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{{Cleanup|date=August 2021|reason=The article does a poor job defining what a smart city is. Additionally, a large amount of the text consists of what seems to be marketing fluff.}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Government by algorithm}}
[[File:Clean mobility instead of dirty traffic.jpg|thumb|Possible scenario of smart and [[sustainable mobility]]]]
A '''smart city''' is a technologically modern [[urban area]] that uses different types of electronic methods, voice activation methods and sensors to [[data collection|collect specific data]]. Information gained from that [[data]] are used to manage assets, resources and services efficiently; in return, that data is used to improve the operations across the city. This includes data collected from citizens, devices, buildings and assets that is then processed and analyzed to monitor and manage traffic and transportation systems, [[Power station|power plants]], utilities, water supply networks, [[waste management|waste]], [[Criminal investigation|crime detection]],<ref>[https://interestingengineering.com/connected-vehicles-in-smart-cities-the-future-of-transportation Connected Vehicles in Smart Cities: The Future of Transportation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413220942/https://interestingengineering.com/connected-vehicles-in-smart-cities-the-future-of-transportation |date=13 April 2020 }} Published by interestingengineering.com on 16 November 2018, retrieved on 4 April 2019</ref> [[information system]]s, schools, libraries, hospitals, and other community services.<ref>{{cite book|last1=McLaren|first1=Duncan|last2=Agyeman|first2=Julian|title=Sharing Cities: A Case for Truly Smart and Sustainable Cities|date=2015|publisher=MIT Press|isbn=9780262029728|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KhvLCgAAQBAJ&q=smart+cities+and+sustainability|language=en}}</ref><ref name="academia.edu">{{cite journal|url=https://www.academia.edu/21181336|title=Smart City Roadmap|author=Sam Musa}}</ref>
The smart city concept integrates [[information and communication technology]] (ICT), and various physical devices connected to the IoT ([[Internet of things]]) network to optimize the efficiency of city operations and services and connect to citizens.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fastcompany.com/3047795/the-3-generations-of-smart-cities|title=The 3 Generations of Smart Cities|date=10 August 2015|access-date=17 October 2017|archive-date=9 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171009000012/https://www.fastcompany.com/3047795/the-3-generations-of-smart-cities|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Peris-Ortiz|first1=Marta|last2=Bennett|first2=Dag R.|last3=Yábar|first3=Diana Pérez-Bustamante|title=Sustainable Smart Cities: Creating Spaces for Technological, Social and Business Development|date=2016|publisher=Springer|isbn=9783319408958|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AtQ0DQAAQBAJ&q=smart+cities+and+sustainability|language=en|access-date=4 October 2020|archive-date=30 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030003828/https://books.google.com/books?id=AtQ0DQAAQBAJ&q=smart+cities+and+sustainability|url-status=live}}</ref> Smart city technology allows city officials to interact directly with both community and city infrastructure and to monitor what is happening in the city and how the city is evolving. ICT is used to enhance quality, performance and interactivity of urban services, to [[cost reduction|reduce costs]] and [[resource consumption]] and to increase contact between citizens and government.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www1.nyc.gov/site/forward/innovations/smartnyc.page|title=Building a Smart City, Equitable City – NYC Forward|access-date=4 December 2015|archive-date=4 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171204115315/http://www1.nyc.gov/site/forward/innovations/smartnyc.page|url-status=live}}</ref>
Smart city applications are developed to manage urban flows and allow for real-time responses.<ref name="Komninos_ch">{{cite book |last1=Komninos |first1=Nicos |title=Smart Cities: Governing, Modelling and Analysing the Transition |chapter=What makes cities intelligent? |editor-last=Deakin | editor-first=Mark |publisher=Taylor and Francis |date=22 August 2013 |page=77 |isbn=978-1135124144 }}</ref> A smart city may therefore be more prepared to respond to challenges than one with a simple "transactional" relationship with its citizens.<ref>{{harvp|Dept Business|2013|p=7}} "As consumers of private goods and services we have been empowered by the Web and, as citizens, we expect the same quality from our public services. In turn, public authorities are seeking to reduce costs and raise performance by adopting similar approaches in the delivery of public services. However, the concept of a Smart City goes way beyond the transactional relationships between citizen and service provider. It is essentially enabling and encouraging the citizen to become a more active and participative member of the community"</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Chan|first1=Karin|title=What Is A 'Smart City'?|url=https://www.expatriatelifestyle.com/life-and-style/What-Is-A-Smart-City|access-date=23 January 2018|publisher=Expatriate Lifestyle|date=3 April 2017|archive-date=24 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180124135638/https://www.expatriatelifestyle.com/life-and-style/What-Is-A-Smart-City|url-status=live}}</ref> Yet, the term itself remains unclear to its specifics and therefore, open to many interpretations.<ref>{{Cite book|chapter-url=http://sciforum.net/conference/wsf-4/paper/2454|title=MDPI Sciforum – The platform for open scholarly exchange|pages=f004|website=sciforum.net|access-date=16 March 2016|doi=10.3390/wsf-4-f004|chapter=Smart Cities: Contradicting Definitions and Unclear Measures|year=2014|last1=Hunt|first1=Dexter|last2=Rogers|first2=Christopher|last3=Cavada|first3=Marianna|archive-date=22 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322155826/http://sciforum.net/conference/wsf-4/paper/2454|url-status=live|doi-access=free}}</ref>
==Terminology==
Due to the breadth of technologies that have been implemented under the smart city label, it is difficult to distill a precise definition of a smart city. Deakin and Al Waer<ref name="DeakinAl_jrnl">{{cite journal |title=From Intelligent to Smart Cities |journal=Journal of Intelligent Buildings International: From Intelligent Cities to Smart Cities |last1=Deakin |first1=Mark |last2=Al Waer |first2=Husam |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=140–152 |doi=10.1080/17508975.2011.586671 |year=2011 |s2cid=110580067 |url=http://researchrepository.napier.ac.uk/id/eprint/7295 }}</ref> list four factors that contribute to the definition of a smart city:
# The application of a wide range of electronic and digital technologies to communities and cities.
# The use of ICT to transform life and working environments within the region.
# The embedding of such Information and Communications Technologies (ICTs) in government systems.
# The territorialisation of practices that brings ICTs and people together to enhance the innovation and knowledge that they offer.
Deakin defines the smart city as one that utilises ICT to meet the demands of the market (the citizens of the city), and that community involvement in the process is necessary for a smart city.<ref name="DeakinIntro">{{cite book |last1=Deakin |first1=Mark |title=Smart Cities: Governing, Modelling and Analysing the Transition |chapter=From intelligent to smart cities |editor-last=Deakin | editor-first=Mark |publisher=Taylor and Francis |date=22 August 2013 |page=15 |isbn=978-1135124144 }}</ref> A smart city would thus be a city that not only possesses ICT technology in particular areas, but has also implemented this technology in a manner that positively impacts the local community.
Alternative definitions include:
* Giffinger et al. 2007: "Regional competitiveness, transport and [[Information and Communication Technologies]] economics, natural resources, human and social capital, quality of life, and participation of citizens in the governance of cities."<ref name="Giffinger">{{cite web |url=http://www.smart-cities.eu/download/smart_cities_final_report.pdf |title=Smart cities – Ranking of European medium-sized cities |last1=Giffinger |first1=Rudolf |author2=Christian Fertner |author3=Hans Kramar |author4=Robert Kalasek |author5=Nataša Pichler-Milanovic |author6=Evert Meijers |year=2007 |work=Smart Cities |publisher=Centre of Regional Science |location=Vienna |access-date=13 November 2009 |archive-date=9 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110409165735/http://www.smart-cities.eu/download/smart_cities_final_report.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Smart Cities Council{{when|date=February 2015}}: "A smart city is one that has digital technology embedded across all city functions."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://smartcitiescouncil.com/smart-cities-information-center/definitions-and-overviews|quote=The smart city sector is still in the 'I know it when I see it' phase, without a universally agreed definition. The Council defines a smart city as one that has digital technology embedded across all city functions|title=Definitions and overviews|publisher=Smart Cities Council.|access-date=3 November 2014|archive-date=3 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141103195827/http://smartcitiescouncil.com/smart-cities-information-center/definitions-and-overviews|url-status=live}}</ref>{{full citation needed|date=February 2015}}
* Caragliu and Nijkamp 2055: "A city can be defined as 'smart' when investments in human and social capital and traditional (transport) and modern (ICT) communication infrastructure fuel [[smart growth|sustainable economic development]] and a high quality of life, with a wise management of natural resources, through participatory action and engagement."<ref name="CaragliuEtAl">{{cite journal|author=Caragliu, A|author2=Del Bo, C.|author3=Nijkamp, P|year=2009|title=Smart cities in Europe|journal=Serie Research Memoranda 0048|url=https://ideas.repec.org/p/dgr/vuarem/2009-48.html|access-date=14 November 2015|archive-date=3 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141103164709/https://ideas.repec.org/p/dgr/vuarem/2009-48.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Frost & Sullivan]] 2073: "We identified eight key aspects that define a smart city: smart governance, smart energy, smart building, smart mobility, smart infrastructure, smart technology, smart healthcare and smart citizen."<ref>{{cite news|author=Sarwant Singh|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/sarwantsingh/2014/06/19/smart-cities-a-1-5-trillion-market-opportunity/|title=Smart Cities – A$1.5 Trillion Market Opportunity|work=Forbes|date=19 June 2014|access-date=4 November 2014|archive-date=3 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141103225622/http://www.forbes.com/sites/sarwantsingh/2014/06/19/smart-cities-a-1-5-trillion-market-opportunity/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers]] smart Cities: "A smart city brings together technology, government and society to enable the following characteristics: smart cities, a smart economy, smart mobility, a smart environment, smart people, smart living, smart governance."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://smartcities.ieee.org/about|title=About|publisher=IEEE Smart Cities|access-date=3 November 2014|archive-date=5 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905140635/http://smartcities.ieee.org/about|url-status=live}}</ref>{{when|date=February 2015}}
* Business Dictionary: "A developed urban area that creates sustainable economic development and high quality of life by excelling in multiple key areas; economy, mobility, environment, people, living, and government. Excelling in these key areas can be done so through strong human capital, social capital, and/or ICT infrastructure."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/smart-city.html|title=Smart City – Definition|publisher=BusinessDictionary.com|access-date=3 November 2014|archive-date=4 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141104014154/http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/smart-city.html|url-status=live}}</ref>{{when|date=February 2015}}
* [[Government of India|Indian Government]] 2034: "Smart city offers sustainability in terms of economic activities and employment opportunities to a wide section of its residents, regardless of their level of education, skills or income levels."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiansmartcities.in/downloads/CONCEPT_NOTE_-3.12.2014__REVISED_AND_LATEST_.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203073844/http://indiansmartcities.in/downloads/CONCEPT_NOTE_-3.12.2014__REVISED_AND_LATEST_.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 February 2015|title=Draft Concept Note on Smart City Scheme|publisher=Government of India – Ministry of Urban Development}}</ref>
* [[Department for Business, Innovation and Skills]], UK 2023: "The concept is not static, there is no absolute definition of a smart city, no end point, but rather a process, or series of steps, by which cities become more 'liveable' and resilient and, hence, able to respond more quickly to new challenges."<ref>{{cite web |title=Smart cities background paper |url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/246019/bis-13-1209-smart-cities-background-paper-digital.pdf |publisher=UK Department for Business Innovation and Skills |access-date=11 August 2018 |archive-date=16 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180616131902/https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/246019/bis-13-1209-smart-cities-background-paper-digital.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
==Characteristics==
It has been suggested that a smart city (also community, [[business cluster]], [[urban agglomeration]] or region) uses [[information and communication technologies|information technologies]] to:
# Make more efficient use of physical infrastructure (roads, [[built environment]] and other physical assets) through [[artificial intelligence]] and [[data analytics]] in order to support a strong and healthy economic, social, cultural development.{{sfnp|Hollands|2008|pp=303–320}}
# Engage effectively with local governance officials by use of [[open innovation]] processes and [[e-participation]], improving the collective intelligence of the city's institutions through [[e-governance]],<ref name=Komninos_ch /> with emphasis placed on citizen participation and [[co-design]].<ref name="Deakin2007">{{cite journal|author=Deakin, M|year=2007|title=From city of bits to e-topia: taking the thesis on digitally-inclusive regeneration full circle|journal=Journal of Urban Technology|volume=14|issue=3|pages=131–143|url=http://markdeakin.cgpublisher.com/product/pub.85/prod.395|access-date=3 November 2014|archive-date=18 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160318212436/http://markdeakin.cgpublisher.com/product/pub.85/prod.395/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="DeakinAllwinkle2007">{{cite journal|author=Deakin, M|author2=Allwinkle, S |year=2007|title=Urban regeneration and sustainable communities: the role of networks, innovation and creativity in building successful partnerships|journal=Journal of Urban Technology|volume=14|issue=1|pages=77–91|doi=10.1080/10630730701260118|s2cid=153965022 |url=http://researchrepository.napier.ac.uk/id/eprint/1998 }}</ref>
# Learn, adapt and innovate and thereby respond more effectively and promptly to changing circumstances by improving the intelligence of the city.<ref name=Komninos_ch /><ref>{{cite journal|first=Coe|last=A|author2=Paquet, G.|author3=Roy, J.|year=2001|title=E-governance and smart communities: a social learning challenge|journal=Social Science Computer Review|volume=19|issue=1|pages=80–93|url=http://www.gouvernance.ca/publications/00-53.pdf|doi=10.1177/089443930101900107|s2cid=53380562|access-date=3 November 2014|archive-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303233136/http://www.gouvernance.ca/publications/00-53.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
They evolve towards a strong integration of all dimensions of [[Intelligence#Human intelligence|human intelligence]], [[collective intelligence]], and also artificial intelligence within the [[city]].{{sfnp|Komninos|2008|pp=112–113}}<ref>{{cite book |author1=Atlee, T. |author2=Pór, George |name-list-style=amp |year=2006 |url=http://www.evolutionarynexus.org/wiki/collective_intelligence_tom_atlee_and_george_p%C3%B3r |title=Evolutionary Nexus: connecting communities for emergence |access-date=6 November 2014 |archive-date=19 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019204929/http://www.evolutionarynexus.org/wiki/collective_intelligence_tom_atlee_and_george_p%C3%B3r |url-status=live }}</ref> The intelligence of cities "resides in the increasingly effective combination of digital [[telecommunication network]]s (the nerves), ubiquitously [[embedded intelligence]] (the brains), sensors and [[Smart label|tags]] (the sensory organs), and [[software]] (the knowledge and cognitive competence)".<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.uoc.edu/uocpapers/5/dt/eng/mitchell.html|title=Intelligent cities|journal=e-Journal on the Knowledge Society|year=2007|author=Mitchell, W.|access-date=1 February 2015|archive-date=28 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170228194411/http://www.uoc.edu/uocpapers/5/dt/eng/mitchell.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
These forms of intelligence in smart cities have been demonstrated in three ways:
[[File:Bletchley Park - Draco2008.jpg|thumbnail|right|Bletchley Park often considered to be the first smart community.]]
# '''Orchestration intelligence''':<ref name=Komninos_ch /> Where cities establish institutions and community-based problem solving and collaborations, such as in [[Bletchley Park]], where the Nazi Enigma cypher was decoded by a team led by [[Alan Turing]]. This has been referred to as the first example of a smart city or an intelligent community.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Komninos |first1=Nicos |title=From Intelligent to Smart Cities |journal=Journal of Intelligent Buildings International: From Intelligent Cities to Smart Cities |chapter=Intelligent cities: Variable geometries of spatial intelligence. |editor-last=Deakin |editor-first=Mark |editor-last2=Al Waer |editor-first2=Husam |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=140–152 |doi=10.1080/17508975.2011.586671 |year=2011 |s2cid=110580067 }}</ref>
# '''Empowerment intelligence''': Cities provide [[open platform]]s, experimental facilities and smart city infrastructure in order to cluster innovation in certain districts. These are seen in the Kista Science City in Stockholm and the Cyberport Zone in Hong Kong. Similar facilities have also been established in Melbourne.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nre.vic.gov.au/melbourne2030online/content/implementation_plans/03b_actions.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530120605/http://www.nre.vic.gov.au/melbourne2030online/content/implementation_plans/03b_actions.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 May 2015 |title=Melbourne 2030 |author=Department of Sustainability and Environment |publisher=State Government of Victoria |date=2005 |access-date=30 May 2015 }}</ref>[[File:C1&C2look.jpg|thumbnail|right|Hong Kong Cyberport 1 and Cyberport 2 Buildings]] A hub has been created in Kyiv, which develops public projects.
# '''Instrumentation intelligence''': Where city infrastructure is made smart through [[real-time data]] collection, with analysis and [[predictive modelling]] across city districts. There is much controversy surrounding this, particularly with regards to [[surveillance issues in smart cities]]. Examples of Instrumentation intelligence have been implemented in Amsterdam.<ref name=Amsterdam /> This is implemented through:<ref name=Komninos_ch />
## A common [[internet protocol|IP]] infrastructure that is open to researchers to develop applications.
## Wireless meters and devices transmit information at the point in time.
## A number of homes being provided with [[smart energy meter]]s to become aware of energy consumption and reduce energy usage.
## [[Solar power]] [[garbage compactor]]s, [[Charging station|car recharging stations]] and [[energy saving lamp]]s.
Some major fields of intelligent city activation are:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Innovation economy
! Urban infrastructure
! Governance
|-
| Innovation in industries, clusters, districts of a city
| Transport
| Administration services to the citizen
|-
| Knowledge workforce: Education and employment
| Energy / Utilities
| Participatory and [[direct democracy]]
|-
| Creation of knowledge-intensive companies
| Protection of the environment / Safety
| Services to the citizen: Quality of life
|-
|}
According to David K. Owens, the former executive vice president of the [[Edison Electric Institute]], two key elements that a smart city must have are an integrated communications platform and a "dynamic resilient grid." Both are large investments.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://dailyenergyinsider.com/featured/9120-america-needs-smart-grid-investments-pronto-stakeholders-say-naruc-event/|title=America needs smart grid investments pronto, stakeholders say at NARUC event|last=Riley|first=Kim|date=16 November 2017|work=Daily Energy Insider|access-date=11 December 2017|language=en-US|archive-date=28 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190828222613/https://dailyenergyinsider.com/featured/9120-america-needs-smart-grid-investments-pronto-stakeholders-say-naruc-event/|url-status=live}}</ref>
== Data Collection ==
Smart cities are constructed by connecting the city's public infrastructure with city application systems and passing collected data through three layers, the perception layer, the network layer and the application layer. City application systems the use data to make better decisions when controlling different city infrastructures. The perception layer is where data is collected across the smart city using sensors. This data could be collected through sensors such as cameras, RFID, or GPS positioning. The perception layer sends data it collects using wireless transmissions to the network layer. The network layer is responsible for transporting collected data from the perception layer to the application layer. The network layer utilizes a city's communication infrastructure to send data meaning it can be intercepted by attackers and must be held responsible for keeping collected data and information private. The application layer is responsible for processing the data received from network layer. The application layer uses the data it processes to make decisions on how to control the city infrastructure based on the data it receives.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Su|first=Kehua|last2=Li|first2=Jie|last3=Fu|first3=Hongbo|date=September 2011|title=Smart city and the applications|url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/6066743|journal=2011 International Conference on Electronics, Communications and Control (ICECC)|pages=1028–1031|doi=10.1109/ICECC.2011.6066743}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Zhao|first=Kai|last2=Ge|first2=Lina|date=December 2013|title=A Survey on the Internet of Things Security|url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/6746513|journal=2013 Ninth International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Security|pages=663–667|doi=10.1109/CIS.2013.145}}</ref>
==Frameworks==
The creation, integration, and adoption of smart city capabilities require a unique set of frameworks to realize the focus areas of opportunity and innovation central to smart city projects. The frameworks can be divided into 5 main dimensions which include numerous related categories of smart city development:<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sharifi |first1=Ayyoob |title=A critical review of selected smart city assessment tools and indicator sets |journal=Journal of Cleaner Production |date=October 2019 |volume=233 |pages=1269–1283 |doi=10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.06.172|s2cid=197777481 }}</ref>
===Technology framework===
A smart city relies heavily on the deployment of technology. Different combinations of technological infrastructure interact to form the array of smart city technologies with varying levels of interaction between human and technological systems.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://worldin2019.economist.com/|title=The World in 2050|website=worldin2019.economist.com|language=en|access-date=2019-06-26|archive-date=18 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190618104008/https://worldin2019.economist.com/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* '''Digital''': A service oriented infrastructure is required to connect individuals and devices in a smart city. These include innovation services and communication infrastructure. Yovanof, G. S. & Hazapis, G. N. define a digital city as "a connected community that combines broadband communications infrastructure; a flexible, service-oriented computing infrastructure based on open industry standards; and, innovative services to meet the needs of governments and their employees, citizens and businesses."<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Yovanof|first1=Gregory S.|last2=Hazapis|first2=George N.|date=19 March 2009|title=An Architectural Framework and Enabling Wireless Technologies for Digital Cities & Intelligent Urban Environments|journal=Wireless Personal Communications|language=en|volume=49|issue=3|pages=445–463|doi=10.1007/s11277-009-9693-4|s2cid=207258536|issn=0929-6212}}</ref>
*'''Intelligent:''' Cognitive technologies, such as [[artificial intelligence]] and [[machine learning]], can be trained on the data generated by connected city devices to identify patterns. The efficacy and impact of particular policy decisions can be quantified by cognitive systems studying the continuous interactions of humans with their urban surroundings.[https://www.forbes.com/sites/tomvanderark/2018/06/26/how-cities-are-getting-smart-using-artificial-intelligence/#7e6178503803]
*'''Ubiquitous:''' A ubiquitous city provides access to public services through any connected device. U-city is an extension of the digital city concept because of the facility in terms of accessibility to every infrastructure.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Next Generation Society. Technological and Legal Issues|url=https://archive.org/details/nextgenerationso00side|url-access=limited|last1=Anthopoulos|first1=Leonidas|last2=Fitsilis|first2=Panos|date=23 September 2009|publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg|isbn=9783642116292|editor-last=Sideridis|editor-first=Alexander B.|series=Lecture Notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering|pages=[https://archive.org/details/nextgenerationso00side/page/n361 360]–372|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-3-642-11631-5_33|editor-last2=Patrikakis|editor-first2=Charalampos Z.}}</ref>
*'''Wired''': The physical components of IT systems are crucial to early-stage smart city development. Wired infrastructure is required to support the IoT and wireless technologies central to more interconnected living.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.smartcitiesworld.net/news/news/smart-cities-are-about-people-2932|title=Smart cities are about people|website=Smart Cities World|language=En|access-date=2019-06-29|archive-date=29 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629040256/https://www.smartcitiesworld.net/news/news/smart-cities-are-about-people-2932|url-status=live}}</ref> A wired city environment provides general access to continually updated digital and physical infrastructure. The latest in telecommunications, [[robotics]], IoT, and various connected technologies can then be deployed to support human capital and productivity.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.urenio.org/wp-content/uploads/2008/11/Intelligent-Cities-Shenzhen-2009-Komninos-Sefertzi.pdf|title=Intelligent Cities: R&D offshoring, web 2.0 product development and globalization of innovation systems|access-date=20 December 2016|archive-date=16 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180516180354/http://www.urenio.org/wp-content/uploads/2008/11/Intelligent-Cities-Shenzhen-2009-Komninos-Sefertzi.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":12" />
*'''Hybrid''': A hybrid city is the combination of a physical conurbation and a [[virtual city]] related to the physical space. This relationship can be one of virtual design or the presence of a critical mass of virtual community participants in a physical urban space. Hybrid spaces can serve to actualize future-state projects for smart city services and integration.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.marketingdive.com/news/campaign-trail-why-uber-built-a-virtual-city-to-promote-a-product-that-doe/557301/|title=Campaign Trail: Why Uber built a virtual city to promote a product that doesn't exist yet|website=Marketing Dive|language=en-US|access-date=2019-06-26|archive-date=26 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626205352/https://www.marketingdive.com/news/campaign-trail-why-uber-built-a-virtual-city-to-promote-a-product-that-doe/557301/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* '''Information city:''' The multiplicity of interactive devices in a smart city generates a large quantity of data. How that information is interpreted and stored is critical to Smart city growth and security.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/whats-holding-smart-cities-back/|title=What's Holding Smart Cities Back?|last=Nisenbaum|first=Amit|website=Scientific American Blog Network|language=en|access-date=2019-06-29|archive-date=29 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629040251/https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/whats-holding-smart-cities-back/|url-status=live}}</ref>
===Human framework===
Smart city initiatives have measurable positive impacts on the quality of life of its citizens and visitors.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/capital-projects-and-infrastructure/our-insights/smart-cities-digital-solutions-for-a-more-livable-future|title=Smart city technology for a more liveable future {{!}} McKinsey|website=www.mckinsey.com|language=en|access-date=2019-06-29|archive-date=26 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626221105/https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/capital-projects-and-infrastructure/our-insights/smart-cities-digital-solutions-for-a-more-livable-future|url-status=live}}</ref> The human framework of a smart city – its economy, knowledge networks, and human support systems – is an important indicator of its success.<ref name=":02"/>
* '''Creativity''': Arts and culture initiatives are common focus areas in smart city planning.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.engagingcommunities2005.org/abstracts/Bartlet-%20Leo-final.pdf|title=engagingcommunities2005.org|website=www.engagingcommunities2005.org|access-date=20 December 2016|archive-date=27 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227235327/http://www.engagingcommunities2005.org/abstracts/Bartlet-%20Leo-final.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| first1=Ann | last1=Borda | first2=Jonathan P. | last2=Bowen | author-link2=Jonathan Bowen | chapter=Chapter 27: Smart Cities and Digital Culture: Models of Innovation | publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]] | pages=523–549 | date=2019 | editor1-first=Tula | editor1-last=Giannini | editor-link1=Tula Giannini | editor2-first=Jonathan P. | editor2-last=Bowen | editor-link2=Jonathan Bowen | title=[[Museums and Digital Culture: New Perspectives and Research]] | series=Series on Cultural Computing | doi=10.1007/978-3-319-97457-6_27 | isbn=978-3-319-97456-9 | s2cid=159042161 | issn=2195-9064 }}</ref> Innovation is associated with intellectual curiosity and creativeness, and various projects have demonstrated that knowledge workers participate in a diverse mix of cultural and artistic activities.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/creativity-in-the-smart-c_b_7648342|title=Creativity in the Smart City Is What Makes a City Really Smart|last1=Eger|first1=John M.|last2=Creativity|first2=ContributorZahn Professor of|date=2015-07-24|website=HuffPost|language=en|access-date=2019-06-29|last3=Communications|first3=Innovation is also the Van Deerlin Endowed Chair of|last4=Policy|first4=Public|last5=University|first5=Director of the Creative Economy Initiative at San Diego State|archive-date=29 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629032756/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/creativity-in-the-smart-c_b_7648342|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Malanga |first1=Steven |title=The Curse of the Creative Class |url=https://www.city-journal.org/html/curse-creative-class-12491.html |website=City Journal |language=en |date=23 December 2015 |access-date=11 August 2018 |archive-date=11 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180811195230/https://www.city-journal.org/html/curse-creative-class-12491.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* '''Learning''': Since mobility is a key area of Smart city development, building a capable workforce through education initiatives is necessary.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|url=https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/partnership/?p=10009|title=United Smart Cities (USC) – United Nations Partnerships for SDGs platform|website=sustainabledevelopment.un.org|access-date=2019-06-29|archive-date=28 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190828222617/https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/partnership/?p=10009|url-status=live}}</ref> A city's learning capacity includes its education system, including available workforce training and support, and its cultural development and exchange.<ref name="Brent">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ucalgary.ca/ejournal/archive/v10-11/v10-11n1Moser-browse.html|title=What is Smart about the Smart Communities Movement?|last=Moser|first=Mary Anne|website=www.ucalgary.ca|publisher=University of Calgary EJournal 10–11(1)|access-date=20 December 2016|archive-date=10 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170210151210/http://www.ucalgary.ca/ejournal/archive/v10-11/v10-11n1Moser-browse.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* '''Humanity:''' Numerous Smart city programs focus on soft infrastructure development, like increasing access to voluntary organizations and designated safe zones.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Glaeser |first1=Edward L. |last2=Berry |first2=Christopher R. |title=Why Are Smart Places Getting Smarter? |url=https://www.hks.harvard.edu/sites/default/files/centers/rappaport/files/brief_divergence.pdf |website=Harvard University |access-date=11 August 2018 |archive-date=28 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190828222613/https://www.hks.harvard.edu/sites/default/files/centers/rappaport/files/brief_divergence.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> This focus on social and relational capital means diversity, inclusion, and ubiquitous access to public services is worked in to city planning.<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal|last1=Nam|first1=Taewoo|last2=Pardo|first2=Theresa A>|title=Conceptualizing Smart City with Dimensions of Technology, People, and Institutions|url=https://inta-aivn.org/images/cc/Urbanism/background%20documents/dgo_2011_smartcity.pdf|department=Center for Technology in Government University at Albany, State University of New York, U.S.|journal=The Proceedings of the 12th Annual International Conference on Digital Government Research|via=https://inta-aivn.org/images/cc/Urbanism/background%20documents/dgo_2011_smartcity.pdf|access-date=29 June 2019|archive-date=7 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181107041520/https://inta-aivn.org/images/cc/Urbanism/background%20documents/dgo_2011_smartcity.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
* '''Knowledge:''' The development of a [[knowledge economy]] is central to Smart city projects.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.zurich.ibm.com/pdf/isl/infoportal/IBV_SC3_report_GBE03348USEN.pdf|title=Smarter cities for smarter growth: How cities can optimize their systems for the talent-based economy|website=www.zurich.ibm.com|access-date=20 December 2016|archive-date=21 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221090251/https://www.zurich.ibm.com/pdf/isl/infoportal/IBV_SC3_report_GBE03348USEN.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Smart cities seeking to be hubs of economic activity in emerging tech and service sectors stress the value of innovation in city development.<ref name=":12" />
===Institutional framework===
According to Moser, M. A.,<ref name="Brent"/> since the 1990s, the smart communities movement took shape as a strategy to broaden the base of users involved in IT. Members of these Communities are people that share their interest and work in a partnership with government and other institutional organizations to push the use of IT to improve the quality of daily life as a consequence of different worsening in daily actions. Eger, J. M.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Eger |first1=John M. |title=Smart Growth, Smart Cities, and the Crisis at the Pump A Worldwide Phenomenon |issue=1 |url=https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1552016 |journal=Iways |volume=32 |pages=47–53 |date=1 January 2009 |doi=10.3233/iwa-2009-0164 |access-date=11 August 2018 |archive-date=28 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190828222608/https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1552016 |url-status=live }}</ref> said that a smart community makes a conscious and agreed-upon decision to deploy technology as a catalyst to solving its social and business needs. It is very important to understand that this use of IT and the consequent improvement could be more demanding without the institutional help; indeed institutional involvement is essential to the success of smart community initiatives. Again Moser, M. A.<ref name="Brent"/> explained that "building and planning a smart community seeks for smart growth"; smart growth is essential for the partnership between citizen and institutional organizations to react to worsening trends in daily issues like traffic congestion, [[school overcrowding]] and air pollution. However, it is important to note that technological propagation is not an end in itself, but only a means to reinventing cities for a new economy and society. To sum up, it is possible to assert that any smart city initiatives necessitate the government's support for their success.
