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[ 0 => '{{Rough translation|es|listed=yes|date=June 2022}}The so-called '''Venezuelan Civil Wars''' were a long series of conflicts that devastated [[Venezuela|that country]] during most of the [[19th century]].', 1 => '', 2 => '== Historical summary ==', 3 => '[[File:Arco_de_la_Federacion.JPG|thumb|Arch of the Federation in [[Caracas]]. This monument commemorates the victory of the [[Great Liberal Party of Venezuela|Liberals]] in the [[Federal War]].]]', 4 => 'After [[Venezuelan War of Independence|independence]] and the subsequent dissolution of [[Gran Colombia]], in Venezuela, there was no strong government with sufficient authority and power to guarantee order, nor an idea of ​​a nation nor civic experience<ref>Esteves, 2006: 5, 9</ref>. This led to a phenomenon of [[caudillismo]] and [[militarism]] in which local political-military chiefs were able to confront and defeat the [[Cabinet of Venezuela|central government]] following their particular and ideological interests together with popular masses that supported them by feeling identified with them<ref>Esteves, 2006: 6. Each local caudillo, when rising out of habit, tended to appoint himself general.</ref>. Similar processes occurred throughout [[Hispanic America]] after the end of Spanish colonial rule<ref>''Historia de la Humanidad. Los inicios del siglo XIX''. Santiago de Chile: Editorial Larousse, 2005, pp. 36. <nowiki>ISBN 956-8402-39-X</nowiki>.</ref>. This was due in part to the weakening of the ruling class, the [[Mantuanos|Mantuans]] who had already ruled the country since colonial times<ref>Esteves, 2006: 7</ref>. During the first half of the century, the only character who managed to become a factor of relative stability was [[José Antonio Páez]] thanks to his military power and only his defeat on the battlefields ended his political career<ref>Esteves, 2006: 10–11</ref>. The popular caudillo llanero rose several times against governments that he considered had violated the current legality or fought against those who tried to overthrow legitimate governments<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2000-08-19 |title=Jos� Antonio P�ez |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000819053518/http://www.venezuelatuya.com/biografias/paez.htm |access-date=2022-07-27 |website=web.archive.org}}</ref>. His only rebellion against legality would have been [[La Cosiata]], and this was a patriotic reaction against a supranational project that most Venezuelans were not interested in embarking on<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-04-26 |title=Tomás Straka y el eterno anhelo de la república perdida « Prodavinci |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426134058/http://prodavinci.com/2012/04/19/actualidad/tomas-straka-y-el-eterno-anhelo-de-la-republica-perdida/ |access-date=2022-07-27 |website=web.archive.org}}</ref>.', 5 => '', 6 => 'Between 1830 and 1903 there were a total of 166 armed revolts and almost fifty years of war<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-04-05 |title=Tierra Firme - Los Andes siglo XIX. Crónicas de guerra y caudillos |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140405045827/http://www2.scielo.org.ve/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0798-29682005000200005&lng=es&nrm=is |access-date=2022-07-27 |website=web.archive.org}}</ref>. It is estimated at a million dead in total<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |title=Nineteenth Century Death Tolls |url=https://necrometrics.com/wars19c.htm |access-date=2022-07-27 |website=necrometrics.com}}</ref>, 70% of them were non-combatants killed by the [[Plague (disease)|plagues]], [[Famine|famines]], [[anarchy]] and [[political repression]] that wars brought. Other sources lower the figure to 260,000 killed in combat, plus 62,000 due to earthquakes and pestilence, not counting those killed in the [[Federal War]].<ref>Spence, James Mudie (1966). ''La tierra de Bolívar: o, guerra, paz y aventura en la republica de Venezuela''. Caracas: Banco Central de Venezuela, pp. 46.