://english.aljazeera.net/focus/2009/01/200912512351598892.html | access-date = 3 February 2009}} </ref> After the death of [[Hakimullah Mehsud]] in a drone attack, Fazlullah was appointed as the new "Amir" (Chief) of the [[Tehrik-e-Taliban Pakistan]] on 7 November 2013.<ref name=reuters071113>{{cite news|last=Mujtaba |first=Haji |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-pakistan-taliban-idUSBRE9A60OR20131107 |title=No more peace talks, 'Mullah Radio' tells Pakistan |work=Reuters |date=7 November 2013 |access-date=8 November 2013}}</ref><ref name=Bajoria/><ref name="jamestown-black">{{cite news|url=http://www.jamestown.org/single/?no_cache=1&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=986#.VTP_1fzF-ZM|title=The Black-Turbaned Brigade: The Rise of TNSM in Pakistan|author=Hassan Abbas|publisher=Jamestown Foundation|date=12 April 2006|access-date=19 April 2015}}</ref> In a May 2010 interview, U.S. Gen. David Petraeus described the TTP's relationship with other militant groups as difficult to decipher: "There is clearly a symbiotic relationship between all of these different organizations: al-Qaeda, the Pakistani Taliban, the Afghan Taliban, TNSM [Tehreek-e-Nafaz-e-Shariat-e-Mohammadi]. And it's very difficult to parse and to try to distinguish between them. They support each other, they coordinate with each other, sometimes they compete with each other, [and] sometimes they even fight each other. But at the end of the day, there is quite a relationship between them." <ref name=Bajoria>{{cite web| last = Bajoria| first = Jayshree| title = Pakistan's New Generation of Terrorists| publisher = Council on Foreign Relations| date = 6 February 2008| url = http://www.cfr.org/publication/15422/pakistans_new_generation_of_terrorists.html?breadcrumb=%2Fbios%2F13611%2Fjayshree_bajoria%3Fgroupby%3D1%26hide%3D1%26id%3D13611%26filter%3D456| access-date = 30 March 2009| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090514060717/http://www.cfr.org/publication/15422/pakistans_new_generation_of_terrorists.html?breadcrumb=%2Fbios%2F13611%2Fjayshree_bajoria%3Fgroupby%3D1&hide=1&id=13611&filter=456| archive-date = 14 May 2009| df = dmy-all}}</ref><ref name=gall2009327>{{cite news | author =[[Carlotta Gall]], Ismail Khan, [[Pir Zubair Shah]] and Taimoor Shah| title = Pakistani and Afghan Taliban Unify in Face of U.S. Influx |work=New York Times| date = 26 March 2009| url = https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/27/world/asia/27taliban.html| access-date =27 March 2009}}</ref> According to another source, TNSM and Jamaat-e-Islami (JI) seem to have been locked in a turf war in the [[Malakand District]] of Pakistan, and the Jamaat-Ulema-e-Islam, JI, and TNSM are in conflict with each other in the tribal areas for power and influence.<ref name=mapping>{{cite web|title=Tehreek Nifaz-e-Shariat Mohammadi|url=https://web.stanford.edu/group/mappingmilitants/cgi-bin/groups/view/411|website=Mapping Militant Organizations|publisher=Stanford University|access-date=29 December 2014}}</ref> == List of Emirs == {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! No. ! Name<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pakistan: Sirajul Haq re-elected Jamaat-e-Islami chief |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/pakistan-sirajul-haq-re-elected-jamaat-e-islami-chief/1424883 |access-date=2022-08-09 |website=www.aa.com.tr}}</ref> ! Term |- align=center | 1 | [[Abul A'la Maududi]] | 1941–1972 |- align=center | 2 | [[Mian Tufail Mohammad]] | 1972–1987 |- align=center | 3 | [[Qazi Hussain Ahmad]] | 1987–2008 |- align=center | 4 | [[Munawar Hasan|Syed Munawar Hassan]] | 2008–2014 |- align=center | 5 | [[Siraj-ul-Haq]] | 2014–present |- align=center |} == Leaders == * [[Abul A'la Maududi]] (1940–1972) *[[Naeem Siddiqui]] * [[Mian Tufail Mohammad]] (1972–1987) * [[Qazi Hussain Ahmad]] (1987–2008) * [[Syed Munawar Hassan]] (2008–2014) * [[Siraj-ul-Haq]] (2014–present) * [[Khurram Murad]] * [[Liaqat Baloch]] * [[Khurshid Ahmad (scholar)|Khurshid Ahmad]] * [[Abdul Ghaffar Aziz]]<ref>{{cite news |date=6 October 2020 |title=JI leader buried |language=en |work=[[The News International]] |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/725316-ji-leader-buried}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2020-10-05 |title=JI Vice-Amir Abdul Ghaffar Aziz passes away |url=http://www.samaaenglish.tv/news/2142586 |access-date=2022-08-09 |website=[[Samaa TV]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=16 June 2019 |title=JI chief slams govt for inducting an 'IMF agent' |work=[[Daily Times (Pakistan)|Daily Times]] |url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/413247/ji-chief-slams-govt-for-inducting-an-imf-agent/ |access-date=9 August 2022}}</ref> * [[Hafiz Naeem ur Rehman]] ==See also== * [[Naeem Siddiqui]] * [[Israr Ahmed]] * [[Sayed Ahmad Khan]] * [[Amin Ahsan Islahi]] * [[Allamah]] [[Delwar Hossain Sayeedi]] * [[Abdul Qader Molla]] * [[Motiur Rahman Nizami]] * [[Merajuddin Khan]] == References == {{Reflist|30em}} == Bibliography == * {{citation |last=Guidere |first=M. |title=Historical Dictionary of Islamic Fundamentalism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tCvhzGiDMYsC&pg=PA356 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |year=2012 |isbn=9780810879652 |ref={{sfnref|Guidere, Islamic Fundamentalism|2012}}}} * {{citation |editor-last=Schmid |editor-first=Alex |title=The Routledge Handbook of Terrorism Research |year=2011 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-41157-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_PXpFxKRsHgC }} * {{citation |last=Tomsen |first=Peter |title=The Wars of Afghanistan: Messianic Terrorism, Tribal Conflicts, and the Failures of Great Powers |year=2011 |publisher=Public Affairs |isbn=978-1-58648-763-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=86w4DgAAQBAJ }} * {{citation |last1=Nasr |first1=Seyyed Vali Reza Nasr |author-link=Vali Reza Nasr |title=The Vanguard of the Islamic Revolution: the Jamaat-i Islami of Pakistan |date=1994 |publisher=I.B.Tauris |isbn=9780520083691 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5LWepMdh7OkC |ref={{sfnref|Nasr, Vanguard of Islamic Revolution|1994}}}} * {{citation |last1=Nasr |first1=Seyyed Vali Reza Nasr |author-link=Vali Reza Nasr |title=Mawdudi and the Making of Islamic Revivalism |date=1996 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford, New York |isbn=9780195357110 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I07ykFUoKTUC |ref={{sfnref|Nasr, Mawdudi and Islamic Revivalism|1996}}}} * {{citation |last1=Haqqani |first1=Husain |author-link=Husain Haqqani |title=Pakistan: Between Mosque and Military |date=2005 |publisher=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace |url=http://www.pakhtunkhwa.pk/sites/default/files/Publications/Pakistan%20between%20Mosque%20and%20Military%20by%20Hussain%20Haqqani%20%281%29.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171013162307/http://www.pakhtunkhwa.pk/sites/default/files/Publications/Pakistan%20between%20Mosque%20and%20Military%20by%20Hussain%20Haqqani%20(1).pdf |archive-date=13 October 2017 |url-status=dead |ref={{sfnref|Haqqani, Pakistan between Mosque and Military|2005}}}} == External links == * {{Official website|http://www.jamaat.org}} * [https://www.facebook.com/JIPOfficial1 Jamaat-e-Islami] on [[Facebook]] * [https://twitter.com/JIPOfficial?ref_src=twsrc%5Egoogle%7Ctwcamp%5Eserp%7Ctwgr%5Eauthor Jamaat-e-Islami] on [[Twitter]] * [https://www.instagram.com/jipofficial/?hl=en Jamaat-e-Islami] on [[Instagram]] * [http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/pakistan/ji.htm Profile: Jamaat-e-Islami & Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi] GlobalSecurity.org * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/4470254.stm Bangladesh ruling party expels MP] [[BBC]], 25 November 2005 * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/4320078.stm Pakistan rulers claim poll boost] [[BBC]], 7 October 2005 * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/4156808.stm Who's afraid of the six-party alliance?] [[BBC]], 17 August 2005 * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/4155474.stm Pakistan 'hate' paper crackdown] [[BBC]], 16 August 2005 * [https://www.theguardian.com/religion/Story/0,,1548826,00.html Radical links of UK's 'moderate' Muslim group] [[Martin Bright]], [[The Observer]], 14 August 2005 * [https://fas.org/irp/congress/1993_rpt/house_repub_report.html Congressional Report: The New Islamist International](from [[Federation of American Scientists|FAS]] site) [[Bill McCollum]], US Congressional Task Force on Terrorism and Unconventional Warfare, 1 February 1993. * [https://readmaududi.com/ (Read Maududi)] {{Pakistani political parties}} {{IslamismSA}} {{Islamism}} {{Pakistan topics}}{{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Jamaat-E-Islami}} [[Category:Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan| ]] [[Category:Islamic organisations based in Pakistan]] [[Category:Political parties established in 1947]] [[Category:Islamic democratic political parties]] [[Category:Anti-capitalist organizations]] [[Category:Anti-communist organizations]] [[Category:Anti-communist parties]] [[Category:Anti-capitalist political parties]] [[Category:Far-right political parties in Pakistan]] [[Category:Muslim Brotherhood]] [[Category:Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal]] [[Category:1947 establishments in Pakistan]] [[Category:1940s in Islam]] [[Category:Third Position]]'
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff)
'@@ -67,5 +67,5 @@ ==History== {| class="wikitable" -|+Growth of JIP<ref name=growth-371>[https://books.google.com/books/about/Encyclopedia_of_Islam_and_the_Muslim_Wor.html?id=OVcUAQAAIAAJ Encyclopedia of Islam & the Muslim World]| By Richard C. Martín| Granite Hill Publishers|2004|p.371</ref> +|+Growth of JIP<ref name="growth-371">{{Cite book |last=Martin |first=Richard C. |url=https://books.google.co.nz/books/about/Encyclopedia_of_Islam_and_the_Muslim_Wor.html?id=OVcUAQAAIAAJ&redir_esc=y |title=Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World: A-L |date=2004 |publisher=Macmillan Reference USA |isbn=978-0-02-865604-5 |language=en}}</ref> |- !rowspan=1 colspan=1|Year @@ -89,5 +89,5 @@ Jamaat-e-Islami's founder and leader until 1972 was [[Abul A'la Maududi]], a widely read Islamist philosopher and political commentator, who wrote about the role of Islam in South Asia.<ref name=kepel-34 /> His thought was influenced by many factors including the [[Khilafat Movement]]; [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]]'s ascension at the end of the [[Ottoman Caliphate]]; and the impact of [[Indian Nationalism]], the [[Indian National Congress]] and [[Hindu]]ism on [[Muslim]]s in India. He supported what he called "Islamization from above", through an Islamic state in which sovereignty would be exercised in the name of Allah and Islamic law (''[[sharia]]'') would be implemented. Mawdudi believed politics was "an integral, inseparable part of the Islamic faith, and that the Islamic state that Muslim political action seeks to build" would not only be an act of piety but would also solve the many (seemingly non-religious) social and economic problems that Muslims faced.<ref name=kepel-34/>{{sfnp|Nasr, Vanguard of Islamic Revolution|1994|p=7}} [[File:Secreteriate Jamaat-e-Islami Punjab.jpg|thumb|Jamaat-e-Islami Headquarter in Lahore]] -Maududi opposed British rule but also opposed the Muslim nationalist movement (nationalism being un-Islamic) and their plan for a circumscribed "Muslim state". Maududi agitating instead for an "Islamic state" covering the whole of India<ref name=kepel-34>{{cite book|last1=Kepel|first1=Gilles|title=Jihad: on the Trail of Political Islam|date=2002|publisher=Belknap Press|page=34|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OLvTNk75hUoC&q=jamaat+e+islami&pg=PA441|isbn=9781845112578|ref=GKJ2002}}</ref>—this despite the fact Muslims made up only about one quarter of India's population. +Maududi opposed British rule but also opposed the Muslim nationalist movement (nationalism being un-Islamic) and their plan for a circumscribed "Muslim state". Maududi agitating instead for an "Islamic state" covering the whole of India<ref name=kepel-34>{{cite book|last1=Kepel|first1=Gilles|title=Jihad: on the Trail of Political Islam|date=2002|publisher=Belknap Press|page=34|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OLvTNk75hUoC&q=jamaat+e+islami&pg=PA441|isbn=9781845112578|ref=GKJ2002}}</ref> – this despite the fact Muslims made up only about one quarter of India's population. Jamaat-e-Islami thus actively [[opposition to the partition of India|opposed the partition of India]], with its leader Maulana Abul A'la Maududi arguing that concept violated the Islamic doctrine of the [[ummah]].