The importance of these three different dimensions is that only a link among them can make possible the development of a real smart city concept. According to the definition of smart city given by Caragliu, A., Del Bo, C., & Nijkamp, P.,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Caragliu |first1=A. |last2=Del Bo |first2=C. |last3=Nijkamp |first3=P. |title=Smart cities in Europe |url=https://ideas.repec.org/p/vua/wpaper/2009-48.html |publisher=VU University Amsterdam, Faculty of Economics, Business Administration and Econometrics |language=en |date=2009 |access-date=11 August 2018 |archive-date=11 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180811200552/https://ideas.repec.org/p/vua/wpaper/2009-48.html |url-status=live }}</ref> a city is smart when investments in human/social capital and IT infrastructure fuel [[sustainable growth]] and enhance quality of life, through participatory governance.
===Energy framework===
Smart cities use data and technology to create efficiencies, improve sustainability, create economic development, and enhance quality of life factors for people living and working in the city. It also means that the city has a smarter energy infrastructure. More formally, a smart city is: "… An urban area that has securely integrated technology across the information … and Internet of Things (IoT) sectors to better manage a city’s assets."<ref name=":5" /> Employment of smart technologies enables the more efficient application of integrated energy technologies in the city allowing the development of more self-sustaining areas or even [[Positive Energy District]]s that produce more energy than consume.<ref>Tuominen, P. (2020): [https://www.vttresearch.com/en/news-and-ideas/yes-positive-energy-districts-how-make-it-happen Yes to positive energy districts - but how to make it happen?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115233145/https://www.vttresearch.com/en/news-and-ideas/yes-positive-energy-districts-how-make-it-happen |date=15 January 2021 }}. VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland.</ref>
A smart city is powered by "smart connections" for various items such as street lighting, [[Building automation|smart buildings]], [[Distributed generation|distributed energy resources]] (DER), [[Data analysis|data analytics]], and smart transportation. Amongst these things, energy is paramount; this is why utility companies play a key role in smart cities. Electric companies, working partnership with city officials, technology companies and a number of other institutions, are among the major players that helped accelerate the growth of America's smart cities.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://dailyenergyinsider.com/featured/5836-pittsburgh-san-diego-city-officials-put-utilities-major-players-smart-city-partnerships/|title=Pittsburgh, San Diego city officials put utilities as major players in smart-city partnerships|last=Riley|first=Kim|date=15 June 2017|work=Daily Energy Insider|access-date=25 September 2017|language=en-US}}</ref>
===Data Management framework===
Smart cities employ a combination of data collection, processing, and disseminating technologies in conjunction with networking and computing technologies and data security and privacy measures encouraging the application of innovation to promote the overall quality of life for its citizens and covering dimensions that include: utilities, health, transportation, entertainment and government services.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gharaibeh |first1=A. |last2=Salahuddin |first2=M. A. |last3=Hussini |first3=S. J. |last4=Khreishah |first4=A. |last5=Khalil |first5=I. |last6=Guizani |first6=M. |last7=Al-Fuqaha |first7=A. |year=2017 |title=Smart Cities: A Survey on Data Management, Security, and Enabling Technologies |journal=IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials |volume=19 |issue=4 |pages=2456–2501 |doi=10.1109/COMST.2017.2736886|s2cid=206578345 }}</ref>
==Roadmap==
A smart city roadmap consists of four/three (the first is a preliminary check) major components:<ref name="academia.edu" /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.publicpower.org/system/files/documents/APPA-Smart-City-Roadmap-FINAL.pdf |title=Creating A Smart City Roadmap For Public Power Utilities |publisher=publicpower.org |access-date=2019-05-14 |archive-date=14 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514112237/https://www.publicpower.org/system/files/documents/APPA-Smart-City-Roadmap-FINAL.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
# Define exactly what is the community: maybe that definition can condition what you are doing in the subsequent steps; it relates to geography, links between cities and countryside and flows of people between them; maybe – even – that in some Countries the definition of City/community that is stated does not correspond effectively to what – in fact – happens in real life.
# Study the Community: Before deciding to build a smart city, first we need to know why. This can be done by determining the benefits of such an initiative. Study the community to know the citizens, the business's needs – know the citizens and the community's unique attributes, such as the age of the citizens, their education, hobbies, and attractions of the city.
# Develop a smart city Policy: Develop a [[policy]] to drive the initiatives, where roles, responsibilities, objective, and goals, can be defined. Create plans and strategies on how the goals will be achieved.
# Engage The Citizens: This can be done by engaging the citizens through the use of [[e-government]] initiatives, [[open data]], sport events, etc.
In short, People, Processes, and Technology (PPT) are the three principles of the success of a smart city initiative. Cities must study their citizens and communities, know the processes, business drivers, create policies, and objectives to meet the citizens' needs. Then, technology can be implemented to meet the citizens' need, in order to improve the quality of life and create real economic opportunities. This requires a holistic customized approach that accounts for city cultures, long-term city planning, and local regulations.<blockquote>"Whether to improve security, resiliency, sustainability, traffic congestion, public safety, or city services, each community may have different reasons for wanting to be smart. But all smart communities share common attributes—and they all are powered by smart connections and by our industry's smarter energy infrastructure. A [[smart grid]] is the foundational piece in building a smart community." – Pat Vincent-Collawn, chairman of the [[Edison Electric Institute]] and president and CEO of [[PNM Resources]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://dailyenergyinsider.com/featured/8322-eei-chairman-pledges-collaborate-communities-powering-technology-support-smart-cities/|title=EEI chairman pledges to collaborate with communities on powering technology to support smart cities|last=Carey|first=Liz|date=2017-10-06|work=Daily Energy Insider|access-date=2017-10-10|language=en-US|archive-date=25 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190225204921/https://dailyenergyinsider.com/featured/8322-eei-chairman-pledges-collaborate-communities-powering-technology-support-smart-cities/|url-status=live}}</ref></blockquote>
==Policies==
[[ASEAN Smart Cities Network (ASCN)]] is a collaborative platform which aims to synergise Smart city development efforts across [[ASEAN]] by facilitating cooperation on smart city development, catalysing bankable projects with the private sector, and securing funding and support from ASEAN's external partners. [[Sister city|City diplomacy]] in the context of a smart city is highly stimulated by [[knowledge]], creativity, and innovations<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-3-030-45615-3_14 |title=Burksiene V., Dvorak J., Burbulytė-Tsiskarishvili G. (2020) City Diplomacy in Young Democracies: The Case of the Baltics. In: Amiri S., Sevin E. (eds) City Diplomacy. Palgrave Macmillan Series in Global Public Diplomacy. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-45615-3_14 |s2cid=226721234 |access-date=30 May 2021 |archive-date=2 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602214037/https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-3-030-45615-3_14 |url-status=live }}</ref>
The European Union (EU) has devoted constant efforts to devising a strategy for achieving 'smart' [[urban growth]] for its [[metropole|metropolitan]] city-regions.{{sfnp|Komninos|2009|pp=337–355}}<ref name="Paskaleva2009">{{cite journal|author=Paskaleva, K|title=Enabling the smart city:The progress of e-city governance in Europe|journal=International Journal of Innovation and Regional Development|volume=1|issue=4|date=25 January 2009|pages=405–422(18)|doi=10.1504/ijird.2009.022730|url=http://elartu.tntu.edu.ua/handle/lib/31308|access-date=21 May 2020|archive-date=16 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200616082818/http://elartu.tntu.edu.ua/handle/lib/31308|url-status=live}}</ref> The EU has developed a range of programmes under "[[Europe 2020#Flagship initiatives|Europe's Digital Agenda]]".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ec.europa.eu/digital-agenda/ |title=Digital Agenda for Europe |author=European Commission |access-date=30 May 2015 |archive-date=30 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530005926/http://ec.europa.eu/digital-agenda/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2010, it highlighted its focus on strengthening innovation and investment in ICT services for the purpose of improving public services and quality of life.<ref name=Paskaleva2009/> [[Arup Group Limited|Arup]] estimates that the [[global market]] for smart urban services will be $400 billion per annum by 2020.<ref>{{harvp|Dept Business|2013|p=3}} Arup estimates that the global market for smart urban systems for transport, energy, healthcare, water, food and waste will amount to around $400 Billion pa. by 2020</ref>
The [[Smart Cities Mission]] is a retrofitting and urban renewal program being spearheaded by the Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India. The Government of India has the ambitious vision of developing 100 cities by modernizing existing mid-sized cities.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://smartcities.gov.in/ | title=Smart Cities Mission | publisher=Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India | date=2015 | access-date=3 August 2016 | archive-date=12 February 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170212192239/http://www.smartcities.gov.in/ | url-status=live }}</ref>
==Technologies==
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[[Smart grid]]s are an important technology in smart cities. The improved flexibility of the smart grid permits greater penetration of highly variable renewable energy sources such as solar power and wind power.
Mobile devices (such as [[smartphone]]s, tablets, ...) are another key technology allowing citizens to connect to the smart city services.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://theconversation.com/with-smart-cities-your-every-step-will-be-recorded-94527 |title=With smart cities, your every step will be recorded |access-date=8 June 2020 |archive-date=8 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608085508/https://theconversation.com/with-smart-cities-your-every-step-will-be-recorded-94527 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thalesgroup.com/en/markets/digital-identity-and-security/iot/inspired/smart-cities |title=Secure, sustainable smart cities and the IoT |access-date=8 June 2020 |archive-date=8 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608085508/https://www.thalesgroup.com/en/markets/digital-identity-and-security/iot/inspired/smart-cities |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.information-age.com/smartphones-not-flying-cars-will-define-smart-cities-future-123462622/ |title=Smartphones – not flying cars – will define the smart cities of the future |date=12 October 2016 |access-date=8 June 2020 |archive-date=8 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608085510/https://www.information-age.com/smartphones-not-flying-cars-will-define-smart-cities-future-123462622/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
Smart cities also rely on [[smart home]]s and specifically, the [[Smart home technology|technology used in them]].<ref>[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/220876581_From_Smart_Homes_to_Smart_Cities_Opportunities_and_Challenges_from_an_Industrial_Perspective From Smart Homes to Smart Cities: Opportunities and Challenges from an Industrial Perspective]</ref><ref>{{Cite book |chapter-url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7380652 |chapter=Smart cities and smart homes: From realization to reality |doi=10.1109/ICGCIoT.2015.7380652 |access-date=8 June 2020 |archive-date=8 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608090010/https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7380652 |url-status=live |title=2015 International Conference on Green Computing and Internet of Things (ICGCIoT) |year=2015 |last1=Mehrotra |first1=Siddharth |last2=Dhande |first2=Rashi |pages=1236–1239 |isbn=978-1-4673-7910-6 |s2cid=14156800 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://hub.beesmart.city/strategy/redefining-the-smart-home-in-smart-cities |title=The Need to Redefine the Smart Home and its Link to Smart Cities |access-date=8 June 2020 |archive-date=8 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608090011/https://hub.beesmart.city/strategy/redefining-the-smart-home-in-smart-cities |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.smartcity.press/how-smart-homes-can-connect-smart-cities/ |title=How smart homes can connect to smart cities |date=8 September 2017 |access-date=8 June 2020 |archive-date=8 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608090008/https://www.smartcity.press/how-smart-homes-can-connect-smart-cities/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://hub.beesmart.city/strategy/redefining-the-smart-home-in-smart-cities |title=Redefining the smart home in smart cities |access-date=8 June 2020 |archive-date=8 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608090011/https://hub.beesmart.city/strategy/redefining-the-smart-home-in-smart-cities |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[Bicycle-sharing system]]s are an important element in smart cities.<ref>{{Cite journal |url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8376628 |title=Bike sharing as a key smart city service |date=May 2018 |pages=1–6 |doi=10.1109/MOCAST.2018.8376628 |s2cid=49187242 |access-date=15 September 2020 |archive-date=8 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808190215/https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8376628 |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[Smart mobility]] is also important to smart cities.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/314246043 |title=Smart mobility in smart cities |access-date=17 September 2020 |archive-date=6 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506142438/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/314246043_Smart_Mobility_in_Smart_Cities |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[Intelligent transportation system]]s and [[Closed-circuit television|CCTV]]<ref>[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320148770_Urban_Distribution_CCTV_for_Smart_City_Using_Decision_Tree_Methods Urban Distribution CCTV for Smart City Using Decision Tree Methods]</ref> systems are also being developed.
Some smart cities also have digital libraries.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.sscldl.com/ |title=Shivamogga Smart City Digital Library |access-date=17 September 2020 |archive-date=22 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210222113332/https://www.sscldl.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>[https://www.sscldl.com/digital-library-implementation-at-shivamogga/ Digital library implementation at Shivamogga]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://tumakurudigitallibrary.in/ |title=Tumakuru Digital Library |access-date=17 September 2020 |archive-date=15 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715110211/https://tumakurudigitallibrary.in/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.windsorpubliclibrary.com/?page_id=65204 |title=Windsor Public Library: a brick-and-mortar library that also has an ebook lending service |access-date=17 September 2020 |archive-date=23 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023075326/https://www.windsorpubliclibrary.com/?page_id=65204 |url-status=live }}</ref>
Online collaborative sensor data management platforms are on-line database services that allow sensor owners to register and connect their devices to feed data into an on-line database for storage and allow developers to connect to the database and build their own applications based on that data.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Boyle | first1 = D. | last2 = Yates | first2 = D. | last3 = Yeatman | first3 = E. | title = Urban Sensor Data Streams: London 2013 | doi = 10.1109/MIC.2013.85 | journal = IEEE Internet Computing | volume = 17 | issue = 6 | pages = 1 | year = 2013 | s2cid = 17820999 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=WikiSensing: An Online Collaborative Approach for Sensor Data Management|journal=Sensors|volume=12|issue=10|pages=13295–13332|doi=10.3390/s121013295|pmid=23201997|pmc=3545568|year=2012|last1=Silva|first1=Dilshan|last2=Ghanem|first2=Moustafa|last3=Guo|first3=Yike|bibcode=2012Senso..1213295S|doi-access=free}}</ref>
Additional supporting technology include [[telecommuting]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301408856 |title=Smart cities and telecommuting in Ecuador |access-date=9 June 2020 |archive-date=26 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210326050523/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301408856_Smart_cities_and_telecommuting_in_Ecuador |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://medium.com/swlh/innovation-vs-technology-redefining-smart-in-smart-cities-8e82857d7004 |title=Innovation vs Technology. Redefining "Smart" in Smart-Cities |date=11 October 2019 |access-date=9 June 2020 |archive-date=9 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609105640/https://medium.com/swlh/innovation-vs-technology-redefining-smart-in-smart-cities-8e82857d7004 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://spicefactory.co/blog/2019/10/25/remote-work-future-of-cities/ |title=Remote Work Revolution and the Future of (Smart) Cities |access-date=9 June 2020 |archive-date=9 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609104855/https://spicefactory.co/blog/2019/10/25/remote-work-future-of-cities/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[telehealth]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ceur-ws.org/Vol-2255/paper23.pdf |title=Telecommunication Infrastructures for Telemedicine in Smart Cities |access-date=9 June 2020 |archive-date=24 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224072813/http://ceur-ws.org/Vol-2255/paper23.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://telemedicine.arizona.edu/blog/telemedicine-and-smart-cities |title=Telemedicine and Smart Cities |access-date=9 June 2020 |archive-date=9 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609104905/https://telemedicine.arizona.edu/blog/telemedicine-and-smart-cities |url-status=live }}</ref> the [[blockchain]],<ref>{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/8458054/8465506/08465562.pdf|doi=10.1109/SmartIoT.2018.00056|chapter=Application of Blockchain Technology in Smart City Infrastructure|title=2018 IEEE International Conference on Smart Internet of Things (SmartIoT)|year=2018|last1=Li|first1=Shuling|pages=276–2766|isbn=978-1-5386-8543-3|s2cid=52288306}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1177/0975425319832392|title=Blockchain and Trust in a Smart City|year=2019|last1=Kundu|first1=Debasish|journal=Environment and Urbanization ASIA|volume=10|pages=31–43|s2cid=159098611|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[fintech]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://fintechnews.ch/govtech/smart-city-fintech-why/28661/ |title=Why Fintech is an Important Ingredient in Any Smart City Ambition |date=5 July 2019 |access-date=8 June 2020 |archive-date=7 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607153452/https://fintechnews.ch/govtech/smart-city-fintech-why/28661/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[online banking]] technology,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310791133 |title=Archived copy |access-date=8 June 2020 |archive-date=12 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210312232742/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310791133_How_Traditional_Banks_Should_Work_in_Smart_City |url-status=live }}</ref> ...
Electronic cards (known as [[smart card]]s) are another common component in smart city contexts. These cards possess a unique encrypted identifier that allows the owner to log into a range of government provided services (or [[e-service]]s) without setting up multiple accounts. The single identifier allows governments to aggregate [[big data|data]] [[Mass surveillance|about citizens]] and their preferences to improve the provision of services and to determine common interests of groups. This technology has been implemented in Southampton.<ref name=DeakinAl_jrnl />
[[Bollard#Removable bollards|Retractable bollard]]s allow to restrict access inside city centers (i.e. to delivery trucks resupplying outlet stores, ...). Opening and closing of such barriers is traditionally done manually, through an electronic pass<ref>Carbon Zero: Imagining Cities that can save the planet by Alex Steffen, page 54</ref> but can even be done by means of [[Automatic number-plate recognition|ANPR]] camera's connected to the bollard system.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bristolpost.co.uk/news/call-retractable-coffin-bollards-no-2295946 |title=Call for retractable 'coffin' bollards and no-driving zones outside Bristol schools |date=6 December 2018 |access-date=1 September 2020 |archive-date=10 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810083504/https://www.bristolpost.co.uk/news/call-retractable-coffin-bollards-no-2295946 |url-status=live }}</ref>
===Cost-benefit analysis of smart city technologies===
[[Cost-benefit analysis]] has been done into smart cities and the individual technologies. These can help to assess whether it is economically and ecologically beneficial to implement some technologies at all, and also compare the cost-effectiveness of each technology among each other<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://udspace.udel.edu/handle/19716/23818 |title=Cost-benefit analysis of smart cities technologies and applications |access-date=9 June 2020 |archive-date=9 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609105641/http://udspace.udel.edu/handle/19716/23818 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://dspace.udel.edu/bitstream/handle/19716/23818/Xiong_udel_0060M_13359.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |title=COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS OF SMART CITIES TECHNOLOGIES AND APPLICATIONS |access-date=9 June 2020 |archive-date=9 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609105642/http://dspace.udel.edu/bitstream/handle/19716/23818/Xiong_udel_0060M_13359.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/340344518 |title=The Cost Benefit Analysis for the Concept of a Smart City: How to Measure the Efficiency of Smart Solutions? |access-date=9 June 2020 |archive-date=6 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606113445/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/340344518_The_Cost_Benefit_Analysis_for_the_Concept_of_a_Smart_City_How_to_Measure_the_Efficiency_of_Smart_Solutions |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |title=The Cost Benefit Analysis for the Concept of a Smart City: How to Measure the Efficiency of Smart Solutions? |year=2020 |doi=10.3390/su12072663 |doi-access=free |last1=Turečková |first1=Kamila |last2=Nevima |first2=Jan |journal=Sustainability |volume=12 |issue=7 |page=2663 }}</ref>
==Commercialisation==
Large IT, telecommunication and energy management companies such as [[Apple Inc.|Apple]], [[Baidu]], [[Alibaba Group|Alibaba]], [[Tencent]], [[Huawei]], [[Google]], [[Microsoft]], [[Cisco]], [[IBM]], and [[Schneider Electric]] launched market initiatives for intelligent cities.
* Baidu is working on [[Apolong|Apollo]], a self-driving technology<ref name="forbes.com">{{Cite web |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/rebeccafannin/2019/08/23/baidu-alibaba-tencent-clash-to-lead-chinas-tech-future-while-a-new-b-arises/ |title=Baidu, Alibaba, Tencent Clash To Lead China's Tech Future While A New 'B' Arises |website=[[Forbes]] |access-date=3 June 2020 |archive-date=3 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603170852/https://www.forbes.com/sites/rebeccafannin/2019/08/23/baidu-alibaba-tencent-clash-to-lead-chinas-tech-future-while-a-new-b-arises/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Alibaba has created the [[City Brain]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.alibabacloud.com/solutions/intelligence-brain/city |title=City Brain |access-date=3 June 2020 |archive-date=3 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603170824/https://www.alibabacloud.com/solutions/intelligence-brain/city |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333456538 |title=The City Brain: Practice of Large-Scale Artificial Intelligence in the Real World |access-date=4 June 2020 |archive-date=13 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210313035758/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333456538_The_City_Brain_Practice_of_Large-Scale_Artificial_Intelligence_in_the_Real_World |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Tencent is working on medical technology,<ref name="forbes.com"/> such as WeChat Intelligent Healthcare, Tencent Doctorwork, and [[artificial intelligence in healthcare|AI Medical Innovation System (AIMIS)]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://technode.com/2018/02/11/tencent-medical-ecosystem/ |title=How Tencent's medical ecosystem is shaping the future of China's healthcare |date=11 February 2018 |access-date=3 June 2020 |archive-date=3 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603165928/https://technode.com/2018/02/11/tencent-medical-ecosystem/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Huawei has its [[Safe City]] Compact Solution which focuses on improving safety in cities<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://e.huawei.com/en/news/smart-cities/201810150942 |title=Huawei Announces Safe City Compact Solution to Protect Citizens in Small and Medium Cities |access-date=3 June 2020 |archive-date=3 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603170858/https://e.huawei.com/en/news/smart-cities/201810150942 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/future/bespoke/specials/connected-world/government.html |title=Safe cities: Using smart tech for public security |access-date=3 June 2020 |archive-date=10 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200210042218/http://www.bbc.com/future/bespoke/specials/connected-world/government.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last=Hillman | first=Jonathan E. | title=Watching Huawei's "Safe Cities" | website=Center for Strategic and International Studies | date=2019-11-04 | url=https://www.csis.org/analysis/watching-huaweis-safe-cities | access-date=2020-11-02 | archive-date=19 October 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201019214841/https://www.csis.org/analysis/watching-huaweis-safe-cities | url-status=live }}</ref>
* Google's subsidiary [[Sidewalk Labs]] is focusing on smart cities
* Microsoft has [[Microsoft CityNext|CityNext]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://partner.microsoft.com/en-us/solutions/citynext |title=Innovative solutions for smart cities |access-date=3 June 2020 |archive-date=3 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603165929/https://partner.microsoft.com/en-us/solutions/citynext |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Cisco, launched the global "Intelligent Urbanization" initiative<ref>{{cite web|url=http://newsroom.cisco.com/dlls/2009/prod_021209c.html|title=Network as the Next Utility for 'Intelligent Urbanisation' |publisher=CISCO|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141215022011/http://newsroom.cisco.com/dlls/2009/prod_021209c.html|archive-date=15 December 2014}}</ref> to help cities using the network as the fourth utility for integrated city management, better [[quality of life]] for citizens, and economic development.
* IBM announced its [[Smarter Cities Challenge]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibm.com/ibm/ideasfromibm/us/smartplanet/topics/cities/20090309/index.shtml?&re=spfprogram|title=About IBM|publisher=IBM|date=8 May 2017|access-date=31 January 2015|archive-date=6 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606113457/https://www.ibm.com/id-en/about?re=spfprogram|url-status=live}}</ref> to stimulate [[economic growth]] and quality of life in cities and metropolitan areas with the activation of new approaches of thinking and acting in the [[urban ecosystem]].
* Schneider Electric is working on [[Schneider Electric#EcoStruxure|EcoStruxure]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://blog.se.com/smart-cities/2017/12/07/ecostruxure-smart-cities-smart-city-technology-starts-operational-level/ |title=EcoStruxure for Smart Cities: Smart City Technology Starts at the Operational Level |access-date=3 June 2020 |archive-date=3 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603170832/https://blog.se.com/smart-cities/2017/12/07/ecostruxure-smart-cities-smart-city-technology-starts-operational-level/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.se.com/in/en/work/solutions/for-business/smart-cities/ |title=Smart Cities Solutions |access-date=3 June 2020 |archive-date=3 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603170826/https://www.se.com/in/en/work/solutions/for-business/smart-cities/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Sensor developers and startup companies{{Clarify|Which ?|date=June 2020}} are also continually developing new smart city applications.