</ref> There were only two periods in that century that the governments were stable and lasting: in 1835 to 1848 and 1870 to 1887. <ref>Rondon Nucete, Jesus (2007). Echo of his time: Antonio Spinetti Dini. Caracas: Academic Vice President Publications, pp. 30. <nowiki>ISBN 9789801111276</nowiki>.</ref>', 7 => '', 8 => 'The period of instability ended with the dictatorship of [[Juan Vicente Gómez]] who ruled Venezuela from 1908 until his death in 1935, thus ensuring a strong base for state power, ending the regional [[Caudillo|caudillos]] by passing power to the central high command of the [[Armed Forces of Venezuela]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Relaciones civiles-militares en el siglo XX venezolano - Cap�tulo I - Finales del siglo XIX e inicios del XX: Desde la desaparici�n de las huestes caudillescas hasta el predominio de los pretorianos |url=https://www.resdal.org/Archivo/dom-cap1.htm |access-date=2022-07-27 |website=www.resdal.org}}</ref>. Due to these wars the country became impoverished and suffered a relative demographic stagnation<ref>Esteves, 2006: 6</ref>.', 9 => '', 10 => 'These civil wars were above all combats between armed militias, each one organized by its place of origin, thus reflecting the alliances of the regional power groups with the government or the rebels at each moment<ref name=":1">Martínez Becerra, Carlos (2004). ''Integración regional, fronteras y globalización en el continente americano''. Universidad Nacional de Colombia, pp. 327. <nowiki>ISBN 9789587014556</nowiki>.</ref>.There were cases in which the inhabitants of neighboring towns or even of the same town clashed on a small scale during these civil wars<ref>Martínez Becerra, 2003: 327–328</ref>. Each party sought the support of the regional caudillos, who held the real power at the time<ref name=":2">Del Alcázar, Joan; Nuria Tabanera; Josep M. Santacreu & Antoni Marimon (2003). ''Historia contemporánea de América''. Universitat de València, pp. 91. <nowiki>ISBN 9788437056708</nowiki>.</ref>.', 11 => '', 12 => 'The economic disorganization of independence was deepened by civil wars, a long anarchy. Páez and Soublette based their economy on cocoa, typical of their region, the plains. In those years the Orientals, the [[Llanos]] and the Corianos disputed the hegemony in rapid succession<ref name=":3">Bonilla, Frank (1972). ''El fracaso de las élites''. Centro de Estudios del Desarrollo de la Universidad Central de Venezuela, pp. 66.</ref>. [[Antonio Guzmán Blanco|Guzmán Blanco]], a man from Caracas, managed to stay in power thanks to the coffee boom, as did the Andeans Castro and Gómez<ref name=":3" />.', 13 => '', 14 => 'Various guerrilla expeditions successively seized Caracas during that century, marking constant changes in the government<ref name=":4">García Dávila, Luis Manuel (1992). ''Memorias del general José María García: a través del tiempo''. J. Ibarra, pp. xi.</ref>. This process, in which regional leaders felt dissatisfied with the distribution of power in the capital, took up arms and overthrew weak central governments by taking [[Caracas]] (this has been continuously since Independence). In 1812 the Corianos of [[Juan Domingo de Monteverde|Monteverde]] organized an expedition to overthrow the [[First Republic of Venezuela|First Republic]]; a year later the Andeans of [[Simón Bolívar|Bolívar]] and the Orientals or Guianans of [[Santiago Mariño|Mariño]] put an end to the monarchical restoration; in 1814 Boves and his llaneros destroy the [[Second Republic of Venezuela|Second Republic]]<ref name=":5">Nweihed, Kaldone G. (2000). ''Venezuela y... los países hemisféricos, ibéricos e hispano parlantes: por los 500 años del encuentro con la tierra de Gracia''. Caracas: Instituto de altos estudios de América Latina de la Universidad Simón Bolívar, pp. 22. <nowiki>ISBN 978 98023 71945</nowiki>.