<ref name="Oh2007"/><ref name="NG336"/><ref name="Gupta2016">{{cite web |last1=Gupta |first1=Shekhar |title=Why Zakir Naik is dangerous |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/column/why-zakir-naik-is-dangerous/20160718.htm |publisher=[[Rediff]] |access-date=29 April 2020 |language=en}}</ref> The Jamaat-e-Islami saw the partition as creating a temporal border that would divide Muslims from one another.<ref name="Oh2007">{{cite book |last1=Oh |first1=Irene |title=The Rights of God: Islam, Human Rights, and Comparative Ethics |url=https://archive.org/details/rightsgod00ohir |url-access=limited |date=2007 |publisher=Georgetown University Press |isbn=978-1-58901-463-3 |page=[https://archive.org/details/rightsgod00ohir/page/n52 45] |language=en |quote=In the debate over whether Muslims should establish their own state, separate from a Hindu India, Maududi initially argued against such a creation and asserted that the establishment of a political Muslim state defined by borders violated the idea of the universal ''umma''. Citizenship and national borders, which would characterize the new Muslim state, contradicted the notion that Muslims should not be separated by one another by these temporal boundaries. In this milieu, Maududi founded the organization Jama'at-i Islamic. ... The Jama'at for its first few years worked actively to prevent the partition, but once partition became inevitable, it established offices in both Pakistan and India.}}</ref><ref name="NG336">{{cite book |last1=Rasheed, Nighat |title=A critical study of the reformist trends in the Indian Muslim society during the nineteenth century |page=336 |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/52379/13/13_chapter%207.pdf#page=74 |access-date=2 March 2020 |quote=The Jama'at -i-Islami was founded in 1941. Maulana Maududi being its founder strongly opposed the idea of creating Pakistan, a separate Muslim country, by dividing India, but surprisingly after the creation of Pakistan he migrated to Lahore. Again in the beginning he was opposed to and denounced the struggle for Kashmir as un-Islamic, for which he was imprisoned in 1950, but later on in 1965, he changed his views and endorsed the Kashmir war as Jihad. Maulana Maududi took an active part in demanding discriminative legislation and executive action against the Ahmadi sect leading to widespread rioting and violence in Pakistan. He was persecuted arrested and imprisoned for advocating his political ideas through his writings and speeches. During the- military regime from 1958 the Jama'at-iIslami was banned and was revived only in 1962, Maududi was briefly imprisoned. He refused to apologize for his actions or to request clemency from the government. He demanded his freedom to speak and accepted the punishment of death as the will of God. His fierce commitment to his ideals caused his supporters worldwide to rally for his release and the government acceded commuting his death sentence to a term of life imprisonment. Eventually the military government pardoned Maulana Maududi completely.}}</ref> @@ -95,5 +95,5 @@ ===Founding of JI in colonial India=== {{Main|Jamaat-e-Islami}} -[[Jamaat-e-Islami]] was founded in [[colonial India]] on 26 August 1941, at [[Islamia Park]] in the city of [[Lahore]], before the [[Partition of India]].{{sfnp|Guidere, Islamic Fundamentalism|2012|p=li}} JI began as an [[Islamism|Islamist]] social and political movement. Seventy-five people attended the first meeting and became the first 75 members of the movement. Maulana [[Amin Ahsan Islahi]], Maulana [[Naeem Siddiqui]], Maulana Muhammad Manzoor Naumanai and Maula Abul Hassan Ali Nadwi (although he left after a few years) <ref>{{cite web |url=https://abulhasanalinadwi.org/books/Biography.pdf}}</ref> were among the founders of Jamat e Islami along with Syed Abul Ala Maududi<ref>Edara Manshoraat, Mansora Lahore 1980, pp5-25</ref> +[[Jamaat-e-Islami]] was founded in [[colonial India]] on 26 August 1941, at [[Islamia Park]] in the city of [[Lahore]], before the [[Partition of India]].{{sfnp|Guidere, Islamic Fundamentalism|2012|p=li}} JI began as an [[Islamism|Islamist]] social and political movement. Seventy-five people attended the first meeting and became the first members of the movement. Maulana [[Amin Ahsan Islahi]], Maulana [[Naeem Siddiqui]], Maulana Muhammad Manzoor Naumanai and Maulana [[Abul Hasan Ali Hasani Nadwi]] (although he left after a few years)<ref>{{cite web |title=Biography of Sayyid Abul Hasan Ali Nadwi |url=https://abulhasanalinadwi.org/books/Biography.pdf}}</ref> were among the founders of Jamat e Islami along with Syed Abul Ala Maududi.<ref>Edara Manshoraat, Mansora Lahore 1980, pp5-25</ref> Maududi saw his group as a vanguard of Islamic revolution following the footsteps of early Muslims who gathered in Medina to found an Islamic state.<ref name=kepel-34 />{{sfnp|Nasr, Vanguard of Islamic Revolution|1994|p=7}} JI was and is strictly and hierarchically organised in a pyramid-like structure, working toward the common goal of establishing an ideological Islamic society, particularly though educational and social work, under the leadership of its emirs (commanders or leaders).<ref name=growth-371 /> As a vanguard party, its fully-fledged members (''arkan'') are intended to be leaders and devoted to the party, but there is also a category of much more numerous sympathizers and workers (''karkun''). @@ -101,19 +101,19 @@ The emir is obliged by the party constitution to consult an assembly called the ''shura''. The JI also developed sub-organisations, such as those for women and students.<ref name="growth-371"/> JI began by volunteering in refugee camps; performing social work; opening hospitals and medical clinics and by gathering the skins of animals sacrificed for [[Eid-ul-Azha]]. -JI had a number of unique features. All members, including its founder Mawdudi, uttered the shahadah—the traditional act of converts to Islam—when they joined. This was a symbolic gesture of conversion to a new Islamic perspective, but to some implied that "the Jamaat stood before Muslim society as Islam before [[jahiliyah]]", (pre-Islamic ignorance).<ref>{{harvp|Nasr, Mawdudi and Islamic Revivalism|1996|p=110}}: "All members, including Mawdudi, uttered the shahadah when they joined, in a symbolic gesture of conversion to a new Islamic Perspective."</ref> After Pakistan was formed, it forbade Pakistanis to take an oath of allegiance to the state until it became Islamic, arguing that a Muslim could in clear conscience render allegiance only to God.{{sfnp|Nasr, Mawdudi and Islamic Revivalism|1996|p=42}}{{sfnp|Nasr, Vanguard of Islamic Revolution|1994|pp=119-120}} +JI had a number of unique features. All members, including its founder Mawdudi, uttered the shahadah – the traditional act of converts to Islam – when they joined. This was a symbolic gesture of conversion to a new Islamic perspective, but to some implied that "the Jamaat stood before Muslim society as Islam before [[jahiliyah]]", (pre-Islamic ignorance).<ref>{{harvp|Nasr, Mawdudi and Islamic Revivalism|1996|p=110}}: "All members, including Mawdudi, uttered the shahadah when they joined, in a symbolic gesture of conversion to a new Islamic Perspective."</ref> After Pakistan was formed, it forbade Pakistanis to take an oath of allegiance to the state until it became Islamic, arguing that a Muslim could in clear conscience render allegiance only to God.{{sfnp|Nasr, Mawdudi and Islamic Revivalism|1996|p=42}}{{sfnp|Nasr, Vanguard of Islamic Revolution|1994|pp=119-120}} ===Pakistan=== ;Creation and early years -Following the Partition of India, Maududi and JI migrated from East Punjab to [[Lahore]] in Pakistan. There they volunteered to help the thousands of refugees pouring into the country from India<ref name=Adams-102>Adams, Charles J., "Mawdudi and the Islamic State," in John L. Esposito, ed., ''Voices of Resurgent Islam'', (New York: Oxford University Press, 1983, p.102)</ref>—performing social work; opening hospitals and medical clinics; and by gathering the skins of animals sacrificed for [[Eid-ul-Azha]]. +Following the Partition of India, Maududi and JI migrated from East Punjab to [[Lahore]] in Pakistan. There they volunteered to help the thousands of refugees pouring into the country from India<ref name=Adams-102>Adams, Charles J., "Mawdudi and the Islamic State," in John L. Esposito, ed., ''Voices of Resurgent Islam'', (New York: Oxford University Press, 1983, p.102)</ref> – performing social work; opening hospitals and medical clinics; and by gathering the skins of animals sacrificed for [[Eid-ul-Azha]]. -During the prime-ministership of [[Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy]] (September 1956 – October 1957), JI argued for a separate voting system for different religious communities. Suhrawardy convened a session of the National Assembly at [[Dhaka]] and through an alliance with Republicans, his party passed a bill for a mixed voting system. +During the prime-ministership of [[Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy]] (September 1956 – October 1957), JI argued for a separate voting system for different religious communities. Suhrawardy convened a session of the [[National Assembly of Pakistan|National Assembly]] at [[Dhaka]] and through an alliance with Republicans, his party passed a bill for a mixed voting system. -In 1951 it ran candidates for office but did not do well. JI found it was more successful in promoting its cause in the streets.{{sfnp|Nasr, Mawdudi and Islamic Revivalism|1996|p=43}} The election also occasioned a split in the party with the JI shura passing a resolution in support of the party withdrawing from politics but Maududi arguing for continued involvement. Maududi prevailed and several senior JI leaders resigned in protest. All this strengthened Maududi's position still further and "a cult of personality began to grow up around him."{{sfnp|Nasr, Mawdudi and Islamic Revivalism|1996|p=43}} +In 1951, it ran candidates for office, but did not do well. JI found it was more successful in promoting its cause in the streets.{{sfnp|Nasr, Mawdudi and Islamic Revivalism|1996|p=43}} The election also occasioned a split in the party with the JI shura passing a resolution in support of the party withdrawing from politics but Maududi arguing for continued involvement. Maududi prevailed and several senior JI leaders resigned in protest. All this strengthened Maududi's position still further and "a cult of personality began to grow up around him."{{sfnp|Nasr, Mawdudi and Islamic Revivalism|1996|p=43}} -In 1953, JI led "direct action" against the [[Ahmadiyya]], who the JI believed should be declared non-Muslims. In March 1953 [[Lahore riots of 1953|riots in Lahore]] started leading to looting, arson and the killing of at least 200 Ahmadis and the declaration of selective [[martial law]]. The military leader, [[Azam Khan (general)|Azam Khan]] had Maududi arrested and [[Rahimuddin Khan]] sentenced him to death for [[sedition]] (writing anti-Ahmadiyya pamphlets).Many JI supporters were imprisoned during this time. +In 1953, JI led "direct action" against the [[Ahmadiyya]], who the JI believed should be declared non-Muslims. In March 1953, [[Lahore riots of 1953|riots in Lahore]] started leading to looting, arson and the killing of at least 200 Ahmadis and the declaration of selective [[martial law]]. The military leader, [[Azam Khan (general)|Azam Khan]] had Maududi arrested and [[Rahimuddin Khan]] sentenced him to death for [[sedition]] (writing anti-Ahmadiyya pamphlets). Many JI supporters were imprisoned during this time. -The [[Constitution of Pakistan of 1956|1956 Constitution]] was adopted after [[Constitution of Pakistan of 1956#Islamic provisions|accommodating]] many of the demands of the JI. Maududi endorsed the constitution and claimed it a victory for Islam.