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{{Cleanup|date=August 2021|reason=The article does a poor job defining what a smart city is. Additionally, a large amount of the text consists of what seems to be marketing fluff.}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Government by algorithm}}
[[File:Clean mobility instead of dirty traffic.jpg|thumb|Possible scenario of smart and [[sustainable mobility]]]]
A '''smart city''' is a technologically modern [[urban area]] that uses different types of electronic methods, voice activation methods and sensors to [[data collection|collect specific data]]. Information gained from that [[data]] are used to manage assets, resources and services efficiently; in return, that data is used to improve the operations across the city. This includes data collected from citizens, devices, buildings and assets that is then processed and analyzed to monitor and manage traffic and transportation systems, [[Power station|power plants]], utilities, water supply networks, [[waste management|waste]], [[Criminal investigation|crime detection]],<ref>[https://interestingengineering.com/connected-vehicles-in-smart-cities-the-future-of-transportation Connected Vehicles in Smart Cities: The Future of Transportation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413220942/https://interestingengineering.com/connected-vehicles-in-smart-cities-the-future-of-transportation |date=13 April 2020 }} Published by interestingengineering.com on 16 November 2018, retrieved on 4 April 2019</ref> [[information system]]s, schools, libraries, hospitals, and other community services.<ref>{{cite book|last1=McLaren|first1=Duncan|last2=Agyeman|first2=Julian|title=Sharing Cities: A Case for Truly Smart and Sustainable Cities|date=2015|publisher=MIT Press|isbn=9780262029728|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KhvLCgAAQBAJ&q=smart+cities+and+sustainability|language=en}}</ref><ref name="academia.edu">{{cite journal|url=https://www.academia.edu/21181336|title=Smart City Roadmap|author=Sam Musa}}</ref>
The smart city concept integrates [[information and communication technology]] (ICT), and various physical devices connected to the IoT ([[Internet of things]]) network to optimize the efficiency of city operations and services and connect to citizens.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fastcompany.com/3047795/the-3-generations-of-smart-cities|title=The 3 Generations of Smart Cities|date=10 August 2015|access-date=17 October 2017|archive-date=9 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171009000012/https://www.fastcompany.com/3047795/the-3-generations-of-smart-cities|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Peris-Ortiz|first1=Marta|last2=Bennett|first2=Dag R.|last3=Yábar|first3=Diana Pérez-Bustamante|title=Sustainable Smart Cities: Creating Spaces for Technological, Social and Business Development|date=2016|publisher=Springer|isbn=9783319408958|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AtQ0DQAAQBAJ&q=smart+cities+and+sustainability|language=en|access-date=4 October 2020|archive-date=30 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030003828/https://books.google.com/books?id=AtQ0DQAAQBAJ&q=smart+cities+and+sustainability|url-status=live}}</ref> Smart city technology allows city officials to interact directly with both community and city infrastructure and to monitor what is happening in the city and how the city is evolving. ICT is used to enhance quality, performance and interactivity of urban services, to [[cost reduction|reduce costs]] and [[resource consumption]] and to increase contact between citizens and government.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www1.nyc.gov/site/forward/innovations/smartnyc.page|title=Building a Smart City, Equitable City – NYC Forward|access-date=4 December 2015|archive-date=4 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171204115315/http://www1.nyc.gov/site/forward/innovations/smartnyc.page|url-status=live}}</ref>
Smart city applications are developed to manage urban flows and allow for real-time responses.<ref name="Komninos_ch">{{cite book |last1=Komninos |first1=Nicos |title=Smart Cities: Governing, Modelling and Analysing the Transition |chapter=What makes cities intelligent? |editor-last=Deakin | editor-first=Mark |publisher=Taylor and Francis |date=22 August 2013 |page=77 |isbn=978-1135124144 }}</ref> A smart city may therefore be more prepared to respond to challenges than one with a simple "transactional" relationship with its citizens.<ref>{{harvp|Dept Business|2013|p=7}} "As consumers of private goods and services we have been empowered by the Web and, as citizens, we expect the same quality from our public services. In turn, public authorities are seeking to reduce costs and raise performance by adopting similar approaches in the delivery of public services. However, the concept of a Smart City goes way beyond the transactional relationships between citizen and service provider. It is essentially enabling and encouraging the citizen to become a more active and participative member of the community"</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Chan|first1=Karin|title=What Is A 'Smart City'?|url=https://www.expatriatelifestyle.com/life-and-style/What-Is-A-Smart-City|access-date=23 January 2018|publisher=Expatriate Lifestyle|date=3 April 2017|archive-date=24 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180124135638/https://www.expatriatelifestyle.com/life-and-style/What-Is-A-Smart-City|url-status=live}}</ref> Yet, the term itself remains unclear to its specifics and therefore, open to many interpretations.<ref>{{Cite book|chapter-url=http://sciforum.net/conference/wsf-4/paper/2454|title=MDPI Sciforum – The platform for open scholarly exchange|pages=f004|website=sciforum.net|access-date=16 March 2016|doi=10.3390/wsf-4-f004|chapter=Smart Cities: Contradicting Definitions and Unclear Measures|year=2014|last1=Hunt|first1=Dexter|last2=Rogers|first2=Christopher|last3=Cavada|first3=Marianna|archive-date=22 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322155826/http://sciforum.net/conference/wsf-4/paper/2454|url-status=live|doi-access=free}}</ref>
==Terminology==
Due to the breadth of technologies that have been implemented under the smart city label, it is difficult to distill a precise definition of a smart city. Deakin and Al Waer<ref name="DeakinAl_jrnl">{{cite journal |title=From Intelligent to Smart Cities |journal=Journal of Intelligent Buildings International: From Intelligent Cities to Smart Cities |last1=Deakin |first1=Mark |last2=Al Waer |first2=Husam |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=140–152 |doi=10.1080/17508975.2011.586671 |year=2011 |s2cid=110580067 |url=http://researchrepository.napier.ac.uk/id/eprint/7295 }}</ref> list four factors that contribute to the definition of a smart city:
# The application of a wide range of electronic and digital technologies to communities and cities.
# The use of ICT to transform life and working environments within the region.
# The embedding of such Information and Communications Technologies (ICTs) in government systems.
# The territorialisation of practices that brings ICTs and people together to enhance the innovation and knowledge that they offer.
Deakin defines the smart city as one that utilises ICT to meet the demands of the market (the citizens of the city), and that community involvement in the process is necessary for a smart city.<ref name="DeakinIntro">{{cite book |last1=Deakin |first1=Mark |title=Smart Cities: Governing, Modelling and Analysing the Transition |chapter=From intelligent to smart cities |editor-last=Deakin | editor-first=Mark |publisher=Taylor and Francis |date=22 August 2013 |page=15 |isbn=978-1135124144 }}</ref> A smart city would thus be a city that not only possesses ICT technology in particular areas, but has also implemented this technology in a manner that positively impacts the local community.
Alternative definitions include:
* Giffinger et al. 2007: "Regional competitiveness, transport and [[Information and Communication Technologies]] economics, natural resources, human and social capital, quality of life, and participation of citizens in the governance of cities."<ref name="Giffinger">{{cite web |url=http://www.smart-cities.eu/download/smart_cities_final_report.pdf |title=Smart cities – Ranking of European medium-sized cities |last1=Giffinger |first1=Rudolf |author2=Christian Fertner |author3=Hans Kramar |author4=Robert Kalasek |author5=Nataša Pichler-Milanovic |author6=Evert Meijers |year=2007 |work=Smart Cities |publisher=Centre of Regional Science |location=Vienna |access-date=13 November 2009 |archive-date=9 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110409165735/http://www.smart-cities.eu/download/smart_cities_final_report.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Smart Cities Council{{when|date=February 2015}}: "A smart city is one that has digital technology embedded across all city functions."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://smartcitiescouncil.com/smart-cities-information-center/definitions-and-overviews|quote=The smart city sector is still in the 'I know it when I see it' phase, without a universally agreed definition. The Council defines a smart city as one that has digital technology embedded across all city functions|title=Definitions and overviews|publisher=Smart Cities Council.|access-date=3 November 2014|archive-date=3 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141103195827/http://smartcitiescouncil.com/smart-cities-information-center/definitions-and-overviews|url-status=live}}</ref>{{full citation needed|date=February 2015}}
* Caragliu and Nijkamp 2009: "A city can be defined as 'smart' when investments in human and social capital and traditional (transport) and modern (ICT) communication infrastructure fuel [[smart growth|sustainable economic development]] and a high quality of life, with a wise management of natural resources, through participatory action and engagement."<ref name="CaragliuEtAl">{{cite journal|author=Caragliu, A|author2=Del Bo, C.|author3=Nijkamp, P|year=2009|title=Smart cities in Europe|journal=Serie Research Memoranda 0048|url=https://ideas.repec.org/p/dgr/vuarem/2009-48.html|access-date=14 November 2015|archive-date=3 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141103164709/https://ideas.repec.org/p/dgr/vuarem/2009-48.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Frost & Sullivan]] 2014: "We identified eight key aspects that define a smart city: smart governance, smart energy, smart building, smart mobility, smart infrastructure, smart technology, smart healthcare and smart citizen."<ref>{{cite news|author=Sarwant Singh|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/sarwantsingh/2014/06/19/smart-cities-a-1-5-trillion-market-opportunity/|title=Smart Cities – A$1.5 Trillion Market Opportunity|work=Forbes|date=19 June 2014|access-date=4 November 2014|archive-date=3 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141103225622/http://www.forbes.com/sites/sarwantsingh/2014/06/19/smart-cities-a-1-5-trillion-market-opportunity/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers]] smart Cities: "A smart city brings together technology, government and society to enable the following characteristics: smart cities, a smart economy, smart mobility, a smart environment, smart people, smart living, smart governance."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://smartcities.ieee.org/about|title=About|publisher=IEEE Smart Cities|access-date=3 November 2014|archive-date=5 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905140635/http://smartcities.ieee.org/about|url-status=live}}</ref>{{when|date=February 2015}}
* Business Dictionary: "A developed urban area that creates sustainable economic development and high quality of life by excelling in multiple key areas; economy, mobility, environment, people, living, and government. Excelling in these key areas can be done so through strong human capital, social capital, and/or ICT infrastructure."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/smart-city.html|title=Smart City – Definition|publisher=BusinessDictionary.com|access-date=3 November 2014|archive-date=4 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141104014154/http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/smart-city.html|url-status=live}}</ref>{{when|date=February 2015}}
* [[Government of India|Indian Government]] 2014: "Smart city offers sustainability in terms of economic activities and employment opportunities to a wide section of its residents, regardless of their level of education, skills or income levels."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiansmartcities.in/downloads/CONCEPT_NOTE_-3.12.2014__REVISED_AND_LATEST_.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203073844/http://indiansmartcities.in/downloads/CONCEPT_NOTE_-3.12.2014__REVISED_AND_LATEST_.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 February 2015|title=Draft Concept Note on Smart City Scheme|publisher=Government of India – Ministry of Urban Development}}</ref>
* [[Department for Business, Innovation and Skills]], UK 2013: "The concept is not static, there is no absolute definition of a smart city, no end point, but rather a process, or series of steps, by which cities become more 'liveable' and resilient and, hence, able to respond more quickly to new challenges."<ref>{{cite web |title=Smart cities background paper |url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/246019/bis-13-1209-smart-cities-background-paper-digital.pdf |publisher=UK Department for Business Innovation and Skills |access-date=11 August 2018 |archive-date=16 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180616131902/https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/246019/bis-13-1209-smart-cities-background-paper-digital.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
==Characteristics==
It has been suggested that a smart city (also community, [[business cluster]], [[urban agglomeration]] or region) uses [[information and communication technologies|information technologies]] to:
# Make more efficient use of physical infrastructure (roads, [[built environment]] and other physical assets) through [[artificial intelligence]] and [[data analytics]] in order to support a strong and healthy economic, social, cultural development.{{sfnp|Hollands|2008|pp=303–320}}
# Engage effectively with local governance officials by use of [[open innovation]] processes and [[e-participation]], improving the collective intelligence of the city's institutions through [[e-governance]],<ref name=Komninos_ch /> with emphasis placed on citizen participation and [[co-design]].<ref name="Deakin2007">{{cite journal|author=Deakin, M|year=2007|title=From city of bits to e-topia: taking the thesis on digitally-inclusive regeneration full circle|journal=Journal of Urban Technology|volume=14|issue=3|pages=131–143|url=http://markdeakin.cgpublisher.com/product/pub.85/prod.395|access-date=3 November 2014|archive-date=18 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160318212436/http://markdeakin.cgpublisher.com/product/pub.85/prod.395/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="DeakinAllwinkle2007">{{cite journal|author=Deakin, M|author2=Allwinkle, S |year=2007|title=Urban regeneration and sustainable communities: the role of networks, innovation and creativity in building successful partnerships|journal=Journal of Urban Technology|volume=14|issue=1|pages=77–91|doi=10.1080/10630730701260118|s2cid=153965022 |url=http://researchrepository.napier.ac.uk/id/eprint/1998 }}</ref>
# Learn, adapt and innovate and thereby respond more effectively and promptly to changing circumstances by improving the intelligence of the city.<ref name=Komninos_ch /><ref>{{cite journal|first=Coe|last=A|author2=Paquet, G.|author3=Roy, J.|year=2001|title=E-governance and smart communities: a social learning challenge|journal=Social Science Computer Review|volume=19|issue=1|pages=80–93|url=http://www.gouvernance.ca/publications/00-53.pdf|doi=10.1177/089443930101900107|s2cid=53380562|access-date=3 November 2014|archive-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303233136/http://www.gouvernance.ca/publications/00-53.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
They evolve towards a strong integration of all dimensions of [[Intelligence#Human intelligence|human intelligence]], [[collective intelligence]], and also artificial intelligence within the [[city]].{{sfnp|Komninos|2008|pp=112–113}}<ref>{{cite book |author1=Atlee, T. |author2=Pór, George |name-list-style=amp |year=2006 |url=http://www.evolutionarynexus.org/wiki/collective_intelligence_tom_atlee_and_george_p%C3%B3r |title=Evolutionary Nexus: connecting communities for emergence |access-date=6 November 2014 |archive-date=19 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019204929/http://www.evolutionarynexus.org/wiki/collective_intelligence_tom_atlee_and_george_p%C3%B3r |url-status=live }}</ref> The intelligence of cities "resides in the increasingly effective combination of digital [[telecommunication network]]s (the nerves), ubiquitously [[embedded intelligence]] (the brains), sensors and [[Smart label|tags]] (the sensory organs), and [[software]] (the knowledge and cognitive competence)".<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.uoc.edu/uocpapers/5/dt/eng/mitchell.html|title=Intelligent cities|journal=e-Journal on the Knowledge Society|year=2007|author=Mitchell, W.|access-date=1 February 2015|archive-date=28 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170228194411/http://www.uoc.edu/uocpapers/5/dt/eng/mitchell.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
These forms of intelligence in smart cities have been demonstrated in three ways:
[[File:Bletchley Park - Draco2008.jpg|thumbnail|right|Bletchley Park often considered to be the first smart community.]]