</ref>. Páez was supported by the llaneros, Falcón by the Corianos, Castro or Gómez by the Andeans<ref name=":3" />, the Eastern ones to [[Nicolas Rolando Monteverde|Rolando Monteverde]] (liberal, collaborator of Andrade and after Castro in his early days, whom he helped confront the mochista parties in Guayana, main caudillo of that region between 1899 and 1908)<ref>Guarda, 2005: 51; Quintero, 1989: 81</ref>. This continuous process is finalized by Castro<ref name=":5" />. After their victory in 1899, a modern professional national army was created that is capable of subduing the militias of llaneros, barloventoños, corianos and orientales that come their way in the Liberating Revolution<ref name=":4" />. Caudillismo had been temporarily placated by guzmancismo<ref>Guarda, 2005: 50</ref>, however, after his death, it resurfaced again, which led to definitive measures being taken during the Castro government<ref name=":6">Guarda, 2005: 51</ref>. All the caudillos agreed with or fought against each government, promoted local revolts or autonomist movements and got involved in different sides (according to their momentary interest) in the national rebellions: having loyal armies guaranteed their regional pre-eminence<ref name=":6" />. Many of them called themselves defenders of federalism, understood as "maintenance of federal autonomy" and opposition to any centralization of power.<ref>Guarda, 2005: 52</ref>', 15 => '', 16 => 'Initially, the conservatives and liberals, who marked the entire nineteenth century with their wars for power in the Andes<ref name=":1" />, they sought to identify themselves with the colors of the Venezuelan flag - yellow, blue and red from top to bottom<ref name=":7">Esteves, 2006: 91</ref>. The former, supporters of Páez, used red to differentiate themselves from the latter, supported by Caracas intellectuals, veterans frustrated at not having received land, and llaneros, who wore yellow<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":2" />. However, in 1867 an alliance was formed between conservatives and liberal sectors to support the revolution of [[José Tadeo Monagas]]<ref name=":7" />, who had used power for personal benefit along with his brother, [[José Gregorio Monagas|José Gregorio]], during the previous years in which they ruled<ref name=":2" />. To embody this new union, yellow and red chose the central color of the flag: blue<ref name=":7" />. From the second half of the 19th century, conservatives identified themselves with the color blue<ref name=":7" />, and the liberals, beginning with the supporters of the government of [[Juan Crisóstomo Falcón]]<ref name=":7" />, continued to use yellow<ref name=":1" />. Another point of difference was that the Liberals supported a federal system, while the Conservatives supported a centralized one. Although that was only theoretical, because in power many liberals exercised an authoritarian mandate, centered on their person, such as [[Antonio Guzmán Blanco]], founder of [[History of Venezuela (1830–1908)#Guzmán Blanco ascendancy (1870 - 1887)|Yellow Liberalism]], who was also an anticlerical, supporter of economic liberalism and benefactor of the powerful who supported him to the power<ref>De Alcázar, 2003: 91–92.</ref>. In the last decades of the century, the conservatives were gradually left out of the game for power, rising to the liberals. From then on, civil wars were fought between factions of liberals, for example, some faithful to federalism and others in favor of centralism. In the country's last civil wars (1899 and 1901–1903) everyone called themselves Liberals: the caudillo [[José Manuel Hernández]] defined his party as "Nationalist Liberal"; also the dictator Castro, who defeated the "yellow liberals and the red and blue or white or tricolor liberals."<ref>Grases, Pedro (1981). ''Instituciones y nombres del siglo XIX''. Seix Barrall, pp. 285. <nowiki>ISBN 9788432295461</nowiki>; Rondón Márquez, Rafael Ángel (1944). ''Guzmán Blanco: “el autócrata civilizador”; parábola de los partidos políticos tradicionales de la historia de Venezuela (datos para cien años de historia nacional)''. Caracas: Tipografía Garrido, pp. 314.