{{sfnp|Nasr, Mawdudi and Islamic Revivalism|1996|p=44}} In 1958, JI formed an alliance with [[Abdul Qayyum Khan]] (Muslim League) and Chudhary Muhammad Ali (Nizam-e-Islami party). The alliance destabilised the presidency of [[Iskander Mirza]] (1956–1958) and Pakistan returned to martial law. The military ruler, the president [[Muhammad Ayub Khan]] (1958–1964), had a modernising agenda and opposed the encroachment of religion into politics. He banned political parties and warned Maududi against continued religio-political activism. JI offices were closed down, funds were confiscated and Maududi was imprisoned in 1964 and 1967.{{sfnp|Nasr, Mawdudi and Islamic Revivalism|1996|p=44}} +The [[Constitution of Pakistan of 1956|1956 Constitution]] was adopted after [[Constitution of Pakistan of 1956#Islamic provisions|accommodating]] many of the demands of the JI. Maududi endorsed the constitution and claimed it a victory for Islam.{{sfnp|Nasr, Mawdudi and Islamic Revivalism|1996|p=44}} In 1958, JI formed an alliance with [[Abdul Qayyum Khan]] (Muslim League) and [[Chaudhry Muhammad Ali]] ([[Nizam-e-Islam Party]]). The alliance destabilised the presidency of [[Iskander Mirza]] (1956–1958), and Pakistan returned to martial law. The military ruler, the president [[Muhammad Ayub Khan]] (1958–1964), had a modernising agenda and opposed the encroachment of religion into politics. He banned political parties and warned Maududi against continued religio-political activism. JI offices were closed down, funds were confiscated and Maududi was imprisoned in 1964 and 1967.{{sfnp|Nasr, Mawdudi and Islamic Revivalism|1996|p=44}} -JI supported the opposition party, the [[Pakistan Democratic Movement]] (PDM). In the 1964–1965 presidential elections, JI supported the opposition leader, [[Fatima Jinnah]], despite its opposition to women in politics.{{sfnp|Nasr, Mawdudi and Islamic Revivalism|1996|p=44}} +JI supported the opposition party, the Pakistan Democratic Movement (PDM). In the 1964–1965 presidential elections, JI supported the opposition leader, [[Fatima Jinnah]], despite its opposition to women in politics.{{sfnp|Nasr, Mawdudi and Islamic Revivalism|1996|p=44}} In 1965, during the [[Indo-Pakistani war]], JI supported the government's call for [[jihad]], presenting patriotic speeches on [[Radio Pakistan]] and seeking support from Arab and Central Asian countries. The group resisted [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]] and [[Maulana Bhashani]]'s socialist program of the time. @@ -121,12 +121,12 @@ By the end of 1969, the Jamaat-e-Islami was spearheading a major "campaign for the protection of ideology of Pakistan," which it believed was under threat from atheistic socialists and secularists.{{sfnp|Haqqani, Pakistan between Mosque and Military|2005|p=46}} -JI participated in the [[1970 Pakistani general election|1970 general election]]. Its political platform advocated political freedom of the provinces and Islamic law based on the Quran and Sunnah. There would be separation of the powers (judiciary and legislature); basic rights for minorities (such as equal employment opportunities and the ''Bonus Share Scheme'' allowing factory workers to own shares in their employers' companies); and a policy of strong relationships with the [[Muslim world]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2015}} Just prior to the election, [[Nawabzada Nasrullah Khan]] left the alliance leaving JI to run against the [[Pakistan Peoples Party]] and the [[Awami League]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2015}} The party had a disappointing showing when it won only four seats in the national assembly and four in the provincial assembly after fielding 151 candidates.{{sfnp|Nasr, Mawdudi and Islamic Revivalism|1996|p=45}} +JI participated in the [[1970 Pakistani general election|1970 general election]]. Its political platform advocated political freedom of the provinces and Islamic law based on the Quran and Sunnah. There would be separation of the powers (judiciary and legislature); basic rights for minorities (such as equal employment opportunities and the ''Bonus Share Scheme'' allowing factory workers to own shares in their employers' companies); and a policy of strong relationships with the [[Muslim world]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2015}} Just prior to the election, [[Nawabzada Nasrullah Khan]] left the alliance leaving JI to run against the [[Pakistan Peoples Party]] and the [[Awami League]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2015}} The party had a disappointing showing when it won only four seats in the National Assembly and four in the provincial assemblies after fielding 151 candidates.{{sfnp|Nasr, Mawdudi and Islamic Revivalism|1996|p=45}} [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]] won the 1970 election campaign and was strongly opposed by JI who believed he and his socialist ideology were a threat to Islam.{{sfnp|Haqqani, Pakistan between Mosque and Military|2005|p=69}} ;Division -JI opposed the [[Awami League]] East Pakistani separatist movement.{{sfnp|Haqqani, Pakistan between Mosque and Military|2005|p=100}} [[Islami Jamiat-e-Talaba]] organised the [[Al-Badar]] to fight the [[Mukti Bahini]] (Bengali liberation forces). In 1971, during the [[Bangladesh liberation war]], JI members may have collaborated with the Pakistani army.<ref>Arefin S. [http://freebanglaebooks.com/bangla-ebook/muktijuddho-71-punished-war-criminals-under-dalal-law/ "Muktijuddho '71: Punished War Criminals Under Dalal Law."] Bangladesh Research and Publications.</ref><ref>[http://www.genocidebangladesh.org/?page_id=14] Bangladesh Genocide Archive website. Accessed 9 March 2013.</ref><ref>Nabi N. [https://books.google.com/books?id=F_OUc-TvGOIC&pg=PA108&dq=jamaat+e+islami&hl=en&sa=X&ei=rYRTU_DpEY7HlAXW4oHwAQ&ved=0CD8Q6AEwAzgo#v=onepage&q=jamaat%20e%20islami&f=false "Bullets of '71: A Freedom Fighter's Story."] AuthorHouse, 2010 p.108 {{ISBN|1452043833}}, 9781452043838.</ref>{{Self-published inline|date=September 2016}}<!-- This is a personal narrative from a self-publisher (AuthorHouse), so not a reliable source. WP:HISTRS describes acceptable sources for history-related articles. Also, this shouldn't be in the lede because it isn't a summary of anything in the article. --> +JI opposed the [[Awami League]] East Pakistani separatist movement.{{sfnp|Haqqani, Pakistan between Mosque and Military|2005|p=100}} [[Islami Jamiat-e-Talaba]] organised the [[Al-Badar]] to fight the [[Mukti Bahini]] (Bengali liberation forces). In 1971, during the [[Bangladesh liberation war]], JI members may have collaborated with the Pakistani army.<ref>Arefin S. [http://freebanglaebooks.com/bangla-ebook/muktijuddho-71-punished-war-criminals-under-dalal-law/ "Muktijuddho '71: Punished War Criminals Under Dalal Law."] Bangladesh Research and Publications.</ref><ref>[http://www.genocidebangladesh.org/?page_id=14] Bangladesh Genocide Archive website. Accessed 9 March 2013.</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Nabi |first=Dr Nuran |url=https://books.google.co.nz/books?id=F_OUc-TvGOIC&pg=PA108&dq=jamaat+e+islami&hl=en&sa=X&ei=rYRTU_DpEY7HlAXW4oHwAQ&redir_esc=y |title=Bullets of '71: A Freedom Fighter's Story |date=2010-08-27 |publisher=AuthorHouse |isbn=978-1-4520-4383-8 |language=en}}</ref>{{Self-published inline|date=September 2016}}<!-- This is a personal narrative from a self-publisher (AuthorHouse), so not a reliable source. WP:HISTRS describes acceptable sources for history-related articles. Also, this shouldn't be in the lede because it isn't a summary of anything in the article. --> -In 1968 Maulana Maududi took leave from Emarat of the Jamaat and Maulana [[Naeem Siddiqui]] became the Ameer of Jamat e Islami for One year, in 1969 Maulana took Charge of the Jumat again. In 1972, Maududi resigned citing poor health and Maulana [[Naeem Siddiqui]] refused to become the Ameer of the Jamaat due to his research activities. Thus in October 1972, the ''Majlis-e-Shoura'' (council) elected [[Mian Tufail Mohammad]] (1914–2009), the new leader of JI.Naeeem Siddiqui was chosen as the General secretary of Jamaat e Islami. +In 1968, Maulana Maududi took leave from Emarat of the Jamaat and Maulana [[Naeem Siddiqui]] became the Ameer of Jamat e Islami for one year. In 1969, Maulana took Charge of the Jamaat again. In 1972, Maududi resigned citing poor health, and Maulana [[Naeem Siddiqui]] refused to become the Ameer of the Jamaat due to his research activities. Thus, in October 1972, the ''Majlis-e-Shoura'' (council) elected [[Mian Tufail Mohammad]] (1914–2009) as the new leader of JI. Naeeem Siddiqui was chosen as the general secretary. ===Mian Tufail Mohammad (1972–1987)=== @@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ JI "spearheaded" the anti-Bhutto political movement under the religious banner of ''Nizam-i-Mustafa'' (Order of the Prophet). Bhutto attempted to suppress JI through the imprisonment of JI and Islami Jamiat-e-Talaba members. There were electoral irregularities at the 1975 elections with JI members being arrested in order to prevent them from lodging their nomination papers.{{sfnp|Haqqani, Pakistan between Mosque and Military|2005|p=120}} However, by 1976, JI had 2 million registrants. -In the 1977 JI won nine of the 36 seats won by the opposition [[Pakistan National Alliance]]. The opposition considered the election rigged (Bhutto's PPP won 155 out of 200 seats) and Maududi, who had been arrested, called on Islamist parties to commence a campaign of [[civil disobedience]]. The [[Sunni]] led government of [[Saudi Arabia]] intervened to secure Maududi's release from prison warning of revolution in Pakistan. JI assisted the [[Pakistan National Alliance]] (PNA) to oust Bhutto and met with Zia-ul-Haq for ninety minutes on the night before Bhutto was hanged.{{sfnp|Haqqani, Pakistan between Mosque and Military|2005|p=139}} +In the [[1977 Pakistani general election|1977 election]], JI won nine of the 36 seats won by the opposition [[Pakistan National Alliance]]. The opposition considered the election rigged (Bhutto's PPP won 155 out of 200 seats) and Maududi, who had been arrested, called on Islamist parties to commence a campaign of [[civil disobedience]]. The [[Sunni]]-led government of [[Saudi Arabia]] intervened to secure Maududi's release from prison warning of revolution in Pakistan. JI assisted the [[Pakistan National Alliance]] (PNA) to oust Bhutto and met with Zia-ul-Haq for ninety minutes on the night before Bhutto was hanged.{{sfnp|Haqqani, Pakistan between Mosque and Military|2005|p=139}} -Initially, JI supported [[General Zia-ul-Haq]] (1977–1987).{{sfnp|Haqqani, Pakistan between Mosque and Military|2005|p=123}} In turn, Zia's use of Islamist rhetoric gave JI importance in public life beyond the size of its membership.<ref name="Osella (2013)">{{citation |last=Iqtidar |first=Humeira |chapter=Secularism Beyond the State |editor1=Filippo Osella |editor2=Caroline Osella |title=Islamic Reform in South Asia |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ipU-cTz5_JYC&pg=PA479 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2013 |page=479 |isbn=9781107031753}}</ref> According to journalist Owen Bennett Jones, JI was the "only political party" to offer Zia "consistent support" and was rewarded with jobs for "tens of thousands of Jamaat activists and sympathisers", giving Zia's Islamic agenda power "long after he died."<ref name=jones-16>{{cite book|last1=Jones|first1=Owen Bennett|title=Pakistan : eye of the storm|date=2002|publisher=Yale University Press|location=New Haven and London|pages=16–7|isbn=9780300097603|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t8iYEgPYG_EC&q=Tens+of+thousands+of+Jamaat+activists+and+sympathisers&pg=PA17|quote=... Zia rewarded the only political party to offer him consistent support, Jamaat-e-Islami. Tens of thousands of Jamaat activists and sympathisers were given jobs in the judiciary, the civil service and other state institutions. These appointments meant Zia's Islamic agenda lived on long after he died.}}</ref> +Initially, JI supported [[General Zia-ul-Haq]] (1977–1987).{{sfnp|Haqqani, Pakistan between Mosque and Military|2005|p=123}} In turn, Zia's use of Islamist rhetoric gave JI importance in public life beyond the size of its membership.