# '''Orchestration intelligence''':<ref name=Komninos_ch /> Where cities establish institutions and community-based problem solving and collaborations, such as in [[Bletchley Park]], where the Nazi Enigma cypher was decoded by a team led by [[Alan Turing]]. This has been referred to as the first example of a smart city or an intelligent community.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Komninos |first1=Nicos |title=From Intelligent to Smart Cities |journal=Journal of Intelligent Buildings International: From Intelligent Cities to Smart Cities |chapter=Intelligent cities: Variable geometries of spatial intelligence. |editor-last=Deakin |editor-first=Mark |editor-last2=Al Waer |editor-first2=Husam |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=140–152 |doi=10.1080/17508975.2011.586671 |year=2011 |s2cid=110580067 }}</ref>
# '''Empowerment intelligence''': Cities provide [[open platform]]s, experimental facilities and smart city infrastructure in order to cluster innovation in certain districts. These are seen in the Kista Science City in Stockholm and the Cyberport Zone in Hong Kong. Similar facilities have also been established in Melbourne.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nre.vic.gov.au/melbourne2030online/content/implementation_plans/03b_actions.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530120605/http://www.nre.vic.gov.au/melbourne2030online/content/implementation_plans/03b_actions.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 May 2015 |title=Melbourne 2030 |author=Department of Sustainability and Environment |publisher=State Government of Victoria |date=2005 |access-date=30 May 2015 }}</ref>[[File:C1&C2look.jpg|thumbnail|right|Hong Kong Cyberport 1 and Cyberport 2 Buildings]] A hub has been created in Kyiv, which develops public projects.
# '''Instrumentation intelligence''': Where city infrastructure is made smart through [[real-time data]] collection, with analysis and [[predictive modelling]] across city districts. There is much controversy surrounding this, particularly with regards to [[surveillance issues in smart cities]]. Examples of Instrumentation intelligence have been implemented in Amsterdam.<ref name=Amsterdam /> This is implemented through:<ref name=Komninos_ch />
## A common [[internet protocol|IP]] infrastructure that is open to researchers to develop applications.
## Wireless meters and devices transmit information at the point in time.
## A number of homes being provided with [[smart energy meter]]s to become aware of energy consumption and reduce energy usage.
## [[Solar power]] [[garbage compactor]]s, [[Charging station|car recharging stations]] and [[energy saving lamp]]s.
Some major fields of intelligent city activation are:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Innovation economy
! Urban infrastructure
! Governance
|-
| Innovation in industries, clusters, districts of a city
| Transport
| Administration services to the citizen
|-
| Knowledge workforce: Education and employment
| Energy / Utilities
| Participatory and [[direct democracy]]
|-
| Creation of knowledge-intensive companies
| Protection of the environment / Safety
| Services to the citizen: Quality of life
|-
|}
According to David K. Owens, the former executive vice president of the [[Edison Electric Institute]], two key elements that a smart city must have are an integrated communications platform and a "dynamic resilient grid." Both are large investments.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://dailyenergyinsider.com/featured/9120-america-needs-smart-grid-investments-pronto-stakeholders-say-naruc-event/|title=America needs smart grid investments pronto, stakeholders say at NARUC event|last=Riley|first=Kim|date=16 November 2017|work=Daily Energy Insider|access-date=11 December 2017|language=en-US|archive-date=28 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190828222613/https://dailyenergyinsider.com/featured/9120-america-needs-smart-grid-investments-pronto-stakeholders-say-naruc-event/|url-status=live}}</ref>
==Frameworks==
The creation, integration, and adoption of smart city capabilities require a unique set of frameworks to realize the focus areas of opportunity and innovation central to smart city projects. The frameworks can be divided into 5 main dimensions which include numerous related categories of smart city development:<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sharifi |first1=Ayyoob |title=A critical review of selected smart city assessment tools and indicator sets |journal=Journal of Cleaner Production |date=October 2019 |volume=233 |pages=1269–1283 |doi=10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.06.172}}</ref>
===Technology framework===
A smart city relies heavily on the deployment of technology. Different combinations of technological infrastructure interact to form the array of smart city technologies with varying levels of interaction between human and technological systems.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://worldin2019.economist.com/|title=The World in 2019|website=worldin2019.economist.com|language=en|access-date=2019-06-26|archive-date=18 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190618104008/https://worldin2019.economist.com/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* '''Digital''': A service oriented infrastructure is required to connect individuals and devices in a smart city. These include innovation services and communication infrastructure. Yovanof, G. S. & Hazapis, G. N. define a digital city as "a connected community that combines broadband communications infrastructure; a flexible, service-oriented computing infrastructure based on open industry standards; and, innovative services to meet the needs of governments and their employees, citizens and businesses."<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Yovanof|first1=Gregory S.|last2=Hazapis|first2=George N.|date=19 March 2009|title=An Architectural Framework and Enabling Wireless Technologies for Digital Cities & Intelligent Urban Environments|journal=Wireless Personal Communications|language=en|volume=49|issue=3|pages=445–463|doi=10.1007/s11277-009-9693-4|s2cid=207258536|issn=0929-6212}}</ref>
*'''Intelligent:''' Cognitive technologies, such as [[artificial intelligence]] and [[machine learning]], can be trained on the data generated by connected city devices to identify patterns. The efficacy and impact of particular policy decisions can be quantified by cognitive systems studying the continuous interactions of humans with their urban surroundings.[https://www.forbes.com/sites/tomvanderark/2018/06/26/how-cities-are-getting-smart-using-artificial-intelligence/#7e6178503803]
*'''Ubiquitous:''' A ubiquitous city provides access to public services through any connected device. U-city is an extension of the digital city concept because of the facility in terms of accessibility to every infrastructure.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Next Generation Society. Technological and Legal Issues|url=https://archive.org/details/nextgenerationso00side|url-access=limited|last1=Anthopoulos|first1=Leonidas|last2=Fitsilis|first2=Panos|date=23 September 2009|publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg|isbn=9783642116292|editor-last=Sideridis|editor-first=Alexander B.|series=Lecture Notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering|pages=[https://archive.org/details/nextgenerationso00side/page/n361 360]–372|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-3-642-11631-5_33|editor-last2=Patrikakis|editor-first2=Charalampos Z.}}</ref>
*'''Wired''': The physical components of IT systems are crucial to early-stage smart city development. Wired infrastructure is required to support the IoT and wireless technologies central to more interconnected living.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.smartcitiesworld.net/news/news/smart-cities-are-about-people-2932|title=Smart cities are about people|website=Smart Cities World|language=En|access-date=2019-06-29|archive-date=29 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629040256/https://www.smartcitiesworld.net/news/news/smart-cities-are-about-people-2932|url-status=live}}</ref> A wired city environment provides general access to continually updated digital and physical infrastructure. The latest in telecommunications, [[robotics]], IoT, and various connected technologies can then be deployed to support human capital and productivity.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.urenio.org/wp-content/uploads/2008/11/Intelligent-Cities-Shenzhen-2009-Komninos-Sefertzi.pdf|title=Intelligent Cities: R&D offshoring, web 2.0 product development and globalization of innovation systems|access-date=20 December 2016|archive-date=16 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180516180354/http://www.urenio.org/wp-content/uploads/2008/11/Intelligent-Cities-Shenzhen-2009-Komninos-Sefertzi.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":12" />
*'''Hybrid''': A hybrid city is the combination of a physical conurbation and a [[virtual city]] related to the physical space. This relationship can be one of virtual design or the presence of a critical mass of virtual community participants in a physical urban space. Hybrid spaces can serve to actualize future-state projects for smart city services and integration.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.marketingdive.com/news/campaign-trail-why-uber-built-a-virtual-city-to-promote-a-product-that-doe/557301/|title=Campaign Trail: Why Uber built a virtual city to promote a product that doesn't exist yet|website=Marketing Dive|language=en-US|access-date=2019-06-26|archive-date=26 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626205352/https://www.marketingdive.com/news/campaign-trail-why-uber-built-a-virtual-city-to-promote-a-product-that-doe/557301/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* '''Information city:''' The multiplicity of interactive devices in a smart city generates a large quantity of data. How that information is interpreted and stored is critical to Smart city growth and security.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/whats-holding-smart-cities-back/|title=What's Holding Smart Cities Back?|last=Nisenbaum|first=Amit|website=Scientific American Blog Network|language=en|access-date=2019-06-29|archive-date=29 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629040251/https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/whats-holding-smart-cities-back/|url-status=live}}</ref>
===Human framework===
Smart city initiatives have measurable positive impacts on the quality of life of its citizens and visitors.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/capital-projects-and-infrastructure/our-insights/smart-cities-digital-solutions-for-a-more-livable-future|title=Smart city technology for a more liveable future {{!}} McKinsey|website=www.mckinsey.com|language=en|access-date=2019-06-29|archive-date=26 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626221105/https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/capital-projects-and-infrastructure/our-insights/smart-cities-digital-solutions-for-a-more-livable-future|url-status=live}}</ref> The human framework of a smart city – its economy, knowledge networks, and human support systems – is an important indicator of its success.<ref name=":02"/>
* '''Creativity''': Arts and culture initiatives are common focus areas in smart city planning.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.engagingcommunities2005.org/abstracts/Bartlet-%20Leo-final.pdf|title=engagingcommunities2005.org|website=www.engagingcommunities2005.org|access-date=20 December 2016|archive-date=27 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227235327/http://www.engagingcommunities2005.org/abstracts/Bartlet-%20Leo-final.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| first1=Ann | last1=Borda | first2=Jonathan P. | last2=Bowen | author-link2=Jonathan Bowen | chapter=Chapter 27: Smart Cities and Digital Culture: Models of Innovation | publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]] | pages=523–549 | date=2019 | editor1-first=Tula | editor1-last=Giannini | editor-link1=Tula Giannini | editor2-first=Jonathan P. | editor2-last=Bowen | editor-link2=Jonathan Bowen | title=[[Museums and Digital Culture: New Perspectives and Research]] | series=Series on Cultural Computing | doi=10.1007/978-3-319-97457-6_27 | isbn=978-3-319-97456-9 | issn=2195-9064 }}</ref> Innovation is associated with intellectual curiosity and creativeness, and various projects have demonstrated that knowledge workers participate in a diverse mix of cultural and artistic activities.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/creativity-in-the-smart-c_b_7648342|title=Creativity in the Smart City Is What Makes a City Really Smart|last1=Eger|first1=John M.|last2=Creativity|first2=ContributorZahn Professor of|date=2015-07-24|website=HuffPost|language=en|access-date=2019-06-29|last3=Communications|first3=Innovation is also the Van Deerlin Endowed Chair of|last4=Policy|first4=Public|last5=University|first5=Director of the Creative Economy Initiative at San Diego State|archive-date=29 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629032756/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/creativity-in-the-smart-c_b_7648342|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Malanga |first1=Steven |title=The Curse of the Creative Class |url=https://www.city-journal.org/html/curse-creative-class-12491.html |website=City Journal |language=en |date=23 December 2015 |access-date=11 August 2018 |archive-date=11 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180811195230/https://www.city-journal.org/html/curse-creative-class-12491.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* '''Learning''': Since mobility is a key area of Smart city development, building a capable workforce through education initiatives is necessary.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|url=https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/partnership/?p=10009|title=United Smart Cities (USC) – United Nations Partnerships for SDGs platform|website=sustainabledevelopment.un.org|access-date=2019-06-29|archive-date=28 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190828222617/https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/partnership/?p=10009|url-status=live}}</ref> A city's learning capacity includes its education system, including available workforce training and support, and its cultural development and exchange.<ref name="Brent">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ucalgary.ca/ejournal/archive/v10-11/v10-11n1Moser-browse.html|title=What is Smart about the Smart Communities Movement?|last=Moser|first=Mary Anne|website=www.ucalgary.ca|publisher=University of Calgary EJournal 10–11(1)|access-date=20 December 2016|archive-date=10 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170210151210/http://www.ucalgary.ca/ejournal/archive/v10-11/v10-11n1Moser-browse.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* '''Humanity:''' Numerous Smart city programs focus on soft infrastructure development, like increasing access to voluntary organizations and designated safe zones.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Glaeser |first1=Edward L. |last2=Berry |first2=Christopher R. |title=Why Are Smart Places Getting Smarter? |url=https://www.hks.harvard.edu/sites/default/files/centers/rappaport/files/brief_divergence.pdf |website=Harvard University |access-date=11 August 2018 |archive-date=28 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190828222613/https://www.hks.harvard.edu/sites/default/files/centers/rappaport/files/brief_divergence.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> This focus on social and relational capital means diversity, inclusion, and ubiquitous access to public services is worked in to city planning.<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal|last1=Nam|first1=Taewoo|last2=Pardo|first2=Theresa A>|title=Conceptualizing Smart City with Dimensions of Technology, People, and Institutions|url=https://inta-aivn.org/images/cc/Urbanism/background%20documents/dgo_2011_smartcity.pdf|department=Center for Technology in Government University at Albany, State University of New York, U.S.|journal=The Proceedings of the 12th Annual International Conference on Digital Government Research|via=https://inta-aivn.org/images/cc/Urbanism/background%20documents/dgo_2011_smartcity.pdf|access-date=29 June 2019|archive-date=7 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181107041520/https://inta-aivn.org/images/cc/Urbanism/background%20documents/dgo_2011_smartcity.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
* '''Knowledge:''' The development of a [[knowledge economy]] is central to Smart city projects.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.zurich.ibm.com/pdf/isl/infoportal/IBV_SC3_report_GBE03348USEN.pdf|title=Smarter cities for smarter growth: How cities can optimize their systems for the talent-based economy|website=www.zurich.ibm.com|access-date=20 December 2016|archive-date=21 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221090251/https://www.zurich.ibm.com/pdf/isl/infoportal/IBV_SC3_report_GBE03348USEN.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Smart cities seeking to be hubs of economic activity in emerging tech and service sectors stress the value of innovation in city development.<ref name=":12" />
===Institutional framework===
According to Moser, M. A.,<ref name="Brent"/> since the 1990s, the smart communities movement took shape as a strategy to broaden the base of users involved in IT. Members of these Communities are people that share their interest and work in a partnership with government and other institutional organizations to push the use of IT to improve the quality of daily life as a consequence of different worsening in daily actions. Eger, J. M.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Eger |first1=John M. |title=Smart Growth, Smart Cities, and the Crisis at the Pump A Worldwide Phenomenon |issue=1 |url=https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1552016 |journal=Iways |volume=32 |pages=47–53 |date=1 January 2009 |doi=10.3233/iwa-2009-0164 |access-date=11 August 2018 |archive-date=28 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190828222608/https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1552016 |url-status=live }}</ref> said that a smart community makes a conscious and agreed-upon decision to deploy technology as a catalyst to solving its social and business needs. It is very important to understand that this use of IT and the consequent improvement could be more demanding without the institutional help; indeed institutional involvement is essential to the success of smart community initiatives. Again Moser, M. A.<ref name="Brent"/> explained that "building and planning a smart community seeks for smart growth"; smart growth is essential for the partnership between citizen and institutional organizations to react to worsening trends in daily issues like traffic congestion, [[school overcrowding]] and air pollution. However, it is important to note that technological propagation is not an end in itself, but only a means to reinventing cities for a new economy and society. To sum up, it is possible to assert that any smart city initiatives necessitate the government's support for their success.