==Adoption==
Examples of smart city technologies and programs have been implemented in [[Singapore]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Singapore best performing 'smart city' globally: Study|url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/singapore-best-performing-smart-city-globally-study-10038722|work=Channel NewsAsia|access-date=19 May 2018|archive-date=20 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180520053805/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/singapore-best-performing-smart-city-globally-study-10038722|url-status=live}}</ref> USA, Dubai,<ref>{{cite web |title=Smart Dubai |url=https://smartdubai.ae |website=smartdubai.ae |access-date=6 June 2021 |archive-date=3 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603023904/https://www.smartdubai.ae/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[#Milton Keynes|Milton Keynes]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title = The MK:Smart Project|url = http://www.mksmart.org|website = www.mksmart.org|access-date = 27 October 2015|archive-date = 21 November 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151121211315/http://www.mksmart.org/|url-status = live}}</ref> [[Southampton]],<ref name="Southampton">{{cite web |url=http://www.southampton.gov.uk/roads-parking/travel/smartcities-card/ |title=SmartCities card |author=Southampton City Council |access-date=30 May 2015 |archive-date=30 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530120105/http://www.southampton.gov.uk/roads-parking/travel/smartcities-card/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[#Amsterdam|Amsterdam]],<ref name="Amsterdam">{{cite web |url=http://amsterdamsmartcity.com/projects |title=Amsterdam Smart City ~ Projects |author=Amsterdam Smart City |access-date=30 May 2015 |archive-date=22 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120922030047/http://amsterdamsmartcity.com/projects |url-status=live }}</ref> [[#Barcelona|Barcelona]],<ref name="Barcelona">{{cite web |url=http://smartcity.bcn.cat/en |title=Barcelona Smart City |author=Ajuntament de Barcelona |access-date=30 May 2015 |archive-date=16 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150516125338/http://smartcity.bcn.cat/en |url-status=live }}</ref> [[#Madrid|Madrid]],<ref name="Madrid">{{cite web |url=http://www.madrid.es/UnidadesDescentralizadas/RelacionesInternacionales/Publicaciones/CatalogoBuenasPracticas/Economia/MiNT%20Madrid%20Inteligente%2014.pdf |title=Buenas Practicas de la Ciudad de Madrid |author=Ayuntamiento de Madrid |access-date=23 November 2016 |archive-date=23 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123133240/http://www.madrid.es/UnidadesDescentralizadas/RelacionesInternacionales/Publicaciones/CatalogoBuenasPracticas/Economia/MiNT%20Madrid%20Inteligente%2014.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> [[#Stockholm|Stockholm]],<ref name="Stockholm">{{cite web |url=http://international.stockholm.se/city-development/the-smart-city/ |title=The Smart City |author=City of Stockholm |publisher=Stockholms stad |access-date=30 May 2015 |archive-date=30 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530123402/http://international.stockholm.se/city-development/the-smart-city/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Copenhagen]], China,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rcrwireless.com/20160630/asia-pacific/zte-involved-150-smart-city-projects-across-china|title=ZTE involved in more than 150 smart city projects across China|date=30 June 2016|access-date=23 January 2017|archive-date=2 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202005537/http://www.rcrwireless.com/20160630/asia-pacific/zte-involved-150-smart-city-projects-across-china|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[New York City|New York]].<ref>{{cite web |title=CityBridge – LinkNYC |url=https://www.link.nyc/ |language=en |access-date=13 August 2018 |archive-date=10 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200510231720/https://www.link.nyc/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
Major strategies and achievements related to the spatial intelligence of cities are listed in the [[Intelligent Community Forum]] awards from 1999 to 2010, in the cities of [[Songdo International Business District|Songdo]] and [[Suwon]] (South Korea), [[Stockholm]] (Sweden), [[Gangnam District]] of Seoul (South Korea), [[Waterloo, Ontario]] (Canada), [[Taipei]] (Taiwan), [[Mitaka, Tokyo|Mitaka]] (Japan), [[Glasgow]] (Scotland, UK), [[Calgary]] (Alberta, Canada), [[Seoul]] (South Korea), [[New York City]] (US), [[LaGrange, Georgia]] (US), and [[Singapore]], which were recognized for their efforts in developing broadband networks and e-services sustaining innovation ecosystems, growth, and inclusion.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Intelligent Communities of the Year 1999–2010|url=https://www.intelligentcommunity.org/index.php?submenu=Awards&src=gendocs&ref=ICF_Awards&category=Events&link=ICF_Awards|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722103131/https://www.intelligentcommunity.org/index.php?submenu=Awards&src=gendocs&ref=ICF_Awards&category=Events&link=ICF_Awards|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 July 2011}}</ref>
There are a number of cities actively pursuing a smart city strategy:
===Amsterdam===
[[File:KeizersgrachtReguliersgrachtAmsterdam.jpg|thumbnail|right|Street lamps in [[Amsterdam]] have been upgraded to allow municipal councils to dim the lights based on pedestrian usage.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://amsterdamsmartcity.com/projects/detail/id/9/slug/climate-street |title=Amsterdam Smart City ~ Climate Street |author=Amsterdam Smart City |access-date=30 May 2015 |archive-date=30 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530162529/http://amsterdamsmartcity.com/projects/detail/id/9/slug/climate-street |url-status=dead }}</ref>]]The [[Amsterdam]] smart city initiative<ref name=Amsterdam /> which began in 2009 currently includes 170+ projects collaboratively developed by local residents, government and businesses.<ref name=DeakinIntro /> These projects run on an interconnected platform through [[wireless device]]s to enhance the city's real-time decision making abilities. The City of Amsterdam ('''City''') claims the purpose of the projects is to reduce traffic, [[energy saving|save energy]] and improve [[public safety]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://amsterdamsmartcity.com/about-asc |title=Amsterdam Smart City ~ About ASC |author=Amsterdam Smart City |access-date=30 May 2015 |archive-date=27 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150427024215/http://amsterdamsmartcity.com/about-asc |url-status=dead }}</ref> To promote efforts from local residents, the City runs the Amsterdam Smart City Challenge annually, accepting proposals for applications and developments that fit within the city's framework.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://amsterdamsmartcity.com/news/detail/id/577/slug/do-you-have-smart-solutions-for-your-city |title=Amsterdam Smart City ~ Do you have smart solutions for your city? |author=Amsterdam Smart City |access-date=30 May 2015 |archive-date=30 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530121746/http://amsterdamsmartcity.com/news/detail/id/577/slug/do-you-have-smart-solutions-for-your-city |url-status=dead }}</ref> An example of a resident developed app is Mobypark, which allows owners of parking spaces to rent them out to people for a fee.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://amsterdamsmartcity.com/news/detail/id/576/slug/smart-spotlight-manuel-cayr |title=Amsterdam Smart City ~ Smart Spotlight: Manuel Cayre |author=Amsterdam Smart City |access-date=30 May 2015 |archive-date=30 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530123155/http://amsterdamsmartcity.com/news/detail/id/576/slug/smart-spotlight-manuel-cayr |url-status=dead }}</ref> The data generated from this app can then be used by the city to determine [[parking]] demand and traffic flows in Amsterdam. A number of homes have also been provided with smart energy meters, with incentives provided to those that actively reduce energy consumption.<ref name=Komninos_ch /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://amsterdamsmartcity.com/projects/detail/id/55/slug/the-smart-home |title=Amsterdam Smart City ~ The smart home |author=Amsterdam Smart City |access-date=30 May 2015 |archive-date=25 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825083431/https://amsterdamsmartcity.com/projects/detail/id/55/slug/the-smart-home |url-status=dead }}</ref> Other initiatives include flexible [[street lighting]] ([[smart lighting]])<ref>{{cite web |url=http://amsterdamsmartcity.com/projects/detail/id/62/slug/flexible-street-lighting |title=Amsterdam Smart City ~ Flexible street lighting |author=Amsterdam Smart City |access-date=30 May 2015 |archive-date=25 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825092242/https://amsterdamsmartcity.com/projects/detail/id/62/slug/flexible-street-lighting |url-status=dead }}</ref> which allows municipalities to control the brightness of street lights, and smart traffic management<ref>{{cite web |url=http://amsterdamsmartcity.com/projects/detail/id/58/slug/smart-traffic-management |title=Amsterdam Smart City ~ Smart traffic management |author=Amsterdam Smart City |access-date=30 May 2015 |archive-date=29 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150529123605/http://amsterdamsmartcity.com/projects/detail/id/58/slug/smart-traffic-management |url-status=dead }}</ref> where traffic is monitored in real time by the city and information about current travel time on certain roads is broadcast to allow motorists to determine the best routes to take.
===Barcelona===
[[Barcelona]] has established a number of projects that can be considered 'smart city' applications within its "CityOS" strategy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibarcelona.bcn.cat/en/o-government/city-os|title=iBarcelona|access-date=8 October 2015|archive-date=18 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318141613/http://ibarcelona.bcn.cat/en/o-government/city-os|url-status=dead}}</ref> For example, sensor technology has been implemented in the irrigation system in Parc del Centre de Poblenou, where real time data is transmitted to gardening crews about the level of water required for the plants.<ref name=Barcelona /><ref>{{cite news |last=Laursen |first=Lucas |url=http://www.technologyreview.com/news/532511/barcelonas-smart-city-ecosystem/ |title=Barcelona's Smart City Ecosystem |work=MIT Technology Review |date=18 November 2014 |access-date=30 May 2015 |archive-date=29 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150629064107/http://www.technologyreview.com/news/532511/barcelonas-smart-city-ecosystem/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Barcelona has also designed a new bus network based on data analysis of the most common traffic flows in Barcelona, utilising primarily vertical, horizontal and diagonal routes with a number of interchanges.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://smartcity.bcn.cat/en/new-bus-network.html |title=New bus network |author=BCN Smart City |access-date=30 May 2015 |archive-date=30 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530120415/http://smartcity.bcn.cat/en/new-bus-network.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Integration of multiple smart city technologies can be seen through the implementation of smart traffic lights<ref>{{cite web |url=http://smartcity.bcn.cat/en/smart-traffic-lights.html |title=Smart traffic lights |author=BCN Smart City |access-date=30 May 2015 |archive-date=30 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530123557/http://smartcity.bcn.cat/en/smart-traffic-lights.html |url-status=live }}</ref> as buses run on routes designed to optimise the number of green lights. In addition, where an emergency is reported in Barcelona, the approximate route of the emergency vehicle is entered into the traffic light system, setting all the lights to green as the vehicle approaches through a mix of GPS and traffic management software, allowing emergency services to reach the incident without delay. Much of this data is managed by the [[Sentilo Platform]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.22barcelona.com/content/blogcategory/50/281/ |title=Urban Innovation |author=Ajuntament de Barcelona |access-date=30 May 2015 |archive-date=8 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150408100431/http://www.22barcelona.com/content/blogcategory/50/281/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url= http://connecta.bcn.cat |title= Sentilo BCN:Platform Sensors and Actuators Barcelona |access-date= 26 March 2017 |archive-date= 18 May 2016 |archive-url= http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160518054524/http://connecta.bcn.cat/ |url-status= live }}</ref>
===Columbus, Ohio===
In the summer of 2017, the [[Columbus, Ohio|City of Columbus]], Ohio began its pursuit of a smart city initiative. The city partnered with [[American Electric Power|American Electric Power Ohio]] to create a group of new [[Charging station|electric vehicle charging stations]]. Many smart cities such as Columbus are using agreements such as this one to prepare for climate change, expand electric infrastructure, convert existing public vehicle fleets to electric cars, and create incentives for people to [[Carpool|share rides when commuting]]. For doing this, the [[United States Department of Transportation|U.S. Department of Transportation]] gave the City of Columbus a $40 million grant. The city also received $10 million from [[Vulcan Inc.]]<ref name=":4">{{Cite news|url=https://dailyenergyinsider.com/news/7711-aep-ohio-build-car-charging-stations-part-columbus-smart-city-initiative/|title=AEP Ohio to build car charging stations as part of Columbus Smart City initiative|last=Galford|first=Chris|date=8 September 2017|work=Daily Energy Insider|access-date=25 September 2017|language=en-US|archive-date=29 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181229194302/https://dailyenergyinsider.com/news/7711-aep-ohio-build-car-charging-stations-part-columbus-smart-city-initiative/|url-status=live}}</ref>
One key reason why the utility was involved in the picking of locations for new electric vehicle charging stations was to gather data. According to ''Daily Energy Insider'', the group Infrastructure and Business Continuity for AEP said, "You don't want to put infrastructure where it won't be used or maintained. The data we collect will help us build a much bigger market in the future."<ref name=":4" />
Because autonomous vehicles are currently seeing "an increased industrial research and legislative push globally", building routes and connections for them is another important part of the Columbus smart city initiative.<ref name=":4" />
===Copenhagen===
In 2014, [[Copenhagen]] claimed the prestigious World Smart Cities Award for its “Connecting Copenhagen” smart city development strategy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://stateofgreen.com/en/partners/city-of-copenhagen/news/connecting-copenhagen-is-the-worlds-best-smart-city-project/|title='Connecting Copenhagen' is the World's Best Smart City Project|website=State of Green|language=en-US|access-date=2019-06-20|archive-date=20 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190620122807/https://stateofgreen.com/en/partners/city-of-copenhagen/news/connecting-copenhagen-is-the-worlds-best-smart-city-project/|url-status=live}}</ref> Positioned in the Technical and Environmental Administration of Copenhagen, the smart city initiatives are coordinated by Copenhagen Solutions Lab, the city's administrative unit for smart city development. There are other notable actors in Greater Copenhagen that coordinate and initiate smart city initiatives including State of Green and Gate21, the latter of which has initiated the innovation hub smart city Cluster Denmark.
In an article with The Economist,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://worldin2019.economist.com/|title=The World in 2019|website=worldin2019.economist.com|language=en|access-date=2019-06-20|archive-date=18 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190618104008/https://worldin2019.economist.com/|url-status=live}}</ref> a current major smart city project is explained: “In Copenhagen, as in many cities around the world, [[air quality]] is high on the agenda when it comes to [[liveability]], with 68 percent of citizens citing it as of high importance when it comes to what makes their city attractive. To monitor pollution levels, Copenhagen Solutions Lab is currently working with [[Google]] and has installed monitoring equipment in their streetview car in order to produce a heatmap of air quality around the city. The information will help cyclists and joggers plan routes with the best air quality. The project also gives a glimpse of the future, when this kind of information could be collected in real time by sensors all over the city and collated with traffic flow data.”
In another article with The World Economic Forum, Marius Sylvestersen, Program Director at Copenhagen Solutions Lab, explains that public-private collaborations must be built on transparency, the willingness to share data and must be driven by the same set of values. This requires a particularly open mindset from the organisations that wish to get involved. To facilitate open collaboration and knowledge-sharing, Copenhagen Solutions Lab launched the Copenhagen Street Lab in 2016. Here, organisations such as [[TDC A/S|TDC]], Citelum and [[Cisco Systems|Cisco]] work in collaboration with Copenhagen Solutions Lab to identify new solutions to city and citizen problems.
===Dubai===
In 2013, the Smart [[Dubai]] project was initiated by Shaikh [[Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum|Mohammad bin Rashid Al Maktoum]], vice president of [[UAE]], which contained more than 100 initiatives to make Dubai a smart city by 2030. The project aimed to integrate private and public sectors, enabling citizens to access these sectors through their smartphones. Some initiatives include the Dubai Autonomous Transportation Strategy to create driverless transits, fully digitizing government, business and customer information and transactions, and providing citizens 5000 hotspots to access government applications by 2021.<ref>Dubai – a new paradigm for smart cities – 2015. (2018). Retrieved from https://home.kpmg.com/ae/en/home/insights/2015/07/dubai---a-new-paradigm-for-smart-cities---2015.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181027061532/https://home.kpmg.com/ae/en/home/insights/2015/07/dubai---a-new-paradigm-for-smart-cities---2015.html |date=27 October 2018 }}</ref><ref>Smart Dubai 2021. (2018). Retrieved from https://2021.smartdubai.ae/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181027021712/https://2021.smartdubai.ae/ |date=27 October 2018 }}</ref> Two mobile applications, mPay and DubaiNow, facilitate various payment services for citizens ranging from utilities or traffic fines to educational, health, transport, and business services. In addition, the Smart [[Nol Card]] is a unified rechargeable card enabling citizens to pay for all transportation services such as metro, buses, water bus, and taxis. There is also the [[Dubai Municipality]]'s Digital City initiative which assigns each building a unique QR code that citizens can scan containing information about the building, plot, and location.<ref>Smart city- The Official Portal of the UAE Government. (2018). Retrieved from https://government.ae/en/about-the-uae/the-uae-government/smart-uae/smart-dubai {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181027021654/https://government.ae/en/about-the-uae/the-uae-government/smart-uae/smart-dubai |date=27 October 2018 }}</ref>
===Dublin===
[[Dublin]] has been refereed to as an unexpected capital for smart cities.<ref>{{cite magazine | url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/10/141011-technology-science-ireland-dublin-europe-internet-of-things-future/ | title=Unexpected Capital for IoT | magazine=National Geographic | date=2014 | access-date=1 May 2017 | archive-date=2 May 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170502062056/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/10/141011-technology-science-ireland-dublin-europe-internet-of-things-future/ | url-status=live }}</ref> The smart city programme for the city is run by Smart Dublin<ref>{{cite web | url=http://smartdublin.ie/ | title=Smart Dublin | publisher=DCC | date=2017 | access-date=1 May 2017 | archive-date=19 May 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519135821/http://smartdublin.ie/ | url-status=live }}</ref> an initiative of the four Dublin Local Authorities to engage with smart technology providers, researchers and citizens to solve city challenges and improve [[city]] life. It includes Dublinked- Dublin's open data platform that hosts open source data to smart city applications.
===Gdynia===
[[Gdynia]] was the first city in Eastern Europe to receive the [[ISO 37120]] certificate issued by the World Council on City Data.<ref>{{cite web |title=GLOBAL CITIES REGISTRY™ FOR WCCD ISO 37120 SERIES |url=https://www.dataforcities.org/global-cities-registry |website=World Council on City Data (WCCD) |access-date=22 January 2021 |archive-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128065236/https://www.dataforcities.org/global-cities-registry |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The first Smart City of Eastern Europe is in Poland |url=https://velatianetworks.com/en/first-smart-city-eastern-europe-poland/ |website=Velatia Networks |access-date=22 January 2021 |date=10 June 2017 |archive-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128193152/https://velatianetworks.com/en/first-smart-city-eastern-europe-poland/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
In 2015, the TRISTAR intelligent road traffic management system was implemented in the city.<ref>{{cite web |title=Integrated Traffic Management System |url=https://www.tristar.gdynia.pl/ |website=Portal TRISTAR |access-date=22 January 2021}}</ref>
[[Trolleybuses in Gdynia]] have been operating since 1943 and are still being developed as low-emission transport - some of them have their own batteries, which allows them to reach areas with no traction.<ref>{{cite web |title=ACT NOW (Action for Energy Efficiency in Baltic Cities |url=http://pktgdynia.pl/index.php/act-now/ |website=Enterprise of Trolleybus Communication in Gdynia |access-date=22 January 2021 |archive-date=29 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129002021/http://pktgdynia.pl/index.php/act-now/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Partners - Act Now! |url=https://actnow-baltic.eu/partners/ |website=Act Now! Action for Energy Efficiency in Baltic Cities |access-date=22 January 2021 |archive-date=18 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118045730/https://actnow-baltic.eu/partners/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
Over 200 sets of up-to-date data from 21 areas of the city's functioning are published on the Open Data portal. The data sets meet the requirements of machine readability and are also presented in a way comprehensible to users.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gdynia in numbers |url=http://otwartedane.gdynia.pl/en/ |website=Gdynia - Open Data Portal |access-date=25 January 2021 |archive-date=6 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606113455/https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Open+Sans:400,300,600,800&subset=latin,latin-ext |url-status=live }}</ref>
There is also an Urban Lab for cooperation between residents, experts and representatives of city structures.<ref>{{cite web |title=UrbanLab |url=https://lis.gdynia.pl/wspolpraca-i-wsparcie/urbanlab/ |website=Social Innovation Lab in Gdynia |access-date=25 January 2021 |archive-date=29 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029111801/https://lis.gdynia.pl/wspolpraca-i-wsparcie/urbanlab/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=UrbanLab Gdynia |url=https://innovationinpolitics.eu/en/best-practice/urbanlab-gdynia/ |website=The Innovation in Politics Institute |access-date=25 January 2021 |archive-date=17 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117055437/https://innovationinpolitics.eu/en/best-practice/urbanlab-gdynia/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kaszkur |first1=Alina |title=Urban Lab as a Tool for Joint Management in Cities |journal=Polish Political Science Review |date=15 December 2015 |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=37–46 |doi=10.2478/ppsr-2020-0014 |s2cid=230282944 |url=https://content.sciendo.com/view/journals/ppsr/8/2/article-p37.xml |access-date=25 January 2021 |doi-access=free |archive-date=26 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201226161310/https://content.sciendo.com/view/journals/ppsr/8/2/article-p37.xml |url-status=live }}</ref>
===Isfahan===
[[Isfahan]] has a smart city program, a unified human resources administration system, transport system.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-18|title=بزرگترین پروژه IT و شهر هوشمند در اصفهان آماده بهرهبرداری است|url=https://www.imna.ir//news/487629/بزرگترین-پروژه-IT-و-شهر-هوشمند-در-اصفهان-آماده-بهره-برداری-است|access-date=2021-06-06|website=ایمنا|language=fa|archive-date=6 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606113503/https://www.imna.ir//news/487629/%D8%A8%D8%B2%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86-%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%98%D9%87-IT-%D9%88-%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1-%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87-%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%87-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-05-12|title=سیستم مدیریت یکپارچهسازی منابع انسانی اجرایی شد|url=https://www.imna.ir//news/492489/سیستم-مدیریت-یکپارچه-سازی-منابع-انسانی-اجرایی-شد|access-date=2021-06-06|website=ایمنا|language=fa|archive-date=6 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606113502/https://www.imna.ir//news/492489/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%85-%D9%85%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA-%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%87-%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C-%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B9-%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C-%D8%B4%D8%AF|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=به درگاه الکترونیکی شهرداری اصفهان - شهر هوشمند خوش آمدید {{!}} درگاه الکترونیکی شهرداری اصفهان - شهر هوشمند|url=https://smartcity.isfahan.ir/|access-date=2021-06-06|website=smartcity.isfahan.ir|archive-date=26 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226045336/http://smartcity.isfahan.ir/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-09-22|title=اصفهان به برترین شهر هوشمند ایران تبدیل شود|url=https://www.imna.ir//news/390448/اصفهان-به-برترین-شهر-هوشمند-ایران-تبدیل-شود|access-date=2021-06-06|website=ایمنا|language=fa|archive-date=6 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606113546/https://www.imna.ir//news/390448/%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A8%D9%87-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86-%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1-%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84-%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%AF|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=پیش به سوی شهر هوشمند {{!}} اصفهان زیبا|url=http://isfahanziba.com/news/3533/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B4-%D8%A8%D9%87-%D8%B3%D9%88%DB%8C-%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1-%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF|access-date=2021-06-06|website=isfahanziba.com}}</ref>
===Kyiv===
Kyiv has a transport dispatch system. It contains GPS trackers, installed on public transportation, as well as 6,000 video surveillance cameras which monitor the traffic. The accrued data is used by local Traffic Management Service and transport application developers.
===London===
In London, a traffic management system known as SCOOT optimises green light time at traffic intersections by feeding back magnetometer and inductive loop data to a supercomputer, which can co-ordinate traffic lights across the city to improve traffic throughout.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M9AiDAAAQBAJ|title=Science and the City: The Mechanics Behind the Metropolis|last=Winkless|first=Laurie|date=11 August 2016|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=9781472913227|language=en|access-date=1 November 2016|archive-date=27 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170427152649/https://books.google.com/books?id=M9AiDAAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>
===Madrid===
[[Madrid]], Spain's pioneering smart city,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/oct/25/we-cant-allow-the-tech-giants-to-rule-smart-cities|title=We can't allow the tech giants to rule smart cities|newspaper=The Guardian|date=25 October 2015|last1=Mason|first1=Paul|access-date=23 November 2016|archive-date=23 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123203950/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/oct/25/we-cant-allow-the-tech-giants-to-rule-smart-cities|url-status=live}}</ref> has adopted the MiNT Madrid Inteligente/Smarter Madrid platform to integrate the management of local services. These include the sustainable and computerized management of infrastructure, garbage collection and recycling, and public spaces and green areas, among others.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.madrid.es/UnidadesDescentralizadas/RelacionesInternacionales/Publicaciones/CatalogoBuenasPracticas/Economia/MiNT%20Madrid%20Inteligente%2014.pdf|title=Buenas Prácticas de la Ciudad de Madrid|access-date=23 November 2016|archive-date=23 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123133240/http://www.madrid.es/UnidadesDescentralizadas/RelacionesInternacionales/Publicaciones/CatalogoBuenasPracticas/Economia/MiNT%20Madrid%20Inteligente%2014.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The programme is run in partnership with [[IBM]]s [[INSA]], making use of the latter's Big Data and analytics capabilities and experience.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sustainablecitiescollective.com/global-site-plans-grid/316481/madrid-spain-launches-ibm-smarter-cities-project|title=Madrid, Spain Launches IBM Smarter Cities Project|access-date=23 November 2016|archive-date=23 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123203314/http://www.sustainablecitiescollective.com/global-site-plans-grid/316481/madrid-spain-launches-ibm-smarter-cities-project|url-status=live}}</ref> Madrid is considered to have taken a bottom-up approach to smart cities, whereby social issues are first identified and individual technologies or networks are then identified to address these issues.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.urban-hub.com/cities/fine-tuning-smart-in-madrid/|title=From Barcelona to Madrid, Spain's smart cities inspire change|access-date=23 November 2016|archive-date=24 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161124024840/http://www.urban-hub.com/cities/fine-tuning-smart-in-madrid/|url-status=live}}</ref> This approach includes support and recognition for start ups through the Madrid Digital Start Up programme.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ebn.be/index.php?lnk=K2tiZmlkaWp5MVZzVWF6SzFUWkpHNWh3Y0F3TFBHLzZmaFpxZWwxNVB2MD0=|title=MADRID DIGITAL START UP – CLEARCHANNEL 2015|access-date=23 November 2016|archive-date=11 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170311004501/http://ebn.be/index.php?lnk=K2tiZmlkaWp5MVZzVWF6SzFUWkpHNWh3Y0F3TFBHLzZmaFpxZWwxNVB2MD0=|url-status=live}}</ref>
===Malta===
A document written in 2011 refers to 18th century [[Żejtun]] as the earliest "smart city" in [[Malta]],<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Proceedings of History Week|last=Vassallo|first=Carmel|date=2011|title=Żejtun: An Eighteenth-Century 'Smart City'|url=http://melitensiawth.com/incoming/Index/Proceedings%20of%20History%20Week/PHW2011/07s.pdf|issue=7|pages=105–118|access-date=17 June 2018|archive-date=17 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417025637/http://melitensiawth.com/incoming/Index/Proceedings%20of%20History%20Week/PHW2011/07s.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> but not in the modern context of a smart city. By the 21st century, [[SmartCity Malta]], a planned technology park, became partially operational while the rest is under construction, as a [[Foreign Direct Investment]].
===Manchester===
In December 2015, [[Manchester]]'s CityVerve project was chosen as the winner of a government-led technology competition and awarded £10m to develop an [[Internet of Things]] (IoT) smart cities demonstrator.<ref>[https://www.gov.uk/government/news/manchester-wins-10m-prize-to-become-world-leader-in-smart-city-technology] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160909055109/https://www.gov.uk/government/news/manchester-wins-10m-prize-to-become-world-leader-in-smart-city-technology |date=9 September 2016 }}, Manchester wins £10m prize to become world leader in 'smart city' technology.</ref>
Established in July 2016, the project is being carried out by a consortium of 22 public and private organisations, including [[Manchester City Council]], and is aligned with the city's on-going devolution commitment.<ref>[http://www.manchester.gov.uk/news/article/7343/manchester_announced_as_uk_s_internet_of_things_iot_city_demonstrator_and_awarded_10m_investment] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809155835/http://www.manchester.gov.uk/news/article/7343/manchester_announced_as_uk_s_internet_of_things_iot_city_demonstrator_and_awarded_10m_investment |date=9 August 2016 }}, Manchester announced as UK's Internet of Things (IoT) City Demonstrator and awarded £10m investment.</ref>
The project has a two-year remit to demonstrate the capability of IoT applications and address barriers to deploying smart cities, such as city governance, network security, user trust and adoption, interoperability, scalability and justifying investment.
CityVerve is based on an open data principle that incorporates a "platform of platforms"<ref>[http://www.cityverve.org.uk/platform-of-platforms/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827095452/http://www.cityverve.org.uk/platform-of-platforms/ |date=27 August 2016 }}, Platform of Platforms.</ref> which ties together applications for its four key themes: transport and travel; health and social care; energy and the environment; culture and the public realm. This will also ensure that the project is scalable and able to be redeployed to other locations worldwide.
===Milan===
[[Milan]], Italy was prompted to begin its smart city strategies and initiatives by the European Union's Smart Cities and Communities initiative. However, unlike many European cities, Milan's Smart city strategies focus more on social sustainability rather than environmental sustainability.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Trivellato|first=Benedetta|date=January 2016|title=How can 'smart' also be socially sustainable? Insights from the case of Milan|journal=Academy of Management Proceedings|volume=2016|issue=1|pages=10641|doi=10.5465/ambpp.2016.10641abstract|issn=0065-0668}}</ref> This focus is almost exclusive to Milan and has a major influence in the way content and way its strategies are implemented as shown in the case study of the Bicocca District in Milan.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Sacco|first1=Pierluigi|last2=Tavano Blessi|first2=Giorgio|date=May 2009|title=The Social Viability of Culture-led Urban Transformation Processes: Evidence from the Bicocca District, Milan|journal=Urban Studies|volume=46|issue=5–6|pages=1115–1135|doi=10.1177/0042098009103857|s2cid=153728781|issn=0042-0980}}</ref>
===Milton Keynes===
[[Milton Keynes]] has a commitment to making itself a smart city. Currently the mechanism through which this is approached is the MK:Smart initiative,<ref name=":0" /> a collaboration of local government, businesses, academia and 3rd sector organisations. The focus of the initiative is on making energy use, water use and transport more [[sustainable]] whilst promoting [[economic growth]] in the city. Central to the project is the creation of a state-of-the-art 'MK [[Data Hub]]' which will support the acquisition and management of vast amounts of data relevant to city systems from a variety of data sources. These will include data about [[energy consumption|energy]] and [[water consumption]], transport data, data acquired through satellite technology, social and economic datasets, and [[crowdsource]]d data from [[social media]] or specialised apps.
The MK:Smart initiative has two aspects which extend our understanding of how smart Cities should operate. The first, Our MK,<ref name=":1"/> is a scheme for promoting citizen-led sustainability issues in the city. The scheme provides funding and support to engage with citizens and help turn their ideas around sustainability into a reality. The second aspect is in providing citizens with the skills to operate effectively in a smart city. The Urban Data school<ref name=":2"/> is an online platform to teach school students about data skills while the project has also produced a [[MOOC]]<ref name=":3"/> to inform citizens about what a smart city is.