<ref name="Osella (2013)">{{citation |last=Iqtidar |first=Humeira |chapter=Secularism Beyond the State |editor1=Filippo Osella |editor2=Caroline Osella |title=Islamic Reform in South Asia |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ipU-cTz5_JYC&pg=PA479 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2013 |page=479 |isbn=9781107031753}}</ref> According to journalist [[Owen Bennett-Jones]], JI was the "only political party" to offer Zia "consistent support" and was rewarded with jobs for "tens of thousands of Jamaat activists and sympathisers", giving Zia's Islamic agenda power "long after he died."<ref name=jones-16>{{cite book|last1=Jones|first1=Owen Bennett|title=Pakistan : eye of the storm|date=2002|publisher=Yale University Press|location=New Haven and London|pages=16–7|isbn=9780300097603|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t8iYEgPYG_EC&q=Tens+of+thousands+of+Jamaat+activists+and+sympathisers&pg=PA17|quote=... Zia rewarded the only political party to offer him consistent support, Jamaat-e-Islami. Tens of thousands of Jamaat activists and sympathisers were given jobs in the judiciary, the civil service and other state institutions. These appointments meant Zia's Islamic agenda lived on long after he died.}}</ref> However, Zia failed to deliver timely elections and distanced himself from the JI. When Zia banned [[Students' union|student unions]], [[Islami Jamiat-e-Talaba]] and pro-JI labour unions protested. However, JI did not participate in the [[Pakistan Peoples Party]]'s [[Movement for the Restoration of Democracy]]. JI also supported Zia's [[Jihad]] against the [[Soviet–Afghan War]] and its sister party [[Jamiat-e Islami]] led by [[Burhanuddin Rabbani]] became part of the [[Peshawar Seven]] that received aid from Saudi Arabia, United States and other jihad supporters.{{sfnp|Guidere, Islamic Fundamentalism|2012|p=272}} Such conundrums caused tension in JI based on conflict between ideology and politics.<ref name="Osella (2013)"/><ref name=kepel-104>{{cite book|last1=Kepel|first1=Gilles|title=Jihad: on the Trail of Political Islam|date=2002|publisher=Belknap Press|page=104 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OLvTNk75hUoC&q=jamaat+e+islami&pg=PA441 |isbn=9781845112578|ref=GKJ2002}}</ref> @@ -147,16 +147,14 @@ In 1987, when Zia died, the [[Pakistan Muslim League]] formed the [[right-wing]] alliance, [[Islami Jamhoori Ittehad]] (IJI).<ref>{{citation |last=Haniffa |first=Farzana |chapter=Piety as Politics amongst Muslim Women in Contemporary Sri Lanka |editor1=Filippo Osella |editor2=Caroline Osella |title=Islamic Reform in South Asia |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ipU-cTz5_JYC&pg=PA180 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2013 |page=180 |isbn=9781107031753}}</ref> In 1990 when [[Nawaz Sharif]] came to power, JI boycotted the cabinet on the basis that the Pakistan Peoples' Party and the Pakistan Muslim League were problematic to equal degrees. -In the [[1993 Pakistani general election|election of 1993]], JI won three seats. In this year, JI was a member of the newly formed All Parties Hurriyat Conference (APHC) which promotes the independence of Jammu and Kashmir from India.{{sfnp|Guidere, Islamic Fundamentalism|2012|p=26}} Prior to this, JI had allegedly set up the Hizb-ul-Mujahideen, a Kashmir liberation militia to oppose the Kashmir Liberation Front which fights for the complete independence of the Kashmir region.{{sfnp|Guidere, Islamic Fundamentalism|2012|p=127}} +In the [[1993 Pakistani general election|election of 1993]], JI won three seats. In this year, JI was a member of the newly formed All Parties Hurriyat Conference (APHC) which promotes the independence of Jammu and Kashmir from India.{{sfnp|Guidere, Islamic Fundamentalism|2012|p=26}} Prior to this, JI had allegedly set up the [[Hizbul Mujahideen|Hizb-ul-Mujahideen]], a Kashmir liberation militia to oppose the [[Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front|Kashmir Liberation Front]] which fights for the complete independence of the Kashmir region.{{sfnp|Guidere, Islamic Fundamentalism|2012|p=127}} -Ahmad left his position in the Senate in protest against corruption. +Ahmad left his position in the [[Senate of Pakistan|Senate]] in protest against corruption. === Successful long march against Bhutto's government === -On 20 July 1996, Qazi Hussain Ahmed announced to start protests against government alleging corruption. Qazi Hussain resigned from the Senate on 27 September and announced the start of a long march against Benazir government. The protest started on 27 October 1996 by Jamaat-e-Islami and opposition parties. On 4 November 1996, Bhutto's government was dismissed by President Leghari primarily because of corruption.<ref name="Adel (2012)">{{citation |last=Salim |first=Muhammad Said |chapter=India: Jamaat-e-Islami |editor1=Gholamali Haddad Adel |editor2=Mohammad Jafar Elmi |editor3=Hassan Taromi-Rad |title=Muslim Organisations in the Twentieth Century: Selected Entries from Encyclopaedia of the World of Islam |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RS73Xn1Gjv8C&pg=PA67 |year=2012 |publisher=EWI Press |isbn=978-1-908433-09-1 |pages=67–}}</ref> JI then boycotted the [[1997 Pakistani general election|1997 election]] and therefore lost representation in parliament. However, the party remained politically active, for example, protesting the arrival of the Indian prime minister, [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]], in Lahore. +On 20 July 1996, Qazi Hussain Ahmed announced to start protests against government alleging corruption. Qazi Hussain resigned from the Senate on 27 September and announced the start of a long march against [[Benazir Bhutto]]'s government. The protest started on 27 October 1996 by Jamaat-e-Islami and opposition parties. On 4 November 1996, Bhutto's government was dismissed by [[Farooq Leghari|President Leghari]] primarily because of corruption.<ref name="Adel (2012)">{{citation |last=Salim |first=Muhammad Said |chapter=India: Jamaat-e-Islami |editor1=Gholamali Haddad Adel |editor2=Mohammad Jafar Elmi |editor3=Hassan Taromi-Rad |title=Muslim Organisations in the Twentieth Century: Selected Entries from Encyclopaedia of the World of Islam |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RS73Xn1Gjv8C&pg=PA67 |year=2012 |publisher=EWI Press |isbn=978-1-908433-09-1 |pages=67–}}</ref> JI then boycotted the [[1997 Pakistani general election|1997 election]], and therefore, lost representation in [[Parliament of Pakistan|Parliament]]. However, the party remained politically active, for example, protesting the arrival of the Indian Prime Minister, [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]], [[Lahore Declaration|in Lahore]]. -In 1999, [[Pervez Musharraf]] took power in a [[military coup]]. JI, at first, welcomed the general but then objected when Musharraf began to make secular reforms and then again in 2001, when Pakistan joined the [[War on Terror]], alleging Musharraf had betrayed the [[Taliban]]. JI condemned the events of 11 September 2001 but equally condemned the US when Afghanistan was entered.<ref name="Adel (2012)"/>{{rp|page=69}} Some members of [[Al-Qaeda]], for example, [[Khalid Sheik Mohammed]], were arrested in Pakistan.<ref name="Gannon2006">{{citation |last=Gannon |first=Kathy |title=I is for Infidel: From Holy War to Holy Terror in Afghanistan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GPsnizjHBx4C&pg=PA158 |year=2006 |publisher=PublicAffairs |isbn=978-1-58648-452-1 |pages=158–}}</ref><ref name="Spencer2003">{{citation |last=Spencer |first=Robert |title=Onward Muslim Soldiers: How Jihad Still Threatens America and the West |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xGE5YshINtMC&pg=PA244 |year=2003 |publisher=Regnery Pub. |isbn=978-0-89526-100-7 |pages=244–}}</ref> +In 1999, [[Pervez Musharraf]] took power in a [[1999 Pakistani coup d'état|military coup]]. JI, at first, welcomed the general but then objected when Musharraf began to make secular reforms and then again in 2001, when Pakistan joined the [[war on terror]], alleging Musharraf had betrayed the [[Taliban]]. JI condemned the [[September 11 attacks|events of 11 September 2001]], but equally condemned the US when Afghanistan [[United States invasion of Afghanistan|was invaded]].<ref name="Adel (2012)"/>{{rp|page=69}} Some members of [[Al-Qaeda]], for example, [[Khalid Sheikh Mohammed]], were arrested in Pakistan.<ref name="Gannon2006">{{citation |last=Gannon |first=Kathy |title=I is for Infidel: From Holy War to Holy Terror in Afghanistan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GPsnizjHBx4C&pg=PA158 |year=2006 |publisher=PublicAffairs |isbn=978-1-58648-452-1 |pages=158–}}</ref><ref name="Spencer2003">{{citation |last=Spencer |first=Robert |title=Onward Muslim Soldiers: How Jihad Still Threatens America and the West |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xGE5YshINtMC&pg=PA244 |year=2003 |publisher=Regnery Pub. |isbn=978-0-89526-100-7 |pages=244–}}</ref> -In 2002, JI made an alliance of religious parties called [[Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal]] (MMA) (United Council of Action) and won 53 seats, including most of those representing the [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] Province.{{sfnp|Guidere, Islamic Fundamentalism|2012|p=356}} JI continued its opposition to the War on terrorism, particularly the presence of American troops and agencies in Pakistan. JI also called for restoration of judiciary. - -[[Qazi Hussain Ahmad]] gave his resignation from the National Assembly when visiting the camp of victims of an attack in [[Lal Masjid, Islamabad|Lal Masjid]]. +In the [[2002 Pakistani general election|2002 election]], JI made an alliance of religious parties called [[Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal]] (MMA) ({{Literally|United Council of Action}}) and won 53 seats, including most of those representing the [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] province.{{sfnp|Guidere, Islamic Fundamentalism|2012|p=356}} JI continued its opposition to the War on terrorism, particularly the presence of American troops and agencies in Pakistan. JI also called for restoration of judiciary. In 2006, JI opposed the [[Women's Protection Bill]] saying it did not need to be scrapped but instead, be applied in a fairer way and more and be more clearly understood by judges. Ahmed said, @@ -167,10 +165,12 @@ At least during the time of Ahmad, the position of JI on revolutionary action was that it was not ready to turn to extra-legal action but that its objectives are definite (''qat'i'') but its methods are "open to interpretation and adaptation (''ijtihadi'')" based on the "exigencies of the moment".<ref>Based on interviews with a number of JI leaders, especially Khalil Ahmadu'l-Hamidi by Seyyed [[Vali Reza Nasr]] (in {{harvnb|Nasr, Mawdudi and Islamic Revivalism|1996|p=76}})</ref> + +On 23 July 2007, [[Qazi Hussain Ahmad]] tendered his resignation from the National Assembly to protest against the [[Siege of Lal Masjid|Army operation]] at [[Lal Masjid, Islamabad|Lal Masjid]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-07-24 |title=Qazi tenders resignation |url=http://beta.dawn.com/news/257869/qazi-tenders-resignation |access-date=2022-08-09 |website=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |language=en}}</ref> ===Sayyed Munawer Hassan (2008–2014)=== -In 2008, JI and [[Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf]] again boycotted the [[2008 Pakistani general election|elections]]. Ahmad declined reelection and [[Syed Munawar Hassan]] became ameer. +In 2008, JI and [[Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf]] again boycotted the [[2008 Pakistani general election|elections]]. Ahmad declined to stand for re-election due to health issues, and [[Syed Munawar Hassan]] was elected as the ameer.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-26 |title=Syed Munawar Hasan - a socialist turned Islamic political leader |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/2251036/syed-munawar-hasan-socialist-turned-islamic-political-leader |access-date=2022-08-09 |website=[[The Express Tribune]] |language=en}}</ref> -===Siraj ul Haq (2014–present)=== -On 30 March 2014, [[Siraj ul Haq]] became ameer.