The importance of these three different dimensions is that only a link among them can make possible the development of a real smart city concept. According to the definition of smart city given by Caragliu, A., Del Bo, C., & Nijkamp, P.,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Caragliu |first1=A. |last2=Del Bo |first2=C. |last3=Nijkamp |first3=P. |title=Smart cities in Europe |url=https://ideas.repec.org/p/vua/wpaper/2009-48.html |publisher=VU University Amsterdam, Faculty of Economics, Business Administration and Econometrics |language=en |date=2009 |access-date=11 August 2018 |archive-date=11 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180811200552/https://ideas.repec.org/p/vua/wpaper/2009-48.html |url-status=live }}</ref> a city is smart when investments in human/social capital and IT infrastructure fuel [[sustainable growth]] and enhance quality of life, through participatory governance.
===Energy framework===
Smart cities use data and technology to create efficiencies, improve sustainability, create economic development, and enhance quality of life factors for people living and working in the city. It also means that the city has a smarter energy infrastructure. More formally, a smart city is: "… An urban area that has securely integrated technology across the information … and Internet of Things (IoT) sectors to better manage a city’s assets."<ref name=":5" /> Employment of smart technologies enables the more efficient application of integrated energy technologies in the city allowing the development of more self-sustaining areas or even [[Positive Energy District]]s that produce more energy than consume.<ref>Tuominen, P. (2020): [https://www.vttresearch.com/en/news-and-ideas/yes-positive-energy-districts-how-make-it-happen Yes to positive energy districts - but how to make it happen?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115233145/https://www.vttresearch.com/en/news-and-ideas/yes-positive-energy-districts-how-make-it-happen |date=15 January 2021 }}. VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland.</ref>
A smart city is powered by "smart connections" for various items such as street lighting, [[Building automation|smart buildings]], [[Distributed generation|distributed energy resources]] (DER), [[Data analysis|data analytics]], and smart transportation. Amongst these things, energy is paramount; this is why utility companies play a key role in smart cities. Electric companies, working partnership with city officials, technology companies and a number of other institutions, are among the major players that helped accelerate the growth of America's smart cities.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://dailyenergyinsider.com/featured/5836-pittsburgh-san-diego-city-officials-put-utilities-major-players-smart-city-partnerships/|title=Pittsburgh, San Diego city officials put utilities as major players in smart-city partnerships|last=Riley|first=Kim|date=15 June 2017|work=Daily Energy Insider|access-date=25 September 2017|language=en-US}}</ref>
===Data Management framework===
Smart cities employ a combination of data collection, processing, and disseminating technologies in conjunction with networking and computing technologies and data security and privacy measures encouraging the application of innovation to promote the overall quality of life for its citizens and covering dimensions that include: utilities, health, transportation, entertainment and government services.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gharaibeh |first1=A. |last2=Salahuddin |first2=M. A. |last3=Hussini |first3=S. J. |last4=Khreishah |first4=A. |last5=Khalil |first5=I. |last6=Guizani |first6=M. |last7=Al-Fuqaha |first7=A. |year=2017 |title=Smart Cities: A Survey on Data Management, Security, and Enabling Technologies |journal=IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials |volume=19 |issue=4 |pages=2456–2501 |doi=10.1109/COMST.2017.2736886|s2cid=206578345 }}</ref>
==Roadmap==
A smart city roadmap consists of four/three (the first is a preliminary check) major components:<ref name="academia.edu" /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.publicpower.org/system/files/documents/APPA-Smart-City-Roadmap-FINAL.pdf |title=Creating A Smart City Roadmap For Public Power Utilities |publisher=publicpower.org |access-date=2019-05-14 |archive-date=14 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514112237/https://www.publicpower.org/system/files/documents/APPA-Smart-City-Roadmap-FINAL.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
# Define exactly what is the community: maybe that definition can condition what you are doing in the subsequent steps; it relates to geography, links between cities and countryside and flows of people between them; maybe – even – that in some Countries the definition of City/community that is stated does not correspond effectively to what – in fact – happens in real life.
# Study the Community: Before deciding to build a smart city, first we need to know why. This can be done by determining the benefits of such an initiative. Study the community to know the citizens, the business's needs – know the citizens and the community's unique attributes, such as the age of the citizens, their education, hobbies, and attractions of the city.
# Develop a smart city Policy: Develop a [[policy]] to drive the initiatives, where roles, responsibilities, objective, and goals, can be defined. Create plans and strategies on how the goals will be achieved.
# Engage The Citizens: This can be done by engaging the citizens through the use of [[e-government]] initiatives, [[open data]], sport events, etc.
In short, People, Processes, and Technology (PPT) are the three principles of the success of a smart city initiative. Cities must study their citizens and communities, know the processes, business drivers, create policies, and objectives to meet the citizens' needs. Then, technology can be implemented to meet the citizens' need, in order to improve the quality of life and create real economic opportunities. This requires a holistic customized approach that accounts for city cultures, long-term city planning, and local regulations.<blockquote>"Whether to improve security, resiliency, sustainability, traffic congestion, public safety, or city services, each community may have different reasons for wanting to be smart. But all smart communities share common attributes—and they all are powered by smart connections and by our industry's smarter energy infrastructure. A [[smart grid]] is the foundational piece in building a smart community." – Pat Vincent-Collawn, chairman of the [[Edison Electric Institute]] and president and CEO of [[PNM Resources]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://dailyenergyinsider.com/featured/8322-eei-chairman-pledges-collaborate-communities-powering-technology-support-smart-cities/|title=EEI chairman pledges to collaborate with communities on powering technology to support smart cities|last=Carey|first=Liz|date=2017-10-06|work=Daily Energy Insider|access-date=2017-10-10|language=en-US|archive-date=25 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190225204921/https://dailyenergyinsider.com/featured/8322-eei-chairman-pledges-collaborate-communities-powering-technology-support-smart-cities/|url-status=live}}</ref></blockquote>
==Policies==
[[ASEAN Smart Cities Network (ASCN)]] is a collaborative platform which aims to synergise Smart city development efforts across [[ASEAN]] by facilitating cooperation on smart city development, catalysing bankable projects with the private sector, and securing funding and support from ASEAN's external partners. [[Sister city|City diplomacy]] in the context of a smart city is highly stimulated by [[knowledge]], creativity, and innovations<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-3-030-45615-3_14 |title=Burksiene V., Dvorak J., Burbulytė-Tsiskarishvili G. (2020) City Diplomacy in Young Democracies: The Case of the Baltics. In: Amiri S., Sevin E. (eds) City Diplomacy. Palgrave Macmillan Series in Global Public Diplomacy. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-45615-3_14 |access-date=30 May 2021 |archive-date=2 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602214037/https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-3-030-45615-3_14 |url-status=live }}</ref>
The European Union (EU) has devoted constant efforts to devising a strategy for achieving 'smart' [[urban growth]] for its [[metropole|metropolitan]] city-regions.{{sfnp|Komninos|2009|pp=337–355}}<ref name="Paskaleva2009">{{cite journal|author=Paskaleva, K|title=Enabling the smart city:The progress of e-city governance in Europe|journal=International Journal of Innovation and Regional Development|volume=1|issue=4|date=25 January 2009|pages=405–422(18)|doi=10.1504/ijird.2009.022730|url=http://elartu.tntu.edu.ua/handle/lib/31308|access-date=21 May 2020|archive-date=16 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200616082818/http://elartu.tntu.edu.ua/handle/lib/31308|url-status=live}}</ref> The EU has developed a range of programmes under "[[Europe 2020#Flagship initiatives|Europe's Digital Agenda]]".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ec.europa.eu/digital-agenda/ |title=Digital Agenda for Europe |author=European Commission |access-date=30 May 2015 |archive-date=30 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530005926/http://ec.europa.eu/digital-agenda/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2010, it highlighted its focus on strengthening innovation and investment in ICT services for the purpose of improving public services and quality of life.<ref name=Paskaleva2009/> [[Arup Group Limited|Arup]] estimates that the [[global market]] for smart urban services will be $400 billion per annum by 2020.<ref>{{harvp|Dept Business|2013|p=3}} Arup estimates that the global market for smart urban systems for transport, energy, healthcare, water, food and waste will amount to around $400 Billion pa. by 2020</ref>
The [[Smart Cities Mission]] is a retrofitting and urban renewal program being spearheaded by the Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India. The Government of India has the ambitious vision of developing 100 cities by modernizing existing mid-sized cities.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://smartcities.gov.in/ | title=Smart Cities Mission | publisher=Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India | date=2015 | access-date=3 August 2016 | archive-date=12 February 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170212192239/http://www.smartcities.gov.in/ | url-status=live }}</ref>
==Technologies==
<!-- Put info on platforms in the commercialisation section-->
[[Smart grid]]s are an important technology in smart cities. The improved flexibility of the smart grid permits greater penetration of highly variable renewable energy sources such as solar power and wind power.
Mobile devices (such as [[smartphone]]s, tablets, ...) are another key technology allowing citizens to connect to the smart city services.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://theconversation.com/with-smart-cities-your-every-step-will-be-recorded-94527 |title=With smart cities, your every step will be recorded |access-date=8 June 2020 |archive-date=8 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608085508/https://theconversation.com/with-smart-cities-your-every-step-will-be-recorded-94527 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thalesgroup.com/en/markets/digital-identity-and-security/iot/inspired/smart-cities |title=Secure, sustainable smart cities and the IoT |access-date=8 June 2020 |archive-date=8 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608085508/https://www.thalesgroup.com/en/markets/digital-identity-and-security/iot/inspired/smart-cities |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.information-age.com/smartphones-not-flying-cars-will-define-smart-cities-future-123462622/ |title=Smartphones – not flying cars – will define the smart cities of the future |date=12 October 2016 |access-date=8 June 2020 |archive-date=8 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608085510/https://www.information-age.com/smartphones-not-flying-cars-will-define-smart-cities-future-123462622/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
Smart cities also rely on [[smart home]]s and specifically, the [[Smart home technology|technology used in them]].<ref>[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/220876581_From_Smart_Homes_to_Smart_Cities_Opportunities_and_Challenges_from_an_Industrial_Perspective From Smart Homes to Smart Cities: Opportunities and Challenges from an Industrial Perspective]</ref><ref>{{Cite book |chapter-url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7380652 |chapter=Smart cities and smart homes: From realization to reality |doi=10.1109/ICGCIoT.2015.7380652 |access-date=8 June 2020 |archive-date=8 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608090010/https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7380652 |url-status=live |title=2015 International Conference on Green Computing and Internet of Things (ICGCIoT) |year=2015 |last1=Mehrotra |first1=Siddharth |last2=Dhande |first2=Rashi |pages=1236–1239 |isbn=978-1-4673-7910-6 |s2cid=14156800 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://hub.beesmart.city/strategy/redefining-the-smart-home-in-smart-cities |title=The Need to Redefine the Smart Home and its Link to Smart Cities |access-date=8 June 2020 |archive-date=8 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608090011/https://hub.beesmart.city/strategy/redefining-the-smart-home-in-smart-cities |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.smartcity.press/how-smart-homes-can-connect-smart-cities/ |title=How smart homes can connect to smart cities |date=8 September 2017 |access-date=8 June 2020 |archive-date=8 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608090008/https://www.smartcity.press/how-smart-homes-can-connect-smart-cities/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://hub.beesmart.city/strategy/redefining-the-smart-home-in-smart-cities |title=Redefining the smart home in smart cities |access-date=8 June 2020 |archive-date=8 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608090011/https://hub.beesmart.city/strategy/redefining-the-smart-home-in-smart-cities |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[Bicycle-sharing system]]s are an important element in smart cities.<ref>{{Cite document |url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8376628 |title=Bike sharing as a key smart city service |date=May 2018 |pages=1–6 |doi=10.1109/MOCAST.2018.8376628 |s2cid=49187242 |access-date=15 September 2020 |archive-date=8 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808190215/https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8376628 |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[Smart mobility]] is also important to smart cities.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/314246043 |title=Smart mobility in smart cities |access-date=17 September 2020 |archive-date=6 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506142438/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/314246043_Smart_Mobility_in_Smart_Cities |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[Intelligent transportation system]]s and [[Closed-circuit television|CCTV]]<ref>[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320148770_Urban_Distribution_CCTV_for_Smart_City_Using_Decision_Tree_Methods Urban Distribution CCTV for Smart City Using Decision Tree Methods]</ref> systems are also being developed.