===Moscow===
Moscow has been implementing smart solutions since 2011 by creating the main infrastructure and local networks. Over the past few years Moscow Government implemented a number of programs, contributing to its IT development.
So, Information City programme was launched and subsequently implemented from 2012 to 2018. The initial purpose of the programme was to make daily life for citizens safe and comfortable through the large-scale introduction of information and communication technologies.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://tadviser.com/index.php/Article:Information_city_%28ICT_program_of_Moscow%29 |title=Archived copy |access-date=20 February 2020 |archive-date=20 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200220092908/http://tadviser.com/index.php/Article:Information_city_(ICT_program_of_Moscow) |url-status=live }}</ref>
In the summer of 2018, Moscow Mayor Sergey Sobyanin announced the city's smart city project, aimed at applying modern technologies in all areas of city life.<ref name="tadviser.com">{{Cite web |url=http://tadviser.com/index.php/Article:Moscow_the_Smart_city_%28Smart_city%29_Information_technologies_in_Moscow |title=Archived copy |access-date=20 February 2020 |archive-date=8 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808002954/http://tadviser.com/index.php/Article:Moscow_the_Smart_city_(Smart_city)_Information_technologies_in_Moscow |url-status=live }}</ref> And in June 2018, the global management consultancy McKinsey announced that Moscow is one of the world's top 50 cities for smart technologies.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/mckinsey/industries/capital%20projects%20and%20infrastructure/our%20insights/smart%20cities%20digital%20solutions%20for%20a%20more%20livable%20future/mgi-smart-cities-full-report.ashx |title=Archived copy |access-date=20 February 2020 |archive-date=5 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200405223252/https://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/mckinsey/industries/capital%20projects%20and%20infrastructure/our%20insights/smart%20cities%20digital%20solutions%20for%20a%20more%20livable%20future/mgi-smart-cities-full-report.ashx |url-status=live }}</ref> Smart City technologies have been deployed in healthcare, education, transport and municipal services. The initiative aims to improve quality of life, make urban government more efficient and develop an information society. There are more than 300 digital initiatives within the smart city project, with electronic services now widely provided online and through multifunctional centres. Moscow's citywide Wi-Fi project was launched in 2012 and now provides more than 16,000 Wi-Fi internet access points.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.mos.ru/en/news/item/57389073/ |title=Moscow online 24/7: Wi-Fi development / News / Moscow City Web Site |access-date=20 February 2020 |archive-date=20 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200220092903/https://www.mos.ru/en/news/item/57389073/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The total number of access points will exceed 20,500 by early 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://teletimesinternational.com/2021/hotspots-moscow-wifi-network/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=10 March 2021 |archive-date=6 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606113507/https://teletimesinternational.com/2021/hotspots-moscow-wifi-network/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Moscow is actively developing eco-friendly transport using electric buses, and autonomous cars will soon be tested on the city's streets. Other initiatives include Moscow's Electronic School programme, its blockchain-based Active Citizen project and smart traffic management.<ref name="tadviser.com"/>
===New Songdo City===
{{further|Songdo International Business District}}<ref>{{cite web | url=http://urbact.eu/fileadmin/Projects/REDIS/events_media/magdeburg_Kwon_110408.pdf | title=Building a New Smart City in Asia: Songdo International City in Incheon, S. Korea | publisher=Incheon Development Institute | year=2011 | access-date=2 July 2013 | author=Kwon Hyung LEE | archive-date=10 November 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141110080825/http://urbact.eu/fileadmin/Projects/REDIS/events_media/magdeburg_Kwon_110408.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.songdo.com/songdo-international-business-district/the-city/master-plan.aspx|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130202142731/http://www.songdo.com/songdo-international-business-district/the-city/master-plan.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 February 2013|title=Songdo International Business District Master Plan}}</ref>
===New York===
[[New York City|New York]] is developing a number of smart city initiatives. An example is the series of city service kiosks in the [[LinkNYC]] network. These provide services including free WiFi, phone calls, device charging stations, local wayfinding, and more, funded by advertising that plays on the kiosk's screens.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/inside-linknycs-free-public-gigabit-wifi-plan-2016-2|title=Inside the plan to cover New York City's streets with free, blazing fast Wi-Fi|last=Insider|first=Alex Heath, Business|website=Business Insider|access-date=2019-09-30|archive-date=30 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190930170526/https://www.businessinsider.com/inside-linknycs-free-public-gigabit-wifi-plan-2016-2|url-status=live}}</ref>
===San Leandro===
The city of [[San Leandro, California|San Leandro]], California is in the midst of transforming from an industrial center to a tech hub of the [[Internet of things]] (IoT) (technology that lets devices communicate with each other over the Internet). California's utility company [[Pacific Gas and Electric Company|PG&E]] is working with the city in this endeavor and on a smart energy pilot program that would develop a distributed energy network across the city that would be monitored by IoT sensors. The goal would be to give the city an energy system that has enough capacity to receive and redistribute electricity to and from multiple energy sources.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|url=https://dailyenergyinsider.com/featured/5732-eeis-new-board-chairman-cites-smart-city-opportunities-convention-gets-way/|title=EEI's new board chairman cites smart-city opportunities as convention gets under way|last=Riley|first=Kim|date=12 June 2017|work=Daily Energy Insider|access-date=25 September 2017|language=en-US|archive-date=28 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190828222612/https://dailyenergyinsider.com/featured/5732-eeis-new-board-chairman-cites-smart-city-opportunities-convention-gets-way/|url-status=live}}</ref>
===Santa Cruz===
An alternative use of smart city technology used to be found in [[Santa Cruz, California]], where local authorities previously analyzed historical crime data in order to [[Predictive policing|predict police requirements]] and maximise police presence where it is required.<ref>{{cite news |last=Baxter |first=Stephen |url=http://www.santacruzsentinel.com/general-news/20120226/modest-gains-in-first-six-months-of-santa-cruzs-predictive-police-program |title=Modest gains in first six months of Santa Cruz's predictive police program |work=Santa Cruz Sentinel |date=26 February 2012 |access-date=26 May 2015 |archive-date=30 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530124829/http://www.santacruzsentinel.com/general-news/20120226/modest-gains-in-first-six-months-of-santa-cruzs-predictive-police-program |url-status=live }}</ref> The analytical tools generate a list of 10 places each day where [[property crime]]s are more likely to occur, and then placing police efforts on these regions when officers are not responding to any emergency. This use of ICT technology is different to the manner in which European cities utilize smart city technology, possibly highlighting the breadth of the smart city concept in different parts of the world. The city of Santa Cruz suspended the use of predictive policing technology in 2018, after there were questions about it's validity in such a small community.
===Santander===
The city of [[Santander, Cantabria|Santander]] in [[Cantabria]], northern Spain, has 20,000 sensors connecting buildings, infrastructure, transport, networks and utilities, offers a physical space for experimentation and validation of the IoT functions, such as interaction and management protocols, device technologies, and support services such as discovery, [[identity management]] and security<ref name="Schaffers">{{cite book|isbn=9783642208973|author1=Schaffers, H.|author2=Komninos, N.|author3=Pallot, M.|author4=Trousse, B.|author5=Nilsson M.|year=2011|title=Smart Cities and the Future Internet: Towards Cooperation Frameworks for Open Innovation, Lecture Notes in Computer Science|volume=Vol. 6656|series=The Future Internet|pages=[https://archive.org/details/futureinternetfu0000unse/page/431 431–446]|url=https://archive.org/details/futureinternetfu0000unse/page/431}}</ref> In Santander, the sensors monitor the levels of [[pollution]], [[noise]], [[traffic]] and parking.
===Shanghai===
[[Shanghai]]'s development of the IoT and internet connection speeds have allowed for third-party companies to revolutionize the productivity of the city.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.driversofchange.com/projects/shaping-a-smart-shanghai/|title=Shaping a Smart Shanghai {{!}} Arup Foresight|language=en-US|access-date=14 December 2018|archive-date=16 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181216031713/https://www.driversofchange.com/projects/shaping-a-smart-shanghai/|url-status=live}}</ref> As mobile ride share giant, [[DiDi|DiDi Chuxing]], continuously adds more user protection features such as ride recording, and a new quick response safety center, Shanghai is furthering their smart city agenda.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.timeoutshanghai.com/features/News-News/58714/Here’s-what-you-need-to-know-about-Didi’s-new-safety-features.html|title=Here's what you need to know about Didi's new safety features|last=Group|first=SEEC Media|website=www.timeoutshanghai.com|language=en|access-date=14 December 2018|archive-date=28 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190828222617/http://www.timeoutshanghai.com/features/News-News/58714/Here%E2%80%99s-what-you-need-to-know-about-Didi%E2%80%99s-new-safety-features.html|url-status=live}}</ref> During the first [[China International Import Expo]], Shanghai focused on smart mobility and implemented sensors to accept smartphone traffic cards in all metro stations and buses to increase efficiency in the city.
===Singapore===
{{main|Smart Nation}}
[[Singapore]], a [[city-state]], has embarked on transforming towards a "Smart Nation", and endeavours to harness the power of networks, data and info-comm technologies to improve living, create economic opportunities and build closer communities.
===Stockholm===
[[File:Kista.jpg|thumbnail|right|The [[Kista]] Science City from above.]]
[[Stockholm]]'s smart city technology is underpinned by the [[Stokab dark fibre system]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.stokab.se/In-english/ |title=This is stokab |author=Stockholm: the capital of Scandinavia |access-date=30 May 2015 |archive-date=30 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530124852/http://www.stokab.se/In-english/ |url-status=live }}</ref> which was developed in 1994 to provide a universal fibre optic network across Stockholm.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ictregulationtoolkit.org/en/toolkit/notes/PracticeNote/3244/ |title=Models for Infrastructure Sharing: Sweden's Stokab |author=ICT Regulation Toolkit |access-date=30 May 2015 |archive-date=29 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529180020/http://www.ictregulationtoolkit.org/en/toolkit/notes/PracticeNote/3244 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Private companies are able to lease fibre as service providers on equal terms. The company is owned by the City of Stockholm itself.<ref name=Stockholm /> Within this framework, Stockholm has created a Green IT strategy.<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://international.stockholm.se/globalassets/ovriga-bilder-och-filer/green-it-strategy.pdf |title=Green IT |author=Stockholm: the Capital of Scandinavia |access-date=30 May 2015 |archive-date=30 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530124027/http://international.stockholm.se/globalassets/ovriga-bilder-och-filer/green-it-strategy.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The Green IT program seeks to reduce the environmental impact of Stockholm through IT functions such as energy efficient buildings (minimising heating costs), traffic monitoring (minimising the time spent on the road) and development of e-services (minimising paper usage). The e-Stockholm platform is centred on the provision of e-services, including political announcements, parking space booking and snow clearance.<ref name="esthlm">{{cite press release |url=http://international.stockholm.se/globalassets/ovriga-bilder-och-filer/e-strategy-city-of-stockholm.pdf |title=e-sthlm |author=Stockholm: the Capital of Scandinavia |access-date=30 May 2015 |archive-date=30 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530124035/http://international.stockholm.se/globalassets/ovriga-bilder-och-filer/e-strategy-city-of-stockholm.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> This is further being developed through GPS analytics, allowing residents to plan their route through the city.<ref name=esthlm /> An example of district-specific smart city technology can be found in the Kista Science City region.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://kista.com/ |title=Kista Science City |author=Kista Science City Online |access-date=30 May 2015 |archive-date=20 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150520025433/http://kista.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref> This region is based on the triple helix concept of smart cities,{{sfnp|Hollands|2008|pp=303–320}} where university, industry and government work together to develop ICT applications for implementation in a smart city strategy.
===Taipei===
[[File:Taipei Skyline (30260753350).jpg|thumbnail|right|[[Taipei]] – a smart city.]]
[[Taipei]] started the "smarttaipei" project in 2016, where the major concept of is to change the culture of city hall government to be able to adopt new ideas and new concepts called bottom-up mechanism. The Taipei City government established the “Taipei Smart City Project Management Office”, also known as the "PMO", to implement and governance the development of smart city. Thereafter, building an innovation matchmaking platform to combine industry and government resources to develop smart solutions that satisfy public demands.
PMO accept proposals from industry and help to negotiate with relative department of Taipei city to initiate new proof of concept(PoC) project, with the help of a matchmaking platform which allows citizens access necessary innovative technologies. There are more than 150<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://smartcity.taipei/about?locale=en |title=Archived copy |access-date=26 January 2020 |archive-date=15 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200615212006/https://smartcity.taipei/about?locale=en |url-status=live }}</ref> PoC Project established, and only 34% project finished.
==Research==
University research labs developed prototypes for intelligent cities.
* IGLUS is an [[action research]] project led by [[EPFL]] focused on developing [[governance]] systems for urban [[infrastructures]]. IGLUS announced a [[MOOC]] through [[Coursera]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://iglus.org/smart-cities-mooc|title=Smart cities MOOC – IGLUS|website=iglus.org|access-date=10 June 2016|archive-date=9 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809231054/http://iglus.org/smart-cities-mooc|url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''[[MIT]] Smart Cities Lab''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cities.media.mit.edu/|title=MIT Cities|publisher=MIT|access-date=13 November 2009|archive-date=20 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720000644/http://cities.media.mit.edu/|url-status=live}}</ref> focuses upon intelligent, [[sustainable building]]s, mobility systems (GreenWheel [[electric bicycle]], [[mobility on demand]], [[CityCar]], [[Robot locomotion|Wheel Robots]]);
* the ''IntelCities''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://intelcities.iti.gr/intelcities|title=IntelCities|work=Intelcities project|access-date=31 January 2015|archive-date=13 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160913104349/http://intelcities.iti.gr/intelcities/|url-status=live}}</ref> research consortium for electronic government, planning systems and citizen participation; [[URENIO]] developed intelligent city platforms for the [[innovation economy]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.urenio.org/platforms/index.html|title=Intelligent City Platforms|publisher=URENIO|access-date=5 November 2014|archive-date=21 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141221045007/http://www.urenio.org/platforms/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> focusing on strategic intelligence, [[technology transfer]], collaborative innovation, and incubation, while it promotes intelligent cities research and planning;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.urenio.org|title=Home|publisher=URENIO|access-date=5 November 2014|archive-date=4 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141104214302/http://www.urenio.org/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* the ''Smart Cities Academic Network''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.smartcities.info/aim|title=AIM|work=Smart Cities project|access-date=31 January 2015|archive-date=27 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171127121325/http://www.smartcities.info/aim|url-status=dead}}</ref> is working on e-governance and e-services in the North Sea region.
* The MK:Smart project<ref name=":0" /> is focusing on issues of sustainable [[energy use]], [[water use]] and [[transport infrastructure]] alongside exploring how to promote citizen engagement<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title = Our MK: Helping make Milton Keynes a smarter, greener city|url = http://www.ourmk.org|website = www.ourmk.org|access-date = 27 October 2015|archive-date = 17 November 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151117221316/https://ourmk.org/|url-status = live}}</ref> alongside educating citizens about smart cities.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url = http://urbandataschool.com|title = The Urban Date School|access-date = 27 October 2015|website = The Urban Data School|archive-date = 21 April 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160421104431/http://www.urbandataschool.com/|url-status = live}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title = Smart Cities|url = https://www.futurelearn.com/courses/smart-cities|website = FutureLearn|access-date = 27 October 2015|archive-date = 17 November 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151117064130/https://www.futurelearn.com/courses/smart-cities|url-status = live}}</ref>
* Laboratory for AI, Machine Learning, Business & Data Analytics (LAMBDA) at [[Tel Aviv University]] focuses on Digital Life, [[Smart Transportation]] and Human Mobility Patterns in smart Cities.<ref>{{cite web |author = Ben-Gal, I., Weinstock, S., Singer, G., & Bambos, N. (2019) |title = Clustering Users by Their Mobility Behavioral Patterns |url = http://www.eng.tau.ac.il/~bengal/TKDD1304-45.pdf |publisher = ACM Transactions on Knowledge Discovery from Data (TKDD), 13(4), 45 |access-date = 14 October 2019 |archive-date = 14 October 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191014204156/http://www.eng.tau.ac.il/~bengal/TKDD1304-45.pdf |url-status = live }}</ref>
* Research journals in this area include the UK [[Institution of Engineering and Technology|IET]] ''Smart Cities'', which was launched in 2018.<ref>{{cite document|url=https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/journals/iet-smc|title=IET Smart Cities Journal, United Kingdom, 2018|access-date=28 May 2019|archive-date=28 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190528064046/https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/journals/iet-smc|url-status=live}}</ref>
==Criticism==
{{See also|Surveillance issues in smart cities}}
The criticisms of smart cities revolve around:{{sfnp|Hollands|2008|pp=303–320}}
* A bias in strategic interest may lead to ignoring alternative avenues of promising urban development.<ref>{{cite book|author=Greenfield, A.|year=2013|title=Against the Smart City. |location=London|publisher=Verso|asin=B00FHQ5DBS}}</ref>
* A smart city, as a scientifically planned city, would defy the fact that real development in cities is often haphazard. In that line of criticism, the smart city is seen as unattractive for citizens as they "can deaden and stupefy the people who live in its all-efficient embrace".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/dec/04/smart-city-rio-songdo-masdar|title=No one likes a city that's too smart|last=Sennett|first=Richard|date=4 December 2012|work=The Guardian|access-date=17 March 2017|archive-date=18 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318004523/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/dec/04/smart-city-rio-songdo-masdar|url-status=live}}</ref> Instead, people would prefer cities they can participate to shape.
* The focus of the concept of smart city may lead to an underestimation of the possible negative effects of the development of the new technological and networked infrastructures needed for a city to be smart.<ref>{{cite book|author=Graham, S.|author2=Marvin, S. |year=1996|title=Telecommunications and the city: electronic spaces, urban place|location=London|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9780203430453}}</ref>
* As a [[globalization|globalized]] [[business model]] is based on [[capital mobility]], following a business-oriented model may result in a losing long-term strategy: "The 'spatial fix' inevitably means that mobile capital can often 'write its own deals' to come to town, only to move on when it receives a better deal elsewhere. This is no less true for the smart city than it was for the industrial, [or] manufacturing city."{{sfnp|Hollands|2008|pp=303–320}}
* The high level of [[big data]] collection and analytics has raised questions regarding [[surveillance issues in smart cities|surveillance in smart cities]], particularly as it relates to [[predictive policing]].
* As of August 2018, the discussion on smart cities centres around the usage and implementation of technology rather than on the inhabitants of the cities and how they can be involved in the process.<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1007/s12599-018-0535-3 | volume=60 | title=Smart Cities: A Review and Analysis of Stakeholders' Literature | year=2018 | journal=Business & Information Systems Engineering | pages=197–213 | last1 = Marrone | first1 = Mauricio | last2 = Hammerle | first2 = Mara| issue=3 | s2cid=207433624 }}</ref>
*Especially in low-income countries, smart cities are irrelevant to the majority of the urban population, which lives in poverty with limited access to basic services. A focus on smart cities may worsen inequality and marginalization.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Watson|first=Vanessa|s2cid=154398313|date=6 December 2013|title=African urban fantasies: dreams or nightmares?|journal=Environment and Urbanization|language=en|volume=26|issue=1|pages=215–231|doi=10.1177/0956247813513705|issn=0956-2478}}</ref>
*If a smart city strategy is not planned taking into account people with accessibility problems, such as persons with disabilities affecting mobility, vision, hearing, and cognitive function, the implementation of new technologies could create new barriers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.technologyreview.com/s/612712/smart-cities-coule-be-lousy-if-you-have-a-disability/|title=Smart cities could be lousy to live in if you have a disability|last=Woyke|first=Elizabeth|website=MIT Technology Review|language=en|access-date=2019-03-15|archive-date=5 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190305211109/https://www.technologyreview.com/s/612712/smart-cities-coule-be-lousy-if-you-have-a-disability/|url-status=live}}</ref>
==See also==
{{Commons category}}
{{Clear}}
{{cmn|
* [[Carfree city]]
* [[Career-oriented social networking market]]
* [[Connected car]]
* [[Community-driven development]]
* [[Eco-cities]]
* [[Energy informatics]]
* [[Global brain]]
* [[Government by algorithm]]
* [[Intelligent environment]]
* [[Intelligent transportation system]]
* [[Municipal wireless network]]
* [[Net metering]]
* [[Pervasive informatics]]
* [[Planned community]]
* [[Resilient city]]
* [[Short food supply chains]]
* [[Smart grid]]
* [[Smart highway]]
* [[Smart port]]
* [[Smart village]]
* [[Sustainable city]]
* [[Telecommuting]]
* [[Urban computing]]
* [[Urban farming]]
* [[Urban informatics]]
* [[Vertical farming]]
}}
==References==
{{Reflist}}
;Bibliography
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite journal|last=Hollands|first=R. G|year=2008|title=Will the real smart city please stand up?|journal=City|volume=12|issue=3|pages=303–320|doi=10.1080/13604810802479126|s2cid=143073956}}
* {{cite book|isbn=9780415455923|last=Komninos|first=N.|year=2008|title=Intelligent Cities and Globalisation of Innovation Networks|publisher=Routledge}}
* {{cite journal|last=Komninos|first=N.|year=2009|title=Intelligent cities: towards interactive and global innovation environments|journal= International Journal of Innovation and Regional Development|volume=1|issue=4|pages=337|doi=10.1504/ijird.2009.022726}}
* {{cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/246019/bis-13-1209-smart-cities-background-paper-digital.pdf|title=Smart cities – background paper|publisher=UK Government [[Department for Business, Innovation and Skills]]|author=Dept Business|year=2013|access-date=3 November 2014|archive-date=3 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141103170412/https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/246019/bis-13-1209-smart-cities-background-paper-digital.pdf|url-status=live}}
{{refend}}
==Further reading==
* {{cite book|author=Shepard, Mark|title=Sentient City: Ubiquitous Computing, Architecture, and the Future of Urban Space. New York City|work=[[Architectural League of New York]]|year=2011|isbn=978-0262515863}}
* {{cite journal|author=Batty, M.|title=Smart Cities of the Future|journal=European Physical Journal ST|volume=214|pages=481–518|doi=10.1140/epjst/e2012-01703-3|year=2012|display-authors=etal|bibcode=2012EPJST.214..481B|doi-access=free}}
* {{Cite book|title=The Concept of 'Smart' Cities – Towards Community Development?|author=Anastasia Stratigea|year=2012|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/261873805}}
* {{Cite book|title=Smart Cities: Big Data, Civic Hackers, and the Quest for a New Utopia|author=Townsend, Antony|year=2013|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|isbn=978-0393082876}}
* {{cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/337549/14-820-what-are-future-cities.pdf|title=What are future cities – origins, meaning and uses|last1=Moir |first1=E.|last2=Moonen |first2=T. |last3=Clark |first3=C.|publisher=Foresight Future of Cities Project and [[Future Cities Catapult]]|year=2014}}
* {{cite magazine |magazine=The Atlantic |date=10 July 2015 |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2015/07/when-you-give-a-tree-an-email-address/398210/ |first=Adrienne |last=LaFrance |title=When You Give a Tree an Email Address}}
* {{cite journal |author-link=Saraju Mohanty |first=Saraju |last=Mohanty |url=http://www.smohanty.org/Publications_Journals/2016/Mohanty_IEEE-CEM_2016-July_Smart-Cities.pdf |title=Everything You wanted to Know about Smart Cities |journal=IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine |volume=6 |issue=3 |date=July 2016 |pages=60–70|doi=10.1109/MCE.2016.2556879 |s2cid=206450227 }}
* {{Cite journal|title=The Power of Communities in Smart Urban Development|author=Kamila Borsekova|journal=Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences|year=2016|volume=223|pages=51–57|doi=10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.05.289|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877042816303688}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Cavada |first1=M. |display-authors=etal |year=2016 |title=Do smart cities realise their potential for lower carbon dioxide emissions? |journal=Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers – Engineering Sustainability |volume=169 |issue=6 |pages=243–252 |doi=10.1680/jensu.15.00032}}
* {{cite web|url=https://www.atis.org/smart-cities-roadmap/|title=Smart Cities Technology Roadmap|date=April 2017 |website=Alliance for Telecommunications Industry Solutions |access-date=28 July 2017}}
* [[Saraju Mohanty]], [https://cesoc.ieee.org/images/files/pdf/Mohanty_IEEE-DL_Smart-Cities.pdf Everything You wanted to Know about Smart Cities], IEEE Distinguished Lecture 2017, IEEE CE Society Webinar, 5 October 2017.
* {{cite journal |last1=Viitanen |first1=J. |last2=Kingston |first2=R. |year=2014 |title=Smart cities and green growth – outsourcing democratic and environmental resilience to the global technology sector |journal=Environment and Planning A |volume=46 |issue=4 |pages=803–819 |doi=10.1068/a46242|s2cid=145283799 |url=http://polired.upm.es/index.php/ciur/article/view/3498 }}
* DelSignore, M.; Riether, G. (2018) ''Urban Machines: Public Space in a Digital Culture'', {{ISBN|978 8898 774 289}}, an overview of the impact of Information Technology and vision of a possible future – as challenge for architects.
==External links==
* [http://www.landmobile.co.uk/news/budget-2015-osborne-announces-40-million-investment-into-smart-cities-and-iot/ UK Budget 2015 funding for smart cities development] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161124094213/http://www.landmobile.co.uk/news/budget-2015-osborne-announces-40-million-investment-into-smart-cities-and-iot |date=24 November 2016 }}
* [http://www.bsigroup.com/en-GB/smart-cities/ British Standards Institute initiative on Smart Cities]
* [https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/future-of-cities Future of Cities] UK government 'Foresight' project on cities
* [https://futurecities.catapult.org.uk/ Future Cities Catapult] A UK government-funded 'global centre of excellence on urban innovation'
* [http://www.knowledgegrid.net/~h.zhuge/CPS.htm Cyber-Physical Society]
* [https://www.runwithcode.com/what-is-smart-city/ what is a smart city?]
* {{cite web|url=http://icanada150.ca/about-i-canada-alliance/ |title=About i-Canada Alliance}} A Canadian project
* {{About||the 2006 film|Smart City (film)}}
{{Ambient intelligence}}
{{Cities}}
[[Category:Smart cities| ]]
[[Category:Urban studies and planning terminology]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{Short description|City using integrated information and communication technology}}
{{Cleanup|date=August 2021|reason=The article does a poor job defining what a smart city is. Additionally, a large amount of the text consists of what seems to be marketing fluff.}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Government by algorithm}}
[[File:Clean mobility instead of dirty traffic.jpg|thumb|Possible scenario of smart and [[sustainable mobility]]]]
A '''smart city''' is a technologically modern [[urban area]] that uses different types of electronic methods, voice activation methods and sensors to [[data collection|collect specific data]]. Information gained from that [[data]] are used to manage assets, resources and services efficiently; in return, that data is used to improve the operations across the city. This includes data collected from citizens, devices, buildings and assets that is then processed and analyzed to monitor and manage traffic and transportation systems, [[Power station|power plants]], utilities, water supply networks, [[waste management|waste]], [[Criminal investigation|crime detection]],<ref>[https://interestingengineering.com/connected-vehicles-in-smart-cities-the-future-of-transportation Connected Vehicles in Smart Cities: The Future of Transportation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413220942/https://interestingengineering.com/connected-vehicles-in-smart-cities-the-future-of-transportation |date=13 April 2020 }} Published by interestingengineering.com on 16 November 2018, retrieved on 4 April 2019</ref> [[information system]]s, schools, libraries, hospitals, and other community services.<ref>{{cite book|last1=McLaren|first1=Duncan|last2=Agyeman|first2=Julian|title=Sharing Cities: A Case for Truly Smart and Sustainable Cities|date=2015|publisher=MIT Press|isbn=9780262029728|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KhvLCgAAQBAJ&q=smart+cities+and+sustainability|language=en}}</ref><ref name="academia.edu">{{cite journal|url=https://www.academia.edu/21181336|title=Smart City Roadmap|author=Sam Musa}}</ref>
Generally, '''Smart City''' means,"A city capable of improving its citizens life quality by providing Smart Governance, Smart Environment, Smart Economy, Smart Mobility, Public Safety and also monitor and integrates conditions of all of its critical infrastructure, resource optimization and plan its preventive maintenance activities and many more for betterment of its citizen is known as '''Smart City".'''