</ref>', 17 => '', 18 => '[[Antonio Guzmán Blanco|Guzmán Blanco]] was the dominant figure of the last decades of the nineteenth century, the subsequent weakening of his figure would be followed during the 90s of the century by a resurgence of anarchy and caudillismo<ref>Mendible Z., Alejandro (2007). ''La Integración Suramericana: Presencia de Venezuela y Brasil''. Universidad Central de Venezuela, pp. 20. <nowiki>ISBN 9789800024454</nowiki>.</ref>. Both factors were also present in the [[Federal War]] (1859–1863) and even earlier, in the [[Second Republic of Venezuela|Second Republic]] (1813–1814), when the inability of the ruling classes to fulfill their promises and the aspirations of the common people led to extremely violent popular insurrections that devastated Venezuela. The oldest under the command of [[José Tomás Boves|Boves]] and the later directed by [[Ezequiel Zamora|Zamora]], two caudillos who died on the way to gain power<ref>Rojas, Reinaldo (1993). "Rebeliones de esclavos negros en Venezuela antes y después de 1789". ''Estudios de Historia Social y Económica de América'', no. 10, CIHALC: 163–164.</ref>. Instead, from the fragmentation of [[Gran Colombia]] to the Federal War, the dominant figure in Venezuela was [[José Antonio Páez|Páez]], a key figure in trying to impose a stable regime in the country<ref name=":0" />.', 19 => '', 20 => '== Civil wars and caudillos ==', 21 => 'The main ones are highlighted in '''bold'''.<ref name=":9">Esteves, 2006: 5</ref>', 22 => '', 23 => '=== '''Revolution of the Reforms''' ===', 24 => '{{Main articles|Revolution of the Reforms}}', 25 => 'The federal caudillos led by [[Santiago Mariño]] rise up against the conservative government of [[José María Vargas]] with the support of [[José Antonio Páez]] in June 1835. Mariño and his followers are defeated in March 1836. The [[Conservative Party (Venezuela)|conservatives]] maintain power for more than a decade. New liberal rebellions, on a smaller scale, break out in June and September 1844<ref>Dixon, 2015: 138</ref>.', 26 => '', 27 => '=== Peasant insurrection of 1846 ===', 28 => '{{Main articles|Peasant insurrection of 1846}}', 29 => 'Produced in September 1846, animated and directed by the [[Great Liberal Party of Venezuela|liberal]] [[Ezequiel Zamora]] against the conservative president [[Carlos Soublette]]. Páez becomes the main supporter of the government and manages to pacify the country by May 1847. The power of the conservatives is weakened and an agreement must be reached so that a liberal like [[José Tadeo Monagas]] assumes power, the [[History of Venezuela (1830–1908)#Monagas ascendancy (1847 - 1858)|Monagato or Liberal Oligarchy]] begins (1847–1858)<ref name=":10">Dixon, 2015: 147</ref>.', 30 => '', 31 => '=== Venezuelan civil war of 1848–1849 ===', 32 => '{{Main articles|Venezuelan civil war of 1848–1849}}', 33 => 'The [[José Antonio Páez|Páez]] rebellion broke out on February 4, 1848, when the caudillo raised his llaneros against the liberal government of Monagas. They are joined by [[Ezequiel Zamora|Zamora]] and [[Carlos Soublette|Soublette]]. 3000 men form a troop. [[José Tadeo Monagas|Monagas]] sends 6,000 soldiers to confront him. Defeated in the battle of Los Araguatos (March 10), he fled to the Caribbean until gathering followers and six thousand muskets, he seized Maracaibo but his troops were defeated in [[Sucre Municipality, Falcón|Taratara]] (April 6), having to entrench themselves in [[Maracaibo]]. On July 2, 1849, Paez landed at [[La Vela de Coro]] and concentrated 2,000 rebels, but was defeated at the battle of Casupo on August 12, surrounded by four or five thousand government soldiers, and surrendered three days later. He is exiled, having to go into exile until 1858<ref>Dixon, 2015: 138–139</ref>.', 34 => '', 35 => '=== Barquisimeto Rebellion ===', 36 => '{{Main articles|Barquisimeto Rebellion}}', 37 => 'In August 1853 in [[Cumaná]] a thousand conservatives had risen up demanding the return of Páez, they