Some smart cities also have digital libraries.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.sscldl.com/ |title=Shivamogga Smart City Digital Library |access-date=17 September 2020 |archive-date=22 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210222113332/https://www.sscldl.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>[https://www.sscldl.com/digital-library-implementation-at-shivamogga/ Digital library implementation at Shivamogga]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://tumakurudigitallibrary.in/ |title=Tumakuru Digital Library |access-date=17 September 2020 |archive-date=15 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715110211/https://tumakurudigitallibrary.in/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.windsorpubliclibrary.com/?page_id=65204 |title=Windsor Public Library: a brick-and-mortar library that also has an ebook lending service |access-date=17 September 2020 |archive-date=23 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023075326/https://www.windsorpubliclibrary.com/?page_id=65204 |url-status=live }}</ref>
Online collaborative sensor data management platforms are on-line database services that allow sensor owners to register and connect their devices to feed data into an on-line database for storage and allow developers to connect to the database and build their own applications based on that data.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Boyle | first1 = D. | last2 = Yates | first2 = D. | last3 = Yeatman | first3 = E. | title = Urban Sensor Data Streams: London 2013 | doi = 10.1109/MIC.2013.85 | journal = IEEE Internet Computing | volume = 17 | issue = 6 | pages = 1 | year = 2013 | s2cid = 17820999 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=WikiSensing: An Online Collaborative Approach for Sensor Data Management|journal=Sensors|volume=12|issue=10|pages=13295–13332|doi=10.3390/s121013295|pmid=23201997|pmc=3545568|year=2012|last1=Silva|first1=Dilshan|last2=Ghanem|first2=Moustafa|last3=Guo|first3=Yike|bibcode=2012Senso..1213295S|doi-access=free}}</ref>
Additional supporting technology include [[telecommuting]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301408856 |title=Smart cities and telecommuting in Ecuador |access-date=9 June 2020 |archive-date=26 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210326050523/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301408856_Smart_cities_and_telecommuting_in_Ecuador |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://medium.com/swlh/innovation-vs-technology-redefining-smart-in-smart-cities-8e82857d7004 |title=Innovation vs Technology. Redefining "Smart" in Smart-Cities |date=11 October 2019 |access-date=9 June 2020 |archive-date=9 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609105640/https://medium.com/swlh/innovation-vs-technology-redefining-smart-in-smart-cities-8e82857d7004 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://spicefactory.co/blog/2019/10/25/remote-work-future-of-cities/ |title=Remote Work Revolution and the Future of (Smart) Cities |access-date=9 June 2020 |archive-date=9 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609104855/https://spicefactory.co/blog/2019/10/25/remote-work-future-of-cities/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[telehealth]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ceur-ws.org/Vol-2255/paper23.pdf |title=Telecommunication Infrastructures for Telemedicine in Smart Cities |access-date=9 June 2020 |archive-date=24 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224072813/http://ceur-ws.org/Vol-2255/paper23.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://telemedicine.arizona.edu/blog/telemedicine-and-smart-cities |title=Telemedicine and Smart Cities |access-date=9 June 2020 |archive-date=9 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609104905/https://telemedicine.arizona.edu/blog/telemedicine-and-smart-cities |url-status=live }}</ref> the [[blockchain]],<ref>{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/8458054/8465506/08465562.pdf|doi=10.1109/SmartIoT.2018.00056|chapter=Application of Blockchain Technology in Smart City Infrastructure|title=2018 IEEE International Conference on Smart Internet of Things (SmartIoT)|year=2018|last1=Li|first1=Shuling|pages=276–2766|isbn=978-1-5386-8543-3|s2cid=52288306}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1177/0975425319832392|title=Blockchain and Trust in a Smart City|year=2019|last1=Kundu|first1=Debasish|journal=Environment and Urbanization ASIA|volume=10|pages=31–43|s2cid=159098611|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[fintech]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://fintechnews.ch/govtech/smart-city-fintech-why/28661/ |title=Why Fintech is an Important Ingredient in Any Smart City Ambition |date=5 July 2019 |access-date=8 June 2020 |archive-date=7 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607153452/https://fintechnews.ch/govtech/smart-city-fintech-why/28661/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[online banking]] technology,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310791133 |title=Archived copy |access-date=8 June 2020 |archive-date=12 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210312232742/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310791133_How_Traditional_Banks_Should_Work_in_Smart_City |url-status=live }}</ref> ...
Electronic cards (known as [[smart card]]s) are another common component in smart city contexts. These cards possess a unique encrypted identifier that allows the owner to log into a range of government provided services (or [[e-service]]s) without setting up multiple accounts. The single identifier allows governments to aggregate [[big data|data]] [[Mass surveillance|about citizens]] and their preferences to improve the provision of services and to determine common interests of groups. This technology has been implemented in Southampton.<ref name=DeakinAl_jrnl />
[[Bollard#Removable bollards|Retractable bollard]]s allow to restrict access inside city centers (i.e. to delivery trucks resupplying outlet stores, ...). Opening and closing of such barriers is traditionally done manually, through an electronic pass<ref>Carbon Zero: Imagining Cities that can save the planet by Alex Steffen, page 54</ref> but can even be done by means of [[Automatic number-plate recognition|ANPR]] camera's connected to the bollard system.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bristolpost.co.uk/news/call-retractable-coffin-bollards-no-2295946 |title=Call for retractable 'coffin' bollards and no-driving zones outside Bristol schools |date=6 December 2018 |access-date=1 September 2020 |archive-date=10 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810083504/https://www.bristolpost.co.uk/news/call-retractable-coffin-bollards-no-2295946 |url-status=live }}</ref>
===Cost-benefit analysis of smart city technologies===
[[Cost-benefit analysis]] has been done into smart cities and the individual technologies. These can help to assess whether it is economically and ecologically beneficial to implement some technologies at all, and also compare the cost-effectiveness of each technology among each other<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://udspace.udel.edu/handle/19716/23818 |title=Cost-benefit analysis of smart cities technologies and applications |access-date=9 June 2020 |archive-date=9 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609105641/http://udspace.udel.edu/handle/19716/23818 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://dspace.udel.edu/bitstream/handle/19716/23818/Xiong_udel_0060M_13359.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |title=COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS OF SMART CITIES TECHNOLOGIES AND APPLICATIONS |access-date=9 June 2020 |archive-date=9 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609105642/http://dspace.udel.edu/bitstream/handle/19716/23818/Xiong_udel_0060M_13359.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/340344518 |title=The Cost Benefit Analysis for the Concept of a Smart City: How to Measure the Efficiency of Smart Solutions? |access-date=9 June 2020 |archive-date=6 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606113445/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/340344518_The_Cost_Benefit_Analysis_for_the_Concept_of_a_Smart_City_How_to_Measure_the_Efficiency_of_Smart_Solutions |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |title=The Cost Benefit Analysis for the Concept of a Smart City: How to Measure the Efficiency of Smart Solutions? |year=2020 |doi=10.3390/su12072663 |doi-access=free |last1=Turečková |first1=Kamila |last2=Nevima |first2=Jan |journal=Sustainability |volume=12 |issue=7 |page=2663 }}</ref>
==Commercialisation==
Large IT, telecommunication and energy management companies such as [[Apple Inc.|Apple]], [[Baidu]], [[Alibaba Group|Alibaba]], [[Tencent]], [[Huawei]], [[Google]], [[Microsoft]], [[Cisco]], [[IBM]], and [[Schneider Electric]] launched market initiatives for intelligent cities.
* Baidu is working on [[Apolong|Apollo]], a self-driving technology<ref name="forbes.com">{{Cite web |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/rebeccafannin/2019/08/23/baidu-alibaba-tencent-clash-to-lead-chinas-tech-future-while-a-new-b-arises/ |title=Baidu, Alibaba, Tencent Clash To Lead China's Tech Future While A New 'B' Arises |access-date=3 June 2020 |archive-date=3 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603170852/https://www.forbes.com/sites/rebeccafannin/2019/08/23/baidu-alibaba-tencent-clash-to-lead-chinas-tech-future-while-a-new-b-arises/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Alibaba has created the [[City Brain]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.alibabacloud.com/solutions/intelligence-brain/city |title=City Brain |access-date=3 June 2020 |archive-date=3 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603170824/https://www.alibabacloud.com/solutions/intelligence-brain/city |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333456538 |title=The City Brain: Practice of Large-Scale Artificial Intelligence in the Real World |access-date=4 June 2020 |archive-date=13 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210313035758/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333456538_The_City_Brain_Practice_of_Large-Scale_Artificial_Intelligence_in_the_Real_World |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Tencent is working on medical technology,<ref name="forbes.com"/> such as WeChat Intelligent Healthcare, Tencent Doctorwork, and [[artificial intelligence in healthcare|AI Medical Innovation System (AIMIS)]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://technode.com/2018/02/11/tencent-medical-ecosystem/ |title=How Tencent's medical ecosystem is shaping the future of China's healthcare |date=11 February 2018 |access-date=3 June 2020 |archive-date=3 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603165928/https://technode.com/2018/02/11/tencent-medical-ecosystem/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Huawei has its [[Safe City]] Compact Solution which focuses on improving safety in cities<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://e.huawei.com/en/news/smart-cities/201810150942 |title=Huawei Announces Safe City Compact Solution to Protect Citizens in Small and Medium Cities |access-date=3 June 2020 |archive-date=3 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603170858/https://e.huawei.com/en/news/smart-cities/201810150942 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/future/bespoke/specials/connected-world/government.html |title=Safe cities: Using smart tech for public security |access-date=3 June 2020 |archive-date=10 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200210042218/http://www.bbc.com/future/bespoke/specials/connected-world/government.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last=Hillman | first=Jonathan E. | title=Watching Huawei's "Safe Cities" | website=Center for Strategic and International Studies | date=2019-11-04 | url=https://www.csis.org/analysis/watching-huaweis-safe-cities | access-date=2020-11-02 | archive-date=19 October 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201019214841/https://www.csis.org/analysis/watching-huaweis-safe-cities | url-status=live }}</ref>
* Google's subsidiary [[Sidewalk Labs]] is focusing on smart cities
* Microsoft has [[Microsoft CityNext|CityNext]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://partner.microsoft.com/en-us/solutions/citynext |title=Innovative solutions for smart cities |access-date=3 June 2020 |archive-date=3 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603165929/https://partner.microsoft.com/en-us/solutions/citynext |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Cisco, launched the global "Intelligent Urbanization" initiative<ref>{{cite web|url=http://newsroom.cisco.com/dlls/2009/prod_021209c.html|title=Network as the Next Utility for 'Intelligent Urbanisation' |publisher=CISCO|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141215022011/http://newsroom.cisco.com/dlls/2009/prod_021209c.html|archive-date=15 December 2014}}</ref> to help cities using the network as the fourth utility for integrated city management, better [[quality of life]] for citizens, and economic development.
* IBM announced its [[Smarter Cities Challenge]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibm.com/ibm/ideasfromibm/us/smartplanet/topics/cities/20090309/index.shtml?&re=spfprogram|title=About IBM|publisher=IBM|date=8 May 2017|access-date=31 January 2015|archive-date=6 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606113457/https://www.ibm.com/id-en/about?re=spfprogram|url-status=live}}</ref> to stimulate [[economic growth]] and quality of life in cities and metropolitan areas with the activation of new approaches of thinking and acting in the [[urban ecosystem]].
* Schneider Electric is working on [[Schneider Electric#EcoStruxure|EcoStruxure]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://blog.se.com/smart-cities/2017/12/07/ecostruxure-smart-cities-smart-city-technology-starts-operational-level/ |title=EcoStruxure for Smart Cities: Smart City Technology Starts at the Operational Level |access-date=3 June 2020 |archive-date=3 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603170832/https://blog.se.com/smart-cities/2017/12/07/ecostruxure-smart-cities-smart-city-technology-starts-operational-level/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.se.com/in/en/work/solutions/for-business/smart-cities/ |title=Smart Cities Solutions |access-date=3 June 2020 |archive-date=3 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603170826/https://www.se.com/in/en/work/solutions/for-business/smart-cities/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Sensor developers and startup companies{{Clarify|Which ?|date=June 2020}} are also continually developing new smart city applications.