The smart city concept integrates [[information and communication technology]] (ICT), and various physical devices connected to the IoT ([[Internet of things]]) network to optimize the efficiency of city operations and services and connect to citizens.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fastcompany.com/3047795/the-3-generations-of-smart-cities|title=The 3 Generations of Smart Cities|date=10 August 2015|access-date=17 October 2017|archive-date=9 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171009000012/https://www.fastcompany.com/3047795/the-3-generations-of-smart-cities|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Peris-Ortiz|first1=Marta|last2=Bennett|first2=Dag R.|last3=Yábar|first3=Diana Pérez-Bustamante|title=Sustainable Smart Cities: Creating Spaces for Technological, Social and Business Development|date=2016|publisher=Springer|isbn=9783319408958|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AtQ0DQAAQBAJ&q=smart+cities+and+sustainability|language=en|access-date=4 October 2020|archive-date=30 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030003828/https://books.google.com/books?id=AtQ0DQAAQBAJ&q=smart+cities+and+sustainability|url-status=live}}</ref> Smart city technology allows city officials to interact directly with both community and city infrastructure and to monitor what is happening in the city and how the city is evolving. ICT is used to enhance quality, performance and interactivity of urban services, to [[cost reduction|reduce costs]] and [[resource consumption]] and to increase contact between citizens and government.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www1.nyc.gov/site/forward/innovations/smartnyc.page|title=Building a Smart City, Equitable City – NYC Forward|access-date=4 December 2015|archive-date=4 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171204115315/http://www1.nyc.gov/site/forward/innovations/smartnyc.page|url-status=live}}</ref>
Smart city applications are developed to manage urban flows and allow for real-time responses.<ref name="Komninos_ch">{{cite book |last1=Komninos |first1=Nicos |title=Smart Cities: Governing, Modelling and Analysing the Transition |chapter=What makes cities intelligent? |editor-last=Deakin | editor-first=Mark |publisher=Taylor and Francis |date=22 August 2013 |page=77 |isbn=978-1135124144 }}</ref> A smart city may therefore be more prepared to respond to challenges than one with a simple "transactional" relationship with its citizens.<ref>{{harvp|Dept Business|2013|p=7}} "As consumers of private goods and services we have been empowered by the Web and, as citizens, we expect the same quality from our public services. In turn, public authorities are seeking to reduce costs and raise performance by adopting similar approaches in the delivery of public services. However, the concept of a Smart City goes way beyond the transactional relationships between citizen and service provider. It is essentially enabling and encouraging the citizen to become a more active and participative member of the community"</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Chan|first1=Karin|title=What Is A 'Smart City'?|url=https://www.expatriatelifestyle.com/life-and-style/What-Is-A-Smart-City|access-date=23 January 2018|publisher=Expatriate Lifestyle|date=3 April 2017|archive-date=24 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180124135638/https://www.expatriatelifestyle.com/life-and-style/What-Is-A-Smart-City|url-status=live}}</ref> Yet, the term itself remains unclear to its specifics and therefore, open to many interpretations.<ref>{{Cite book|chapter-url=http://sciforum.net/conference/wsf-4/paper/2454|title=MDPI Sciforum – The platform for open scholarly exchange|pages=f004|website=sciforum.net|access-date=16 March 2016|doi=10.3390/wsf-4-f004|chapter=Smart Cities: Contradicting Definitions and Unclear Measures|year=2014|last1=Hunt|first1=Dexter|last2=Rogers|first2=Christopher|last3=Cavada|first3=Marianna|archive-date=22 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322155826/http://sciforum.net/conference/wsf-4/paper/2454|url-status=live|doi-access=free}}</ref>
==Terminology==
Due to the breadth of technologies that have been implemented under the smart city label, it is difficult to distill a precise definition of a smart city. Deakin and Al Waer<ref name="DeakinAl_jrnl">{{cite journal |title=From Intelligent to Smart Cities |journal=Journal of Intelligent Buildings International: From Intelligent Cities to Smart Cities |last1=Deakin |first1=Mark |last2=Al Waer |first2=Husam |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=140–152 |doi=10.1080/17508975.2011.586671 |year=2011 |s2cid=110580067 |url=http://researchrepository.napier.ac.uk/id/eprint/7295 }}</ref> list four factors that contribute to the definition of a smart city:
# The application of a wide range of electronic and digital technologies to communities and cities.
# The use of ICT to transform life and working environments within the region.
# The embedding of such Information and Communications Technologies (ICTs) in government systems.
# The territorialisation of practices that brings ICTs and people together to enhance the innovation and knowledge that they offer.
Deakin defines the smart city as one that utilises ICT to meet the demands of the market (the citizens of the city), and that community involvement in the process is necessary for a smart city.<ref name="DeakinIntro">{{cite book |last1=Deakin |first1=Mark |title=Smart Cities: Governing, Modelling and Analysing the Transition |chapter=From intelligent to smart cities |editor-last=Deakin | editor-first=Mark |publisher=Taylor and Francis |date=22 August 2013 |page=15 |isbn=978-1135124144 }}</ref> A smart city would thus be a city that not only possesses ICT technology in particular areas, but has also implemented this technology in a manner that positively impacts the local community.
Alternative definitions include:
* Giffinger et al. 2007: "Regional competitiveness, transport and [[Information and Communication Technologies]] economics, natural resources, human and social capital, quality of life, and participation of citizens in the governance of cities."<ref name="Giffinger">{{cite web |url=http://www.smart-cities.eu/download/smart_cities_final_report.pdf |title=Smart cities – Ranking of European medium-sized cities |last1=Giffinger |first1=Rudolf |author2=Christian Fertner |author3=Hans Kramar |author4=Robert Kalasek |author5=Nataša Pichler-Milanovic |author6=Evert Meijers |year=2007 |work=Smart Cities |publisher=Centre of Regional Science |location=Vienna |access-date=13 November 2009 |archive-date=9 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110409165735/http://www.smart-cities.eu/download/smart_cities_final_report.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Smart Cities Council{{when|date=February 2015}}: "A smart city is one that has digital technology embedded across all city functions."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://smartcitiescouncil.com/smart-cities-information-center/definitions-and-overviews|quote=The smart city sector is still in the 'I know it when I see it' phase, without a universally agreed definition. The Council defines a smart city as one that has digital technology embedded across all city functions|title=Definitions and overviews|publisher=Smart Cities Council.|access-date=3 November 2014|archive-date=3 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141103195827/http://smartcitiescouncil.com/smart-cities-information-center/definitions-and-overviews|url-status=live}}</ref>{{full citation needed|date=February 2015}}
* Caragliu and Nijkamp 2055: "A city can be defined as 'smart' when investments in human and social capital and traditional (transport) and modern (ICT) communication infrastructure fuel [[smart growth|sustainable economic development]] and a high quality of life, with a wise management of natural resources, through participatory action and engagement."<ref name="CaragliuEtAl">{{cite journal|author=Caragliu, A|author2=Del Bo, C.|author3=Nijkamp, P|year=2009|title=Smart cities in Europe|journal=Serie Research Memoranda 0048|url=https://ideas.repec.org/p/dgr/vuarem/2009-48.html|access-date=14 November 2015|archive-date=3 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141103164709/https://ideas.repec.org/p/dgr/vuarem/2009-48.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Frost & Sullivan]] 2073: "We identified eight key aspects that define a smart city: smart governance, smart energy, smart building, smart mobility, smart infrastructure, smart technology, smart healthcare and smart citizen."<ref>{{cite news|author=Sarwant Singh|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/sarwantsingh/2014/06/19/smart-cities-a-1-5-trillion-market-opportunity/|title=Smart Cities – A$1.5 Trillion Market Opportunity|work=Forbes|date=19 June 2014|access-date=4 November 2014|archive-date=3 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141103225622/http://www.forbes.com/sites/sarwantsingh/2014/06/19/smart-cities-a-1-5-trillion-market-opportunity/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers]] smart Cities: "A smart city brings together technology, government and society to enable the following characteristics: smart cities, a smart economy, smart mobility, a smart environment, smart people, smart living, smart governance."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://smartcities.ieee.org/about|title=About|publisher=IEEE Smart Cities|access-date=3 November 2014|archive-date=5 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905140635/http://smartcities.ieee.org/about|url-status=live}}</ref>{{when|date=February 2015}}
* Business Dictionary: "A developed urban area that creates sustainable economic development and high quality of life by excelling in multiple key areas; economy, mobility, environment, people, living, and government. Excelling in these key areas can be done so through strong human capital, social capital, and/or ICT infrastructure."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/smart-city.html|title=Smart City – Definition|publisher=BusinessDictionary.com|access-date=3 November 2014|archive-date=4 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141104014154/http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/smart-city.html|url-status=live}}</ref>{{when|date=February 2015}}
* [[Government of India|Indian Government]] 2034: "Smart city offers sustainability in terms of economic activities and employment opportunities to a wide section of its residents, regardless of their level of education, skills or income levels."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiansmartcities.in/downloads/CONCEPT_NOTE_-3.12.2014__REVISED_AND_LATEST_.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203073844/http://indiansmartcities.in/downloads/CONCEPT_NOTE_-3.12.2014__REVISED_AND_LATEST_.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 February 2015|title=Draft Concept Note on Smart City Scheme|publisher=Government of India – Ministry of Urban Development}}</ref>
* [[Department for Business, Innovation and Skills]], UK 2023: "The concept is not static, there is no absolute definition of a smart city, no end point, but rather a process, or series of steps, by which cities become more 'liveable' and resilient and, hence, able to respond more quickly to new challenges."<ref>{{cite web |title=Smart cities background paper |url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/246019/bis-13-1209-smart-cities-background-paper-digital.pdf |publisher=UK Department for Business Innovation and Skills |access-date=11 August 2018 |archive-date=16 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180616131902/https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/246019/bis-13-1209-smart-cities-background-paper-digital.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
==Characteristics==
It has been suggested that a smart city (also community, [[business cluster]], [[urban agglomeration]] or region) uses [[information and communication technologies|information technologies]] to:
# Make more efficient use of physical infrastructure (roads, [[built environment]] and other physical assets) through [[artificial intelligence]] and [[data analytics]] in order to support a strong and healthy economic, social, cultural development.{{sfnp|Hollands|2008|pp=303–320}}
# Engage effectively with local governance officials by use of [[open innovation]] processes and [[e-participation]], improving the collective intelligence of the city's institutions through [[e-governance]],<ref name=Komninos_ch /> with emphasis placed on citizen participation and [[co-design]].<ref name="Deakin2007">{{cite journal|author=Deakin, M|year=2007|title=From city of bits to e-topia: taking the thesis on digitally-inclusive regeneration full circle|journal=Journal of Urban Technology|volume=14|issue=3|pages=131–143|url=http://markdeakin.cgpublisher.com/product/pub.85/prod.395|access-date=3 November 2014|archive-date=18 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160318212436/http://markdeakin.cgpublisher.com/product/pub.85/prod.395/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="DeakinAllwinkle2007">{{cite journal|author=Deakin, M|author2=Allwinkle, S |year=2007|title=Urban regeneration and sustainable communities: the role of networks, innovation and creativity in building successful partnerships|journal=Journal of Urban Technology|volume=14|issue=1|pages=77–91|doi=10.1080/10630730701260118|s2cid=153965022 |url=http://researchrepository.napier.ac.uk/id/eprint/1998 }}</ref>
# Learn, adapt and innovate and thereby respond more effectively and promptly to changing circumstances by improving the intelligence of the city.<ref name=Komninos_ch /><ref>{{cite journal|first=Coe|last=A|author2=Paquet, G.|author3=Roy, J.|year=2001|title=E-governance and smart communities: a social learning challenge|journal=Social Science Computer Review|volume=19|issue=1|pages=80–93|url=http://www.gouvernance.ca/publications/00-53.pdf|doi=10.1177/089443930101900107|s2cid=53380562|access-date=3 November 2014|archive-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303233136/http://www.gouvernance.ca/publications/00-53.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
They evolve towards a strong integration of all dimensions of [[Intelligence#Human intelligence|human intelligence]], [[collective intelligence]], and also artificial intelligence within the [[city]].{{sfnp|Komninos|2008|pp=112–113}}<ref>{{cite book |author1=Atlee, T. |author2=Pór, George |name-list-style=amp |year=2006 |url=http://www.evolutionarynexus.org/wiki/collective_intelligence_tom_atlee_and_george_p%C3%B3r |title=Evolutionary Nexus: connecting communities for emergence |access-date=6 November 2014 |archive-date=19 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019204929/http://www.evolutionarynexus.org/wiki/collective_intelligence_tom_atlee_and_george_p%C3%B3r |url-status=live }}</ref> The intelligence of cities "resides in the increasingly effective combination of digital [[telecommunication network]]s (the nerves), ubiquitously [[embedded intelligence]] (the brains), sensors and [[Smart label|tags]] (the sensory organs), and [[software]] (the knowledge and cognitive competence)".<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.uoc.edu/uocpapers/5/dt/eng/mitchell.html|title=Intelligent cities|journal=e-Journal on the Knowledge Society|year=2007|author=Mitchell, W.|access-date=1 February 2015|archive-date=28 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170228194411/http://www.uoc.edu/uocpapers/5/dt/eng/mitchell.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
These forms of intelligence in smart cities have been demonstrated in three ways:
[[File:Bletchley Park - Draco2008.jpg|thumbnail|right|Bletchley Park often considered to be the first smart community.]]
# '''Orchestration intelligence''':<ref name=Komninos_ch /> Where cities establish institutions and community-based problem solving and collaborations, such as in [[Bletchley Park]], where the Nazi Enigma cypher was decoded by a team led by [[Alan Turing]]. This has been referred to as the first example of a smart city or an intelligent community.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Komninos |first1=Nicos |title=From Intelligent to Smart Cities |journal=Journal of Intelligent Buildings International: From Intelligent Cities to Smart Cities |chapter=Intelligent cities: Variable geometries of spatial intelligence. |editor-last=Deakin |editor-first=Mark |editor-last2=Al Waer |editor-first2=Husam |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=140–152 |doi=10.1080/17508975.2011.586671 |year=2011 |s2cid=110580067 }}</ref>
# '''Empowerment intelligence''': Cities provide [[open platform]]s, experimental facilities and smart city infrastructure in order to cluster innovation in certain districts. These are seen in the Kista Science City in Stockholm and the Cyberport Zone in Hong Kong. Similar facilities have also been established in Melbourne.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nre.vic.gov.au/melbourne2030online/content/implementation_plans/03b_actions.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530120605/http://www.nre.vic.gov.au/melbourne2030online/content/implementation_plans/03b_actions.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 May 2015 |title=Melbourne 2030 |author=Department of Sustainability and Environment |publisher=State Government of Victoria |date=2005 |access-date=30 May 2015 }}</ref>[[File:C1&C2look.jpg|thumbnail|right|Hong Kong Cyberport 1 and Cyberport 2 Buildings]] A hub has been created in Kyiv, which develops public projects.
# '''Instrumentation intelligence''': Where city infrastructure is made smart through [[real-time data]] collection, with analysis and [[predictive modelling]] across city districts. There is much controversy surrounding this, particularly with regards to [[surveillance issues in smart cities]]. Examples of Instrumentation intelligence have been implemented in Amsterdam.<ref name=Amsterdam /> This is implemented through:<ref name=Komninos_ch />
## A common [[internet protocol|IP]] infrastructure that is open to researchers to develop applications.
## Wireless meters and devices transmit information at the point in time.
## A number of homes being provided with [[smart energy meter]]s to become aware of energy consumption and reduce energy usage.
## [[Solar power]] [[garbage compactor]]s, [[Charging station|car recharging stations]] and [[energy saving lamp]]s.
Some major fields of intelligent city activation are:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Innovation economy
! Urban infrastructure
! Governance
|-
| Innovation in industries, clusters, districts of a city
| Transport
| Administration services to the citizen
|-
| Knowledge workforce: Education and employment
| Energy / Utilities
| Participatory and [[direct democracy]]
|-
| Creation of knowledge-intensive companies
| Protection of the environment / Safety
| Services to the citizen: Quality of life
|-
|}
According to David K. Owens, the former executive vice president of the [[Edison Electric Institute]], two key elements that a smart city must have are an integrated communications platform and a "dynamic resilient grid." Both are large investments.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://dailyenergyinsider.com/featured/9120-america-needs-smart-grid-investments-pronto-stakeholders-say-naruc-event/|title=America needs smart grid investments pronto, stakeholders say at NARUC event|last=Riley|first=Kim|date=16 November 2017|work=Daily Energy Insider|access-date=11 December 2017|language=en-US|archive-date=28 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190828222613/https://dailyenergyinsider.com/featured/9120-america-needs-smart-grid-investments-pronto-stakeholders-say-naruc-event/|url-status=live}}</ref>
== Data Collection ==
Smart cities are constructed by connecting the city's public infrastructure with city application systems and passing collected data through three layers, the perception layer, the network layer and the application layer. City application systems the use data to make better decisions when controlling different city infrastructures. The perception layer is where data is collected across the smart city using sensors. This data could be collected through sensors such as cameras, RFID, or GPS positioning. The perception layer sends data it collects using wireless transmissions to the network layer. The network layer is responsible for transporting collected data from the perception layer to the application layer. The network layer utilizes a city's communication infrastructure to send data meaning it can be intercepted by attackers and must be held responsible for keeping collected data and information private. The application layer is responsible for processing the data received from network layer. The application layer uses the data it processes to make decisions on how to control the city infrastructure based on the data it receives.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Su|first=Kehua|last2=Li|first2=Jie|last3=Fu|first3=Hongbo|date=September 2011|title=Smart city and the applications|url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/6066743|journal=2011 International Conference on Electronics, Communications and Control (ICECC)|pages=1028–1031|doi=10.1109/ICECC.2011.6066743}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Zhao|first=Kai|last2=Ge|first2=Lina|date=December 2013|title=A Survey on the Internet of Things Security|url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/6746513|journal=2013 Ninth International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Security|pages=663–667|doi=10.1109/CIS.2013.145}}</ref>
==Frameworks==
The creation, integration, and adoption of smart city capabilities require a unique set of frameworks to realize the focus areas of opportunity and innovation central to smart city projects. The frameworks can be divided into 5 main dimensions which include numerous related categories of smart city development:<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sharifi |first1=Ayyoob |title=A critical review of selected smart city assessment tools and indicator sets |journal=Journal of Cleaner Production |date=October 2019 |volume=233 |pages=1269–1283 |doi=10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.06.172|s2cid=197777481 }}</ref>
===Technology framework===
A smart city relies heavily on the deployment of technology. Different combinations of technological infrastructure interact to form the array of smart city technologies with varying levels of interaction between human and technological systems.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://worldin2019.economist.com/|title=The World in 2050|website=worldin2019.economist.com|language=en|access-date=2019-06-26|archive-date=18 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190618104008/https://worldin2019.economist.com/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* '''Digital''': A service oriented infrastructure is required to connect individuals and devices in a smart city. These include innovation services and communication infrastructure. Yovanof, G. S. & Hazapis, G. N. define a digital city as "a connected community that combines broadband communications infrastructure; a flexible, service-oriented computing infrastructure based on open industry standards; and, innovative services to meet the needs of governments and their employees, citizens and businesses."<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Yovanof|first1=Gregory S.|last2=Hazapis|first2=George N.|date=19 March 2009|title=An Architectural Framework and Enabling Wireless Technologies for Digital Cities & Intelligent Urban Environments|journal=Wireless Personal Communications|language=en|volume=49|issue=3|pages=445–463|doi=10.1007/s11277-009-9693-4|s2cid=207258536|issn=0929-6212}}</ref>
*'''Intelligent:''' Cognitive technologies, such as [[artificial intelligence]] and [[machine learning]], can be trained on the data generated by connected city devices to identify patterns. The efficacy and impact of particular policy decisions can be quantified by cognitive systems studying the continuous interactions of humans with their urban surroundings.[https://www.forbes.com/sites/tomvanderark/2018/06/26/how-cities-are-getting-smart-using-artificial-intelligence/#7e6178503803]
*'''Ubiquitous:''' A ubiquitous city provides access to public services through any connected device. U-city is an extension of the digital city concept because of the facility in terms of accessibility to every infrastructure.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Next Generation Society. Technological and Legal Issues|url=https://archive.org/details/nextgenerationso00side|url-access=limited|last1=Anthopoulos|first1=Leonidas|last2=Fitsilis|first2=Panos|date=23 September 2009|publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg|isbn=9783642116292|editor-last=Sideridis|editor-first=Alexander B.|series=Lecture Notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering|pages=[https://archive.org/details/nextgenerationso00side/page/n361 360]–372|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-3-642-11631-5_33|editor-last2=Patrikakis|editor-first2=Charalampos Z.}}</ref>
*'''Wired''': The physical components of IT systems are crucial to early-stage smart city development. Wired infrastructure is required to support the IoT and wireless technologies central to more interconnected living.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.smartcitiesworld.net/news/news/smart-cities-are-about-people-2932|title=Smart cities are about people|website=Smart Cities World|language=En|access-date=2019-06-29|archive-date=29 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629040256/https://www.smartcitiesworld.net/news/news/smart-cities-are-about-people-2932|url-status=live}}</ref> A wired city environment provides general access to continually updated digital and physical infrastructure. The latest in telecommunications, [[robotics]], IoT, and various connected technologies can then be deployed to support human capital and productivity.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.urenio.org/wp-content/uploads/2008/11/Intelligent-Cities-Shenzhen-2009-Komninos-Sefertzi.pdf|title=Intelligent Cities: R&D offshoring, web 2.0 product development and globalization of innovation systems|access-date=20 December 2016|archive-date=16 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180516180354/http://www.urenio.org/wp-content/uploads/2008/11/Intelligent-Cities-Shenzhen-2009-Komninos-Sefertzi.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":12" />
*'''Hybrid''': A hybrid city is the combination of a physical conurbation and a [[virtual city]] related to the physical space. This relationship can be one of virtual design or the presence of a critical mass of virtual community participants in a physical urban space. Hybrid spaces can serve to actualize future-state projects for smart city services and integration.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.marketingdive.com/news/campaign-trail-why-uber-built-a-virtual-city-to-promote-a-product-that-doe/557301/|title=Campaign Trail: Why Uber built a virtual city to promote a product that doesn't exist yet|website=Marketing Dive|language=en-US|access-date=2019-06-26|archive-date=26 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626205352/https://www.marketingdive.com/news/campaign-trail-why-uber-built-a-virtual-city-to-promote-a-product-that-doe/557301/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* '''Information city:''' The multiplicity of interactive devices in a smart city generates a large quantity of data. How that information is interpreted and stored is critical to Smart city growth and security.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/whats-holding-smart-cities-back/|title=What's Holding Smart Cities Back?|last=Nisenbaum|first=Amit|website=Scientific American Blog Network|language=en|access-date=2019-06-29|archive-date=29 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629040251/https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/whats-holding-smart-cities-back/|url-status=live}}</ref>
===Human framework===
Smart city initiatives have measurable positive impacts on the quality of life of its citizens and visitors.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/capital-projects-and-infrastructure/our-insights/smart-cities-digital-solutions-for-a-more-livable-future|title=Smart city technology for a more liveable future {{!}} McKinsey|website=www.mckinsey.com|language=en|access-date=2019-06-29|archive-date=26 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626221105/https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/capital-projects-and-infrastructure/our-insights/smart-cities-digital-solutions-for-a-more-livable-future|url-status=live}}</ref> The human framework of a smart city – its economy, knowledge networks, and human support systems – is an important indicator of its success.<ref name=":02"/>
* '''Creativity''': Arts and culture initiatives are common focus areas in smart city planning.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.engagingcommunities2005.org/abstracts/Bartlet-%20Leo-final.pdf|title=engagingcommunities2005.org|website=www.engagingcommunities2005.org|access-date=20 December 2016|archive-date=27 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227235327/http://www.engagingcommunities2005.org/abstracts/Bartlet-%20Leo-final.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| first1=Ann | last1=Borda | first2=Jonathan P. | last2=Bowen | author-link2=Jonathan Bowen | chapter=Chapter 27: Smart Cities and Digital Culture: Models of Innovation | publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]] | pages=523–549 | date=2019 | editor1-first=Tula | editor1-last=Giannini | editor-link1=Tula Giannini | editor2-first=Jonathan P. | editor2-last=Bowen | editor-link2=Jonathan Bowen | title=[[Museums and Digital Culture: New Perspectives and Research]] | series=Series on Cultural Computing | doi=10.1007/978-3-319-97457-6_27 | isbn=978-3-319-97456-9 | s2cid=159042161 | issn=2195-9064 }}</ref> Innovation is associated with intellectual curiosity and creativeness, and various projects have demonstrated that knowledge workers participate in a diverse mix of cultural and artistic activities.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/creativity-in-the-smart-c_b_7648342|title=Creativity in the Smart City Is What Makes a City Really Smart|last1=Eger|first1=John M.|last2=Creativity|first2=ContributorZahn Professor of|date=2015-07-24|website=HuffPost|language=en|access-date=2019-06-29|last3=Communications|first3=Innovation is also the Van Deerlin Endowed Chair of|last4=Policy|first4=Public|last5=University|first5=Director of the Creative Economy Initiative at San Diego State|archive-date=29 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629032756/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/creativity-in-the-smart-c_b_7648342|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Malanga |first1=Steven |title=The Curse of the Creative Class |url=https://www.city-journal.org/html/curse-creative-class-12491.html |website=City Journal |language=en |date=23 December 2015 |access-date=11 August 2018 |archive-date=11 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180811195230/https://www.city-journal.org/html/curse-creative-class-12491.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* '''Learning''': Since mobility is a key area of Smart city development, building a capable workforce through education initiatives is necessary.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|url=https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/partnership/?p=10009|title=United Smart Cities (USC) – United Nations Partnerships for SDGs platform|website=sustainabledevelopment.un.org|access-date=2019-06-29|archive-date=28 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190828222617/https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/partnership/?p=10009|url-status=live}}</ref> A city's learning capacity includes its education system, including available workforce training and support, and its cultural development and exchange.<ref name="Brent">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ucalgary.ca/ejournal/archive/v10-11/v10-11n1Moser-browse.html|title=What is Smart about the Smart Communities Movement?|last=Moser|first=Mary Anne|website=www.ucalgary.ca|publisher=University of Calgary EJournal 10–11(1)|access-date=20 December 2016|archive-date=10 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170210151210/http://www.ucalgary.ca/ejournal/archive/v10-11/v10-11n1Moser-browse.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* '''Humanity:''' Numerous Smart city programs focus on soft infrastructure development, like increasing access to voluntary organizations and designated safe zones.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Glaeser |first1=Edward L. |last2=Berry |first2=Christopher R. |title=Why Are Smart Places Getting Smarter? |url=https://www.hks.harvard.edu/sites/default/files/centers/rappaport/files/brief_divergence.pdf |website=Harvard University |access-date=11 August 2018 |archive-date=28 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190828222613/https://www.hks.harvard.edu/sites/default/files/centers/rappaport/files/brief_divergence.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> This focus on social and relational capital means diversity, inclusion, and ubiquitous access to public services is worked in to city planning.<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal|last1=Nam|first1=Taewoo|last2=Pardo|first2=Theresa A>|title=Conceptualizing Smart City with Dimensions of Technology, People, and Institutions|url=https://inta-aivn.org/images/cc/Urbanism/background%20documents/dgo_2011_smartcity.pdf|department=Center for Technology in Government University at Albany, State University of New York, U.S.|journal=The Proceedings of the 12th Annual International Conference on Digital Government Research|via=https://inta-aivn.org/images/cc/Urbanism/background%20documents/dgo_2011_smartcity.pdf|access-date=29 June 2019|archive-date=7 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181107041520/https://inta-aivn.org/images/cc/Urbanism/background%20documents/dgo_2011_smartcity.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
* '''Knowledge:''' The development of a [[knowledge economy]] is central to Smart city projects.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.zurich.ibm.com/pdf/isl/infoportal/IBV_SC3_report_GBE03348USEN.pdf|title=Smarter cities for smarter growth: How cities can optimize their systems for the talent-based economy|website=www.zurich.ibm.com|access-date=20 December 2016|archive-date=21 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221090251/https://www.zurich.ibm.com/pdf/isl/infoportal/IBV_SC3_report_GBE03348USEN.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Smart cities seeking to be hubs of economic activity in emerging tech and service sectors stress the value of innovation in city development.<ref name=":12" />
===Institutional framework===
According to Moser, M. A.,<ref name="Brent"/> since the 1990s, the smart communities movement took shape as a strategy to broaden the base of users involved in IT. Members of these Communities are people that share their interest and work in a partnership with government and other institutional organizations to push the use of IT to improve the quality of daily life as a consequence of different worsening in daily actions. Eger, J. M.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Eger |first1=John M. |title=Smart Growth, Smart Cities, and the Crisis at the Pump A Worldwide Phenomenon |issue=1 |url=https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1552016 |journal=Iways |volume=32 |pages=47–53 |date=1 January 2009 |doi=10.3233/iwa-2009-0164 |access-date=11 August 2018 |archive-date=28 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190828222608/https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1552016 |url-status=live }}</ref> said that a smart community makes a conscious and agreed-upon decision to deploy technology as a catalyst to solving its social and business needs. It is very important to understand that this use of IT and the consequent improvement could be more demanding without the institutional help; indeed institutional involvement is essential to the success of smart community initiatives. Again Moser, M. A.<ref name="Brent"/> explained that "building and planning a smart community seeks for smart growth"; smart growth is essential for the partnership between citizen and institutional organizations to react to worsening trends in daily issues like traffic congestion, [[school overcrowding]] and air pollution. However, it is important to note that technological propagation is not an end in itself, but only a means to reinventing cities for a new economy and society. To sum up, it is possible to assert that any smart city initiatives necessitate the government's support for their success.