were quickly crushed and the government decided to increase the army to 10,000 men. A new revolt in [[Barquisimeto]] broke out on July 12, 1854 under the command of Juan Bautista Rodríguez, with 3,000 men mutinying; he immediately divides them into three battalions for a combined offensive inland. Fifteen days later, Rodríguez and 1,700 soldiers are defeated near his city by 2,500 government troops. On the 28th, 1,000 rebels led by Antonio José Vásquez surrendered. The third battalion was dissolved in [[Portuguesa (state)|Portuguesa]] into guerrilla bands. A new rebellion of 150 soldiers broke out on the 31st in the same city, but by mid-August they had surrendered<ref>Dixon, 2015: 144–145</ref>.', 38 => '', 39 => '=== '''March Revolution''' ===', 40 => '{{Main articles|March Revolution (Venezuela)}}', 41 => 'The brothers [[José Tadeo Monagas|José Tadeo]] and [[José Gregorio Monagas]] kept taking turns in power until March 5, 1858, when a revolt quickly led by the liberal (with the support of the conservatives) [[Julián Castro (Venezuelan politician)|Julián Castro Contreras]] broke out in [[Valencia, Venezuela|Valencia]], soon having more than five thousand armed followers<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |date=2016-05-13 |title=Efemérides de hoy: Venezuela: Estalla la Revolución de Marzo {{!}} ENcontrARTE |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513025354/http://encontrarte.aporrea.org/efemerides/e1151.html |access-date=2022-07-27 |website=web.archive.org}}</ref>. On March 18, Castro Contreras enters Caracas, three days after the resignation of the Monagas<ref>Miliani, Domingo (1963). ''Fermín Tor. Estudio preliminar''. En ''Coleccion Clasicos Venezolanos''. Caracas: Academia Venezolana de la Lengua, pp. lxxxiv.</ref><ref name=":10" />. The alliance between Liberals and Conservatives is short-lived, triggering a new and worse conflict.<ref name=":11" />', 42 => '', 43 => '=== '''Federal War''' ===', 44 => '{{Main articles|Federal War}}', 45 => 'It was a massive insurrection that broke out on February 20, 1859 under the command of [[Ezequiel Zamora|Zamora]], forming an army of 3,000 rebels (guerrillas will be the majority of war actions and only two major battles)<ref name=":10" />. He wins in Santa Inés on December 10, 1859 (2,500 rebels defeat 3,200 government, suffering 200 and 800 casualties respectively). His army grew to 7,000 men with the help of [[Juan Antonio Sotillo]], but he was assassinated on the following January 10 and succeeded by [[Juan Crisóstomo Falcón]] (many rebels deserted)<ref name=":12">Dixon, 2015: 148</ref>. The liberal army includes 3,000 veteran eastern llaneros<ref>Esteves, 2006: 61</ref>. The liberals are defeated in Coplé (February 17, 1860) by [[León de Febres Cordero]] and 5,000 soldiers, moving to a stage of guerrilla warfare that plunges the country into deep [[anarchy]]<ref name=":12" />. This conflict was the bloodiest of all those experienced, between 20,000<ref>Singer, Joel David & Melvin Small (1972). ''The Wages of War. 1816–1965: a statistical handbook''. Nueva York: John Wiley & Sons Inc.</ref> and 100,000<ref name=":8" /> lives were lost. The [[Treaty of Coche]] on May 23, 1863 put an end to the war with the victory of Falcón<ref>Dixon, 2015: 149</ref>. After the fall of [[Guanare]] (April 5, 1863), the conservatives had no way to resist. The liberals controlled [[Coro, Venezuela|Coro]], [[Maracaibo]], [[Barquisimeto]] and [[Guayana Region, Venezuela|Guayana]], with two armies (4,000 seats in the Venezuelan west and 3,000 in the southwest)<ref>Esteves, 2006: 79</ref>.', 46 => '', 47 => '=== ''La Genuina'' ===', 48 => '{{Main articles|La Genuina}}', 49 => 'In September 1867, General [[Luciano Mendoza]] rose in [[Bolívar (state)|Bolívar]] against [[Juan Crisóstomo Falcón|Falcón]], dissatisfied with that government. In December, Generals Miguel Antonio Rojas do it in [[Aragua]] and Pedro Arana in [[Carabobo]]. Falcón sends Generals Pedro Manuel Rojas to the southeast and José Loreto Arismendi and José