==Adoption==
Examples of smart city technologies and programs have been implemented in [[Singapore]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Singapore best performing 'smart city' globally: Study|url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/singapore-best-performing-smart-city-globally-study-10038722|work=Channel NewsAsia|access-date=19 May 2018|archive-date=20 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180520053805/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/singapore-best-performing-smart-city-globally-study-10038722|url-status=live}}</ref> USA, Dubai,<ref>{{cite web |title=Smart Dubai |url=https://smartdubai.ae |website=smartdubai.ae |access-date=6 June 2021 |archive-date=3 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603023904/https://www.smartdubai.ae/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[#Milton Keynes|Milton Keynes]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title = The MK:Smart Project|url = http://www.mksmart.org|website = www.mksmart.org|access-date = 27 October 2015|archive-date = 21 November 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151121211315/http://www.mksmart.org/|url-status = live}}</ref> [[Southampton]],<ref name="Southampton">{{cite web |url=http://www.southampton.gov.uk/roads-parking/travel/smartcities-card/ |title=SmartCities card |author=Southampton City Council |access-date=30 May 2015 |archive-date=30 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530120105/http://www.southampton.gov.uk/roads-parking/travel/smartcities-card/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[#Amsterdam|Amsterdam]],<ref name="Amsterdam">{{cite web |url=http://amsterdamsmartcity.com/projects |title=Amsterdam Smart City ~ Projects |author=Amsterdam Smart City |access-date=30 May 2015 |archive-date=22 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120922030047/http://amsterdamsmartcity.com/projects |url-status=live }}</ref> [[#Barcelona|Barcelona]],<ref name="Barcelona">{{cite web |url=http://smartcity.bcn.cat/en |title=Barcelona Smart City |author=Ajuntament de Barcelona |access-date=30 May 2015 |archive-date=16 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150516125338/http://smartcity.bcn.cat/en |url-status=live }}</ref> [[#Madrid|Madrid]],<ref name="Madrid">{{cite web |url=http://www.madrid.es/UnidadesDescentralizadas/RelacionesInternacionales/Publicaciones/CatalogoBuenasPracticas/Economia/MiNT%20Madrid%20Inteligente%2014.pdf |title=Buenas Practicas de la Ciudad de Madrid |author=Ayuntamiento de Madrid |access-date=23 November 2016 |archive-date=23 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123133240/http://www.madrid.es/UnidadesDescentralizadas/RelacionesInternacionales/Publicaciones/CatalogoBuenasPracticas/Economia/MiNT%20Madrid%20Inteligente%2014.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> [[#Stockholm|Stockholm]],<ref name="Stockholm">{{cite web |url=http://international.stockholm.se/city-development/the-smart-city/ |title=The Smart City |author=City of Stockholm |publisher=Stockholms stad |access-date=30 May 2015 |archive-date=30 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530123402/http://international.stockholm.se/city-development/the-smart-city/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Copenhagen]], China,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rcrwireless.com/20160630/asia-pacific/zte-involved-150-smart-city-projects-across-china|title=ZTE involved in more than 150 smart city projects across China|date=30 June 2016|access-date=23 January 2017|archive-date=2 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202005537/http://www.rcrwireless.com/20160630/asia-pacific/zte-involved-150-smart-city-projects-across-china|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[New York City|New York]].<ref>{{cite web |title=CityBridge – LinkNYC |url=https://www.link.nyc/ |language=en |access-date=13 August 2018 |archive-date=10 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200510231720/https://www.link.nyc/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
Major strategies and achievements related to the spatial intelligence of cities are listed in the [[Intelligent Community Forum]] awards from 1999 to 2010, in the cities of [[Songdo International Business District|Songdo]] and [[Suwon]] (South Korea), [[Stockholm]] (Sweden), [[Gangnam District]] of Seoul (South Korea), [[Waterloo, Ontario]] (Canada), [[Taipei]] (Taiwan), [[Mitaka, Tokyo|Mitaka]] (Japan), [[Glasgow]] (Scotland, UK), [[Calgary]] (Alberta, Canada), [[Seoul]] (South Korea), [[New York City]] (US), [[LaGrange, Georgia]] (US), and [[Singapore]], which were recognized for their efforts in developing broadband networks and e-services sustaining innovation ecosystems, growth, and inclusion.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Intelligent Communities of the Year 1999–2010|url=https://www.intelligentcommunity.org/index.php?submenu=Awards&src=gendocs&ref=ICF_Awards&category=Events&link=ICF_Awards|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722103131/https://www.intelligentcommunity.org/index.php?submenu=Awards&src=gendocs&ref=ICF_Awards&category=Events&link=ICF_Awards|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 July 2011}}</ref>
There are a number of cities actively pursuing a smart city strategy:
===Amsterdam===
[[File:KeizersgrachtReguliersgrachtAmsterdam.jpg|thumbnail|right|Street lamps in [[Amsterdam]] have been upgraded to allow municipal councils to dim the lights based on pedestrian usage.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://amsterdamsmartcity.com/projects/detail/id/9/slug/climate-street |title=Amsterdam Smart City ~ Climate Street |author=Amsterdam Smart City |access-date=30 May 2015 |archive-date=30 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530162529/http://amsterdamsmartcity.com/projects/detail/id/9/slug/climate-street |url-status=dead }}</ref>]]The [[Amsterdam]] smart city initiative<ref name=Amsterdam /> which began in 2009 currently includes 170+ projects collaboratively developed by local residents, government and businesses.<ref name=DeakinIntro /> These projects run on an interconnected platform through [[wireless device]]s to enhance the city's real-time decision making abilities. The City of Amsterdam ('''City''') claims the purpose of the projects is to reduce traffic, [[energy saving|save energy]] and improve [[public safety]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://amsterdamsmartcity.com/about-asc |title=Amsterdam Smart City ~ About ASC |author=Amsterdam Smart City |access-date=30 May 2015 |archive-date=27 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150427024215/http://amsterdamsmartcity.com/about-asc |url-status=dead }}</ref> To promote efforts from local residents, the City runs the Amsterdam Smart City Challenge annually, accepting proposals for applications and developments that fit within the city's framework.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://amsterdamsmartcity.com/news/detail/id/577/slug/do-you-have-smart-solutions-for-your-city |title=Amsterdam Smart City ~ Do you have smart solutions for your city? |author=Amsterdam Smart City |access-date=30 May 2015 |archive-date=30 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530121746/http://amsterdamsmartcity.com/news/detail/id/577/slug/do-you-have-smart-solutions-for-your-city |url-status=dead }}</ref> An example of a resident developed app is Mobypark, which allows owners of parking spaces to rent them out to people for a fee.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://amsterdamsmartcity.com/news/detail/id/576/slug/smart-spotlight-manuel-cayr |title=Amsterdam Smart City ~ Smart Spotlight: Manuel Cayre |author=Amsterdam Smart City |access-date=30 May 2015 |archive-date=30 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530123155/http://amsterdamsmartcity.com/news/detail/id/576/slug/smart-spotlight-manuel-cayr |url-status=dead }}</ref> The data generated from this app can then be used by the city to determine [[parking]] demand and traffic flows in Amsterdam. A number of homes have also been provided with smart energy meters, with incentives provided to those that actively reduce energy consumption.<ref name=Komninos_ch /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://amsterdamsmartcity.com/projects/detail/id/55/slug/the-smart-home |title=Amsterdam Smart City ~ The smart home |author=Amsterdam Smart City |access-date=30 May 2015 |archive-date=25 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825083431/https://amsterdamsmartcity.com/projects/detail/id/55/slug/the-smart-home |url-status=dead }}</ref> Other initiatives include flexible [[street lighting]] ([[smart lighting]])<ref>{{cite web |url=http://amsterdamsmartcity.com/projects/detail/id/62/slug/flexible-street-lighting |title=Amsterdam Smart City ~ Flexible street lighting |author=Amsterdam Smart City |access-date=30 May 2015 |archive-date=25 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825092242/https://amsterdamsmartcity.com/projects/detail/id/62/slug/flexible-street-lighting |url-status=dead }}</ref> which allows municipalities to control the brightness of street lights, and smart traffic management<ref>{{cite web |url=http://amsterdamsmartcity.com/projects/detail/id/58/slug/smart-traffic-management |title=Amsterdam Smart City ~ Smart traffic management |author=Amsterdam Smart City |access-date=30 May 2015 |archive-date=29 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150529123605/http://amsterdamsmartcity.com/projects/detail/id/58/slug/smart-traffic-management |url-status=dead }}</ref> where traffic is monitored in real time by the city and information about current travel time on certain roads is broadcast to allow motorists to determine the best routes to take.
===Barcelona===
[[Barcelona]] has established a number of projects that can be considered 'smart city' applications within its "CityOS" strategy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibarcelona.bcn.cat/en/o-government/city-os|title=iBarcelona|access-date=8 October 2015|archive-date=18 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318141613/http://ibarcelona.bcn.cat/en/o-government/city-os|url-status=dead}}</ref> For example, sensor technology has been implemented in the irrigation system in Parc del Centre de Poblenou, where real time data is transmitted to gardening crews about the level of water required for the plants.<ref name=Barcelona /><ref>{{cite news |last=Laursen |first=Lucas |url=http://www.technologyreview.com/news/532511/barcelonas-smart-city-ecosystem/ |title=Barcelona's Smart City Ecosystem |work=MIT Technology Review |date=18 November 2014 |access-date=30 May 2015 |archive-date=29 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150629064107/http://www.technologyreview.com/news/532511/barcelonas-smart-city-ecosystem/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Barcelona has also designed a new bus network based on data analysis of the most common traffic flows in Barcelona, utilising primarily vertical, horizontal and diagonal routes with a number of interchanges.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://smartcity.bcn.cat/en/new-bus-network.html |title=New bus network |author=BCN Smart City |access-date=30 May 2015 |archive-date=30 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530120415/http://smartcity.bcn.cat/en/new-bus-network.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Integration of multiple smart city technologies can be seen through the implementation of smart traffic lights<ref>{{cite web |url=http://smartcity.bcn.cat/en/smart-traffic-lights.html |title=Smart traffic lights |author=BCN Smart City |access-date=30 May 2015 |archive-date=30 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530123557/http://smartcity.bcn.cat/en/smart-traffic-lights.html |url-status=live }}</ref> as buses run on routes designed to optimise the number of green lights. In addition, where an emergency is reported in Barcelona, the approximate route of the emergency vehicle is entered into the traffic light system, setting all the lights to green as the vehicle approaches through a mix of GPS and traffic management software, allowing emergency services to reach the incident without delay. Much of this data is managed by the [[Sentilo Platform]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.22barcelona.com/content/blogcategory/50/281/ |title=Urban Innovation |author=Ajuntament de Barcelona |access-date=30 May 2015 |archive-date=8 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150408100431/http://www.22barcelona.com/content/blogcategory/50/281/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url= http://connecta.bcn.cat |title= Sentilo BCN:Platform Sensors and Actuators Barcelona |access-date= 26 March 2017 |archive-date= 18 May 2016 |archive-url= http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160518054524/http://connecta.bcn.cat/ |url-status= live }}</ref>
===Columbus, Ohio===
In the summer of 2017, the [[Columbus, Ohio|City of Columbus]], Ohio began its pursuit of a smart city initiative. The city partnered with [[American Electric Power|American Electric Power Ohio]] to create a group of new [[Charging station|electric vehicle charging stations]]. Many smart cities such as Columbus are using agreements such as this one to prepare for climate change, expand electric infrastructure, convert existing public vehicle fleets to electric cars, and create incentives for people to [[Carpool|share rides when commuting]]. For doing this, the [[United States Department of Transportation|U.S. Department of Transportation]] gave the City of Columbus a $40 million grant. The city also received $10 million from [[Vulcan Inc.]]<ref name=":4">{{Cite news|url=https://dailyenergyinsider.com/news/7711-aep-ohio-build-car-charging-stations-part-columbus-smart-city-initiative/|title=AEP Ohio to build car charging stations as part of Columbus Smart City initiative|last=Galford|first=Chris|date=8 September 2017|work=Daily Energy Insider|access-date=25 September 2017|language=en-US|archive-date=29 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181229194302/https://dailyenergyinsider.com/news/7711-aep-ohio-build-car-charging-stations-part-columbus-smart-city-initiative/|url-status=live}}</ref>
One key reason why the utility was involved in the picking of locations for new electric vehicle charging stations was to gather data. According to ''Daily Energy Insider'', the group Infrastructure and Business Continuity for AEP said, "You don't want to put infrastructure where it won't be used or maintained. The data we collect will help us build a much bigger market in the future."<ref name=":4" />
Because autonomous vehicles are currently seeing "an increased industrial research and legislative push globally", building routes and connections for them is another important part of the Columbus smart city initiative.<ref name=":4" />
===Copenhagen===
In 2014, [[Copenhagen]] claimed the prestigious World Smart Cities Award for its “Connecting Copenhagen” smart city development strategy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://stateofgreen.com/en/partners/city-of-copenhagen/news/connecting-copenhagen-is-the-worlds-best-smart-city-project/|title='Connecting Copenhagen' is the World's Best Smart City Project|website=State of Green|language=en-US|access-date=2019-06-20|archive-date=20 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190620122807/https://stateofgreen.com/en/partners/city-of-copenhagen/news/connecting-copenhagen-is-the-worlds-best-smart-city-project/|url-status=live}}</ref> Positioned in the Technical and Environmental Administration of Copenhagen, the smart city initiatives are coordinated by Copenhagen Solutions Lab, the city's administrative unit for smart city development. There are other notable actors in Greater Copenhagen that coordinate and initiate smart city initiatives including State of Green and Gate21, the latter of which has initiated the innovation hub smart city Cluster Denmark.
In an article with The Economist,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://worldin2019.economist.com/|title=The World in 2019|website=worldin2019.economist.com|language=en|access-date=2019-06-20|archive-date=18 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190618104008/https://worldin2019.economist.com/|url-status=live}}</ref> a current major smart city project is explained: “In Copenhagen, as in many cities around the world, [[air quality]] is high on the agenda when it comes to [[liveability]], with 68 percent of citizens citing it as of high importance when it comes to what makes their city attractive. To monitor pollution levels, Copenhagen Solutions Lab is currently working with [[Google]] and has installed monitoring equipment in their streetview car in order to produce a heatmap of air quality around the city. The information will help cyclists and joggers plan routes with the best air quality. The project also gives a glimpse of the future, when this kind of information could be collected in real time by sensors all over the city and collated with traffic flow data.”
In another article with The World Economic Forum, Marius Sylvestersen, Program Director at Copenhagen Solutions Lab, explains that public-private collaborations must be built on transparency, the willingness to share data and must be driven by the same set of values. This requires a particularly open mindset from the organisations that wish to get involved. To facilitate open collaboration and knowledge-sharing, Copenhagen Solutions Lab launched the Copenhagen Street Lab in 2016. Here, organisations such as [[TDC A/S|TDC]], Citelum and [[Cisco Systems|Cisco]] work in collaboration with Copenhagen Solutions Lab to identify new solutions to city and citizen problems.
===Dubai===
In 2013, the Smart [[Dubai]] project was initiated by Shaikh [[Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum|Mohammad bin Rashid Al Maktoum]], vice president of [[UAE]], which contained more than 100 initiatives to make Dubai a smart city by 2030. The project aimed to integrate private and public sectors, enabling citizens to access these sectors through their smartphones. Some initiatives include the Dubai Autonomous Transportation Strategy to create driverless transits, fully digitizing government, business and customer information and transactions, and providing citizens 5000 hotspots to access government applications by 2021.<ref>Dubai – a new paradigm for smart cities – 2015. (2018). Retrieved from https://home.kpmg.com/ae/en/home/insights/2015/07/dubai---a-new-paradigm-for-smart-cities---2015.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181027061532/https://home.kpmg.com/ae/en/home/insights/2015/07/dubai---a-new-paradigm-for-smart-cities---2015.html |date=27 October 2018 }}</ref><ref>Smart Dubai 2021. (2018). Retrieved from https://2021.smartdubai.ae/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181027021712/https://2021.smartdubai.ae/ |date=27 October 2018 }}</ref> Two mobile applications, mPay and DubaiNow, facilitate various payment services for citizens ranging from utilities or traffic fines to educational, health, transport, and business services. In addition, the Smart [[Nol Card]] is a unified rechargeable card enabling citizens to pay for all transportation services such as metro, buses, water bus, and taxis. There is also the [[Dubai Municipality]]'s Digital City initiative which assigns each building a unique QR code that citizens can scan containing information about the building, plot, and location.<ref>Smart city- The Official Portal of the UAE Government. (2018). Retrieved from https://government.ae/en/about-the-uae/the-uae-government/smart-uae/smart-dubai {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181027021654/https://government.ae/en/about-the-uae/the-uae-government/smart-uae/smart-dubai |date=27 October 2018 }}</ref>
===Dublin===
[[Dublin]] has been refereed to as an unexpected capital for smart cities.<ref>{{cite magazine | url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/10/141011-technology-science-ireland-dublin-europe-internet-of-things-future/ | title=Unexpected Capital for IoT | magazine=National Geographic | date=2014 | access-date=1 May 2017 | archive-date=2 May 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170502062056/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/10/141011-technology-science-ireland-dublin-europe-internet-of-things-future/ | url-status=live }}</ref> The smart city programme for the city is run by Smart Dublin<ref>{{cite web | url=http://smartdublin.ie/ | title=Smart Dublin | publisher=DCC | date=2017 | access-date=1 May 2017 | archive-date=19 May 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519135821/http://smartdublin.ie/ | url-status=live }}</ref> an initiative of the four Dublin Local Authorities to engage with smart technology providers, researchers and citizens to solve city challenges and improve [[city]] life. It includes Dublinked- Dublin's open data platform that hosts open source data to smart city applications.