The importance of these three different dimensions is that only a link among them can make possible the development of a real smart city concept. According to the definition of smart city given by Caragliu, A., Del Bo, C., & Nijkamp, P.,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Caragliu |first1=A. |last2=Del Bo |first2=C. |last3=Nijkamp |first3=P. |title=Smart cities in Europe |url=https://ideas.repec.org/p/vua/wpaper/2009-48.html |publisher=VU University Amsterdam, Faculty of Economics, Business Administration and Econometrics |language=en |date=2009 |access-date=11 August 2018 |archive-date=11 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180811200552/https://ideas.repec.org/p/vua/wpaper/2009-48.html |url-status=live }}</ref> a city is smart when investments in human/social capital and IT infrastructure fuel [[sustainable growth]] and enhance quality of life, through participatory governance.
===Energy framework===
Smart cities use data and technology to create efficiencies, improve sustainability, create economic development, and enhance quality of life factors for people living and working in the city. It also means that the city has a smarter energy infrastructure. More formally, a smart city is: "… An urban area that has securely integrated technology across the information … and Internet of Things (IoT) sectors to better manage a city’s assets."<ref name=":5" /> Employment of smart technologies enables the more efficient application of integrated energy technologies in the city allowing the development of more self-sustaining areas or even [[Positive Energy District]]s that produce more energy than consume.<ref>Tuominen, P. (2020): [https://www.vttresearch.com/en/news-and-ideas/yes-positive-energy-districts-how-make-it-happen Yes to positive energy districts - but how to make it happen?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115233145/https://www.vttresearch.com/en/news-and-ideas/yes-positive-energy-districts-how-make-it-happen |date=15 January 2021 }}. VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland.</ref>
A smart city is powered by "smart connections" for various items such as street lighting, [[Building automation|smart buildings]], [[Distributed generation|distributed energy resources]] (DER), [[Data analysis|data analytics]], and smart transportation. Amongst these things, energy is paramount; this is why utility companies play a key role in smart cities. Electric companies, working partnership with city officials, technology companies and a number of other institutions, are among the major players that helped accelerate the growth of America's smart cities.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://dailyenergyinsider.com/featured/5836-pittsburgh-san-diego-city-officials-put-utilities-major-players-smart-city-partnerships/|title=Pittsburgh, San Diego city officials put utilities as major players in smart-city partnerships|last=Riley|first=Kim|date=15 June 2017|work=Daily Energy Insider|access-date=25 September 2017|language=en-US}}</ref>
===Data Management framework===
Smart cities employ a combination of data collection, processing, and disseminating technologies in conjunction with networking and computing technologies and data security and privacy measures encouraging the application of innovation to promote the overall quality of life for its citizens and covering dimensions that include: utilities, health, transportation, entertainment and government services.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gharaibeh |first1=A. |last2=Salahuddin |first2=M. A. |last3=Hussini |first3=S. J. |last4=Khreishah |first4=A. |last5=Khalil |first5=I. |last6=Guizani |first6=M. |last7=Al-Fuqaha |first7=A. |year=2017 |title=Smart Cities: A Survey on Data Management, Security, and Enabling Technologies |journal=IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials |volume=19 |issue=4 |pages=2456–2501 |doi=10.1109/COMST.2017.2736886|s2cid=206578345 }}</ref>
==Roadmap==
A smart city roadmap consists of four/three (the first is a preliminary check) major components:<ref name="academia.edu" /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.publicpower.org/system/files/documents/APPA-Smart-City-Roadmap-FINAL.pdf |title=Creating A Smart City Roadmap For Public Power Utilities |publisher=publicpower.org |access-date=2019-05-14 |archive-date=14 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514112237/https://www.publicpower.org/system/files/documents/APPA-Smart-City-Roadmap-FINAL.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
# Define exactly what is the community: maybe that definition can condition what you are doing in the subsequent steps; it relates to geography, links between cities and countryside and flows of people between them; maybe – even – that in some Countries the definition of City/community that is stated does not correspond effectively to what – in fact – happens in real life.
# Study the Community: Before deciding to build a smart city, first we need to know why. This can be done by determining the benefits of such an initiative. Study the community to know the citizens, the business's needs – know the citizens and the community's unique attributes, such as the age of the citizens, their education, hobbies, and attractions of the city.
# Develop a smart city Policy: Develop a [[policy]] to drive the initiatives, where roles, responsibilities, objective, and goals, can be defined. Create plans and strategies on how the goals will be achieved.
# Engage The Citizens: This can be done by engaging the citizens through the use of [[e-government]] initiatives, [[open data]], sport events, etc.
In short, People, Processes, and Technology (PPT) are the three principles of the success of a smart city initiative. Cities must study their citizens and communities, know the processes, business drivers, create policies, and objectives to meet the citizens' needs. Then, technology can be implemented to meet the citizens' need, in order to improve the quality of life and create real economic opportunities. This requires a holistic customized approach that accounts for city cultures, long-term city planning, and local regulations.<blockquote>"Whether to improve security, resiliency, sustainability, traffic congestion, public safety, or city services, each community may have different reasons for wanting to be smart. But all smart communities share common attributes—and they all are powered by smart connections and by our industry's smarter energy infrastructure. A [[smart grid]] is the foundational piece in building a smart community." – Pat Vincent-Collawn, chairman of the [[Edison Electric Institute]] and president and CEO of [[PNM Resources]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://dailyenergyinsider.com/featured/8322-eei-chairman-pledges-collaborate-communities-powering-technology-support-smart-cities/|title=EEI chairman pledges to collaborate with communities on powering technology to support smart cities|last=Carey|first=Liz|date=2017-10-06|work=Daily Energy Insider|access-date=2017-10-10|language=en-US|archive-date=25 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190225204921/https://dailyenergyinsider.com/featured/8322-eei-chairman-pledges-collaborate-communities-powering-technology-support-smart-cities/|url-status=live}}</ref></blockquote>
==Policies==
[[ASEAN Smart Cities Network (ASCN)]] is a collaborative platform which aims to synergise Smart city development efforts across [[ASEAN]] by facilitating cooperation on smart city development, catalysing bankable projects with the private sector, and securing funding and support from ASEAN's external partners. [[Sister city|City diplomacy]] in the context of a smart city is highly stimulated by [[knowledge]], creativity, and innovations<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-3-030-45615-3_14 |title=Burksiene V., Dvorak J., Burbulytė-Tsiskarishvili G. (2020) City Diplomacy in Young Democracies: The Case of the Baltics. In: Amiri S., Sevin E. (eds) City Diplomacy. Palgrave Macmillan Series in Global Public Diplomacy. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-45615-3_14 |s2cid=226721234 |access-date=30 May 2021 |archive-date=2 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602214037/https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-3-030-45615-3_14 |url-status=live }}</ref>
The European Union (EU) has devoted constant efforts to devising a strategy for achieving 'smart' [[urban growth]] for its [[metropole|metropolitan]] city-regions.{{sfnp|Komninos|2009|pp=337–355}}<ref name="Paskaleva2009">{{cite journal|author=Paskaleva, K|title=Enabling the smart city:The progress of e-city governance in Europe|journal=International Journal of Innovation and Regional Development|volume=1|issue=4|date=25 January 2009|pages=405–422(18)|doi=10.1504/ijird.2009.022730|url=http://elartu.tntu.edu.ua/handle/lib/31308|access-date=21 May 2020|archive-date=16 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200616082818/http://elartu.tntu.edu.ua/handle/lib/31308|url-status=live}}</ref> The EU has developed a range of programmes under "[[Europe 2020#Flagship initiatives|Europe's Digital Agenda]]".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ec.europa.eu/digital-agenda/ |title=Digital Agenda for Europe |author=European Commission |access-date=30 May 2015 |archive-date=30 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530005926/http://ec.europa.eu/digital-agenda/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2010, it highlighted its focus on strengthening innovation and investment in ICT services for the purpose of improving public services and quality of life.<ref name=Paskaleva2009/> [[Arup Group Limited|Arup]] estimates that the [[global market]] for smart urban services will be $400 billion per annum by 2020.<ref>{{harvp|Dept Business|2013|p=3}} Arup estimates that the global market for smart urban systems for transport, energy, healthcare, water, food and waste will amount to around $400 Billion pa. by 2020</ref>
The [[Smart Cities Mission]] is a retrofitting and urban renewal program being spearheaded by the Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India. The Government of India has the ambitious vision of developing 100 cities by modernizing existing mid-sized cities.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://smartcities.gov.in/ | title=Smart Cities Mission | publisher=Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India | date=2015 | access-date=3 August 2016 | archive-date=12 February 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170212192239/http://www.smartcities.gov.in/ | url-status=live }}</ref>
==Technologies==
<!-- Put info on platforms in the commercialisation section-->
[[Smart grid]]s are an important technology in smart cities. The improved flexibility of the smart grid permits greater penetration of highly variable renewable energy sources such as solar power and wind power.
Mobile devices (such as [[smartphone]]s, tablets, ...) are another key technology allowing citizens to connect to the smart city services.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://theconversation.com/with-smart-cities-your-every-step-will-be-recorded-94527 |title=With smart cities, your every step will be recorded |access-date=8 June 2020 |archive-date=8 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608085508/https://theconversation.com/with-smart-cities-your-every-step-will-be-recorded-94527 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thalesgroup.com/en/markets/digital-identity-and-security/iot/inspired/smart-cities |title=Secure, sustainable smart cities and the IoT |access-date=8 June 2020 |archive-date=8 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608085508/https://www.thalesgroup.com/en/markets/digital-identity-and-security/iot/inspired/smart-cities |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.information-age.com/smartphones-not-flying-cars-will-define-smart-cities-future-123462622/ |title=Smartphones – not flying cars – will define the smart cities of the future |date=12 October 2016 |access-date=8 June 2020 |archive-date=8 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608085510/https://www.information-age.com/smartphones-not-flying-cars-will-define-smart-cities-future-123462622/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
Smart cities also rely on [[smart home]]s and specifically, the [[Smart home technology|technology used in them]].<ref>[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/220876581_From_Smart_Homes_to_Smart_Cities_Opportunities_and_Challenges_from_an_Industrial_Perspective From Smart Homes to Smart Cities: Opportunities and Challenges from an Industrial Perspective]</ref><ref>{{Cite book |chapter-url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7380652 |chapter=Smart cities and smart homes: From realization to reality |doi=10.1109/ICGCIoT.2015.7380652 |access-date=8 June 2020 |archive-date=8 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608090010/https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7380652 |url-status=live |title=2015 International Conference on Green Computing and Internet of Things (ICGCIoT) |year=2015 |last1=Mehrotra |first1=Siddharth |last2=Dhande |first2=Rashi |pages=1236–1239 |isbn=978-1-4673-7910-6 |s2cid=14156800 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://hub.beesmart.city/strategy/redefining-the-smart-home-in-smart-cities |title=The Need to Redefine the Smart Home and its Link to Smart Cities |access-date=8 June 2020 |archive-date=8 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608090011/https://hub.beesmart.city/strategy/redefining-the-smart-home-in-smart-cities |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.smartcity.press/how-smart-homes-can-connect-smart-cities/ |title=How smart homes can connect to smart cities |date=8 September 2017 |access-date=8 June 2020 |archive-date=8 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608090008/https://www.smartcity.press/how-smart-homes-can-connect-smart-cities/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://hub.beesmart.city/strategy/redefining-the-smart-home-in-smart-cities |title=Redefining the smart home in smart cities |access-date=8 June 2020 |archive-date=8 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608090011/https://hub.beesmart.city/strategy/redefining-the-smart-home-in-smart-cities |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[Bicycle-sharing system]]s are an important element in smart cities.<ref>{{Cite journal |url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8376628 |title=Bike sharing as a key smart city service |date=May 2018 |pages=1–6 |doi=10.1109/MOCAST.2018.8376628 |s2cid=49187242 |access-date=15 September 2020 |archive-date=8 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808190215/https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8376628 |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[Smart mobility]] is also important to smart cities.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/314246043 |title=Smart mobility in smart cities |access-date=17 September 2020 |archive-date=6 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506142438/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/314246043_Smart_Mobility_in_Smart_Cities |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[Intelligent transportation system]]s and [[Closed-circuit television|CCTV]]<ref>[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320148770_Urban_Distribution_CCTV_for_Smart_City_Using_Decision_Tree_Methods Urban Distribution CCTV for Smart City Using Decision Tree Methods]</ref> systems are also being developed.
Some smart cities also have digital libraries.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.sscldl.com/ |title=Shivamogga Smart City Digital Library |access-date=17 September 2020 |archive-date=22 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210222113332/https://www.sscldl.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>[https://www.sscldl.com/digital-library-implementation-at-shivamogga/ Digital library implementation at Shivamogga]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://tumakurudigitallibrary.in/ |title=Tumakuru Digital Library |access-date=17 September 2020 |archive-date=15 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715110211/https://tumakurudigitallibrary.in/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.windsorpubliclibrary.com/?page_id=65204 |title=Windsor Public Library: a brick-and-mortar library that also has an ebook lending service |access-date=17 September 2020 |archive-date=23 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023075326/https://www.windsorpubliclibrary.com/?page_id=65204 |url-status=live }}</ref>
Online collaborative sensor data management platforms are on-line database services that allow sensor owners to register and connect their devices to feed data into an on-line database for storage and allow developers to connect to the database and build their own applications based on that data.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Boyle | first1 = D. | last2 = Yates | first2 = D. | last3 = Yeatman | first3 = E. | title = Urban Sensor Data Streams: London 2013 | doi = 10.1109/MIC.2013.85 | journal = IEEE Internet Computing | volume = 17 | issue = 6 | pages = 1 | year = 2013 | s2cid = 17820999 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=WikiSensing: An Online Collaborative Approach for Sensor Data Management|journal=Sensors|volume=12|issue=10|pages=13295–13332|doi=10.3390/s121013295|pmid=23201997|pmc=3545568|year=2012|last1=Silva|first1=Dilshan|last2=Ghanem|first2=Moustafa|last3=Guo|first3=Yike|bibcode=2012Senso..1213295S|doi-access=free}}</ref>
Additional supporting technology include [[telecommuting]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301408856 |title=Smart cities and telecommuting in Ecuador |access-date=9 June 2020 |archive-date=26 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210326050523/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301408856_Smart_cities_and_telecommuting_in_Ecuador |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://medium.com/swlh/innovation-vs-technology-redefining-smart-in-smart-cities-8e82857d7004 |title=Innovation vs Technology. Redefining "Smart" in Smart-Cities |date=11 October 2019 |access-date=9 June 2020 |archive-date=9 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609105640/https://medium.com/swlh/innovation-vs-technology-redefining-smart-in-smart-cities-8e82857d7004 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://spicefactory.co/blog/2019/10/25/remote-work-future-of-cities/ |title=Remote Work Revolution and the Future of (Smart) Cities |access-date=9 June 2020 |archive-date=9 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609104855/https://spicefactory.co/blog/2019/10/25/remote-work-future-of-cities/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[telehealth]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ceur-ws.org/Vol-2255/paper23.pdf |title=Telecommunication Infrastructures for Telemedicine in Smart Cities |access-date=9 June 2020 |archive-date=24 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224072813/http://ceur-ws.org/Vol-2255/paper23.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://telemedicine.arizona.edu/blog/telemedicine-and-smart-cities |title=Telemedicine and Smart Cities |access-date=9 June 2020 |archive-date=9 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609104905/https://telemedicine.arizona.edu/blog/telemedicine-and-smart-cities |url-status=live }}</ref> the [[blockchain]],<ref>{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/8458054/8465506/08465562.pdf|doi=10.1109/SmartIoT.2018.00056|chapter=Application of Blockchain Technology in Smart City Infrastructure|title=2018 IEEE International Conference on Smart Internet of Things (SmartIoT)|year=2018|last1=Li|first1=Shuling|pages=276–2766|isbn=978-1-5386-8543-3|s2cid=52288306}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1177/0975425319832392|title=Blockchain and Trust in a Smart City|year=2019|last1=Kundu|first1=Debasish|journal=Environment and Urbanization ASIA|volume=10|pages=31–43|s2cid=159098611|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[fintech]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://fintechnews.ch/govtech/smart-city-fintech-why/28661/ |title=Why Fintech is an Important Ingredient in Any Smart City Ambition |date=5 July 2019 |access-date=8 June 2020 |archive-date=7 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607153452/https://fintechnews.ch/govtech/smart-city-fintech-why/28661/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[online banking]] technology,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310791133 |title=Archived copy |access-date=8 June 2020 |archive-date=12 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210312232742/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310791133_How_Traditional_Banks_Should_Work_in_Smart_City |url-status=live }}</ref> ...
Electronic cards (known as [[smart card]]s) are another common component in smart city contexts. These cards possess a unique encrypted identifier that allows the owner to log into a range of government provided services (or [[e-service]]s) without setting up multiple accounts. The single identifier allows governments to aggregate [[big data|data]] [[Mass surveillance|about citizens]] and their preferences to improve the provision of services and to determine common interests of groups. This technology has been implemented in Southampton.<ref name=DeakinAl_jrnl />
[[Bollard#Removable bollards|Retractable bollard]]s allow to restrict access inside city centers (i.e. to delivery trucks resupplying outlet stores, ...). Opening and closing of such barriers is traditionally done manually, through an electronic pass<ref>Carbon Zero: Imagining Cities that can save the planet by Alex Steffen, page 54</ref> but can even be done by means of [[Automatic number-plate recognition|ANPR]] camera's connected to the bollard system.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bristolpost.co.uk/news/call-retractable-coffin-bollards-no-2295946 |title=Call for retractable 'coffin' bollards and no-driving zones outside Bristol schools |date=6 December 2018 |access-date=1 September 2020 |archive-date=10 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810083504/https://www.bristolpost.co.uk/news/call-retractable-coffin-bollards-no-2295946 |url-status=live }}</ref>
===Cost-benefit analysis of smart city technologies===
[[Cost-benefit analysis]] has been done into smart cities and the individual technologies. These can help to assess whether it is economically and ecologically beneficial to implement some technologies at all, and also compare the cost-effectiveness of each technology among each other<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://udspace.udel.edu/handle/19716/23818 |title=Cost-benefit analysis of smart cities technologies and applications |access-date=9 June 2020 |archive-date=9 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609105641/http://udspace.udel.edu/handle/19716/23818 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://dspace.udel.edu/bitstream/handle/19716/23818/Xiong_udel_0060M_13359.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |title=COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS OF SMART CITIES TECHNOLOGIES AND APPLICATIONS |access-date=9 June 2020 |archive-date=9 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609105642/http://dspace.udel.edu/bitstream/handle/19716/23818/Xiong_udel_0060M_13359.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/340344518 |title=The Cost Benefit Analysis for the Concept of a Smart City: How to Measure the Efficiency of Smart Solutions? |access-date=9 June 2020 |archive-date=6 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606113445/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/340344518_The_Cost_Benefit_Analysis_for_the_Concept_of_a_Smart_City_How_to_Measure_the_Efficiency_of_Smart_Solutions |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |title=The Cost Benefit Analysis for the Concept of a Smart City: How to Measure the Efficiency of Smart Solutions? |year=2020 |doi=10.3390/su12072663 |doi-access=free |last1=Turečková |first1=Kamila |last2=Nevima |first2=Jan |journal=Sustainability |volume=12 |issue=7 |page=2663 }}</ref>
==Commercialisation==
Large IT, telecommunication and energy management companies such as [[Apple Inc.|Apple]], [[Baidu]], [[Alibaba Group|Alibaba]], [[Tencent]], [[Huawei]], [[Google]], [[Microsoft]], [[Cisco]], [[IBM]], and [[Schneider Electric]] launched market initiatives for intelligent cities.
* Baidu is working on [[Apolong|Apollo]], a self-driving technology<ref name="forbes.com">{{Cite web |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/rebeccafannin/2019/08/23/baidu-alibaba-tencent-clash-to-lead-chinas-tech-future-while-a-new-b-arises/ |title=Baidu, Alibaba, Tencent Clash To Lead China's Tech Future While A New 'B' Arises |website=[[Forbes]] |access-date=3 June 2020 |archive-date=3 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603170852/https://www.forbes.com/sites/rebeccafannin/2019/08/23/baidu-alibaba-tencent-clash-to-lead-chinas-tech-future-while-a-new-b-arises/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Alibaba has created the [[City Brain]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.alibabacloud.com/solutions/intelligence-brain/city |title=City Brain |access-date=3 June 2020 |archive-date=3 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603170824/https://www.alibabacloud.com/solutions/intelligence-brain/city |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333456538 |title=The City Brain: Practice of Large-Scale Artificial Intelligence in the Real World |access-date=4 June 2020 |archive-date=13 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210313035758/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333456538_The_City_Brain_Practice_of_Large-Scale_Artificial_Intelligence_in_the_Real_World |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Tencent is working on medical technology,<ref name="forbes.com"/> such as WeChat Intelligent Healthcare, Tencent Doctorwork, and [[artificial intelligence in healthcare|AI Medical Innovation System (AIMIS)]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://technode.com/2018/02/11/tencent-medical-ecosystem/ |title=How Tencent's medical ecosystem is shaping the future of China's healthcare |date=11 February 2018 |access-date=3 June 2020 |archive-date=3 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603165928/https://technode.com/2018/02/11/tencent-medical-ecosystem/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Huawei has its [[Safe City]] Compact Solution which focuses on improving safety in cities<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://e.huawei.com/en/news/smart-cities/201810150942 |title=Huawei Announces Safe City Compact Solution to Protect Citizens in Small and Medium Cities |access-date=3 June 2020 |archive-date=3 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603170858/https://e.huawei.com/en/news/smart-cities/201810150942 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/future/bespoke/specials/connected-world/government.html |title=Safe cities: Using smart tech for public security |access-date=3 June 2020 |archive-date=10 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200210042218/http://www.bbc.com/future/bespoke/specials/connected-world/government.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last=Hillman | first=Jonathan E. | title=Watching Huawei's "Safe Cities" | website=Center for Strategic and International Studies | date=2019-11-04 | url=https://www.csis.org/analysis/watching-huaweis-safe-cities | access-date=2020-11-02 | archive-date=19 October 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201019214841/https://www.csis.org/analysis/watching-huaweis-safe-cities | url-status=live }}</ref>
* Google's subsidiary [[Sidewalk Labs]] is focusing on smart cities
* Microsoft has [[Microsoft CityNext|CityNext]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://partner.microsoft.com/en-us/solutions/citynext |title=Innovative solutions for smart cities |access-date=3 June 2020 |archive-date=3 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603165929/https://partner.microsoft.com/en-us/solutions/citynext |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Cisco, launched the global "Intelligent Urbanization" initiative<ref>{{cite web|url=http://newsroom.cisco.com/dlls/2009/prod_021209c.html|title=Network as the Next Utility for 'Intelligent Urbanisation' |publisher=CISCO|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141215022011/http://newsroom.cisco.com/dlls/2009/prod_021209c.html|archive-date=15 December 2014}}</ref> to help cities using the network as the fourth utility for integrated city management, better [[quality of life]] for citizens, and economic development.
* IBM announced its [[Smarter Cities Challenge]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibm.com/ibm/ideasfromibm/us/smartplanet/topics/cities/20090309/index.shtml?&re=spfprogram|title=About IBM|publisher=IBM|date=8 May 2017|access-date=31 January 2015|archive-date=6 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606113457/https://www.ibm.com/id-en/about?re=spfprogram|url-status=live}}</ref> to stimulate [[economic growth]] and quality of life in cities and metropolitan areas with the activation of new approaches of thinking and acting in the [[urban ecosystem]].
* Schneider Electric is working on [[Schneider Electric#EcoStruxure|EcoStruxure]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://blog.se.com/smart-cities/2017/12/07/ecostruxure-smart-cities-smart-city-technology-starts-operational-level/ |title=EcoStruxure for Smart Cities: Smart City Technology Starts at the Operational Level |access-date=3 June 2020 |archive-date=3 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603170832/https://blog.se.com/smart-cities/2017/12/07/ecostruxure-smart-cities-smart-city-technology-starts-operational-level/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.se.com/in/en/work/solutions/for-business/smart-cities/ |title=Smart Cities Solutions |access-date=3 June 2020 |archive-date=3 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603170826/https://www.se.com/in/en/work/solutions/for-business/smart-cities/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Sensor developers and startup companies{{Clarify|Which ?|date=June 2020}} are also continually developing new smart city applications.
==Adoption==
Examples of smart city technologies and programs have been implemented in [[Singapore]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Singapore best performing 'smart city' globally: Study|url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/singapore-best-performing-smart-city-globally-study-10038722|work=Channel NewsAsia|access-date=19 May 2018|archive-date=20 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180520053805/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/singapore-best-performing-smart-city-globally-study-10038722|url-status=live}}</ref> USA, Dubai,<ref>{{cite web |title=Smart Dubai |url=https://smartdubai.ae |website=smartdubai.ae |access-date=6 June 2021 |archive-date=3 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603023904/https://www.smartdubai.ae/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[#Milton Keynes|Milton Keynes]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title = The MK:Smart Project|url = http://www.mksmart.org|website = www.mksmart.org|access-date = 27 October 2015|archive-date = 21 November 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151121211315/http://www.mksmart.org/|url-status = live}}</ref> [[Southampton]],<ref name="Southampton">{{cite web |url=http://www.southampton.gov.uk/roads-parking/travel/smartcities-card/ |title=SmartCities card |author=Southampton City Council |access-date=30 May 2015 |archive-date=30 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530120105/http://www.southampton.gov.uk/roads-parking/travel/smartcities-card/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[#Amsterdam|Amsterdam]],<ref name="Amsterdam">{{cite web |url=http://amsterdamsmartcity.com/projects |title=Amsterdam Smart City ~ Projects |author=Amsterdam Smart City |access-date=30 May 2015 |archive-date=22 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120922030047/http://amsterdamsmartcity.com/projects |url-status=live }}</ref> [[#Barcelona|Barcelona]],<ref name="Barcelona">{{cite web |url=http://smartcity.bcn.cat/en |title=Barcelona Smart City |author=Ajuntament de Barcelona |access-date=30 May 2015 |archive-date=16 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150516125338/http://smartcity.bcn.cat/en |url-status=live }}</ref> [[#Madrid|Madrid]],<ref name="Madrid">{{cite web |url=http://www.madrid.es/UnidadesDescentralizadas/RelacionesInternacionales/Publicaciones/CatalogoBuenasPracticas/Economia/MiNT%20Madrid%20Inteligente%2014.pdf |title=Buenas Practicas de la Ciudad de Madrid |author=Ayuntamiento de Madrid |access-date=23 November 2016 |archive-date=23 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123133240/http://www.madrid.es/UnidadesDescentralizadas/RelacionesInternacionales/Publicaciones/CatalogoBuenasPracticas/Economia/MiNT%20Madrid%20Inteligente%2014.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> [[#Stockholm|Stockholm]],<ref name="Stockholm">{{cite web |url=http://international.stockholm.se/city-development/the-smart-city/ |title=The Smart City |author=City of Stockholm |publisher=Stockholms stad |access-date=30 May 2015 |archive-date=30 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530123402/http://international.stockholm.se/city-development/the-smart-city/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Copenhagen]], China,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rcrwireless.com/20160630/asia-pacific/zte-involved-150-smart-city-projects-across-china|title=ZTE involved in more than 150 smart city projects across China|date=30 June 2016|access-date=23 January 2017|archive-date=2 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202005537/http://www.rcrwireless.com/20160630/asia-pacific/zte-involved-150-smart-city-projects-across-china|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[New York City|New York]].<ref>{{cite web |title=CityBridge – LinkNYC |url=https://www.link.nyc/ |language=en |access-date=13 August 2018 |archive-date=10 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200510231720/https://www.link.nyc/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
Major strategies and achievements related to the spatial intelligence of cities are listed in the [[Intelligent Community Forum]] awards from 1999 to 2010, in the cities of [[Songdo International Business District|Songdo]] and [[Suwon]] (South Korea), [[Stockholm]] (Sweden), [[Gangnam District]] of Seoul (South Korea), [[Waterloo, Ontario]] (Canada), [[Taipei]] (Taiwan), [[Mitaka, Tokyo|Mitaka]] (Japan), [[Glasgow]] (Scotland, UK), [[Calgary]] (Alberta, Canada), [[Seoul]] (South Korea), [[New York City]] (US), [[LaGrange, Georgia]] (US), and [[Singapore]], which were recognized for their efforts in developing broadband networks and e-services sustaining innovation ecosystems, growth, and inclusion.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Intelligent Communities of the Year 1999–2010|url=https://www.intelligentcommunity.org/index.php?submenu=Awards&src=gendocs&ref=ICF_Awards&category=Events&link=ICF_Awards|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722103131/https://www.intelligentcommunity.org/index.php?submenu=Awards&src=gendocs&ref=ICF_Awards&category=Events&link=ICF_Awards|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 July 2011}}</ref>
There are a number of cities actively pursuing a smart city strategy:
===Amsterdam===
[[File:KeizersgrachtReguliersgrachtAmsterdam.jpg|thumbnail|right|Street lamps in [[Amsterdam]] have been upgraded to allow municipal councils to dim the lights based on pedestrian usage.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://amsterdamsmartcity.com/projects/detail/id/9/slug/climate-street |title=Amsterdam Smart City ~ Climate Street |author=Amsterdam Smart City |access-date=30 May 2015 |archive-date=30 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530162529/http://amsterdamsmartcity.com/projects/detail/id/9/slug/climate-street |url-status=dead }}</ref>]]The [[Amsterdam]] smart city initiative<ref name=Amsterdam /> which began in 2009 currently includes 170+ projects collaboratively developed by local residents, government and businesses.<ref name=DeakinIntro /> These projects run on an interconnected platform through [[wireless device]]s to enhance the city's real-time decision making abilities. The City of Amsterdam ('''City''') claims the purpose of the projects is to reduce traffic, [[energy saving|save energy]] and improve [[public safety]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://amsterdamsmartcity.com/about-asc |title=Amsterdam Smart City ~ About ASC |author=Amsterdam Smart City |access-date=30 May 2015 |archive-date=27 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150427024215/http://amsterdamsmartcity.com/about-asc |url-status=dead }}</ref> To promote efforts from local residents, the City runs the Amsterdam Smart City Challenge annually, accepting proposals for applications and developments that fit within the city's framework.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://amsterdamsmartcity.com/news/detail/id/577/slug/do-you-have-smart-solutions-for-your-city |title=Amsterdam Smart City ~ Do you have smart solutions for your city? |author=Amsterdam Smart City |access-date=30 May 2015 |archive-date=30 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530121746/http://amsterdamsmartcity.com/news/detail/id/577/slug/do-you-have-smart-solutions-for-your-city |url-status=dead }}</ref> An example of a resident developed app is Mobypark, which allows owners of parking spaces to rent them out to people for a fee.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://amsterdamsmartcity.com/news/detail/id/576/slug/smart-spotlight-manuel-cayr |title=Amsterdam Smart City ~ Smart Spotlight: Manuel Cayre |author=Amsterdam Smart City |access-date=30 May 2015 |archive-date=30 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530123155/http://amsterdamsmartcity.com/news/detail/id/576/slug/smart-spotlight-manuel-cayr |url-status=dead }}</ref> The data generated from this app can then be used by the city to determine [[parking]] demand and traffic flows in Amsterdam. A number of homes have also been provided with smart energy meters, with incentives provided to those that actively reduce energy consumption.<ref name=Komninos_ch /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://amsterdamsmartcity.com/projects/detail/id/55/slug/the-smart-home |title=Amsterdam Smart City ~ The smart home |author=Amsterdam Smart City |access-date=30 May 2015 |archive-date=25 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825083431/https://amsterdamsmartcity.com/projects/detail/id/55/slug/the-smart-home |url-status=dead }}</ref> Other initiatives include flexible [[street lighting]] ([[smart lighting]])<ref>{{cite web |url=http://amsterdamsmartcity.com/projects/detail/id/62/slug/flexible-street-lighting |title=Amsterdam Smart City ~ Flexible street lighting |author=Amsterdam Smart City |access-date=30 May 2015 |archive-date=25 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825092242/https://amsterdamsmartcity.com/projects/detail/id/62/slug/flexible-street-lighting |url-status=dead }}</ref> which allows municipalities to control the brightness of street lights, and smart traffic management<ref>{{cite web |url=http://amsterdamsmartcity.com/projects/detail/id/58/slug/smart-traffic-management |title=Amsterdam Smart City ~ Smart traffic management |author=Amsterdam Smart City |access-date=30 May 2015 |archive-date=29 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150529123605/http://amsterdamsmartcity.com/projects/detail/id/58/slug/smart-traffic-management |url-status=dead }}</ref> where traffic is monitored in real time by the city and information about current travel time on certain roads is broadcast to allow motorists to determine the best routes to take.