<ref name="ET: Siraj replaces Munawar"/> He resigned from his role as senior minister of the [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] Province. This coincided with a drone attack on [[Madrassa]], [[Bajour Agency]]. +===Siraj-ul-Haq (2014–present)=== +On 30 March 2014, [[Siraj-ul-Haq]], serving as senior minister in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa government and the party's deputy chief, was elected as the new ameer. He defeated the incumbent Munawer Hasan and the party's general secretary, [[Liaqat Baloch]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2014-03-30 |title=Sirajul Haq elected as new JI chief |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1096635 |access-date=2022-08-09 |website=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |language=en}}</ref> 25,533 office bearers of the party out of a total of 31,311 voted in these elections. It was the first time that the party had voted out an ameer after just one term. He, therefore, resigned from his role as senior minister. This coincided with a drone attack on a [[Madrasa|madrassa]] in [[Bajaur District|Bajaur Agency]]. == Organisations == @@ -237,5 +237,5 @@ <ref name=Bajoria>{{cite web| last = Bajoria| first = Jayshree| title = Pakistan's New Generation of Terrorists| publisher = Council on Foreign Relations| date = 6 February 2008| url = http://www.cfr.org/publication/15422/pakistans_new_generation_of_terrorists.html?breadcrumb=%2Fbios%2F13611%2Fjayshree_bajoria%3Fgroupby%3D1%26hide%3D1%26id%3D13611%26filter%3D456| access-date = 30 March 2009| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090514060717/http://www.cfr.org/publication/15422/pakistans_new_generation_of_terrorists.html?breadcrumb=%2Fbios%2F13611%2Fjayshree_bajoria%3Fgroupby%3D1&hide=1&id=13611&filter=456| archive-date = 14 May 2009| df = dmy-all}}</ref><ref name=gall2009327>{{cite news | author =[[Carlotta Gall]], Ismail Khan, [[Pir Zubair Shah]] and Taimoor Shah| title = Pakistani and Afghan Taliban Unify in Face of U.S. Influx |work=New York Times| date = 26 March 2009| url = https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/27/world/asia/27taliban.html| access-date =27 March 2009}}</ref> -According to another source, TNSM and Jamaat-e-Islami (JI) seem to have been locked in a turf war in the [[Malakand District]] of Pakistan, and the Jamaat-Ulema-e-Islam, JI, and TNSM are in conflict with each other in the tribal areas for power and influence.<ref name=mapping>{{cite web|title=Tehreek Nifaz-e-Shariat Mohammadi|url=https://web.stanford.edu/group/mappingmilitants/cgi-bin/groups/view/411|website=Mapping Militant Organizations|publisher=Stanford University|access-date=29 December 2014}}</ref> +According to another source, TNSM and Jamaat-e-Islami (JI) seem to have been locked in a turf war in the [[Malakand District]] of Pakistan, and the Jamaat-Ulema-e-Islam, JI, and TNSM are in conflict with each other in the tribal areas for power and influence.<ref name=mapping>{{cite web|title=Tehreek Nifaz-e-Shariat Mohammadi|url=https://web.stanford.edu/group/mappingmilitants/cgi-bin/groups/view/411|website=Mapping Militant Organizations|publisher=Stanford University|access-date=29 December 2014}}</ref> == List of Emirs == @@ -244,5 +244,5 @@ |- ! No. -! Name +! Name<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pakistan: Sirajul Haq re-elected Jamaat-e-Islami chief |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/pakistan-sirajul-haq-re-elected-jamaat-e-islami-chief/1424883 |access-date=2022-08-09 |website=www.aa.com.tr}}</ref> ! Term |- align=center @@ -260,9 +260,9 @@ |- align=center | 4 -| [[Syed Munawar Hassan]] +| [[Munawar Hasan|Syed Munawar Hassan]] | 2008–2014 |- align=center | 5 -| [[Siraj ul Haq]] +| [[Siraj-ul-Haq]] | 2014–present |- align=center @@ -271,13 +271,13 @@ == Leaders == * [[Abul A'la Maududi]] (1940–1972) -*[[Naeem siddiqui]] +*[[Naeem Siddiqui]] * [[Mian Tufail Mohammad]] (1972–1987) * [[Qazi Hussain Ahmad]] (1987–2008) * [[Syed Munawar Hassan]] (2008–2014) -* [[Siraj ul Haq]] (2014–present) +* [[Siraj-ul-Haq]] (2014–present) * [[Khurram Murad]] * [[Liaqat Baloch]] -* [[Khurshid Ahmad (Islamic scholar)]] -* [[Abdul Ghaffar Aziz]]<ref>{{cite news |title=JI leader buried |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/725316-ji-leader-buried |work=www.thenews.com.pk |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=JI Vice-Amir Abdul Ghaffar Aziz passes away {{!}} SAMAA |url=https://www.samaa.tv/news/2020/10/ji-vice-amir-abdul-ghaffar-aziz-passes-away/ |work=Samaa TV}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=JI chief slams govt for inducting an 'IMF agent' |url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/413247/ji-chief-slams-govt-for-inducting-an-imf-agent/ |work=Daily Times |date=16 June 2019}}</ref> +* [[Khurshid Ahmad (scholar)|Khurshid Ahmad]] +* [[Abdul Ghaffar Aziz]]<ref>{{cite news |date=6 October 2020 |title=JI leader buried |language=en |work=[[The News International]] |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/725316-ji-leader-buried}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2020-10-05 |title=JI Vice-Amir Abdul Ghaffar Aziz passes away |url=http://www.samaaenglish.tv/news/2142586 |access-date=2022-08-09 |website=[[Samaa TV]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=16 June 2019 |title=JI chief slams govt for inducting an 'IMF agent' |work=[[Daily Times (Pakistan)|Daily Times]] |url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/413247/ji-chief-slams-govt-for-inducting-an-imf-agent/ |access-date=9 August 2022}}</ref> * [[Hafiz Naeem ur Rehman]] @@ -305,4 +305,7 @@ == External links == * {{Official website|http://www.jamaat.org}} +* [https://www.facebook.com/JIPOfficial1 Jamaat-e-Islami] on [[Facebook]] +* [https://twitter.com/JIPOfficial?ref_src=twsrc%5Egoogle%7Ctwcamp%5Eserp%7Ctwgr%5Eauthor Jamaat-e-Islami] on [[Twitter]] +* [https://www.instagram.com/jipofficial/?hl=en Jamaat-e-Islami] on [[Instagram]] * [http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/pakistan/ji.htm Profile: Jamaat-e-Islami & Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi] GlobalSecurity.org * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/4470254.stm Bangladesh ruling party expels MP] [[BBC]], 25 November 2005 '
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[ 0 => '|+Growth of JIP<ref name="growth-371">{{Cite book |last=Martin |first=Richard C. |url=https://books.google.co.nz/books/about/Encyclopedia_of_Islam_and_the_Muslim_Wor.html?id=OVcUAQAAIAAJ&redir_esc=y |title=Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World: A-L |date=2004 |publisher=Macmillan Reference USA |isbn=978-0-02-865604-5 |language=en}}</ref>', 1 => 'Maududi opposed British rule but also opposed the Muslim nationalist movement (nationalism being un-Islamic) and their plan for a circumscribed "Muslim state". Maududi agitating instead for an "Islamic state" covering the whole of India<ref name=kepel-34>{{cite book|last1=Kepel|first1=Gilles|title=Jihad: on the Trail of Political Islam|date=2002|publisher=Belknap Press|page=34|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OLvTNk75hUoC&q=jamaat+e+islami&pg=PA441|isbn=9781845112578|ref=GKJ2002}}</ref> – this despite the fact Muslims made up only about one quarter of India's population.', 2 => '[[Jamaat-e-Islami]] was founded in [[colonial India]] on 26 August 1941, at [[Islamia Park]] in the city of [[Lahore]], before the [[Partition of India]].{{sfnp|Guidere, Islamic Fundamentalism|2012|p=li}} JI began as an [[Islamism|Islamist]] social and political movement. Seventy-five people attended the first meeting and became the first members of the movement. Maulana [[Amin Ahsan Islahi]], Maulana [[Naeem Siddiqui]], Maulana Muhammad Manzoor Naumanai and Maulana [[Abul Hasan Ali Hasani Nadwi]] (although he left after a few years)<ref>{{cite web |title=Biography of Sayyid Abul Hasan Ali Nadwi |url=https://abulhasanalinadwi.org/books/Biography.pdf}}</ref> were among the founders of Jamat e Islami along with Syed Abul Ala Maududi.<ref>Edara Manshoraat, Mansora Lahore 1980, pp5-25</ref>', 3 => 'JI had a number of unique features. All members, including its founder Mawdudi, uttered the shahadah – the traditional act of converts to Islam – when they joined. This was a symbolic gesture of conversion to a new Islamic perspective, but to some implied that "the Jamaat stood before Muslim society as Islam before [[jahiliyah]]", (pre-Islamic ignorance).<ref>{{harvp|Nasr, Mawdudi and Islamic Revivalism|1996|p=110}}: "All members, including Mawdudi, uttered the shahadah when they joined, in a symbolic gesture of conversion to a new Islamic Perspective."</ref> After Pakistan was formed, it forbade Pakistanis to take an oath of allegiance to the state until it became Islamic, arguing that a Muslim could in clear conscience render allegiance only to God.{{sfnp|Nasr, Mawdudi and Islamic Revivalism|1996|p=42}}{{sfnp|Nasr, Vanguard of Islamic Revolution|1994|pp=119-120}}', 4 => 'Following the Partition of India, Maududi and JI migrated from East Punjab to [[Lahore]] in Pakistan. There they volunteered to help the thousands of refugees pouring into the country from India<ref name=Adams-102>Adams, Charles J., "Mawdudi and the Islamic State," in John L. Esposito, ed., ''Voices of Resurgent Islam'', (New York: Oxford University Press, 1983, p.102)</ref> – performing social work; opening hospitals and medical clinics; and by gathering the skins of animals sacrificed for [[Eid-ul-Azha]].', 5 => 'During the prime-ministership of [[Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy]] (September 1956 – October 1957), JI argued for a separate voting system for different religious communities. Suhrawardy convened a session of the [[National Assembly of Pakistan|National Assembly]] at [[Dhaka]] and through an alliance with Republicans, his party passed a bill for a mixed voting system.', 6 => 'In 1951, it ran candidates for office, but did not do well. JI found it was more successful in promoting its cause in the streets.{{sfnp|Nasr, Mawdudi and Islamic Revivalism|1996|p=43}} The election also occasioned a split in the party with the JI shura passing a resolution in support of the party withdrawing from politics but Maududi arguing for continued involvement. Maududi prevailed and several senior JI leaders resigned in protest. All this strengthened Maududi's position still further and "a cult of personality began to grow up around him."{{sfnp|Nasr, Mawdudi and Islamic Revivalism|1996|p=43}}', 7 => 'In 1953, JI led "direct action" against the [[Ahmadiyya]], who the JI believed should be declared non-Muslims. In March 1953, [[Lahore riots of 1953|riots in Lahore]] started leading to looting, arson and the killing of at least 200 Ahmadis and the declaration of selective [[martial law]]. The military leader, [[Azam Khan (general)|Azam Khan]] had Maududi arrested and [[Rahimuddin Khan]] sentenced him to death for [[sedition]] (writing anti-Ahmadiyya pamphlets). Many JI supporters were imprisoned during this time.', 8 => 'The [[Constitution of Pakistan of 1956|1956 Constitution]] was adopted after [[Constitution of Pakistan of 1956#Islamic provisions|accommodating]] many of the demands of the JI. Maududi endorsed the constitution and claimed it a victory for Islam.{{sfnp|Nasr, Mawdudi and Islamic Revivalism|1996|p=44}} In 1958, JI formed an alliance with [[Abdul Qayyum Khan]] (Muslim League) and [[Chaudhry Muhammad Ali]] ([[Nizam-e-Islam Party]]). The alliance destabilised the presidency of [[Iskander Mirza]] (1956–1958), and Pakistan returned to martial law. The military ruler, the president [[Muhammad Ayub Khan]] (1958–1964), had a modernising agenda and opposed the encroachment of religion into politics. He banned political parties and warned Maududi against continued religio-political activism. JI offices were closed down, funds were confiscated and Maududi was imprisoned in 1964 and 1967.{{sfnp|Nasr, Mawdudi and Islamic Revivalism|1996|p=44}}', 9 => 'JI supported the opposition party, the Pakistan Democratic Movement (PDM). In the 1964–1965 presidential elections, JI supported the opposition leader, [[Fatima Jinnah]], despite its opposition to women in politics.