===Gdynia===
[[Gdynia]] was the first city in Eastern Europe to receive the [[ISO 37120]] certificate issued by the World Council on City Data.<ref>{{cite web |title=GLOBAL CITIES REGISTRY™ FOR WCCD ISO 37120 SERIES |url=https://www.dataforcities.org/global-cities-registry |website=World Council on City Data (WCCD) |access-date=22 January 2021 |archive-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128065236/https://www.dataforcities.org/global-cities-registry |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The first Smart City of Eastern Europe is in Poland |url=https://velatianetworks.com/en/first-smart-city-eastern-europe-poland/ |website=Velatia Networks |access-date=22 January 2021 |date=10 June 2017 |archive-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128193152/https://velatianetworks.com/en/first-smart-city-eastern-europe-poland/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
In 2015, the TRISTAR intelligent road traffic management system was implemented in the city.<ref>{{cite web |title=Integrated Traffic Management System |url=https://www.tristar.gdynia.pl/ |website=Portal TRISTAR |access-date=22 January 2021}}</ref>
[[Trolleybuses in Gdynia]] have been operating since 1943 and are still being developed as low-emission transport - some of them have their own batteries, which allows them to reach areas with no traction.<ref>{{cite web |title=ACT NOW (Action for Energy Efficiency in Baltic Cities |url=http://pktgdynia.pl/index.php/act-now/ |website=Enterprise of Trolleybus Communication in Gdynia |access-date=22 January 2021 |archive-date=29 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129002021/http://pktgdynia.pl/index.php/act-now/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Partners - Act Now! |url=https://actnow-baltic.eu/partners/ |website=Act Now! Action for Energy Efficiency in Baltic Cities |access-date=22 January 2021 |archive-date=18 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118045730/https://actnow-baltic.eu/partners/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
Over 200 sets of up-to-date data from 21 areas of the city's functioning are published on the Open Data portal. The data sets meet the requirements of machine readability and are also presented in a way comprehensible to users.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gdynia in numbers |url=http://otwartedane.gdynia.pl/en/ |website=Gdynia - Open Data Portal |access-date=25 January 2021 |archive-date=6 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606113455/https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Open+Sans:400,300,600,800&subset=latin,latin-ext |url-status=live }}</ref>
There is also an Urban Lab for cooperation between residents, experts and representatives of city structures.<ref>{{cite web |title=UrbanLab |url=https://lis.gdynia.pl/wspolpraca-i-wsparcie/urbanlab/ |website=Social Innovation Lab in Gdynia |access-date=25 January 2021 |archive-date=29 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029111801/https://lis.gdynia.pl/wspolpraca-i-wsparcie/urbanlab/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=UrbanLab Gdynia |url=https://innovationinpolitics.eu/en/best-practice/urbanlab-gdynia/ |website=The Innovation in Politics Institute |access-date=25 January 2021 |archive-date=17 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117055437/https://innovationinpolitics.eu/en/best-practice/urbanlab-gdynia/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kaszkur |first1=Alina |title=Urban Lab as a Tool for Joint Management in Cities |journal=Polish Political Science Review |date=15 December 2015 |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=37–46 |doi=10.2478/ppsr-2020-0014 |s2cid=230282944 |url=https://content.sciendo.com/view/journals/ppsr/8/2/article-p37.xml |access-date=25 January 2021 |doi-access=free |archive-date=26 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201226161310/https://content.sciendo.com/view/journals/ppsr/8/2/article-p37.xml |url-status=live }}</ref>
===Isfahan===
[[Isfahan]] has a smart city program, a unified human resources administration system, transport system.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-18|title=بزرگترین پروژه IT و شهر هوشمند در اصفهان آماده بهرهبرداری است|url=https://www.imna.ir//news/487629/بزرگترین-پروژه-IT-و-شهر-هوشمند-در-اصفهان-آماده-بهره-برداری-است|access-date=2021-06-06|website=ایمنا|language=fa|archive-date=6 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606113503/https://www.imna.ir//news/487629/%D8%A8%D8%B2%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86-%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%98%D9%87-IT-%D9%88-%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1-%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87-%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%87-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-05-12|title=سیستم مدیریت یکپارچهسازی منابع انسانی اجرایی شد|url=https://www.imna.ir//news/492489/سیستم-مدیریت-یکپارچه-سازی-منابع-انسانی-اجرایی-شد|access-date=2021-06-06|website=ایمنا|language=fa|archive-date=6 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606113502/https://www.imna.ir//news/492489/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%85-%D9%85%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA-%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%87-%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C-%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B9-%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C-%D8%B4%D8%AF|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=به درگاه الکترونیکی شهرداری اصفهان - شهر هوشمند خوش آمدید {{!}} درگاه الکترونیکی شهرداری اصفهان - شهر هوشمند|url=https://smartcity.isfahan.ir/|access-date=2021-06-06|website=smartcity.isfahan.ir|archive-date=26 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226045336/http://smartcity.isfahan.ir/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-09-22|title=اصفهان به برترین شهر هوشمند ایران تبدیل شود|url=https://www.imna.ir//news/390448/اصفهان-به-برترین-شهر-هوشمند-ایران-تبدیل-شود|access-date=2021-06-06|website=ایمنا|language=fa|archive-date=6 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606113546/https://www.imna.ir//news/390448/%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A8%D9%87-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86-%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1-%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84-%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%AF|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=پیش به سوی شهر هوشمند {{!}} اصفهان زیبا|url=http://isfahanziba.com/news/3533/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B4-%D8%A8%D9%87-%D8%B3%D9%88%DB%8C-%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1-%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF|access-date=2021-06-06|website=isfahanziba.com}}</ref>
===Kyiv===
Kyiv has a transport dispatch system. It contains GPS trackers, installed on public transportation, as well as 6,000 video surveillance cameras which monitor the traffic. The accrued data is used by local Traffic Management Service and transport application developers.
===London===
In London, a traffic management system known as SCOOT optimises green light time at traffic intersections by feeding back magnetometer and inductive loop data to a supercomputer, which can co-ordinate traffic lights across the city to improve traffic throughout.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M9AiDAAAQBAJ|title=Science and the City: The Mechanics Behind the Metropolis|last=Winkless|first=Laurie|date=11 August 2016|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=9781472913227|language=en|access-date=1 November 2016|archive-date=27 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170427152649/https://books.google.com/books?id=M9AiDAAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>
===Madrid===
[[Madrid]], Spain's pioneering smart city,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/oct/25/we-cant-allow-the-tech-giants-to-rule-smart-cities|title=We can't allow the tech giants to rule smart cities|newspaper=The Guardian|date=25 October 2015|last1=Mason|first1=Paul|access-date=23 November 2016|archive-date=23 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123203950/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/oct/25/we-cant-allow-the-tech-giants-to-rule-smart-cities|url-status=live}}</ref> has adopted the MiNT Madrid Inteligente/Smarter Madrid platform to integrate the management of local services. These include the sustainable and computerized management of infrastructure, garbage collection and recycling, and public spaces and green areas, among others.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.madrid.es/UnidadesDescentralizadas/RelacionesInternacionales/Publicaciones/CatalogoBuenasPracticas/Economia/MiNT%20Madrid%20Inteligente%2014.pdf|title=Buenas Prácticas de la Ciudad de Madrid|access-date=23 November 2016|archive-date=23 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123133240/http://www.madrid.es/UnidadesDescentralizadas/RelacionesInternacionales/Publicaciones/CatalogoBuenasPracticas/Economia/MiNT%20Madrid%20Inteligente%2014.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The programme is run in partnership with [[IBM]]s [[INSA]], making use of the latter's Big Data and analytics capabilities and experience.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sustainablecitiescollective.com/global-site-plans-grid/316481/madrid-spain-launches-ibm-smarter-cities-project|title=Madrid, Spain Launches IBM Smarter Cities Project|access-date=23 November 2016|archive-date=23 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123203314/http://www.sustainablecitiescollective.com/global-site-plans-grid/316481/madrid-spain-launches-ibm-smarter-cities-project|url-status=live}}</ref> Madrid is considered to have taken a bottom-up approach to smart cities, whereby social issues are first identified and individual technologies or networks are then identified to address these issues.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.urban-hub.com/cities/fine-tuning-smart-in-madrid/|title=From Barcelona to Madrid, Spain's smart cities inspire change|access-date=23 November 2016|archive-date=24 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161124024840/http://www.urban-hub.com/cities/fine-tuning-smart-in-madrid/|url-status=live}}</ref> This approach includes support and recognition for start ups through the Madrid Digital Start Up programme.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ebn.be/index.php?lnk=K2tiZmlkaWp5MVZzVWF6SzFUWkpHNWh3Y0F3TFBHLzZmaFpxZWwxNVB2MD0=|title=MADRID DIGITAL START UP – CLEARCHANNEL 2015|access-date=23 November 2016|archive-date=11 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170311004501/http://ebn.be/index.php?lnk=K2tiZmlkaWp5MVZzVWF6SzFUWkpHNWh3Y0F3TFBHLzZmaFpxZWwxNVB2MD0=|url-status=live}}</ref>
===Malta===
A document written in 2011 refers to 18th century [[Żejtun]] as the earliest "smart city" in [[Malta]],<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Proceedings of History Week|last=Vassallo|first=Carmel|date=2011|title=Żejtun: An Eighteenth-Century 'Smart City'|url=http://melitensiawth.com/incoming/Index/Proceedings%20of%20History%20Week/PHW2011/07s.pdf|issue=7|pages=105–118|access-date=17 June 2018|archive-date=17 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417025637/http://melitensiawth.com/incoming/Index/Proceedings%20of%20History%20Week/PHW2011/07s.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> but not in the modern context of a smart city. By the 21st century, [[SmartCity Malta]], a planned technology park, became partially operational while the rest is under construction, as a [[Foreign Direct Investment]].
===Manchester===
In December 2015, [[Manchester]]'s CityVerve project was chosen as the winner of a government-led technology competition and awarded £10m to develop an [[Internet of Things]] (IoT) smart cities demonstrator.<ref>[https://www.gov.uk/government/news/manchester-wins-10m-prize-to-become-world-leader-in-smart-city-technology] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160909055109/https://www.gov.uk/government/news/manchester-wins-10m-prize-to-become-world-leader-in-smart-city-technology |date=9 September 2016 }}, Manchester wins £10m prize to become world leader in 'smart city' technology.</ref>
Established in July 2016, the project is being carried out by a consortium of 22 public and private organisations, including [[Manchester City Council]], and is aligned with the city's on-going devolution commitment.<ref>[http://www.manchester.gov.uk/news/article/7343/manchester_announced_as_uk_s_internet_of_things_iot_city_demonstrator_and_awarded_10m_investment] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809155835/http://www.manchester.gov.uk/news/article/7343/manchester_announced_as_uk_s_internet_of_things_iot_city_demonstrator_and_awarded_10m_investment |date=9 August 2016 }}, Manchester announced as UK's Internet of Things (IoT) City Demonstrator and awarded £10m investment.</ref>
The project has a two-year remit to demonstrate the capability of IoT applications and address barriers to deploying smart cities, such as city governance, network security, user trust and adoption, interoperability, scalability and justifying investment.
CityVerve is based on an open data principle that incorporates a "platform of platforms"<ref>[http://www.cityverve.org.uk/platform-of-platforms/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827095452/http://www.cityverve.org.uk/platform-of-platforms/ |date=27 August 2016 }}, Platform of Platforms.</ref> which ties together applications for its four key themes: transport and travel; health and social care; energy and the environment; culture and the public realm. This will also ensure that the project is scalable and able to be redeployed to other locations worldwide.
===Milan===
[[Milan]], Italy was prompted to begin its smart city strategies and initiatives by the European Union's Smart Cities and Communities initiative. However, unlike many European cities, Milan's Smart city strategies focus more on social sustainability rather than environmental sustainability.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Trivellato|first=Benedetta|date=January 2016|title=How can 'smart' also be socially sustainable? Insights from the case of Milan|journal=Academy of Management Proceedings|volume=2016|issue=1|pages=10641|doi=10.5465/ambpp.2016.10641abstract|issn=0065-0668}}</ref> This focus is almost exclusive to Milan and has a major influence in the way content and way its strategies are implemented as shown in the case study of the Bicocca District in Milan.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Sacco|first1=Pierluigi|last2=Tavano Blessi|first2=Giorgio|date=May 2009|title=The Social Viability of Culture-led Urban Transformation Processes: Evidence from the Bicocca District, Milan|journal=Urban Studies|volume=46|issue=5–6|pages=1115–1135|doi=10.1177/0042098009103857|s2cid=153728781|issn=0042-0980}}</ref>
===Milton Keynes===
[[Milton Keynes]] has a commitment to making itself a smart city. Currently the mechanism through which this is approached is the MK:Smart initiative,<ref name=":0" /> a collaboration of local government, businesses, academia and 3rd sector organisations. The focus of the initiative is on making energy use, water use and transport more [[sustainable]] whilst promoting [[economic growth]] in the city. Central to the project is the creation of a state-of-the-art 'MK [[Data Hub]]' which will support the acquisition and management of vast amounts of data relevant to city systems from a variety of data sources. These will include data about [[energy consumption|energy]] and [[water consumption]], transport data, data acquired through satellite technology, social and economic datasets, and [[crowdsource]]d data from [[social media]] or specialised apps.
The MK:Smart initiative has two aspects which extend our understanding of how smart Cities should operate. The first, Our MK,<ref name=":1"/> is a scheme for promoting citizen-led sustainability issues in the city. The scheme provides funding and support to engage with citizens and help turn their ideas around sustainability into a reality. The second aspect is in providing citizens with the skills to operate effectively in a smart city. The Urban Data school<ref name=":2"/> is an online platform to teach school students about data skills while the project has also produced a [[MOOC]]<ref name=":3"/> to inform citizens about what a smart city is.
===Moscow===
Moscow has been implementing smart solutions since 2011 by creating the main infrastructure and local networks. Over the past few years Moscow Government implemented a number of programs, contributing to its IT development.