===Barcelona===
[[Barcelona]] has established a number of projects that can be considered 'smart city' applications within its "CityOS" strategy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibarcelona.bcn.cat/en/o-government/city-os|title=iBarcelona|access-date=8 October 2015|archive-date=18 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318141613/http://ibarcelona.bcn.cat/en/o-government/city-os|url-status=dead}}</ref> For example, sensor technology has been implemented in the irrigation system in Parc del Centre de Poblenou, where real time data is transmitted to gardening crews about the level of water required for the plants.<ref name=Barcelona /><ref>{{cite news |last=Laursen |first=Lucas |url=http://www.technologyreview.com/news/532511/barcelonas-smart-city-ecosystem/ |title=Barcelona's Smart City Ecosystem |work=MIT Technology Review |date=18 November 2014 |access-date=30 May 2015 |archive-date=29 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150629064107/http://www.technologyreview.com/news/532511/barcelonas-smart-city-ecosystem/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Barcelona has also designed a new bus network based on data analysis of the most common traffic flows in Barcelona, utilising primarily vertical, horizontal and diagonal routes with a number of interchanges.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://smartcity.bcn.cat/en/new-bus-network.html |title=New bus network |author=BCN Smart City |access-date=30 May 2015 |archive-date=30 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530120415/http://smartcity.bcn.cat/en/new-bus-network.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Integration of multiple smart city technologies can be seen through the implementation of smart traffic lights<ref>{{cite web |url=http://smartcity.bcn.cat/en/smart-traffic-lights.html |title=Smart traffic lights |author=BCN Smart City |access-date=30 May 2015 |archive-date=30 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530123557/http://smartcity.bcn.cat/en/smart-traffic-lights.html |url-status=live }}</ref> as buses run on routes designed to optimise the number of green lights. In addition, where an emergency is reported in Barcelona, the approximate route of the emergency vehicle is entered into the traffic light system, setting all the lights to green as the vehicle approaches through a mix of GPS and traffic management software, allowing emergency services to reach the incident without delay. Much of this data is managed by the [[Sentilo Platform]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.22barcelona.com/content/blogcategory/50/281/ |title=Urban Innovation |author=Ajuntament de Barcelona |access-date=30 May 2015 |archive-date=8 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150408100431/http://www.22barcelona.com/content/blogcategory/50/281/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url= http://connecta.bcn.cat |title= Sentilo BCN:Platform Sensors and Actuators Barcelona |access-date= 26 March 2017 |archive-date= 18 May 2016 |archive-url= http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160518054524/http://connecta.bcn.cat/ |url-status= live }}</ref>
===Columbus, Ohio===
In the summer of 2017, the [[Columbus, Ohio|City of Columbus]], Ohio began its pursuit of a smart city initiative. The city partnered with [[American Electric Power|American Electric Power Ohio]] to create a group of new [[Charging station|electric vehicle charging stations]]. Many smart cities such as Columbus are using agreements such as this one to prepare for climate change, expand electric infrastructure, convert existing public vehicle fleets to electric cars, and create incentives for people to [[Carpool|share rides when commuting]]. For doing this, the [[United States Department of Transportation|U.S. Department of Transportation]] gave the City of Columbus a $40 million grant. The city also received $10 million from [[Vulcan Inc.]]<ref name=":4">{{Cite news|url=https://dailyenergyinsider.com/news/7711-aep-ohio-build-car-charging-stations-part-columbus-smart-city-initiative/|title=AEP Ohio to build car charging stations as part of Columbus Smart City initiative|last=Galford|first=Chris|date=8 September 2017|work=Daily Energy Insider|access-date=25 September 2017|language=en-US|archive-date=29 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181229194302/https://dailyenergyinsider.com/news/7711-aep-ohio-build-car-charging-stations-part-columbus-smart-city-initiative/|url-status=live}}</ref>
One key reason why the utility was involved in the picking of locations for new electric vehicle charging stations was to gather data. According to ''Daily Energy Insider'', the group Infrastructure and Business Continuity for AEP said, "You don't want to put infrastructure where it won't be used or maintained. The data we collect will help us build a much bigger market in the future."<ref name=":4" />
Because autonomous vehicles are currently seeing "an increased industrial research and legislative push globally", building routes and connections for them is another important part of the Columbus smart city initiative.<ref name=":4" />
===Copenhagen===
In 2014, [[Copenhagen]] claimed the prestigious World Smart Cities Award for its “Connecting Copenhagen” smart city development strategy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://stateofgreen.com/en/partners/city-of-copenhagen/news/connecting-copenhagen-is-the-worlds-best-smart-city-project/|title='Connecting Copenhagen' is the World's Best Smart City Project|website=State of Green|language=en-US|access-date=2019-06-20|archive-date=20 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190620122807/https://stateofgreen.com/en/partners/city-of-copenhagen/news/connecting-copenhagen-is-the-worlds-best-smart-city-project/|url-status=live}}</ref> Positioned in the Technical and Environmental Administration of Copenhagen, the smart city initiatives are coordinated by Copenhagen Solutions Lab, the city's administrative unit for smart city development. There are other notable actors in Greater Copenhagen that coordinate and initiate smart city initiatives including State of Green and Gate21, the latter of which has initiated the innovation hub smart city Cluster Denmark.
In an article with The Economist,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://worldin2019.economist.com/|title=The World in 2019|website=worldin2019.economist.com|language=en|access-date=2019-06-20|archive-date=18 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190618104008/https://worldin2019.economist.com/|url-status=live}}</ref> a current major smart city project is explained: “In Copenhagen, as in many cities around the world, [[air quality]] is high on the agenda when it comes to [[liveability]], with 68 percent of citizens citing it as of high importance when it comes to what makes their city attractive. To monitor pollution levels, Copenhagen Solutions Lab is currently working with [[Google]] and has installed monitoring equipment in their streetview car in order to produce a heatmap of air quality around the city. The information will help cyclists and joggers plan routes with the best air quality. The project also gives a glimpse of the future, when this kind of information could be collected in real time by sensors all over the city and collated with traffic flow data.”
In another article with The World Economic Forum, Marius Sylvestersen, Program Director at Copenhagen Solutions Lab, explains that public-private collaborations must be built on transparency, the willingness to share data and must be driven by the same set of values. This requires a particularly open mindset from the organisations that wish to get involved. To facilitate open collaboration and knowledge-sharing, Copenhagen Solutions Lab launched the Copenhagen Street Lab in 2016. Here, organisations such as [[TDC A/S|TDC]], Citelum and [[Cisco Systems|Cisco]] work in collaboration with Copenhagen Solutions Lab to identify new solutions to city and citizen problems.
===Dubai===
In 2013, the Smart [[Dubai]] project was initiated by Shaikh [[Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum|Mohammad bin Rashid Al Maktoum]], vice president of [[UAE]], which contained more than 100 initiatives to make Dubai a smart city by 2030. The project aimed to integrate private and public sectors, enabling citizens to access these sectors through their smartphones. Some initiatives include the Dubai Autonomous Transportation Strategy to create driverless transits, fully digitizing government, business and customer information and transactions, and providing citizens 5000 hotspots to access government applications by 2021.<ref>Dubai – a new paradigm for smart cities – 2015. (2018). Retrieved from https://home.kpmg.com/ae/en/home/insights/2015/07/dubai---a-new-paradigm-for-smart-cities---2015.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181027061532/https://home.kpmg.com/ae/en/home/insights/2015/07/dubai---a-new-paradigm-for-smart-cities---2015.html |date=27 October 2018 }}</ref><ref>Smart Dubai 2021. (2018). Retrieved from https://2021.smartdubai.ae/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181027021712/https://2021.smartdubai.ae/ |date=27 October 2018 }}</ref> Two mobile applications, mPay and DubaiNow, facilitate various payment services for citizens ranging from utilities or traffic fines to educational, health, transport, and business services. In addition, the Smart [[Nol Card]] is a unified rechargeable card enabling citizens to pay for all transportation services such as metro, buses, water bus, and taxis. There is also the [[Dubai Municipality]]'s Digital City initiative which assigns each building a unique QR code that citizens can scan containing information about the building, plot, and location.<ref>Smart city- The Official Portal of the UAE Government. (2018). Retrieved from https://government.ae/en/about-the-uae/the-uae-government/smart-uae/smart-dubai {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181027021654/https://government.ae/en/about-the-uae/the-uae-government/smart-uae/smart-dubai |date=27 October 2018 }}</ref>
===Dublin===
[[Dublin]] has been refereed to as an unexpected capital for smart cities.<ref>{{cite magazine | url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/10/141011-technology-science-ireland-dublin-europe-internet-of-things-future/ | title=Unexpected Capital for IoT | magazine=National Geographic | date=2014 | access-date=1 May 2017 | archive-date=2 May 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170502062056/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/10/141011-technology-science-ireland-dublin-europe-internet-of-things-future/ | url-status=live }}</ref> The smart city programme for the city is run by Smart Dublin<ref>{{cite web | url=http://smartdublin.ie/ | title=Smart Dublin | publisher=DCC | date=2017 | access-date=1 May 2017 | archive-date=19 May 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519135821/http://smartdublin.ie/ | url-status=live }}</ref> an initiative of the four Dublin Local Authorities to engage with smart technology providers, researchers and citizens to solve city challenges and improve [[city]] life. It includes Dublinked- Dublin's open data platform that hosts open source data to smart city applications.
===Gdynia===
[[Gdynia]] was the first city in Eastern Europe to receive the [[ISO 37120]] certificate issued by the World Council on City Data.<ref>{{cite web |title=GLOBAL CITIES REGISTRY™ FOR WCCD ISO 37120 SERIES |url=https://www.dataforcities.org/global-cities-registry |website=World Council on City Data (WCCD) |access-date=22 January 2021 |archive-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128065236/https://www.dataforcities.org/global-cities-registry |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The first Smart City of Eastern Europe is in Poland |url=https://velatianetworks.com/en/first-smart-city-eastern-europe-poland/ |website=Velatia Networks |access-date=22 January 2021 |date=10 June 2017 |archive-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128193152/https://velatianetworks.com/en/first-smart-city-eastern-europe-poland/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
In 2015, the TRISTAR intelligent road traffic management system was implemented in the city.<ref>{{cite web |title=Integrated Traffic Management System |url=https://www.tristar.gdynia.pl/ |website=Portal TRISTAR |access-date=22 January 2021}}</ref>
[[Trolleybuses in Gdynia]] have been operating since 1943 and are still being developed as low-emission transport - some of them have their own batteries, which allows them to reach areas with no traction.<ref>{{cite web |title=ACT NOW (Action for Energy Efficiency in Baltic Cities |url=http://pktgdynia.pl/index.php/act-now/ |website=Enterprise of Trolleybus Communication in Gdynia |access-date=22 January 2021 |archive-date=29 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129002021/http://pktgdynia.pl/index.php/act-now/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Partners - Act Now! |url=https://actnow-baltic.eu/partners/ |website=Act Now! Action for Energy Efficiency in Baltic Cities |access-date=22 January 2021 |archive-date=18 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118045730/https://actnow-baltic.eu/partners/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
Over 200 sets of up-to-date data from 21 areas of the city's functioning are published on the Open Data portal. The data sets meet the requirements of machine readability and are also presented in a way comprehensible to users.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gdynia in numbers |url=http://otwartedane.gdynia.pl/en/ |website=Gdynia - Open Data Portal |access-date=25 January 2021 |archive-date=6 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606113455/https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Open+Sans:400,300,600,800&subset=latin,latin-ext |url-status=live }}</ref>
There is also an Urban Lab for cooperation between residents, experts and representatives of city structures.<ref>{{cite web |title=UrbanLab |url=https://lis.gdynia.pl/wspolpraca-i-wsparcie/urbanlab/ |website=Social Innovation Lab in Gdynia |access-date=25 January 2021 |archive-date=29 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029111801/https://lis.gdynia.pl/wspolpraca-i-wsparcie/urbanlab/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=UrbanLab Gdynia |url=https://innovationinpolitics.eu/en/best-practice/urbanlab-gdynia/ |website=The Innovation in Politics Institute |access-date=25 January 2021 |archive-date=17 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117055437/https://innovationinpolitics.eu/en/best-practice/urbanlab-gdynia/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kaszkur |first1=Alina |title=Urban Lab as a Tool for Joint Management in Cities |journal=Polish Political Science Review |date=15 December 2015 |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=37–46 |doi=10.2478/ppsr-2020-0014 |s2cid=230282944 |url=https://content.sciendo.com/view/journals/ppsr/8/2/article-p37.xml |access-date=25 January 2021 |doi-access=free |archive-date=26 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201226161310/https://content.sciendo.com/view/journals/ppsr/8/2/article-p37.xml |url-status=live }}</ref>
===Isfahan===
[[Isfahan]] has a smart city program, a unified human resources administration system, transport system.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-18|title=بزرگترین پروژه IT و شهر هوشمند در اصفهان آماده بهرهبرداری است|url=https://www.imna.ir//news/487629/بزرگترین-پروژه-IT-و-شهر-هوشمند-در-اصفهان-آماده-بهره-برداری-است|access-date=2021-06-06|website=ایمنا|language=fa|archive-date=6 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606113503/https://www.imna.ir//news/487629/%D8%A8%D8%B2%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86-%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%98%D9%87-IT-%D9%88-%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1-%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87-%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%87-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-05-12|title=سیستم مدیریت یکپارچهسازی منابع انسانی اجرایی شد|url=https://www.imna.ir//news/492489/سیستم-مدیریت-یکپارچه-سازی-منابع-انسانی-اجرایی-شد|access-date=2021-06-06|website=ایمنا|language=fa|archive-date=6 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606113502/https://www.imna.ir//news/492489/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%85-%D9%85%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA-%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%87-%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C-%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B9-%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C-%D8%B4%D8%AF|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=به درگاه الکترونیکی شهرداری اصفهان - شهر هوشمند خوش آمدید {{!}} درگاه الکترونیکی شهرداری اصفهان - شهر هوشمند|url=https://smartcity.isfahan.ir/|access-date=2021-06-06|website=smartcity.isfahan.ir|archive-date=26 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226045336/http://smartcity.isfahan.ir/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-09-22|title=اصفهان به برترین شهر هوشمند ایران تبدیل شود|url=https://www.imna.ir//news/390448/اصفهان-به-برترین-شهر-هوشمند-ایران-تبدیل-شود|access-date=2021-06-06|website=ایمنا|language=fa|archive-date=6 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606113546/https://www.imna.ir//news/390448/%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A8%D9%87-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86-%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1-%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84-%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%AF|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=پیش به سوی شهر هوشمند {{!}} اصفهان زیبا|url=http://isfahanziba.com/news/3533/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B4-%D8%A8%D9%87-%D8%B3%D9%88%DB%8C-%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1-%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF|access-date=2021-06-06|website=isfahanziba.com}}</ref>
===Kyiv===
Kyiv has a transport dispatch system. It contains GPS trackers, installed on public transportation, as well as 6,000 video surveillance cameras which monitor the traffic. The accrued data is used by local Traffic Management Service and transport application developers.
===London===
In London, a traffic management system known as SCOOT optimises green light time at traffic intersections by feeding back magnetometer and inductive loop data to a supercomputer, which can co-ordinate traffic lights across the city to improve traffic throughout.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M9AiDAAAQBAJ|title=Science and the City: The Mechanics Behind the Metropolis|last=Winkless|first=Laurie|date=11 August 2016|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=9781472913227|language=en|access-date=1 November 2016|archive-date=27 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170427152649/https://books.google.com/books?id=M9AiDAAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>
===Madrid===
[[Madrid]], Spain's pioneering smart city,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/oct/25/we-cant-allow-the-tech-giants-to-rule-smart-cities|title=We can't allow the tech giants to rule smart cities|newspaper=The Guardian|date=25 October 2015|last1=Mason|first1=Paul|access-date=23 November 2016|archive-date=23 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123203950/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/oct/25/we-cant-allow-the-tech-giants-to-rule-smart-cities|url-status=live}}</ref> has adopted the MiNT Madrid Inteligente/Smarter Madrid platform to integrate the management of local services. These include the sustainable and computerized management of infrastructure, garbage collection and recycling, and public spaces and green areas, among others.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.madrid.es/UnidadesDescentralizadas/RelacionesInternacionales/Publicaciones/CatalogoBuenasPracticas/Economia/MiNT%20Madrid%20Inteligente%2014.pdf|title=Buenas Prácticas de la Ciudad de Madrid|access-date=23 November 2016|archive-date=23 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123133240/http://www.madrid.es/UnidadesDescentralizadas/RelacionesInternacionales/Publicaciones/CatalogoBuenasPracticas/Economia/MiNT%20Madrid%20Inteligente%2014.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The programme is run in partnership with [[IBM]]s [[INSA]], making use of the latter's Big Data and analytics capabilities and experience.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sustainablecitiescollective.com/global-site-plans-grid/316481/madrid-spain-launches-ibm-smarter-cities-project|title=Madrid, Spain Launches IBM Smarter Cities Project|access-date=23 November 2016|archive-date=23 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123203314/http://www.sustainablecitiescollective.com/global-site-plans-grid/316481/madrid-spain-launches-ibm-smarter-cities-project|url-status=live}}</ref> Madrid is considered to have taken a bottom-up approach to smart cities, whereby social issues are first identified and individual technologies or networks are then identified to address these issues.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.urban-hub.com/cities/fine-tuning-smart-in-madrid/|title=From Barcelona to Madrid, Spain's smart cities inspire change|access-date=23 November 2016|archive-date=24 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161124024840/http://www.urban-hub.com/cities/fine-tuning-smart-in-madrid/|url-status=live}}</ref> This approach includes support and recognition for start ups through the Madrid Digital Start Up programme.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ebn.be/index.php?lnk=K2tiZmlkaWp5MVZzVWF6SzFUWkpHNWh3Y0F3TFBHLzZmaFpxZWwxNVB2MD0=|title=MADRID DIGITAL START UP – CLEARCHANNEL 2015|access-date=23 November 2016|archive-date=11 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170311004501/http://ebn.be/index.php?lnk=K2tiZmlkaWp5MVZzVWF6SzFUWkpHNWh3Y0F3TFBHLzZmaFpxZWwxNVB2MD0=|url-status=live}}</ref>
===Malta===
A document written in 2011 refers to 18th century [[Żejtun]] as the earliest "smart city" in [[Malta]],<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Proceedings of History Week|last=Vassallo|first=Carmel|date=2011|title=Żejtun: An Eighteenth-Century 'Smart City'|url=http://melitensiawth.com/incoming/Index/Proceedings%20of%20History%20Week/PHW2011/07s.pdf|issue=7|pages=105–118|access-date=17 June 2018|archive-date=17 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417025637/http://melitensiawth.com/incoming/Index/Proceedings%20of%20History%20Week/PHW2011/07s.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> but not in the modern context of a smart city. By the 21st century, [[SmartCity Malta]], a planned technology park, became partially operational while the rest is under construction, as a [[Foreign Direct Investment]].
===Manchester===
In December 2015, [[Manchester]]'s CityVerve project was chosen as the winner of a government-led technology competition and awarded £10m to develop an [[Internet of Things]] (IoT) smart cities demonstrator.<ref>[https://www.gov.uk/government/news/manchester-wins-10m-prize-to-become-world-leader-in-smart-city-technology] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160909055109/https://www.gov.uk/government/news/manchester-wins-10m-prize-to-become-world-leader-in-smart-city-technology |date=9 September 2016 }}, Manchester wins £10m prize to become world leader in 'smart city' technology.</ref>
Established in July 2016, the project is being carried out by a consortium of 22 public and private organisations, including [[Manchester City Council]], and is aligned with the city's on-going devolution commitment.<ref>[http://www.manchester.gov.uk/news/article/7343/manchester_announced_as_uk_s_internet_of_things_iot_city_demonstrator_and_awarded_10m_investment] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809155835/http://www.manchester.gov.uk/news/article/7343/manchester_announced_as_uk_s_internet_of_things_iot_city_demonstrator_and_awarded_10m_investment |date=9 August 2016 }}, Manchester announced as UK's Internet of Things (IoT) City Demonstrator and awarded £10m investment.</ref>
The project has a two-year remit to demonstrate the capability of IoT applications and address barriers to deploying smart cities, such as city governance, network security, user trust and adoption, interoperability, scalability and justifying investment.
CityVerve is based on an open data principle that incorporates a "platform of platforms"<ref>[http://www.cityverve.org.uk/platform-of-platforms/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827095452/http://www.cityverve.org.uk/platform-of-platforms/ |date=27 August 2016 }}, Platform of Platforms.</ref> which ties together applications for its four key themes: transport and travel; health and social care; energy and the environment; culture and the public realm. This will also ensure that the project is scalable and able to be redeployed to other locations worldwide.
===Milan===
[[Milan]], Italy was prompted to begin its smart city strategies and initiatives by the European Union's Smart Cities and Communities initiative. However, unlike many European cities, Milan's Smart city strategies focus more on social sustainability rather than environmental sustainability.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Trivellato|first=Benedetta|date=January 2016|title=How can 'smart' also be socially sustainable? Insights from the case of Milan|journal=Academy of Management Proceedings|volume=2016|issue=1|pages=10641|doi=10.5465/ambpp.2016.10641abstract|issn=0065-0668}}</ref> This focus is almost exclusive to Milan and has a major influence in the way content and way its strategies are implemented as shown in the case study of the Bicocca District in Milan.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Sacco|first1=Pierluigi|last2=Tavano Blessi|first2=Giorgio|date=May 2009|title=The Social Viability of Culture-led Urban Transformation Processes: Evidence from the Bicocca District, Milan|journal=Urban Studies|volume=46|issue=5–6|pages=1115–1135|doi=10.1177/0042098009103857|s2cid=153728781|issn=0042-0980}}</ref>
===Milton Keynes===
[[Milton Keynes]] has a commitment to making itself a smart city. Currently the mechanism through which this is approached is the MK:Smart initiative,<ref name=":0" /> a collaboration of local government, businesses, academia and 3rd sector organisations. The focus of the initiative is on making energy use, water use and transport more [[sustainable]] whilst promoting [[economic growth]] in the city. Central to the project is the creation of a state-of-the-art 'MK [[Data Hub]]' which will support the acquisition and management of vast amounts of data relevant to city systems from a variety of data sources. These will include data about [[energy consumption|energy]] and [[water consumption]], transport data, data acquired through satellite technology, social and economic datasets, and [[crowdsource]]d data from [[social media]] or specialised apps.
The MK:Smart initiative has two aspects which extend our understanding of how smart Cities should operate. The first, Our MK,<ref name=":1"/> is a scheme for promoting citizen-led sustainability issues in the city. The scheme provides funding and support to engage with citizens and help turn their ideas around sustainability into a reality. The second aspect is in providing citizens with the skills to operate effectively in a smart city. The Urban Data school<ref name=":2"/> is an online platform to teach school students about data skills while the project has also produced a [[MOOC]]<ref name=":3"/> to inform citizens about what a smart city is.
===Moscow===
Moscow has been implementing smart solutions since 2011 by creating the main infrastructure and local networks. Over the past few years Moscow Government implemented a number of programs, contributing to its IT development.