{{sfnp|Nasr, Mawdudi and Islamic Revivalism|1996|p=44}}', 10 => 'JI participated in the [[1970 Pakistani general election|1970 general election]]. Its political platform advocated political freedom of the provinces and Islamic law based on the Quran and Sunnah. There would be separation of the powers (judiciary and legislature); basic rights for minorities (such as equal employment opportunities and the ''Bonus Share Scheme'' allowing factory workers to own shares in their employers' companies); and a policy of strong relationships with the [[Muslim world]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2015}} Just prior to the election, [[Nawabzada Nasrullah Khan]] left the alliance leaving JI to run against the [[Pakistan Peoples Party]] and the [[Awami League]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2015}} The party had a disappointing showing when it won only four seats in the National Assembly and four in the provincial assemblies after fielding 151 candidates.{{sfnp|Nasr, Mawdudi and Islamic Revivalism|1996|p=45}}', 11 => 'JI opposed the [[Awami League]] East Pakistani separatist movement.{{sfnp|Haqqani, Pakistan between Mosque and Military|2005|p=100}} [[Islami Jamiat-e-Talaba]] organised the [[Al-Badar]] to fight the [[Mukti Bahini]] (Bengali liberation forces). In 1971, during the [[Bangladesh liberation war]], JI members may have collaborated with the Pakistani army.<ref>Arefin S. [http://freebanglaebooks.com/bangla-ebook/muktijuddho-71-punished-war-criminals-under-dalal-law/ "Muktijuddho '71: Punished War Criminals Under Dalal Law."] Bangladesh Research and Publications.</ref><ref>[http://www.genocidebangladesh.org/?page_id=14] Bangladesh Genocide Archive website. Accessed 9 March 2013.</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Nabi |first=Dr Nuran |url=https://books.google.co.nz/books?id=F_OUc-TvGOIC&pg=PA108&dq=jamaat+e+islami&hl=en&sa=X&ei=rYRTU_DpEY7HlAXW4oHwAQ&redir_esc=y |title=Bullets of '71: A Freedom Fighter's Story |date=2010-08-27 |publisher=AuthorHouse |isbn=978-1-4520-4383-8 |language=en}}</ref>{{Self-published inline|date=September 2016}}<!-- This is a personal narrative from a self-publisher (AuthorHouse), so not a reliable source. WP:HISTRS describes acceptable sources for history-related articles. Also, this shouldn't be in the lede because it isn't a summary of anything in the article. -->', 12 => 'In 1968, Maulana Maududi took leave from Emarat of the Jamaat and Maulana [[Naeem Siddiqui]] became the Ameer of Jamat e Islami for one year. In 1969, Maulana took Charge of the Jamaat again. In 1972, Maududi resigned citing poor health, and Maulana [[Naeem Siddiqui]] refused to become the Ameer of the Jamaat due to his research activities. Thus, in October 1972, the ''Majlis-e-Shoura'' (council) elected [[Mian Tufail Mohammad]] (1914–2009) as the new leader of JI. Naeeem Siddiqui was chosen as the general secretary.', 13 => 'In the [[1977 Pakistani general election|1977 election]], JI won nine of the 36 seats won by the opposition [[Pakistan National Alliance]]. The opposition considered the election rigged (Bhutto's PPP won 155 out of 200 seats) and Maududi, who had been arrested, called on Islamist parties to commence a campaign of [[civil disobedience]]. The [[Sunni]]-led government of [[Saudi Arabia]] intervened to secure Maududi's release from prison warning of revolution in Pakistan. JI assisted the [[Pakistan National Alliance]] (PNA) to oust Bhutto and met with Zia-ul-Haq for ninety minutes on the night before Bhutto was hanged.{{sfnp|Haqqani, Pakistan between Mosque and Military|2005|p=139}}', 14 => 'Initially, JI supported [[General Zia-ul-Haq]] (1977–1987).{{sfnp|Haqqani, Pakistan between Mosque and Military|2005|p=123}} In turn, Zia's use of Islamist rhetoric gave JI importance in public life beyond the size of its membership.<ref name="Osella (2013)">{{citation |last=Iqtidar |first=Humeira |chapter=Secularism Beyond the State |editor1=Filippo Osella |editor2=Caroline Osella |title=Islamic Reform in South Asia |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ipU-cTz5_JYC&pg=PA479 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2013 |page=479 |isbn=9781107031753}}</ref> According to journalist [[Owen Bennett-Jones]], JI was the "only political party" to offer Zia "consistent support" and was rewarded with jobs for "tens of thousands of Jamaat activists and sympathisers", giving Zia's Islamic agenda power "long after he died."<ref name=jones-16>{{cite book|last1=Jones|first1=Owen Bennett|title=Pakistan : eye of the storm|date=2002|publisher=Yale University Press|location=New Haven and London|pages=16–7|isbn=9780300097603|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t8iYEgPYG_EC&q=Tens+of+thousands+of+Jamaat+activists+and+sympathisers&pg=PA17|quote=... Zia rewarded the only political party to offer him consistent support, Jamaat-e-Islami. Tens of thousands of Jamaat activists and sympathisers were given jobs in the judiciary, the civil service and other state institutions. These appointments meant Zia's Islamic agenda lived on long after he died.}}</ref>', 15 => 'In the [[1993 Pakistani general election|election of 1993]], JI won three seats. In this year, JI was a member of the newly formed All Parties Hurriyat Conference (APHC) which promotes the independence of Jammu and Kashmir from India.{{sfnp|Guidere, Islamic Fundamentalism|2012|p=26}} Prior to this, JI had allegedly set up the [[Hizbul Mujahideen|Hizb-ul-Mujahideen]], a Kashmir liberation militia to oppose the [[Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front|Kashmir Liberation Front]] which fights for the complete independence of the Kashmir region.{{sfnp|Guidere, Islamic Fundamentalism|2012|p=127}}', 16 => 'Ahmad left his position in the [[Senate of Pakistan|Senate]] in protest against corruption.', 17 => 'On 20 July 1996, Qazi Hussain Ahmed announced to start protests against government alleging corruption. Qazi Hussain resigned from the Senate on 27 September and announced the start of a long march against [[Benazir Bhutto]]'s government. The protest started on 27 October 1996 by Jamaat-e-Islami and opposition parties. On 4 November 1996, Bhutto's government was dismissed by [[Farooq Leghari|President Leghari]] primarily because of corruption.<ref name="Adel (2012)">{{citation |last=Salim |first=Muhammad Said |chapter=India: Jamaat-e-Islami |editor1=Gholamali Haddad Adel |editor2=Mohammad Jafar Elmi |editor3=Hassan Taromi-Rad |title=Muslim Organisations in the Twentieth Century: Selected Entries from Encyclopaedia of the World of Islam |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RS73Xn1Gjv8C&pg=PA67 |year=2012 |publisher=EWI Press |isbn=978-1-908433-09-1 |pages=67–}}</ref> JI then boycotted the [[1997 Pakistani general election|1997 election]], and therefore, lost representation in [[Parliament of Pakistan|Parliament]]. However, the party remained politically active, for example, protesting the arrival of the Indian Prime Minister, [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]], [[Lahore Declaration|in Lahore]].', 18 => 'In 1999, [[Pervez Musharraf]] took power in a [[1999 Pakistani coup d'état|military coup]]. JI, at first, welcomed the general but then objected when Musharraf began to make secular reforms and then again in 2001, when Pakistan joined the [[war on terror]], alleging Musharraf had betrayed the [[Taliban]]. JI condemned the [[September 11 attacks|events of 11 September 2001]], but equally condemned the US when Afghanistan [[United States invasion of Afghanistan|was invaded]].<ref name="Adel (2012)"/>{{rp|page=69}} Some members of [[Al-Qaeda]], for example, [[Khalid Sheikh Mohammed]], were arrested in Pakistan.<ref name="Gannon2006">{{citation |last=Gannon |first=Kathy |title=I is for Infidel: From Holy War to Holy Terror in Afghanistan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GPsnizjHBx4C&pg=PA158 |year=2006 |publisher=PublicAffairs |isbn=978-1-58648-452-1 |pages=158–}}</ref><ref name="Spencer2003">{{citation |last=Spencer |first=Robert |title=Onward Muslim Soldiers: How Jihad Still Threatens America and the West |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xGE5YshINtMC&pg=PA244 |year=2003 |publisher=Regnery Pub. |isbn=978-0-89526-100-7 |pages=244–}}</ref>', 19 => 'In the [[2002 Pakistani general election|2002 election]], JI made an alliance of religious parties called [[Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal]] (MMA) ({{Literally|United Council of Action}}) and won 53 seats, including most of those representing the [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] province.{{sfnp|Guidere, Islamic Fundamentalism|2012|p=356}} JI continued its opposition to the War on terrorism, particularly the presence of American troops and agencies in Pakistan. JI also called for restoration of judiciary.', 20 => '', 21 => 'On 23 July 2007, [[Qazi Hussain Ahmad]] tendered his resignation from the National Assembly to protest against the [[Siege of Lal Masjid|Army operation]] at [[Lal Masjid, Islamabad|Lal Masjid]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-07-24 |title=Qazi tenders resignation |url=http://beta.dawn.com/news/257869/qazi-tenders-resignation |access-date=2022-08-09 |website=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |language=en}}</ref>', 22 => 'In 2008, JI and [[Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf]] again boycotted the [[2008 Pakistani general election|elections]]. Ahmad declined to stand for re-election due to health issues, and [[Syed Munawar Hassan]] was elected as the ameer.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-26 |title=Syed Munawar Hasan - a socialist turned Islamic political leader |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/2251036/syed-munawar-hasan-socialist-turned-islamic-political-leader |access-date=2022-08-09 |website=[[The Express Tribune]] |language=en}}</ref>', 23 => '===Siraj-ul-Haq (2014–present)===', 24 => 'On 30 March 2014, [[Siraj-ul-Haq]], serving as senior minister in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa government and the party's deputy chief, was elected as the new ameer. He defeated the incumbent Munawer Hasan and the party's general secretary, [[Liaqat Baloch]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2014-03-30 |title=Sirajul Haq elected as new JI chief |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1096635 |access-date=2022-08-09 |website=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |language=en}}</ref> 25,533 office bearers of the party out of a total of 31,311 voted in these elections. It was the first time that the party had voted out an ameer after just one term. He, therefore, resigned from his role as senior minister. This coincided with a drone attack on a [[Madrasa|madrassa]] in [[Bajaur District|Bajaur Agency]].', 25 => 'According to another source, TNSM and Jamaat-e-Islami (JI) seem to have been locked in a turf war in the [[Malakand District]] of Pakistan, and the Jamaat-Ulema-e-Islam, JI, and TNSM are in conflict with each other in the tribal areas for power and influence.<ref name=mapping>{{cite web|title=Tehreek Nifaz-e-Shariat Mohammadi|url=https://web.stanford.edu/group/mappingmilitants/cgi-bin/groups/view/411|website=Mapping Militant Organizations|publisher=Stanford University|access-date=29 December 2014}}</ref>', 26 => '! Name<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pakistan: Sirajul Haq re-elected Jamaat-e-Islami chief |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/pakistan-sirajul-haq-re-elected-jamaat-e-islami-chief/1424883 |access-date=2022-08-09 |website=www.aa.com.tr}}</ref>', 27 => '| [[Munawar Hasan|Syed Munawar Hassan]]', 28 => '| [[Siraj-ul-Haq]]', 29 => '*[[Naeem Siddiqui]]', 30 => '* [[Siraj-ul-Haq]] (2014–present)', 31 => '* [[Khurshid Ahmad (scholar)|Khurshid Ahmad]]', 32 => '* [[Abdul Ghaffar Aziz]]<ref>{{cite news |date=6 October 2020 |title=JI leader buried |language=en |work=[[The News International]] |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/725316-ji-leader-buried}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2020-10-05 |title=JI Vice-Amir Abdul Ghaffar Aziz passes away |url=http://www.samaaenglish.tv/news/2142586 |access-date=2022-08-09 |website=[[Samaa TV]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=16 June 2019 |title=JI chief slams govt for inducting an 'IMF agent' |work=[[Daily Times (Pakistan)|Daily Times]] |url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/413247/ji-chief-slams-govt-for-inducting-an-imf-agent/ |access-date=9 August 2022}}</ref>', 33 => '* [https://www.facebook.com/JIPOfficial1 Jamaat-e-Islami] on [[Facebook]] ', 34 => '* [https://twitter.com/JIPOfficial?ref_src=twsrc%5Egoogle%7Ctwcamp%5Eserp%7Ctwgr%5Eauthor Jamaat-e-Islami] on [[Twitter]] ', 35 => '* [https://www.instagram.com/jipofficial/?hl=en Jamaat-e-Islami] on [[Instagram]] ' ]