Eusebio Acosta to the east. [[Manuel Ezequiel Bruzual]] is in charge of the General Staff<ref>Esteves, 2006: 88</ref>. The rebels under the command of General Natividad Mendoza are defeated on Cerro La Esperanza, in Petare, by the government generals Justo Valles and Vidal Rebolledo. The rebels are forced to limit themselves to guerrilla activity. On October 16, Blanco Guzmán negotiated a peace agreement with Mendoza. Two days later the pardon was delivered<ref>Esteves, 2006: 89</ref>.', 50 => '', 51 => '=== '''Blue Revolution''' ===', 52 => '{{Main articles|Blue revolution (Venezuela)}}', 53 => 'After years of political tension, on December 12, 1867, [[José Tadeo Monagas]] and the reconquistadores or blue rebels (disgruntled liberals and conservatives) rose up against the Falcón government. They add up to 4,000 soldiers from Guárico, Carabobo and Aragua. These, under the command of Miguel Antonio Rojas, are defeated twelve days later near the capital<ref>Dixon, 2015: 157</ref>. The blue movement had begun with autonomous and uncoordinated uprisings<ref>Esteves, 2006: 90</ref>. On April 25, 1868, Falcón had to resign, but this did not satisfy the Blues. On May 6 they face each other in Las Adjuntas and four days later in Monte Caballería. The interim government of [[Manuel Ezequiel Bruzual]] tries to negotiate, but Monagas concentrates 4,000 soldiers around the capital. Between July 22 and 25, 3,300 blues attacked Caracas, defended by 2,300 government officials. More than 1,000 combatants on both sides are killed<ref>Dixon, 2015: 158</ref>. On June 26, 1868, Monagas entered Caracas<ref>{{Cite web |title=VenezuelaTuya |url=https://www.venezuelatuya.com/historia/www.venezuelatuya.com |access-date=2022-07-27 |website=Venezuela Tuya}}</ref>. Monagas appoints [[Guillermo Tell Villegas]] as interim president. Bruzual fled to [[La Guaira]] and then to [[Puerto Cabello]], Monagas with 3000 seats besieged him for ten days until the capitulation on August 14, Bruzual dying in the fighting<ref>Esteves, 2006: 99</ref>. He then sends Rojas to pacify the west.<ref name=":13">Dixon, 2015: 159</ref>', 54 => '', 55 => '=== '''April Revolution''' ===', 56 => '{{Main articles|April Revolution (Venezuela)}}', 57 => 'Also called the '''Yellow Revolution''', it happened on August 14, 1869 when the yellow liberal [[Antonio Guzmán Blanco]] tried to seek support to confront the Monagas government and was attacked by the army. He must take refuge among the foreign delegations and go into exile<ref name=":13" />. The rebellion broke out after two years of political anarchy during the Monagas government<ref name=":9" />. His Liberal-Conservative coalition had fractured as the Conservatives began to concentrate power. Guzmán Blanco disembarks in Curamichate, near [[La Vela de Coro]], on February 14, 1870. He had assembled 52 ships in [[Curaçao]], bringing material to quickly arm an army of 18,000 rebels. On April 27, after three days of fighting, Guzmán Blanco and six to eight thousand rebels entered [[Caracas]] (the city had only 1,600–2,000 defenders, most of them armed neighbors)<ref>Dixon, 2015: 160; Esteves, 2006: 101</ref>. Guzmán Blanco marches with 6,000 soldiers on [[Apure]], pacifying it at the beginning of 1871 and assuring his power<ref>Esteves, 2006: 103</ref>. The long period of [[History of Venezuela (1830–1908)#Guzmán Blanco ascendancy (1870 - 1887)|Yellow Liberalism]] begins<ref>Dixon, 2015: 160</ref>.', 58 => '', 59 => '=== Coro Revolution ===', 60 => '{{Main articles|Coro Revolution}}', 61 => 'The Revolution of Coro or Colinada begins in October 1874, the rebels are commanded by General [[León Colina]] but by the following February they were defeated. In the east stands General [[José Ignacio Pulido Briceño]]<ref>Esteves, 2006: 104</ref>. [[Antonio Guzmán Blanco|Guzmán Blanco]] must leave power a few years later in favor of his opponents.', 62 => '', 63 => '=== Claiming Revolution ===', 64 => '{{Main articles|Claiming Revolution}}', 65 => '[[Francisco Linares Alcántara]] initiates