So, Information City programme was launched and subsequently implemented from 2012 to 2018. The initial purpose of the programme was to make daily life for citizens safe and comfortable through the large-scale introduction of information and communication technologies.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://tadviser.com/index.php/Article:Information_city_%28ICT_program_of_Moscow%29 |title=Archived copy |access-date=20 February 2020 |archive-date=20 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200220092908/http://tadviser.com/index.php/Article:Information_city_(ICT_program_of_Moscow) |url-status=live }}</ref>
In the summer of 2018, Moscow Mayor Sergey Sobyanin announced the city's smart city project, aimed at applying modern technologies in all areas of city life.<ref name="tadviser.com">{{Cite web |url=http://tadviser.com/index.php/Article:Moscow_the_Smart_city_%28Smart_city%29_Information_technologies_in_Moscow |title=Archived copy |access-date=20 February 2020 |archive-date=8 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808002954/http://tadviser.com/index.php/Article:Moscow_the_Smart_city_(Smart_city)_Information_technologies_in_Moscow |url-status=live }}</ref> And in June 2018, the global management consultancy McKinsey announced that Moscow is one of the world's top 50 cities for smart technologies.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/mckinsey/industries/capital%20projects%20and%20infrastructure/our%20insights/smart%20cities%20digital%20solutions%20for%20a%20more%20livable%20future/mgi-smart-cities-full-report.ashx |title=Archived copy |access-date=20 February 2020 |archive-date=5 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200405223252/https://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/mckinsey/industries/capital%20projects%20and%20infrastructure/our%20insights/smart%20cities%20digital%20solutions%20for%20a%20more%20livable%20future/mgi-smart-cities-full-report.ashx |url-status=live }}</ref> Smart City technologies have been deployed in healthcare, education, transport and municipal services. The initiative aims to improve quality of life, make urban government more efficient and develop an information society. There are more than 300 digital initiatives within the smart city project, with electronic services now widely provided online and through multifunctional centres. Moscow's citywide Wi-Fi project was launched in 2012 and now provides more than 16,000 Wi-Fi internet access points.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.mos.ru/en/news/item/57389073/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=20 February 2020 |archive-date=20 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200220092903/https://www.mos.ru/en/news/item/57389073/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The total number of access points will exceed 20,500 by early 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://teletimesinternational.com/2021/hotspots-moscow-wifi-network/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=10 March 2021 |archive-date=6 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606113507/https://teletimesinternational.com/2021/hotspots-moscow-wifi-network/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Moscow is actively developing eco-friendly transport using electric buses, and autonomous cars will soon be tested on the city's streets. Other initiatives include Moscow's Electronic School programme, its blockchain-based Active Citizen project and smart traffic management.<ref name="tadviser.com"/>
===New Songdo City===
{{further|Songdo International Business District}}<ref>{{cite web | url=http://urbact.eu/fileadmin/Projects/REDIS/events_media/magdeburg_Kwon_110408.pdf | title=Building a New Smart City in Asia: Songdo International City in Incheon, S. Korea | publisher=Incheon Development Institute | year=2011 | access-date=2 July 2013 | author=Kwon Hyung LEE | archive-date=10 November 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141110080825/http://urbact.eu/fileadmin/Projects/REDIS/events_media/magdeburg_Kwon_110408.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.songdo.com/songdo-international-business-district/the-city/master-plan.aspx|archive-url=https://archive.is/20130202142731/http://www.songdo.com/songdo-international-business-district/the-city/master-plan.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 February 2013|title=Songdo International Business District Master Plan}}</ref>
===New York===
[[New York City|New York]] is developing a number of smart city initiatives. An example is the series of city service kiosks in the [[LinkNYC]] network. These provide services including free WiFi, phone calls, device charging stations, local wayfinding, and more, funded by advertising that plays on the kiosk's screens.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/inside-linknycs-free-public-gigabit-wifi-plan-2016-2|title=Inside the plan to cover New York City's streets with free, blazing fast Wi-Fi|last=Insider|first=Alex Heath, Business|website=Business Insider|access-date=2019-09-30|archive-date=30 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190930170526/https://www.businessinsider.com/inside-linknycs-free-public-gigabit-wifi-plan-2016-2|url-status=live}}</ref>
===San Leandro===
The city of [[San Leandro, California|San Leandro]], California is in the midst of transforming from an industrial center to a tech hub of the [[Internet of things]] (IoT) (technology that lets devices communicate with each other over the Internet). California's utility company [[Pacific Gas and Electric Company|PG&E]] is working with the city in this endeavor and on a smart energy pilot program that would develop a distributed energy network across the city that would be monitored by IoT sensors. The goal would be to give the city an energy system that has enough capacity to receive and redistribute electricity to and from multiple energy sources.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|url=https://dailyenergyinsider.com/featured/5732-eeis-new-board-chairman-cites-smart-city-opportunities-convention-gets-way/|title=EEI's new board chairman cites smart-city opportunities as convention gets under way|last=Riley|first=Kim|date=12 June 2017|work=Daily Energy Insider|access-date=25 September 2017|language=en-US|archive-date=28 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190828222612/https://dailyenergyinsider.com/featured/5732-eeis-new-board-chairman-cites-smart-city-opportunities-convention-gets-way/|url-status=live}}</ref>
===Santa Cruz===
An alternative use of smart city technology used to be found in [[Santa Cruz, California]], where local authorities previously analyzed historical crime data in order to [[Predictive policing|predict police requirements]] and maximise police presence where it is required.<ref>{{cite news |last=Baxter |first=Stephen |url=http://www.santacruzsentinel.com/general-news/20120226/modest-gains-in-first-six-months-of-santa-cruzs-predictive-police-program |title=Modest gains in first six months of Santa Cruz's predictive police program |work=Santa Cruz Sentinel |date=26 February 2012 |access-date=26 May 2015 |archive-date=30 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530124829/http://www.santacruzsentinel.com/general-news/20120226/modest-gains-in-first-six-months-of-santa-cruzs-predictive-police-program |url-status=live }}</ref> The analytical tools generate a list of 10 places each day where [[property crime]]s are more likely to occur, and then placing police efforts on these regions when officers are not responding to any emergency. This use of ICT technology is different to the manner in which European cities utilize smart city technology, possibly highlighting the breadth of the smart city concept in different parts of the world. The city of Santa Cruz suspended the use of predictive policing technology in 2018, after there were questions about it's validity in such a small community.
===Santander===
The city of [[Santander, Cantabria|Santander]] in [[Cantabria]], northern Spain, has 20,000 sensors connecting buildings, infrastructure, transport, networks and utilities, offers a physical space for experimentation and validation of the IoT functions, such as interaction and management protocols, device technologies, and support services such as discovery, [[identity management]] and security<ref name="Schaffers">{{cite book|isbn=9783642208973|author1=Schaffers, H.|author2=Komninos, N.|author3=Pallot, M.|author4=Trousse, B.|author5=Nilsson M.|year=2011|title=Smart Cities and the Future Internet: Towards Cooperation Frameworks for Open Innovation, Lecture Notes in Computer Science|volume=Vol. 6656|series=The Future Internet|pages=[https://archive.org/details/futureinternetfu0000unse/page/431 431–446]|url=https://archive.org/details/futureinternetfu0000unse/page/431}}</ref> In Santander, the sensors monitor the levels of [[pollution]], [[noise]], [[traffic]] and parking.
===Shanghai===
[[Shanghai]]'s development of the IoT and internet connection speeds have allowed for third-party companies to revolutionize the productivity of the city.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.driversofchange.com/projects/shaping-a-smart-shanghai/|title=Shaping a Smart Shanghai {{!}} Arup Foresight|language=en-US|access-date=14 December 2018|archive-date=16 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181216031713/https://www.driversofchange.com/projects/shaping-a-smart-shanghai/|url-status=live}}</ref> As mobile ride share giant, [[DiDi|DiDi Chuxing]], continuously adds more user protection features such as ride recording, and a new quick response safety center, Shanghai is furthering their smart city agenda.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.timeoutshanghai.com/features/News-News/58714/Here’s-what-you-need-to-know-about-Didi’s-new-safety-features.html|title=Here's what you need to know about Didi's new safety features|last=Group|first=SEEC Media|website=www.timeoutshanghai.com|language=en|access-date=14 December 2018|archive-date=28 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190828222617/http://www.timeoutshanghai.com/features/News-News/58714/Here%E2%80%99s-what-you-need-to-know-about-Didi%E2%80%99s-new-safety-features.html|url-status=live}}</ref> During the first [[China International Import Expo]], Shanghai focused on smart mobility and implemented sensors to accept smartphone traffic cards in all metro stations and buses to increase efficiency in the city.
===Singapore===
{{main|Smart Nation}}
[[Singapore]], a [[city-state]], has embarked on transforming towards a "Smart Nation", and endeavours to harness the power of networks, data and info-comm technologies to improve living, create economic opportunities and build closer communities.
===Stockholm===
[[File:Kista.jpg|thumbnail|right|The [[Kista]] Science City from above.]]
[[Stockholm]]'s smart city technology is underpinned by the [[Stokab dark fibre system]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.stokab.se/In-english/ |title=This is stokab |author=Stockholm: the capital of Scandinavia |access-date=30 May 2015 |archive-date=30 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530124852/http://www.stokab.se/In-english/ |url-status=live }}</ref> which was developed in 1994 to provide a universal fibre optic network across Stockholm.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ictregulationtoolkit.org/en/toolkit/notes/PracticeNote/3244/ |title=Models for Infrastructure Sharing: Sweden's Stokab |author=ICT Regulation Toolkit |access-date=30 May 2015 |archive-date=29 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529180020/http://www.ictregulationtoolkit.org/en/toolkit/notes/PracticeNote/3244 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Private companies are able to lease fibre as service providers on equal terms. The company is owned by the City of Stockholm itself.<ref name=Stockholm /> Within this framework, Stockholm has created a Green IT strategy.<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://international.stockholm.se/globalassets/ovriga-bilder-och-filer/green-it-strategy.pdf |title=Green IT |author=Stockholm: the Capital of Scandinavia |access-date=30 May 2015 |archive-date=30 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530124027/http://international.stockholm.se/globalassets/ovriga-bilder-och-filer/green-it-strategy.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The Green IT program seeks to reduce the environmental impact of Stockholm through IT functions such as energy efficient buildings (minimising heating costs), traffic monitoring (minimising the time spent on the road) and development of e-services (minimising paper usage). The e-Stockholm platform is centred on the provision of e-services, including political announcements, parking space booking and snow clearance.<ref name="esthlm">{{cite press release |url=http://international.stockholm.se/globalassets/ovriga-bilder-och-filer/e-strategy-city-of-stockholm.pdf |title=e-sthlm |author=Stockholm: the Capital of Scandinavia |access-date=30 May 2015 |archive-date=30 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530124035/http://international.stockholm.se/globalassets/ovriga-bilder-och-filer/e-strategy-city-of-stockholm.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> This is further being developed through GPS analytics, allowing residents to plan their route through the city.<ref name=esthlm /> An example of district-specific smart city technology can be found in the Kista Science City region.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://kista.com/ |title=Kista Science City |author=Kista Science City Online |access-date=30 May 2015 |archive-date=20 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150520025433/http://kista.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref> This region is based on the triple helix concept of smart cities,{{sfnp|Hollands|2008|pp=303–320}} where university, industry and government work together to develop ICT applications for implementation in a smart city strategy.
===Taipei===
[[File:Taipei Skyline (30260753350).jpg|thumbnail|right|[[Taipei]] – a smart city.]]
[[Taipei]] started the "smarttaipei" project in 2016, where the major concept of is to change the culture of city hall government to be able to adopt new ideas and new concepts called bottom-up mechanism. The Taipei City government established the “Taipei Smart City Project Management Office”, also known as the "PMO", to implement and governance the development of smart city. Thereafter, building an innovation matchmaking platform to combine industry and government resources to develop smart solutions that satisfy public demands.
PMO accept proposals from industry and help to negotiate with relative department of Taipei city to initiate new proof of concept(PoC) project, with the help of a matchmaking platform which allows citizens access necessary innovative technologies. There are more than 150<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://smartcity.taipei/about?locale=en |title=Archived copy |access-date=26 January 2020 |archive-date=15 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200615212006/https://smartcity.taipei/about?locale=en |url-status=live }}</ref> PoC Project established, and only 34% project finished.
==Research==
University research labs developed prototypes for intelligent cities.
* IGLUS is an [[action research]] project led by [[EPFL]] focused on developing [[governance]] systems for urban [[infrastructures]]. IGLUS announced a [[MOOC]] through [[Coursera]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://iglus.org/smart-cities-mooc|title=Smart cities MOOC – IGLUS|website=iglus.org|access-date=10 June 2016|archive-date=9 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809231054/http://iglus.org/smart-cities-mooc|url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''[[MIT]] Smart Cities Lab''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cities.media.mit.edu/|title=MIT Cities|publisher=MIT|access-date=13 November 2009|archive-date=20 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720000644/http://cities.media.mit.edu/|url-status=live}}</ref> focuses upon intelligent, [[sustainable building]]s, mobility systems (GreenWheel [[electric bicycle]], [[mobility on demand]], [[CityCar]], [[Robot locomotion|Wheel Robots]]);
* the ''IntelCities''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://intelcities.iti.gr/intelcities|title=IntelCities|work=Intelcities project|access-date=31 January 2015|archive-date=13 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160913104349/http://intelcities.iti.gr/intelcities/|url-status=live}}</ref> research consortium for electronic government, planning systems and citizen participation; [[URENIO]] developed intelligent city platforms for the [[innovation economy]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.urenio.org/platforms/index.html|title=Intelligent City Platforms|publisher=URENIO|access-date=5 November 2014|archive-date=21 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141221045007/http://www.urenio.org/platforms/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> focusing on strategic intelligence, [[technology transfer]], collaborative innovation, and incubation, while it promotes intelligent cities research and planning;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.urenio.org|title=Home|publisher=URENIO|access-date=5 November 2014|archive-date=4 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141104214302/http://www.urenio.org/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* the ''Smart Cities Academic Network''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.smartcities.info/aim|title=AIM|work=Smart Cities project|access-date=31 January 2015|archive-date=27 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171127121325/http://www.smartcities.info/aim|url-status=dead}}</ref> is working on e-governance and e-services in the North Sea region.