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[ 0 => '|+Growth of JIP<ref name=growth-371>[https://books.google.com/books/about/Encyclopedia_of_Islam_and_the_Muslim_Wor.html?id=OVcUAQAAIAAJ Encyclopedia of Islam & the Muslim World]| By Richard C. Martín| Granite Hill Publishers|2004|p.371</ref>', 1 => 'Maududi opposed British rule but also opposed the Muslim nationalist movement (nationalism being un-Islamic) and their plan for a circumscribed "Muslim state". Maududi agitating instead for an "Islamic state" covering the whole of India<ref name=kepel-34>{{cite book|last1=Kepel|first1=Gilles|title=Jihad: on the Trail of Political Islam|date=2002|publisher=Belknap Press|page=34|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OLvTNk75hUoC&q=jamaat+e+islami&pg=PA441|isbn=9781845112578|ref=GKJ2002}}</ref>—this despite the fact Muslims made up only about one quarter of India's population.', 2 => '[[Jamaat-e-Islami]] was founded in [[colonial India]] on 26 August 1941, at [[Islamia Park]] in the city of [[Lahore]], before the [[Partition of India]].{{sfnp|Guidere, Islamic Fundamentalism|2012|p=li}} JI began as an [[Islamism|Islamist]] social and political movement. Seventy-five people attended the first meeting and became the first 75 members of the movement. Maulana [[Amin Ahsan Islahi]], Maulana [[Naeem Siddiqui]], Maulana Muhammad Manzoor Naumanai and Maula Abul Hassan Ali Nadwi (although he left after a few years) <ref>{{cite web |url=https://abulhasanalinadwi.org/books/Biography.pdf}}</ref> were among the founders of Jamat e Islami along with Syed Abul Ala Maududi<ref>Edara Manshoraat, Mansora Lahore 1980, pp5-25</ref>', 3 => 'JI had a number of unique features. All members, including its founder Mawdudi, uttered the shahadah—the traditional act of converts to Islam—when they joined. This was a symbolic gesture of conversion to a new Islamic perspective, but to some implied that "the Jamaat stood before Muslim society as Islam before [[jahiliyah]]", (pre-Islamic ignorance).<ref>{{harvp|Nasr, Mawdudi and Islamic Revivalism|1996|p=110}}: "All members, including Mawdudi, uttered the shahadah when they joined, in a symbolic gesture of conversion to a new Islamic Perspective."</ref> After Pakistan was formed, it forbade Pakistanis to take an oath of allegiance to the state until it became Islamic, arguing that a Muslim could in clear conscience render allegiance only to God.{{sfnp|Nasr, Mawdudi and Islamic Revivalism|1996|p=42}}{{sfnp|Nasr, Vanguard of Islamic Revolution|1994|pp=119-120}}', 4 => 'Following the Partition of India, Maududi and JI migrated from East Punjab to [[Lahore]] in Pakistan. There they volunteered to help the thousands of refugees pouring into the country from India<ref name=Adams-102>Adams, Charles J., "Mawdudi and the Islamic State," in John L. Esposito, ed., ''Voices of Resurgent Islam'', (New York: Oxford University Press, 1983, p.102)</ref>—performing social work; opening hospitals and medical clinics; and by gathering the skins of animals sacrificed for [[Eid-ul-Azha]].', 5 => 'During the prime-ministership of [[Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy]] (September 1956 – October 1957), JI argued for a separate voting system for different religious communities. Suhrawardy convened a session of the National Assembly at [[Dhaka]] and through an alliance with Republicans, his party passed a bill for a mixed voting system.', 6 => 'In 1951 it ran candidates for office but did not do well. JI found it was more successful in promoting its cause in the streets.{{sfnp|Nasr, Mawdudi and Islamic Revivalism|1996|p=43}} The election also occasioned a split in the party with the JI shura passing a resolution in support of the party withdrawing from politics but Maududi arguing for continued involvement. Maududi prevailed and several senior JI leaders resigned in protest. All this strengthened Maududi's position still further and "a cult of personality began to grow up around him."{{sfnp|Nasr, Mawdudi and Islamic Revivalism|1996|p=43}}', 7 => 'In 1953, JI led "direct action" against the [[Ahmadiyya]], who the JI believed should be declared non-Muslims. In March 1953 [[Lahore riots of 1953|riots in Lahore]] started leading to looting, arson and the killing of at least 200 Ahmadis and the declaration of selective [[martial law]]. The military leader, [[Azam Khan (general)|Azam Khan]] had Maududi arrested and [[Rahimuddin Khan]] sentenced him to death for [[sedition]] (writing anti-Ahmadiyya pamphlets).Many JI supporters were imprisoned during this time.', 8 => 'The [[Constitution of Pakistan of 1956|1956 Constitution]] was adopted after [[Constitution of Pakistan of 1956#Islamic provisions|accommodating]] many of the demands of the JI. Maududi endorsed the constitution and claimed it a victory for Islam.{{sfnp|Nasr, Mawdudi and Islamic Revivalism|1996|p=44}} In 1958, JI formed an alliance with [[Abdul Qayyum Khan]] (Muslim League) and Chudhary Muhammad Ali (Nizam-e-Islami party). The alliance destabilised the presidency of [[Iskander Mirza]] (1956–1958) and Pakistan returned to martial law. The military ruler, the president [[Muhammad Ayub Khan]] (1958–1964), had a modernising agenda and opposed the encroachment of religion into politics. He banned political parties and warned Maududi against continued religio-political activism. JI offices were closed down, funds were confiscated and Maududi was imprisoned in 1964 and 1967.{{sfnp|Nasr, Mawdudi and Islamic Revivalism|1996|p=44}}', 9 => 'JI supported the opposition party, the [[Pakistan Democratic Movement]] (PDM). In the 1964–1965 presidential elections, JI supported the opposition leader, [[Fatima Jinnah]], despite its opposition to women in politics.{{sfnp|Nasr, Mawdudi and Islamic Revivalism|1996|p=44}}', 10 => 'JI participated in the [[1970 Pakistani general election|1970 general election]]. Its political platform advocated political freedom of the provinces and Islamic law based on the Quran and Sunnah. There would be separation of the powers (judiciary and legislature); basic rights for minorities (such as equal employment opportunities and the ''Bonus Share Scheme'' allowing factory workers to own shares in their employers' companies); and a policy of strong relationships with the [[Muslim world]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2015}} Just prior to the election, [[Nawabzada Nasrullah Khan]] left the alliance leaving JI to run against the [[Pakistan Peoples Party]] and the [[Awami League]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2015}} The party had a disappointing showing when it won only four seats in the national assembly and four in the provincial assembly after fielding 151 candidates.{{sfnp|Nasr, Mawdudi and Islamic Revivalism|1996|p=45}}', 11 => 'JI opposed the [[Awami League]] East Pakistani separatist movement.{{sfnp|Haqqani, Pakistan between Mosque and Military|2005|p=100}} [[Islami Jamiat-e-Talaba]] organised the [[Al-Badar]] to fight the [[Mukti Bahini]] (Bengali liberation forces). In 1971, during the [[Bangladesh liberation war]], JI members may have collaborated with the Pakistani army.<ref>Arefin S. [http://freebanglaebooks.com/bangla-ebook/muktijuddho-71-punished-war-criminals-under-dalal-law/ "Muktijuddho '71: Punished War Criminals Under Dalal Law."] Bangladesh Research and Publications.</ref><ref>[http://www.genocidebangladesh.org/?page_id=14] Bangladesh Genocide Archive website. Accessed 9 March 2013.</ref><ref>Nabi N. [https://books.google.com/books?id=F_OUc-TvGOIC&pg=PA108&dq=jamaat+e+islami&hl=en&sa=X&ei=rYRTU_DpEY7HlAXW4oHwAQ&ved=0CD8Q6AEwAzgo#v=onepage&q=jamaat%20e%20islami&f=false "Bullets of '71: A Freedom Fighter's Story."] AuthorHouse, 2010 p.108 {{ISBN|1452043833}}, 9781452043838.</ref>{{Self-published inline|date=September 2016}}<!-- This is a personal narrative from a self-publisher (AuthorHouse), so not a reliable source. WP:HISTRS describes acceptable sources for history-related articles. Also, this shouldn't be in the lede because it isn't a summary of anything in the article. -->', 12 => 'In 1968 Maulana Maududi took leave from Emarat of the Jamaat and Maulana [[Naeem Siddiqui]] became the Ameer of Jamat e Islami for One year, in 1969 Maulana took Charge of the Jumat again. In 1972, Maududi resigned citing poor health and Maulana [[Naeem Siddiqui]] refused to become the Ameer of the Jamaat due to his research activities. Thus in October 1972, the ''Majlis-e-Shoura'' (council) elected [[Mian Tufail Mohammad]] (1914–2009), the new leader of JI.Naeeem Siddiqui was chosen as the General secretary of Jamaat e Islami.', 13 => 'In the 1977 JI won nine of the 36 seats won by the opposition [[Pakistan National Alliance]]. The opposition considered the election rigged (Bhutto's PPP won 155 out of 200 seats) and Maududi, who had been arrested, called on Islamist parties to commence a campaign of [[civil disobedience]]. The [[Sunni]] led government of [[Saudi Arabia]] intervened to secure Maududi's release from prison warning of revolution in Pakistan. JI assisted the [[Pakistan National Alliance]] (PNA) to oust Bhutto and met with Zia-ul-Haq for ninety minutes on the night before Bhutto was hanged.{{sfnp|Haqqani, Pakistan between Mosque and Military|2005|p=139}}', 14 => 'Initially, JI supported [[General Zia-ul-Haq]] (1977–1987).{{sfnp|Haqqani, Pakistan between Mosque and Military|2005|p=123}} In turn, Zia's use of Islamist rhetoric gave JI importance in public life beyond the size of its membership.<ref name="Osella (2013)">{{citation |last=Iqtidar |first=Humeira |chapter=Secularism Beyond the State |editor1=Filippo Osella |editor2=Caroline Osella |title=Islamic Reform in South Asia |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ipU-cTz5_JYC&pg=PA479 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2013 |page=479 |isbn=9781107031753}}</ref> According to journalist Owen Bennett Jones, JI was the "only political party" to offer Zia "consistent support" and was rewarded with jobs for "tens of thousands of Jamaat activists and sympathisers", giving Zia's Islamic agenda power "long after he died."<ref name=jones-16>{{cite book|last1=Jones|first1=Owen Bennett|title=Pakistan : eye of the storm|date=2002|publisher=Yale University Press|location=New Haven and London|pages=16–7|isbn=9780300097603|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t8iYEgPYG_EC&q=Tens+of+thousands+of+Jamaat+activists+and+sympathisers&pg=PA17|quote=... Zia rewarded the only political party to offer him consistent support, Jamaat-e-Islami. Tens of thousands of Jamaat activists and sympathisers were given jobs in the judiciary, the civil service and other state institutions. These appointments meant Zia's Islamic agenda lived on long after he died.}}</ref>', 15 => 'In the [[1993 Pakistani general election|election of 1993]], JI won three seats. In this year, JI was a member of the newly formed All Parties Hurriyat Conference (APHC) which promotes the independence of Jammu and Kashmir from India.{{sfnp|Guidere, Islamic Fundamentalism|2012|p=26}} Prior to this, JI had allegedly set up the Hizb-ul-Mujahideen, a Kashmir liberation militia to oppose the Kashmir Liberation Front which fights for the complete independence of the Kashmir region.{{sfnp|Guidere, Islamic Fundamentalism|2012|p=127}}', 16 => 'Ahmad left his position in the Senate in protest against corruption.', 17 => 'On 20 July 1996, Qazi Hussain Ahmed announced to start protests against government alleging corruption. Qazi Hussain resigned from the Senate on 27 September and announced the start of a long march against Benazir government. The protest started on 27 October 1996 by Jamaat-e-Islami and opposition parties. On 4 November 1996, Bhutto's government was dismissed by President Leghari primarily because of corruption.