a government very opposed to Guzmancism, but he is assassinated on November 30, 1878. On January 3, 1879 [[Antonio Guzmán Blanco|Guzmán Blanco]] rises up against his successor [[José Gregorio Valera]]. Quickly the bulk of the Venezuelan army deserts, more than 10,000 soldiers join the former dictator while only 3,000 remain loyal to the president. The rebel divided his army into three forces and sent General [[José Gregorio Cedeño]] with 2,300 soldiers to [[La Victoria, Aragua|La Victoria]], where the decisive battle took place on February 6. More than 2,000 combatants die and barely 300 loyal to Valera remain capable of fighting. On February 13, Cedeño enters Caracas. Guzmán Blanco remained in power until his death in 1888.<ref>Dixon, 2015: 169</ref>', 66 => '', 67 => '=== '''Legalist Revolution''' ===', 68 => '{{Main articles|Legalist Revolution}}', 69 => 'Guzmán Blanco is succeeded by his lieutenants with the continuing governments. On March 11, 1892, the liberal [[Joaquín Crespo]] rebelled with his llaneros in [[Guárico]]. The government of [[Raimundo Andueza Palacio]] sends General Sebastián Casañas with 4,000 men to suffocate the movement, focusing the fight on [[Táchira]], where Governor [[Cipriano Castro]] joins the rebels. After some initial victories, the government forces begin to fall back in the west until the decisive defeat at [[Táriba]] (14–15 May), allowing the rebels Castro and [[Juan Vicente Gómez]] to enter Mérida at the head of 3,000 soldiers. After this success, Crespo went from mobilizing small batches to important contingents throughout the country<ref>Dixon, 2015: 176</ref>. On June 17, [[Raimundo Andueza Palacio|Andueza Palacio]] resigned from the presidency and [[Guillermo Tell Villegas|Tell Villegas]] remained as interim. On July 1, in La Cortada del Guayabo, two armies of five thousand combatants each face each other. Nine thousand rebels assault [[Villa de Cura]] on August 9. After a new defeat in Los Colorados, on October 4, the government left the capital. Crespo approaches with 10,000 soldiers and on October 6 enters Caracas victorious<ref>{{Cite web |title=VenezuelaTuya |url=https://www.venezuelatuya.com/historia/www.venezuelatuya.com |access-date=2022-07-27 |website=Venezuela Tuya}}</ref><ref>Dixon, 2015: 177</ref>.', 70 => '', 71 => '=== Queipa Revolution ===', 72 => '{{Main articles|Queipa Revolution}}', 73 => 'In 1897 Crespo organized an electoral fraud to ensure the victory of his supporter, [[Ignacio Andrade]]. The defeated candidate and leader [[José Manuel Hernández]] rises up on March 17, 1898. The rebels of Hernández and Luis Lima Loreto add up to 700 combatants but they defeat former president Crespo and 1,500 seats in Mata Carmelara, in Cojedes, on April 16. Crespo dies in combat. The rebel army quickly grows to 16,000 fighters, while the government has 20,000, including loyalist warlord militias<ref>Dixon, 2015: 187</ref>. The Minister of War, Antonio Fernández, is also defeated on June 5. Finally, Andrade entrusts Ramón Guerra with the campaign. This forces Hernández to capitulate on June 12 in El Hacha, in Yaracuy<ref name=":14">Dixon, 2015: 188</ref>.', 74 => '', 75 => '=== '''Restorative Liberal Revolution''' ===', 76 => '{{Main articles|Restorative Liberal Revolution}}', 77 => 'Venezuelans exiled in Colombia under the command of [[Cipriano Castro]] return to their country in an expedition on May 23, 1899. Like the famous [[Admirable Campaign]] in 1813, the forces of the rebels or restorers or tachirenses grow as they enter the center Venezuelan Andean to overthrow the unpopular Andrade government. Initially Castro and 57 companions, soon numbering 700, defeated 5,000 government troops at Paso Yegüines and entered Mérida<ref name=":14" />. On September 12, with 2,000 troops, he defeated 4,000 or 4,600 government positions in Tocuyito commanded by the Minister of War, General Diego Bautista Ferrer, who lost 2,000 men trying to assault the enemy positions<ref>Dixon, 2015: 189; Esteves, 2006: 119</ref>. Two days later Andrade