So, Information City programme was launched and subsequently implemented from 2012 to 2018. The initial purpose of the programme was to make daily life for citizens safe and comfortable through the large-scale introduction of information and communication technologies.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://tadviser.com/index.php/Article:Information_city_%28ICT_program_of_Moscow%29 |title=Archived copy |access-date=20 February 2020 |archive-date=20 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200220092908/http://tadviser.com/index.php/Article:Information_city_(ICT_program_of_Moscow) |url-status=live }}</ref>
In the summer of 2018, Moscow Mayor Sergey Sobyanin announced the city's smart city project, aimed at applying modern technologies in all areas of city life.<ref name="tadviser.com">{{Cite web |url=http://tadviser.com/index.php/Article:Moscow_the_Smart_city_%28Smart_city%29_Information_technologies_in_Moscow |title=Archived copy |access-date=20 February 2020 |archive-date=8 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808002954/http://tadviser.com/index.php/Article:Moscow_the_Smart_city_(Smart_city)_Information_technologies_in_Moscow |url-status=live }}</ref> And in June 2018, the global management consultancy McKinsey announced that Moscow is one of the world's top 50 cities for smart technologies.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/mckinsey/industries/capital%20projects%20and%20infrastructure/our%20insights/smart%20cities%20digital%20solutions%20for%20a%20more%20livable%20future/mgi-smart-cities-full-report.ashx |title=Archived copy |access-date=20 February 2020 |archive-date=5 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200405223252/https://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/mckinsey/industries/capital%20projects%20and%20infrastructure/our%20insights/smart%20cities%20digital%20solutions%20for%20a%20more%20livable%20future/mgi-smart-cities-full-report.ashx |url-status=live }}</ref> Smart City technologies have been deployed in healthcare, education, transport and municipal services. The initiative aims to improve quality of life, make urban government more efficient and develop an information society. There are more than 300 digital initiatives within the smart city project, with electronic services now widely provided online and through multifunctional centres. Moscow's citywide Wi-Fi project was launched in 2012 and now provides more than 16,000 Wi-Fi internet access points.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.mos.ru/en/news/item/57389073/ |title=Moscow online 24/7: Wi-Fi development / News / Moscow City Web Site |access-date=20 February 2020 |archive-date=20 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200220092903/https://www.mos.ru/en/news/item/57389073/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The total number of access points will exceed 20,500 by early 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://teletimesinternational.com/2021/hotspots-moscow-wifi-network/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=10 March 2021 |archive-date=6 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606113507/https://teletimesinternational.com/2021/hotspots-moscow-wifi-network/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Moscow is actively developing eco-friendly transport using electric buses, and autonomous cars will soon be tested on the city's streets. Other initiatives include Moscow's Electronic School programme, its blockchain-based Active Citizen project and smart traffic management.<ref name="tadviser.com"/>
===New Songdo City===
{{further|Songdo International Business District}}<ref>{{cite web | url=http://urbact.eu/fileadmin/Projects/REDIS/events_media/magdeburg_Kwon_110408.pdf | title=Building a New Smart City in Asia: Songdo International City in Incheon, S. Korea | publisher=Incheon Development Institute | year=2011 | access-date=2 July 2013 | author=Kwon Hyung LEE | archive-date=10 November 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141110080825/http://urbact.eu/fileadmin/Projects/REDIS/events_media/magdeburg_Kwon_110408.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.songdo.com/songdo-international-business-district/the-city/master-plan.aspx|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130202142731/http://www.songdo.com/songdo-international-business-district/the-city/master-plan.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 February 2013|title=Songdo International Business District Master Plan}}</ref>
===New York===
[[New York City|New York]] is developing a number of smart city initiatives. An example is the series of city service kiosks in the [[LinkNYC]] network. These provide services including free WiFi, phone calls, device charging stations, local wayfinding, and more, funded by advertising that plays on the kiosk's screens.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/inside-linknycs-free-public-gigabit-wifi-plan-2016-2|title=Inside the plan to cover New York City's streets with free, blazing fast Wi-Fi|last=Insider|first=Alex Heath, Business|website=Business Insider|access-date=2019-09-30|archive-date=30 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190930170526/https://www.businessinsider.com/inside-linknycs-free-public-gigabit-wifi-plan-2016-2|url-status=live}}</ref>
===San Leandro===
The city of [[San Leandro, California|San Leandro]], California is in the midst of transforming from an industrial center to a tech hub of the [[Internet of things]] (IoT) (technology that lets devices communicate with each other over the Internet). California's utility company [[Pacific Gas and Electric Company|PG&E]] is working with the city in this endeavor and on a smart energy pilot program that would develop a distributed energy network across the city that would be monitored by IoT sensors. The goal would be to give the city an energy system that has enough capacity to receive and redistribute electricity to and from multiple energy sources.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|url=https://dailyenergyinsider.com/featured/5732-eeis-new-board-chairman-cites-smart-city-opportunities-convention-gets-way/|title=EEI's new board chairman cites smart-city opportunities as convention gets under way|last=Riley|first=Kim|date=12 June 2017|work=Daily Energy Insider|access-date=25 September 2017|language=en-US|archive-date=28 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190828222612/https://dailyenergyinsider.com/featured/5732-eeis-new-board-chairman-cites-smart-city-opportunities-convention-gets-way/|url-status=live}}</ref>
===Santa Cruz===
An alternative use of smart city technology used to be found in [[Santa Cruz, California]], where local authorities previously analyzed historical crime data in order to [[Predictive policing|predict police requirements]] and maximise police presence where it is required.<ref>{{cite news |last=Baxter |first=Stephen |url=http://www.santacruzsentinel.com/general-news/20120226/modest-gains-in-first-six-months-of-santa-cruzs-predictive-police-program |title=Modest gains in first six months of Santa Cruz's predictive police program |work=Santa Cruz Sentinel |date=26 February 2012 |access-date=26 May 2015 |archive-date=30 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530124829/http://www.santacruzsentinel.com/general-news/20120226/modest-gains-in-first-six-months-of-santa-cruzs-predictive-police-program |url-status=live }}</ref> The analytical tools generate a list of 10 places each day where [[property crime]]s are more likely to occur, and then placing police efforts on these regions when officers are not responding to any emergency. This use of ICT technology is different to the manner in which European cities utilize smart city technology, possibly highlighting the breadth of the smart city concept in different parts of the world. The city of Santa Cruz suspended the use of predictive policing technology in 2018, after there were questions about it's validity in such a small community.
===Santander===
The city of [[Santander, Cantabria|Santander]] in [[Cantabria]], northern Spain, has 20,000 sensors connecting buildings, infrastructure, transport, networks and utilities, offers a physical space for experimentation and validation of the IoT functions, such as interaction and management protocols, device technologies, and support services such as discovery, [[identity management]] and security<ref name="Schaffers">{{cite book|isbn=9783642208973|author1=Schaffers, H.|author2=Komninos, N.|author3=Pallot, M.|author4=Trousse, B.|author5=Nilsson M.|year=2011|title=Smart Cities and the Future Internet: Towards Cooperation Frameworks for Open Innovation, Lecture Notes in Computer Science|volume=Vol. 6656|series=The Future Internet|pages=[https://archive.org/details/futureinternetfu0000unse/page/431 431–446]|url=https://archive.org/details/futureinternetfu0000unse/page/431}}</ref> In Santander, the sensors monitor the levels of [[pollution]], [[noise]], [[traffic]] and parking.
===Shanghai===
[[Shanghai]]'s development of the IoT and internet connection speeds have allowed for third-party companies to revolutionize the productivity of the city.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.driversofchange.com/projects/shaping-a-smart-shanghai/|title=Shaping a Smart Shanghai {{!}} Arup Foresight|language=en-US|access-date=14 December 2018|archive-date=16 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181216031713/https://www.driversofchange.com/projects/shaping-a-smart-shanghai/|url-status=live}}</ref> As mobile ride share giant, [[DiDi|DiDi Chuxing]], continuously adds more user protection features such as ride recording, and a new quick response safety center, Shanghai is furthering their smart city agenda.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.timeoutshanghai.com/features/News-News/58714/Here’s-what-you-need-to-know-about-Didi’s-new-safety-features.html|title=Here's what you need to know about Didi's new safety features|last=Group|first=SEEC Media|website=www.timeoutshanghai.com|language=en|access-date=14 December 2018|archive-date=28 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190828222617/http://www.timeoutshanghai.com/features/News-News/58714/Here%E2%80%99s-what-you-need-to-know-about-Didi%E2%80%99s-new-safety-features.html|url-status=live}}</ref> During the first [[China International Import Expo]], Shanghai focused on smart mobility and implemented sensors to accept smartphone traffic cards in all metro stations and buses to increase efficiency in the city.
===Singapore===
{{main|Smart Nation}}
[[Singapore]], a [[city-state]], has embarked on transforming towards a "Smart Nation", and endeavours to harness the power of networks, data and info-comm technologies to improve living, create economic opportunities and build closer communities.
===Stockholm===
[[File:Kista.jpg|thumbnail|right|The [[Kista]] Science City from above.]]
[[Stockholm]]'s smart city technology is underpinned by the [[Stokab dark fibre system]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.stokab.se/In-english/ |title=This is stokab |author=Stockholm: the capital of Scandinavia |access-date=30 May 2015 |archive-date=30 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530124852/http://www.stokab.se/In-english/ |url-status=live }}</ref> which was developed in 1994 to provide a universal fibre optic network across Stockholm.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ictregulationtoolkit.org/en/toolkit/notes/PracticeNote/3244/ |title=Models for Infrastructure Sharing: Sweden's Stokab |author=ICT Regulation Toolkit |access-date=30 May 2015 |archive-date=29 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529180020/http://www.ictregulationtoolkit.org/en/toolkit/notes/PracticeNote/3244 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Private companies are able to lease fibre as service providers on equal terms. The company is owned by the City of Stockholm itself.<ref name=Stockholm /> Within this framework, Stockholm has created a Green IT strategy.<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://international.stockholm.se/globalassets/ovriga-bilder-och-filer/green-it-strategy.pdf |title=Green IT |author=Stockholm: the Capital of Scandinavia |access-date=30 May 2015 |archive-date=30 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530124027/http://international.stockholm.se/globalassets/ovriga-bilder-och-filer/green-it-strategy.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The Green IT program seeks to reduce the environmental impact of Stockholm through IT functions such as energy efficient buildings (minimising heating costs), traffic monitoring (minimising the time spent on the road) and development of e-services (minimising paper usage). The e-Stockholm platform is centred on the provision of e-services, including political announcements, parking space booking and snow clearance.<ref name="esthlm">{{cite press release |url=http://international.stockholm.se/globalassets/ovriga-bilder-och-filer/e-strategy-city-of-stockholm.pdf |title=e-sthlm |author=Stockholm: the Capital of Scandinavia |access-date=30 May 2015 |archive-date=30 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530124035/http://international.stockholm.se/globalassets/ovriga-bilder-och-filer/e-strategy-city-of-stockholm.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> This is further being developed through GPS analytics, allowing residents to plan their route through the city.<ref name=esthlm /> An example of district-specific smart city technology can be found in the Kista Science City region.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://kista.com/ |title=Kista Science City |author=Kista Science City Online |access-date=30 May 2015 |archive-date=20 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150520025433/http://kista.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref> This region is based on the triple helix concept of smart cities,{{sfnp|Hollands|2008|pp=303–320}} where university, industry and government work together to develop ICT applications for implementation in a smart city strategy.
===Taipei===
[[File:Taipei Skyline (30260753350).jpg|thumbnail|right|[[Taipei]] – a smart city.]]
[[Taipei]] started the "smarttaipei" project in 2016, where the major concept of is to change the culture of city hall government to be able to adopt new ideas and new concepts called bottom-up mechanism. The Taipei City government established the “Taipei Smart City Project Management Office”, also known as the "PMO", to implement and governance the development of smart city. Thereafter, building an innovation matchmaking platform to combine industry and government resources to develop smart solutions that satisfy public demands.
PMO accept proposals from industry and help to negotiate with relative department of Taipei city to initiate new proof of concept(PoC) project, with the help of a matchmaking platform which allows citizens access necessary innovative technologies. There are more than 150<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://smartcity.taipei/about?locale=en |title=Archived copy |access-date=26 January 2020 |archive-date=15 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200615212006/https://smartcity.taipei/about?locale=en |url-status=live }}</ref> PoC Project established, and only 34% project finished.
==Research==
University research labs developed prototypes for intelligent cities.
* IGLUS is an [[action research]] project led by [[EPFL]] focused on developing [[governance]] systems for urban [[infrastructures]]. IGLUS announced a [[MOOC]] through [[Coursera]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://iglus.org/smart-cities-mooc|title=Smart cities MOOC – IGLUS|website=iglus.org|access-date=10 June 2016|archive-date=9 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809231054/http://iglus.org/smart-cities-mooc|url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''[[MIT]] Smart Cities Lab''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cities.media.mit.edu/|title=MIT Cities|publisher=MIT|access-date=13 November 2009|archive-date=20 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720000644/http://cities.media.mit.edu/|url-status=live}}</ref> focuses upon intelligent, [[sustainable building]]s, mobility systems (GreenWheel [[electric bicycle]], [[mobility on demand]], [[CityCar]], [[Robot locomotion|Wheel Robots]]);
* the ''IntelCities''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://intelcities.iti.gr/intelcities|title=IntelCities|work=Intelcities project|access-date=31 January 2015|archive-date=13 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160913104349/http://intelcities.iti.gr/intelcities/|url-status=live}}</ref> research consortium for electronic government, planning systems and citizen participation; [[URENIO]] developed intelligent city platforms for the [[innovation economy]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.urenio.org/platforms/index.html|title=Intelligent City Platforms|publisher=URENIO|access-date=5 November 2014|archive-date=21 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141221045007/http://www.urenio.org/platforms/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> focusing on strategic intelligence, [[technology transfer]], collaborative innovation, and incubation, while it promotes intelligent cities research and planning;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.urenio.org|title=Home|publisher=URENIO|access-date=5 November 2014|archive-date=4 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141104214302/http://www.urenio.org/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* the ''Smart Cities Academic Network''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.smartcities.info/aim|title=AIM|work=Smart Cities project|access-date=31 January 2015|archive-date=27 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171127121325/http://www.smartcities.info/aim|url-status=dead}}</ref> is working on e-governance and e-services in the North Sea region.
* The MK:Smart project<ref name=":0" /> is focusing on issues of sustainable [[energy use]], [[water use]] and [[transport infrastructure]] alongside exploring how to promote citizen engagement<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title = Our MK: Helping make Milton Keynes a smarter, greener city|url = http://www.ourmk.org|website = www.ourmk.org|access-date = 27 October 2015|archive-date = 17 November 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151117221316/https://ourmk.org/|url-status = live}}</ref> alongside educating citizens about smart cities.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url = http://urbandataschool.com|title = The Urban Date School|access-date = 27 October 2015|website = The Urban Data School|archive-date = 21 April 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160421104431/http://www.urbandataschool.com/|url-status = live}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title = Smart Cities|url = https://www.futurelearn.com/courses/smart-cities|website = FutureLearn|access-date = 27 October 2015|archive-date = 17 November 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151117064130/https://www.futurelearn.com/courses/smart-cities|url-status = live}}</ref>
* Laboratory for AI, Machine Learning, Business & Data Analytics (LAMBDA) at [[Tel Aviv University]] focuses on Digital Life, [[Smart Transportation]] and Human Mobility Patterns in smart Cities.<ref>{{cite web |author = Ben-Gal, I., Weinstock, S., Singer, G., & Bambos, N. (2019) |title = Clustering Users by Their Mobility Behavioral Patterns |url = http://www.eng.tau.ac.il/~bengal/TKDD1304-45.pdf |publisher = ACM Transactions on Knowledge Discovery from Data (TKDD), 13(4), 45 |access-date = 14 October 2019 |archive-date = 14 October 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191014204156/http://www.eng.tau.ac.il/~bengal/TKDD1304-45.pdf |url-status = live }}</ref>
* Research journals in this area include the UK [[Institution of Engineering and Technology|IET]] ''Smart Cities'', which was launched in 2018.<ref>{{cite document|url=https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/journals/iet-smc|title=IET Smart Cities Journal, United Kingdom, 2018|access-date=28 May 2019|archive-date=28 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190528064046/https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/journals/iet-smc|url-status=live}}</ref>
==Criticism==
{{See also|Surveillance issues in smart cities}}
The criticisms of smart cities revolve around:{{sfnp|Hollands|2008|pp=303–320}}
* A bias in strategic interest may lead to ignoring alternative avenues of promising urban development.<ref>{{cite book|author=Greenfield, A.|year=2013|title=Against the Smart City. |location=London|publisher=Verso|asin=B00FHQ5DBS}}</ref>
* A smart city, as a scientifically planned city, would defy the fact that real development in cities is often haphazard. In that line of criticism, the smart city is seen as unattractive for citizens as they "can deaden and stupefy the people who live in its all-efficient embrace".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/dec/04/smart-city-rio-songdo-masdar|title=No one likes a city that's too smart|last=Sennett|first=Richard|date=4 December 2012|work=The Guardian|access-date=17 March 2017|archive-date=18 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318004523/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/dec/04/smart-city-rio-songdo-masdar|url-status=live}}</ref> Instead, people would prefer cities they can participate to shape.
* The focus of the concept of smart city may lead to an underestimation of the possible negative effects of the development of the new technological and networked infrastructures needed for a city to be smart.<ref>{{cite book|author=Graham, S.|author2=Marvin, S. |year=1996|title=Telecommunications and the city: electronic spaces, urban place|location=London|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9780203430453}}</ref>
* As a [[globalization|globalized]] [[business model]] is based on [[capital mobility]], following a business-oriented model may result in a losing long-term strategy: "The 'spatial fix' inevitably means that mobile capital can often 'write its own deals' to come to town, only to move on when it receives a better deal elsewhere. This is no less true for the smart city than it was for the industrial, [or] manufacturing city."{{sfnp|Hollands|2008|pp=303–320}}
* The high level of [[big data]] collection and analytics has raised questions regarding [[surveillance issues in smart cities|surveillance in smart cities]], particularly as it relates to [[predictive policing]].
* As of August 2018, the discussion on smart cities centres around the usage and implementation of technology rather than on the inhabitants of the cities and how they can be involved in the process.<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1007/s12599-018-0535-3 | volume=60 | title=Smart Cities: A Review and Analysis of Stakeholders' Literature | year=2018 | journal=Business & Information Systems Engineering | pages=197–213 | last1 = Marrone | first1 = Mauricio | last2 = Hammerle | first2 = Mara| issue=3 | s2cid=207433624 }}</ref>
*Especially in low-income countries, smart cities are irrelevant to the majority of the urban population, which lives in poverty with limited access to basic services. A focus on smart cities may worsen inequality and marginalization.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Watson|first=Vanessa|s2cid=154398313|date=6 December 2013|title=African urban fantasies: dreams or nightmares?|journal=Environment and Urbanization|language=en|volume=26|issue=1|pages=215–231|doi=10.1177/0956247813513705|issn=0956-2478}}</ref>
*If a smart city strategy is not planned taking into account people with accessibility problems, such as persons with disabilities affecting mobility, vision, hearing, and cognitive function, the implementation of new technologies could create new barriers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.technologyreview.com/s/612712/smart-cities-coule-be-lousy-if-you-have-a-disability/|title=Smart cities could be lousy to live in if you have a disability|last=Woyke|first=Elizabeth|website=MIT Technology Review|language=en|access-date=2019-03-15|archive-date=5 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190305211109/https://www.technologyreview.com/s/612712/smart-cities-coule-be-lousy-if-you-have-a-disability/|url-status=live}}</ref>
==See also==
{{Commons category}}
{{Clear}}
{{cmn|
* [[Carfree city]]
* [[Career-oriented social networking market]]
* [[Connected car]]
* [[Community-driven development]]
* [[Eco-cities]]
* [[Energy informatics]]
* [[Global brain]]
* [[Government by algorithm]]
* [[Intelligent environment]]
* [[Intelligent transportation system]]
* [[Municipal wireless network]]
* [[Net metering]]
* [[Pervasive informatics]]
* [[Planned community]]
* [[Resilient city]]
* [[Short food supply chains]]
* [[Smart grid]]
* [[Smart highway]]
* [[Smart port]]
* [[Smart village]]
* [[Sustainable city]]
* [[Telecommuting]]
* [[Urban computing]]
* [[Urban farming]]
* [[Urban informatics]]
* [[Vertical farming]]
}}
==References==
{{Reflist}}
;Bibliography
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite journal|last=Hollands|first=R. G|year=2008|title=Will the real smart city please stand up?|journal=City|volume=12|issue=3|pages=303–320|doi=10.1080/13604810802479126|s2cid=143073956}}
* {{cite book|isbn=9780415455923|last=Komninos|first=N.|year=2008|title=Intelligent Cities and Globalisation of Innovation Networks|publisher=Routledge}}
* {{cite journal|last=Komninos|first=N.|year=2009|title=Intelligent cities: towards interactive and global innovation environments|journal= International Journal of Innovation and Regional Development|volume=1|issue=4|pages=337|doi=10.1504/ijird.2009.022726}}
* {{cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/246019/bis-13-1209-smart-cities-background-paper-digital.pdf|title=Smart cities – background paper|publisher=UK Government [[Department for Business, Innovation and Skills]]|author=Dept Business|year=2013|access-date=3 November 2014|archive-date=3 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141103170412/https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/246019/bis-13-1209-smart-cities-background-paper-digital.pdf|url-status=live}}
{{refend}}
==Further reading==
* {{cite book|author=Shepard, Mark|title=Sentient City: Ubiquitous Computing, Architecture, and the Future of Urban Space. New York City|work=[[Architectural League of New York]]|year=2011|isbn=978-0262515863}}
* {{cite journal|author=Batty, M.|title=Smart Cities of the Future|journal=European Physical Journal ST|volume=214|pages=481–518|doi=10.1140/epjst/e2012-01703-3|year=2012|display-authors=etal|bibcode=2012EPJST.214..481B|doi-access=free}}
* {{Cite book|title=The Concept of 'Smart' Cities – Towards Community Development?|author=Anastasia Stratigea|year=2012|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/261873805}}
* {{Cite book|title=Smart Cities: Big Data, Civic Hackers, and the Quest for a New Utopia|author=Townsend, Antony|year=2013|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|isbn=978-0393082876}}
* {{cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/337549/14-820-what-are-future-cities.pdf|title=What are future cities – origins, meaning and uses|last1=Moir |first1=E.|last2=Moonen |first2=T. |last3=Clark |first3=C.|publisher=Foresight Future of Cities Project and [[Future Cities Catapult]]|year=2014}}
* {{cite magazine |magazine=The Atlantic |date=10 July 2015 |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2015/07/when-you-give-a-tree-an-email-address/398210/ |first=Adrienne |last=LaFrance |title=When You Give a Tree an Email Address}}
* {{cite journal |author-link=Saraju Mohanty |first=Saraju |last=Mohanty |url=http://www.smohanty.org/Publications_Journals/2016/Mohanty_IEEE-CEM_2016-July_Smart-Cities.pdf |title=Everything You wanted to Know about Smart Cities |journal=IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine |volume=6 |issue=3 |date=July 2016 |pages=60–70|doi=10.1109/MCE.2016.2556879 |s2cid=206450227 }}
* {{Cite journal|title=The Power of Communities in Smart Urban Development|author=Kamila Borsekova|journal=Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences|year=2016|volume=223|pages=51–57|doi=10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.05.289|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877042816303688}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Cavada |first1=M. |display-authors=etal |year=2016 |title=Do smart cities realise their potential for lower carbon dioxide emissions? |journal=Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers – Engineering Sustainability |volume=169 |issue=6 |pages=243–252 |doi=10.1680/jensu.15.00032}}
* {{cite web|url=https://www.atis.org/smart-cities-roadmap/|title=Smart Cities Technology Roadmap|date=April 2017 |website=Alliance for Telecommunications Industry Solutions |access-date=28 July 2017}}
* [[Saraju Mohanty]], [https://cesoc.ieee.org/images/files/pdf/Mohanty_IEEE-DL_Smart-Cities.pdf Everything You wanted to Know about Smart Cities], IEEE Distinguished Lecture 2017, IEEE CE Society Webinar, 5 October 2017.
* {{cite journal |last1=Viitanen |first1=J. |last2=Kingston |first2=R. |year=2014 |title=Smart cities and green growth – outsourcing democratic and environmental resilience to the global technology sector |journal=Environment and Planning A |volume=46 |issue=4 |pages=803–819 |doi=10.1068/a46242|s2cid=145283799 |url=http://polired.upm.es/index.php/ciur/article/view/3498 }}
* DelSignore, M.; Riether, G. (2018) ''Urban Machines: Public Space in a Digital Culture'', {{ISBN|978 8898 774 289}}, an overview of the impact of Information Technology and vision of a possible future – as challenge for architects.
==External links==
* [http://www.landmobile.co.uk/news/budget-2015-osborne-announces-40-million-investment-into-smart-cities-and-iot/ UK Budget 2015 funding for smart cities development] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161124094213/http://www.landmobile.co.uk/news/budget-2015-osborne-announces-40-million-investment-into-smart-cities-and-iot |date=24 November 2016 }}
* [http://www.bsigroup.com/en-GB/smart-cities/ British Standards Institute initiative on Smart Cities]
* [https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/future-of-cities Future of Cities] UK government 'Foresight' project on cities
* [https://futurecities.catapult.org.uk/ Future Cities Catapult] A UK government-funded 'global centre of excellence on urban innovation'
* [http://www.knowledgegrid.net/~h.zhuge/CPS.htm Cyber-Physical Society]
* [https://www.runwithcode.com/what-is-smart-city/ what is a smart city?]
* {{cite web|url=http://icanada150.ca/about-i-canada-alliance/ |title=About i-Canada Alliance}} A Canadian project
* {{About||the 2006 film|Smart City (film)}}
{{Ambient intelligence}}
{{Cities}}
[[Category:Smart cities| ]]
[[Category:Urban studies and planning terminology]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -5,4 +5,6 @@
[[File:Clean mobility instead of dirty traffic.jpg|thumb|Possible scenario of smart and [[sustainable mobility]]]]
A '''smart city''' is a technologically modern [[urban area]] that uses different types of electronic methods, voice activation methods and sensors to [[data collection|collect specific data]]. Information gained from that [[data]] are used to manage assets, resources and services efficiently; in return, that data is used to improve the operations across the city. This includes data collected from citizens, devices, buildings and assets that is then processed and analyzed to monitor and manage traffic and transportation systems, [[Power station|power plants]], utilities, water supply networks, [[waste management|waste]], [[Criminal investigation|crime detection]],<ref>[https://interestingengineering.com/connected-vehicles-in-smart-cities-the-future-of-transportation Connected Vehicles in Smart Cities: The Future of Transportation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413220942/https://interestingengineering.com/connected-vehicles-in-smart-cities-the-future-of-transportation |date=13 April 2020 }} Published by interestingengineering.com on 16 November 2018, retrieved on 4 April 2019</ref> [[information system]]s, schools, libraries, hospitals, and other community services.<ref>{{cite book|last1=McLaren|first1=Duncan|last2=Agyeman|first2=Julian|title=Sharing Cities: A Case for Truly Smart and Sustainable Cities|date=2015|publisher=MIT Press|isbn=9780262029728|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KhvLCgAAQBAJ&q=smart+cities+and+sustainability|language=en}}</ref><ref name="academia.edu">{{cite journal|url=https://www.academia.edu/21181336|title=Smart City Roadmap|author=Sam Musa}}</ref>
+
+Generally, '''Smart City''' means,"A city capable of improving its citizens life quality by providing Smart Governance, Smart Environment, Smart Economy, Smart Mobility, Public Safety and also monitor and integrates conditions of all of its critical infrastructure, resource optimization and plan its preventive maintenance activities and many more for betterment of its citizen is known as '''Smart City".'''
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423 => 'https://www.imna.ir//news/390448/%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A8%D9%87-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86-%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1-%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84-%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%AF',
424 => 'https://www.imna.ir//news/487629/%D8%A8%D8%B2%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86-%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%98%D9%87-IT-%D9%88-%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1-%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87-%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%87-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA',
425 => 'https://www.imna.ir//news/492489/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%85-%D9%85%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA-%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%87-%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C-%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B9-%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C-%D8%B4%D8%AF',
426 => 'https://www.information-age.com/smartphones-not-flying-cars-will-define-smart-cities-future-123462622/',
427 => 'https://www.intelligentcommunity.org/index.php?submenu=Awards&src=gendocs&ref=ICF_Awards&category=Events&link=ICF_Awards',
428 => 'https://www.link.nyc/',
429 => 'https://www.marketingdive.com/news/campaign-trail-why-uber-built-a-virtual-city-to-promote-a-product-that-doe/557301/',
430 => 'https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/capital-projects-and-infrastructure/our-insights/smart-cities-digital-solutions-for-a-more-livable-future',
431 => 'https://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/mckinsey/industries/capital%20projects%20and%20infrastructure/our%20insights/smart%20cities%20digital%20solutions%20for%20a%20more%20livable%20future/mgi-smart-cities-full-report.ashx',
432 => 'https://www.mos.ru/en/news/item/57389073/',
433 => 'https://www.publicpower.org/system/files/documents/APPA-Smart-City-Roadmap-FINAL.pdf',
434 => 'https://www.researchgate.net/publication/220876581_From_Smart_Homes_to_Smart_Cities_Opportunities_and_Challenges_from_an_Industrial_Perspective',
435 => 'https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320148770_Urban_Distribution_CCTV_for_Smart_City_Using_Decision_Tree_Methods',
436 => 'https://www.researchgate.net/publication/261873805',
437 => 'https://www.researchgate.net/publication/314246043',
438 => 'https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301408856',
439 => 'https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310791133',
440 => 'https://www.researchgate.net/publication/340344518',
441 => 'https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333456538',
442 => 'https://www.runwithcode.com/what-is-smart-city/',
443 => 'https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877042816303688',
444 => 'https://www.se.com/in/en/work/solutions/for-business/smart-cities/',
445 => 'https://www.smartcitiesworld.net/news/news/smart-cities-are-about-people-2932',
446 => 'https://www.smartcity.press/how-smart-homes-can-connect-smart-cities/',
447 => 'https://www.sscldl.com/',
448 => 'https://www.sscldl.com/digital-library-implementation-at-shivamogga/',
449 => 'https://www.technologyreview.com/s/612712/smart-cities-coule-be-lousy-if-you-have-a-disability/',
450 => 'https://www.thalesgroup.com/en/markets/digital-identity-and-security/iot/inspired/smart-cities',
451 => 'https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2015/07/when-you-give-a-tree-an-email-address/398210/',
452 => 'https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/oct/25/we-cant-allow-the-tech-giants-to-rule-smart-cities',
453 => 'https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/dec/04/smart-city-rio-songdo-masdar',
454 => 'https://www.tristar.gdynia.pl/',
455 => 'https://www.ucalgary.ca/ejournal/archive/v10-11/v10-11n1Moser-browse.html',
456 => 'https://www.vttresearch.com/en/news-and-ideas/yes-positive-energy-districts-how-make-it-happen',
457 => 'https://www.windsorpubliclibrary.com/?page_id=65204',
458 => 'https://www.zurich.ibm.com/pdf/isl/infoportal/IBV_SC3_report_GBE03348USEN.pdf'
] |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | 1638602611 |