<ref name="Adel (2012)">{{citation |last=Salim |first=Muhammad Said |chapter=India: Jamaat-e-Islami |editor1=Gholamali Haddad Adel |editor2=Mohammad Jafar Elmi |editor3=Hassan Taromi-Rad |title=Muslim Organisations in the Twentieth Century: Selected Entries from Encyclopaedia of the World of Islam |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RS73Xn1Gjv8C&pg=PA67 |year=2012 |publisher=EWI Press |isbn=978-1-908433-09-1 |pages=67–}}</ref> JI then boycotted the [[1997 Pakistani general election|1997 election]] and therefore lost representation in parliament. However, the party remained politically active, for example, protesting the arrival of the Indian prime minister, [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]], in Lahore.', 18 => 'In 1999, [[Pervez Musharraf]] took power in a [[military coup]]. JI, at first, welcomed the general but then objected when Musharraf began to make secular reforms and then again in 2001, when Pakistan joined the [[War on Terror]], alleging Musharraf had betrayed the [[Taliban]]. JI condemned the events of 11 September 2001 but equally condemned the US when Afghanistan was entered.<ref name="Adel (2012)"/>{{rp|page=69}} Some members of [[Al-Qaeda]], for example, [[Khalid Sheik Mohammed]], were arrested in Pakistan.<ref name="Gannon2006">{{citation |last=Gannon |first=Kathy |title=I is for Infidel: From Holy War to Holy Terror in Afghanistan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GPsnizjHBx4C&pg=PA158 |year=2006 |publisher=PublicAffairs |isbn=978-1-58648-452-1 |pages=158–}}</ref><ref name="Spencer2003">{{citation |last=Spencer |first=Robert |title=Onward Muslim Soldiers: How Jihad Still Threatens America and the West |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xGE5YshINtMC&pg=PA244 |year=2003 |publisher=Regnery Pub. |isbn=978-0-89526-100-7 |pages=244–}}</ref>', 19 => 'In 2002, JI made an alliance of religious parties called [[Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal]] (MMA) (United Council of Action) and won 53 seats, including most of those representing the [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] Province.{{sfnp|Guidere, Islamic Fundamentalism|2012|p=356}} JI continued its opposition to the War on terrorism, particularly the presence of American troops and agencies in Pakistan. JI also called for restoration of judiciary.', 20 => '', 21 => '[[Qazi Hussain Ahmad]] gave his resignation from the National Assembly when visiting the camp of victims of an attack in [[Lal Masjid, Islamabad|Lal Masjid]].', 22 => 'In 2008, JI and [[Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf]] again boycotted the [[2008 Pakistani general election|elections]]. Ahmad declined reelection and [[Syed Munawar Hassan]] became ameer.', 23 => '===Siraj ul Haq (2014–present)===', 24 => 'On 30 March 2014, [[Siraj ul Haq]] became ameer.<ref name="ET: Siraj replaces Munawar"/> He resigned from his role as senior minister of the [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] Province. This coincided with a drone attack on [[Madrassa]], [[Bajour Agency]].', 25 => 'According to another source, TNSM and Jamaat-e-Islami (JI) seem to have been locked in a turf war in the [[Malakand District]] of Pakistan, and the Jamaat-Ulema-e-Islam, JI, and TNSM are in conflict with each other in the tribal areas for power and influence.<ref name=mapping>{{cite web|title=Tehreek Nifaz-e-Shariat Mohammadi|url=https://web.stanford.edu/group/mappingmilitants/cgi-bin/groups/view/411|website=Mapping Militant Organizations|publisher=Stanford University|access-date=29 December 2014}}</ref>', 26 => '! Name', 27 => '| [[Syed Munawar Hassan]]', 28 => '| [[Siraj ul Haq]]', 29 => '*[[Naeem siddiqui]] ', 30 => '* [[Siraj ul Haq]] (2014–present)', 31 => '* [[Khurshid Ahmad (Islamic scholar)]]', 32 => '* [[Abdul Ghaffar Aziz]]<ref>{{cite news |title=JI leader buried |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/725316-ji-leader-buried |work=www.thenews.com.pk |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=JI Vice-Amir Abdul Ghaffar Aziz passes away {{!}} SAMAA |url=https://www.samaa.tv/news/2020/10/ji-vice-amir-abdul-ghaffar-aziz-passes-away/ |work=Samaa TV}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=JI chief slams govt for inducting an 'IMF agent' |url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/413247/ji-chief-slams-govt-for-inducting-an-imf-agent/ |work=Daily Times |date=16 June 2019}}</ref>' ]
All external links added in the edit (added_links)
[ 0 => 'https://books.google.co.nz/books/about/Encyclopedia_of_Islam_and_the_Muslim_Wor.html?id=OVcUAQAAIAAJ&redir_esc=y', 1 => 'https://books.google.co.nz/books?id=F_OUc-TvGOIC&pg=PA108&dq=jamaat+e+islami&hl=en&sa=X&ei=rYRTU_DpEY7HlAXW4oHwAQ&redir_esc=y', 2 => 'http://beta.dawn.com/news/257869/qazi-tenders-resignation', 3 => 'http://tribune.com.pk/story/2251036/syed-munawar-hasan-socialist-turned-islamic-political-leader', 4 => 'http://www.dawn.com/news/1096635', 5 => 'https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/pakistan-sirajul-haq-re-elected-jamaat-e-islami-chief/1424883', 6 => 'http://www.samaaenglish.tv/news/2142586', 7 => 'https://twitter.com/JIPOfficial?ref_src=twsrc%5Egoogle%7Ctwcamp%5Eserp%7Ctwgr%5Eauthor', 8 => 'https://www.instagram.com/jipofficial/?hl=en' ]
All external links in the new text (all_links)
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'//www.worldcat.org/issn/0085-6401', 14 => 'https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:219698819', 15 => 'https://archive.org/details/rightsgod00ohir', 16 => 'https://archive.org/details/rightsgod00ohir/page/n52', 17 => 'https://www.rediff.com/news/column/why-zakir-naik-is-dangerous/20160718.htm', 18 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=pAm_YptXTPMC&pg=PA138', 19 => 'https://books.google.co.nz/books/about/Encyclopedia_of_Islam_and_the_Muslim_Wor.html?id=OVcUAQAAIAAJ&redir_esc=y', 20 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=OLvTNk75hUoC&q=jamaat+e+islami&pg=PA441', 21 => 'https://abulhasanalinadwi.org/books/Biography.pdf', 22 => 'http://freebanglaebooks.com/bangla-ebook/muktijuddho-71-punished-war-criminals-under-dalal-law/', 23 => 'http://www.genocidebangladesh.org/?page_id=14', 24 => 'https://books.google.co.nz/books?id=F_OUc-TvGOIC&pg=PA108&dq=jamaat+e+islami&hl=en&sa=X&ei=rYRTU_DpEY7HlAXW4oHwAQ&redir_esc=y', 25 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=ipU-cTz5_JYC&pg=PA479', 26 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=t8iYEgPYG_EC&q=Tens+of+thousands+of+Jamaat+activists+and+sympathisers&pg=PA17', 27 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=ipU-cTz5_JYC&pg=PA180', 28 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=GPsnizjHBx4C&pg=PA158', 29 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=xGE5YshINtMC&pg=PA244', 30 => 'http://beta.dawn.com/news/257869/qazi-tenders-resignation', 31 => 'http://tribune.com.pk/story/2251036/syed-munawar-hasan-socialist-turned-islamic-political-leader', 32 => 'http://www.dawn.com/news/1096635', 33 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=ipU-cTz5_JYC&pg=PA480', 34 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=TNO5MAAACAAJ', 35 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=kYVcuqYr5FIC', 36 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=w3DQKuPzAXAC', 37 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=_S-TDAAAQBAJ', 38 => 'http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/pakistan/terroristoutfits/TNSM.htm', 39 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20090616085917/http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=20372', 40 => 'http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=20372', 41 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140903120850/http://www.jamestown.org/programs/gta/single/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=497&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=180&no_cache=1', 42 => 'http://www.jamestown.org/programs/gta/single/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=740&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=239&no_cache=1', 43 => 'http://english.aljazeera.net/focus/2009/01/200912512351598892.html', 44 => 'https://www.reuters.com/article/us-pakistan-taliban-idUSBRE9A60OR20131107', 45 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20090514060717/http://www.cfr.org/publication/15422/pakistans_new_generation_of_terrorists.html?breadcrumb=/bios/13611/jayshree_bajoria?groupby%3D1&hide=1&id=13611&filter=456', 46 => 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'https://books.google.com/books?id=86w4DgAAQBAJ', 60 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=5LWepMdh7OkC', 61 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=I07ykFUoKTUC', 62 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20171013162307/http://www.pakhtunkhwa.pk/sites/default/files/Publications/Pakistan%20between%20Mosque%20and%20Military%20by%20Hussain%20Haqqani%20(1).pdf', 63 => 'http://www.pakhtunkhwa.pk/sites/default/files/Publications/Pakistan%20between%20Mosque%20and%20Military%20by%20Hussain%20Haqqani%20(1).pdf', 64 => 'http://www.jamaat.org', 65 => 'https://twitter.com/JIPOfficial?ref_src=twsrc%5Egoogle%7Ctwcamp%5Eserp%7Ctwgr%5Eauthor', 66 => 'https://www.instagram.com/jipofficial/?hl=en', 67 => 'http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/pakistan/ji.htm', 68 => 'http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/4470254.stm', 69 => 'http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/4320078.stm', 70 => 'http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/4156808.stm', 71 => 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Links in the page, before the edit (old_links)
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'https://archive.org/details/failureofpolitic00royo/page/88', 27 => 'https://archive.org/details/rightsgod00ohir', 28 => 'https://archive.org/details/rightsgod00ohir/page/n52', 29 => 'https://books.google.com/books/about/Encyclopedia_of_Islam_and_the_Muslim_Wor.html?id=OVcUAQAAIAAJ', 30 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=5LWepMdh7OkC', 31 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=86w4DgAAQBAJ', 32 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=F_OUc-TvGOIC&pg=PA108&dq=jamaat+e+islami&hl=en&sa=X&ei=rYRTU_DpEY7HlAXW4oHwAQ&ved=0CD8Q6AEwAzgo#v=onepage&q=jamaat%20e%20islami&f=false', 33 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=GPsnizjHBx4C&pg=PA158', 34 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=I07ykFUoKTUC', 35 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=OLvTNk75hUoC&q=jamaat+e+islami&pg=PA441', 36 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=OZbyz_Hr-eIC&q=In+Pakistan,+the+JUI+was+active+in+th', 37 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=RS73Xn1Gjv8C&pg=PA67', 38 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=TNO5MAAACAAJ', 39 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=_PXpFxKRsHgC', 40 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=_S-TDAAAQBAJ', 41 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=ipU-cTz5_JYC&pg=PA479', 42 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=ipU-cTz5_JYC&pg=PA180', 43 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=ipU-cTz5_JYC&pg=PA480', 44 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=kYVcuqYr5FIC', 45 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=pAm_YptXTPMC&pg=PA138', 46 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=t8iYEgPYG_EC&q=Tens+of+thousands+of+Jamaat+activists+and+sympathisers&pg=PA17', 47 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=tCvhzGiDMYsC&pg=PA356', 48 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=w3DQKuPzAXAC', 49 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=wEih57-GWQQC&pg=PA59', 50 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=xGE5YshINtMC&pg=PA244', 51 => 'https://dailytimes.com.pk/413247/ji-chief-slams-govt-for-inducting-an-imf-agent/', 52 => 'https://fas.org/irp/congress/1993_rpt/house_repub_report.html', 53 => 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Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node)
false
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp)
'1660037907'
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog/33143074"