assumes personal command of the war and Castro launches a coordinated offensive against Caracas. After this, several warlords and their militias deserted to the rebel side: Leopoldo Baptista with 3,000 followers and Luciano Mendoza with 4,500. On October 20, Andrade was overthrown in a coup and forced into exile in [[Curaçao]]<ref name=":15">Dixon, 2015: 189</ref>. With 10,000 soldiers, Castro enters the capital on October 23<ref name=":15" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=VenezuelaTuya |url=https://www.venezuelatuya.com/historia/www.venezuelatuya.com |access-date=2022-07-27 |website=Venezuela Tuya}}</ref> with the generals and caudillos Luciano Mendoza (yellow liberal), Samuel Acosta and Luis Lima Loreto (liberal nationalists or "mochistas", that is, faithful to the caudillo [[José Manuel Hernández|José Manuel "Mocho" Hernández]]).<ref>Magallanes, Manuel Vicente (1977). ''Los partidos políticos en la evolución histórica Venezolana''. Monte Ávila, pp. 198.</ref>', 78 => '', 79 => '=== '''Liberating Revolution''' ===', 80 => '{{Main articles|Liberating Revolution (Venezuela)}}', 81 => 'Initially, on July 26, 1901, an army of 1,000 exiles and 5,000 Colombians under the command of Carlos Rangel Garbiras tried to return to their country, but they were defeated in [[Battle of San Cristóbal|San Cristóbal]]<ref>Dixon, 2015: 191; Esteves, 2006: 124; Quintero, 1989: 80–81</ref>. Faced with Castro's measures, which sought to centralize political and military power, various caudillos rose up, initially in isolated pockets, but later in a great revolt led by the banker [[Manuel Antonio Matos]], who had spent months forming an opposition coalition with politicians and military, and supported by foreign companies with interests in the country<ref name=":6" />. The first to rebel was Governor Mendoza de Aragua on December 19. Castro sent Gómez against Mendoza, facing each other in San Mateo and Villa de Cura on December 21 and 22 respectively. Mendoza is defeated and persecuted. On February 7 there is a great rebellion<ref>Dixon, 2015: 191</ref>. The Mochistas were in revolt in the center and west of the country, the Yellows in the east, and the [[Ciudad Bolívar]] garrison had risen up led by Nicolás Rolando. After the decisive battle of La Victoria (October 12, 1902) the rebels begin to be subdued, the powerful army of 12,000 to 16,000 combatants that they had concentrated suffers 3,000 casualties<ref name=":16">Dixon, 2015: 192</ref>. Castro barely had 6,000 soldiers<ref>Esteves, 2006: 127</ref>. It is the last civil war in the country and ends on July 21, 1903, after three days of siege, when the Rolandist troops surrender in Ciudad Bolívar<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":16" />. [[Cipriano Castro]] seized absolute power until he was overthrown by [[Juan Vicente Gómez]] in 1908.', 82 => '', 83 => '== References ==', 84 => '<references />', 85 => '', 86 => '== Bibliography ==', 87 => '', 88 => '* Dixon, Jeffrey S. & Meredith Reid Sarkees (2015). ''A Guide to Intra-state Wars: An Examination of Civil, Regional, and Intercommunal Wars, 1816–2014''. CQ Press. <nowiki>ISBN 9781506317984</nowiki>.', 89 => '* Esteves González, Edgar (2006). ''[https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=d0Cbt9Reh90C&printsec=frontcover&hl=es#v=onepage&q&f=false Las Guerras de Los Caudillos]''. Caracas: El Nacional. <nowiki>ISBN 980-388-247-3</nowiki>.', 90 => '* Guarda Rolando, Inés (2005). "La acción política de los caudillos venezolanos de finales del siglo XIX: un ejército prágmatico". En Domingo Irwin G. & Frédérique Langue, coordinación. ''Militares y poder en Venezuela: ensayos históricos vinculados con las relaciones civiles y militares venezolanas''. Caracas: Universidad Católica Andrés Bello. <nowiki>ISBN 9789802443994</nowiki>.', 91 => '* Quintero Montiel, Inés Mercedes (1989). ''El ocaso de una estirpe: la centralización restauradora y el fin de los caudillos históricos''. Caracas: Editorial Alfadil. <nowiki>ISBN 9789806005709</nowiki>.' ]