* The MK:Smart project<ref name=":0" /> is focusing on issues of sustainable [[energy use]], [[water use]] and [[transport infrastructure]] alongside exploring how to promote citizen engagement<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title = Our MK: Helping make Milton Keynes a smarter, greener city|url = http://www.ourmk.org|website = www.ourmk.org|access-date = 27 October 2015|archive-date = 17 November 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151117221316/https://ourmk.org/|url-status = live}}</ref> alongside educating citizens about smart cities.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url = http://urbandataschool.com|title = The Urban Date School|access-date = 27 October 2015|website = The Urban Data School|archive-date = 21 April 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160421104431/http://www.urbandataschool.com/|url-status = live}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title = Smart Cities|url = https://www.futurelearn.com/courses/smart-cities|website = FutureLearn|access-date = 27 October 2015|archive-date = 17 November 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151117064130/https://www.futurelearn.com/courses/smart-cities|url-status = live}}</ref>
* Laboratory for AI, Machine Learning, Business & Data Analytics (LAMBDA) at [[Tel Aviv University]] focuses on Digital Life, [[Smart Transportation]] and Human Mobility Patterns in smart Cities.<ref>{{cite web |author = Ben-Gal, I., Weinstock, S., Singer, G., & Bambos, N. (2019) |title = Clustering Users by Their Mobility Behavioral Patterns |url = http://www.eng.tau.ac.il/~bengal/TKDD1304-45.pdf |publisher = ACM Transactions on Knowledge Discovery from Data (TKDD), 13(4), 45 |access-date = 14 October 2019 |archive-date = 14 October 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191014204156/http://www.eng.tau.ac.il/~bengal/TKDD1304-45.pdf |url-status = live }}</ref>
* Research journals in this area include the UK [[Institution of Engineering and Technology|IET]] ''Smart Cities'', which was launched in 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/journals/iet-smc|title=IET Smart Cities Journal, United Kingdom, 2018|access-date=28 May 2019|archive-date=28 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190528064046/https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/journals/iet-smc|url-status=live}}</ref>
==Criticism==
{{See also|Surveillance issues in smart cities}}
The criticisms of smart cities revolve around:{{sfnp|Hollands|2008|pp=303–320}}
* A bias in strategic interest may lead to ignoring alternative avenues of promising urban development.<ref>{{cite book|author=Greenfield, A.|year=2013|title=Against the Smart City. |location=London|publisher=Verso|asin=B00FHQ5DBS}}</ref>
* A smart city, as a scientifically planned city, would defy the fact that real development in cities is often haphazard. In that line of criticism, the smart city is seen as unattractive for citizens as they "can deaden and stupefy the people who live in its all-efficient embrace".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/dec/04/smart-city-rio-songdo-masdar|title=No one likes a city that's too smart|last=Sennett|first=Richard|date=4 December 2012|work=The Guardian|access-date=17 March 2017|archive-date=18 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318004523/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/dec/04/smart-city-rio-songdo-masdar|url-status=live}}</ref> Instead, people would prefer cities they can participate to shape.
* The focus of the concept of smart city may lead to an underestimation of the possible negative effects of the development of the new technological and networked infrastructures needed for a city to be smart.<ref>{{cite book|author=Graham, S.|author2=Marvin, S. |year=1996|title=Telecommunications and the city: electronic spaces, urban place|location=London|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9780203430453}}</ref>
* As a [[globalization|globalized]] [[business model]] is based on [[capital mobility]], following a business-oriented model may result in a losing long-term strategy: "The 'spatial fix' inevitably means that mobile capital can often 'write its own deals' to come to town, only to move on when it receives a better deal elsewhere. This is no less true for the smart city than it was for the industrial, [or] manufacturing city."{{sfnp|Hollands|2008|pp=303–320}}
* The high level of [[big data]] collection and analytics has raised questions regarding [[surveillance issues in smart cities|surveillance in smart cities]], particularly as it relates to [[predictive policing]].
* As of August 2018, the discussion on smart cities centres around the usage and implementation of technology rather than on the inhabitants of the cities and how they can be involved in the process.<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1007/s12599-018-0535-3 | volume=60 | title=Smart Cities: A Review and Analysis of Stakeholders' Literature | year=2018 | journal=Business & Information Systems Engineering | pages=197–213 | last1 = Marrone | first1 = Mauricio | last2 = Hammerle | first2 = Mara| issue=3 | s2cid=207433624 }}</ref>
*Especially in low-income countries, smart cities are irrelevant to the majority of the urban population, which lives in poverty with limited access to basic services. A focus on smart cities may worsen inequality and marginalization.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Watson|first=Vanessa|s2cid=154398313|date=6 December 2013|title=African urban fantasies: dreams or nightmares?|journal=Environment and Urbanization|language=en|volume=26|issue=1|pages=215–231|doi=10.1177/0956247813513705|issn=0956-2478}}</ref>
*If a smart city strategy is not planned taking into account people with accessibility problems, such as persons with disabilities affecting mobility, vision, hearing, and cognitive function, the implementation of new technologies could create new barriers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.technologyreview.com/s/612712/smart-cities-coule-be-lousy-if-you-have-a-disability/|title=Smart cities could be lousy to live in if you have a disability|last=Woyke|first=Elizabeth|website=MIT Technology Review|language=en|access-date=2019-03-15|archive-date=5 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190305211109/https://www.technologyreview.com/s/612712/smart-cities-coule-be-lousy-if-you-have-a-disability/|url-status=live}}</ref>
==See also==
{{Commons category}}
{{Clear}}
{{cmn|
* [[Carfree city]]
* [[Career-oriented social networking market]]
* [[Connected car]]
* [[Community-driven development]]
* [[Eco-cities]]
* [[Energy informatics]]
* [[Global brain]]
* [[Government by algorithm]]
* [[Intelligent environment]]
* [[Intelligent transportation system]]
* [[Municipal wireless network]]
* [[Net metering]]
* [[Pervasive informatics]]
* [[Planned community]]
* [[Resilient city]]
* [[Short food supply chains]]
* [[Smart grid]]
* [[Smart highway]]
* [[Smart port]]
* [[Sustainable city]]
* [[Telecommuting]]
* [[Urban computing]]
* [[Urban farming]]
* [[Urban informatics]]
* [[Vertical farming]]
}}
==References==
{{Reflist}}
;Bibliography
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite journal|last=Hollands|first=R. G|year=2008|title=Will the real smart city please stand up?|journal=City|volume=12|issue=3|pages=303–320|doi=10.1080/13604810802479126|s2cid=143073956}}
* {{cite book|isbn=9780415455923|last=Komninos|first=N.|year=2008|title=Intelligent Cities and Globalisation of Innovation Networks|publisher=Routledge}}
* {{cite journal|last=Komninos|first=N.|year=2009|title=Intelligent cities: towards interactive and global innovation environments|journal= International Journal of Innovation and Regional Development|volume=1|issue=4|pages=337|doi=10.1504/ijird.2009.022726}}
* {{cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/246019/bis-13-1209-smart-cities-background-paper-digital.pdf|title=Smart cities – background paper|publisher=UK Government [[Department for Business, Innovation and Skills]]|author=Dept Business|year=2013|access-date=3 November 2014|archive-date=3 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141103170412/https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/246019/bis-13-1209-smart-cities-background-paper-digital.pdf|url-status=live}}
{{refend}}
==Further reading==
* {{cite book|author=Shepard, Mark|title=Sentient City: Ubiquitous Computing, Architecture, and the Future of Urban Space. New York City|work=[[Architectural League of New York]]|year=2011|isbn=978-0262515863}}
* {{cite journal|author=Batty, M.|title=Smart Cities of the Future|journal=European Physical Journal ST|volume=214|pages=481–518|doi=10.1140/epjst/e2012-01703-3|year=2012|display-authors=etal|bibcode=2012EPJST.214..481B|doi-access=free}}
* {{Cite book|title=The Concept of 'Smart' Cities – Towards Community Development?|author=Anastasia Stratigea|year=2012|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/261873805}}
* {{Cite book|title=Smart Cities: Big Data, Civic Hackers, and the Quest for a New Utopia|author=Townsend, Antony|year=2013|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|isbn=978-0393082876}}
* {{cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/337549/14-820-what-are-future-cities.pdf|title=What are future cities – origins, meaning and uses|last1=Moir |first1=E.|last2=Moonen |first2=T. |last3=Clark |first3=C.|publisher=Foresight Future of Cities Project and [[Future Cities Catapult]]|year=2014}}
* {{cite magazine |magazine=The Atlantic |date=10 July 2015 |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2015/07/when-you-give-a-tree-an-email-address/398210/ |first=Adrienne |last=LaFrance |title=When You Give a Tree an Email Address}}
* {{cite journal |author-link=Saraju Mohanty |first=Saraju |last=Mohanty |url=http://www.smohanty.org/Publications_Journals/2016/Mohanty_IEEE-CEM_2016-July_Smart-Cities.pdf |title=Everything You wanted to Know about Smart Cities |journal=IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine |volume=6 |issue=3 |date=July 2016 |pages=60–70|doi=10.1109/MCE.2016.2556879 |s2cid=206450227 }}
* {{Cite book|title=The Power of Communities in Smart Urban Development|author=Kamila Borsekova|year=2016|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877042816303688}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Cavada |first1=M. |display-authors=etal |year=2016 |title=Do smart cities realise their potential for lower carbon dioxide emissions? |journal=Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers – Engineering Sustainability |volume=169 |issue=6 |pages=243–252 |doi=10.1680/jensu.15.00032}}
* {{cite web|url=https://www.atis.org/smart-cities-roadmap/|title=Smart Cities Technology Roadmap|date=April 2017 |website=Alliance for Telecommunications Industry Solutions |access-date=28 July 2017}}
* [[Saraju Mohanty]], [https://cesoc.ieee.org/images/files/pdf/Mohanty_IEEE-DL_Smart-Cities.pdf Everything You wanted to Know about Smart Cities], IEEE Distinguished Lecture 2017, IEEE CE Society Webinar, 5 October 2017.
* {{cite journal |last1=Viitanen |first1=J. |last2=Kingston |first2=R. |year=2014 |title=Smart cities and green growth – outsourcing democratic and environmental resilience to the global technology sector |journal=Environment and Planning A |volume=46 |issue=4 |pages=803–819 |doi=10.1068/a46242|s2cid=145283799 |url=http://polired.upm.es/index.php/ciur/article/view/3498 }}
* DelSignore, M.; Riether, G. (2018) ''Urban Machines: Public Space in a Digital Culture'', {{ISBN|978 8898 774 289}}, an overview of the impact of Information Technology and vision of a possible future – as challenge for architects.
==External links==
* [http://www.landmobile.co.uk/news/budget-2015-osborne-announces-40-million-investment-into-smart-cities-and-iot/ UK Budget 2015 funding for smart cities development] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161124094213/http://www.landmobile.co.uk/news/budget-2015-osborne-announces-40-million-investment-into-smart-cities-and-iot |date=24 November 2016 }}
* [http://www.bsigroup.com/en-GB/smart-cities/ British Standards Institute initiative on Smart Cities]
* [https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/future-of-cities Future of Cities] UK government 'Foresight' project on cities
* [https://futurecities.catapult.org.uk/ Future Cities Catapult] A UK government-funded 'global centre of excellence on urban innovation'
* [http://www.knowledgegrid.net/~h.zhuge/CPS.htm Cyber-Physical Society]
* [https://www.runwithcode.com/what-is-smart-city/ what is a smart city?]
* {{cite web|url=http://icanada150.ca/about-i-canada-alliance/ |title=About i-Canada Alliance}} A Canadian project
* {{About||the 2006 film|Smart City (film)}}
{{Ambient intelligence}}
{{Cities}}
[[Category:Smart cities| ]]
[[Category:Urban studies and planning terminology]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | 'htgdhgdsfdsfds=free}}</ref>
==Terminology==
Due to the breadth of technologies that have been implemented under the smart city label, it is difficult to distill a precise definition of a smart city. Deakin and Al Waer<ref name="DeakinAl_jrnl">{{cite journal |title=From Intelligent to Smart Cities |journal=Journal of Intelligent Buildings International: From Intelligent Cities to Smart Cities |last1=Deakin |first1=Mark |last2=Al Waer |first2=Husam |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=140–152 |doi=10.1080/17508975.2011.586671 |year=2011 |s2cid=110580067 |url=http://researchrepository.napier.ac.uk/id/eprint/7295 }}</ref> list four factors that contribute to the definition of a smart city:
# The application of a wide range of electronic and digital technologies to communities and cities.
# The use of ICT to transform life and working environments within the region.
# The embedding of such Information and Communications Technologies (ICTs) in government systems.
# The territorialisation of practices that brings ICTs and people together to enhance the innovation and knowledge that they offer.
Deakin defines the smart city as one that utilises ICT to meet the demands of the market (the citizens of the city), and that community involvement in the process is necessary for a smart city.<ref name="DeakinIntro">{{cite book |last1=Deakin |first1=Mark |title=Smart Cities: Governing, Modelling and Analysing the Transition |chapter=From intelligent to smart cities |editor-last=Deakin | editor-first=Mark |publisher=Taylor and Francis |date=22 August 2013 |page=15 |isbn=978-1135124144 }}</ref> A smart city would thus be a city that not only possesses ICT technology in particular areas, but has also implemented this technology in a manner that positively impacts the local community.
Alternative definitions include:
* Giffinger et al. 2007: "Regional competitiveness, transport and [[Information and Communication Technologies]] economics, natural resources, human and social capital, quality of life, and participation of citizens in the governance of cities."<ref name="Giffinger">{{cite web |url=http://www.smart-cities.eu/download/smart_cities_final_report.pdf |title=Smart cities – Ranking of European medium-sized cities |last1=Giffinger |first1=Rudolf |author2=Christian Fertner |author3=Hans Kramar |author4=Robert Kalasek |author5=Nataša Pichler-Milanovic |author6=Evert Meijers |year=2007 |work=Smart Cities |publisher=Centre of Regional Science |location=Vienna |access-date=13 November 2009 |archive-date=9 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110409165735/http://www.smart-cities.eu/download/smart_cities_final_report.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Smart Cities Council{{when|date=February 2015}}: "A smart city is one that has digital technology embedded across all city functions."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://smartcitiescouncil.com/smart-cities-information-center/definitions-and-overviews|quote=The smart city sector is still in the 'I know it when I see it' phase, without a universally agreed definition. The Council defines a smart city as one that has digital technology embedded across all city functions|title=Definitions and overviews|publisher=Smart Cities Council.|access-date=3 November 2014|archive-date=3 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141103195827/http://smartcitiescouncil.com/smart-cities-information-center/definitions-and-overviews|url-status=live}}</ref>{{full citation needed|date=February 2015}}
* Caragliu and Nijkamp 2009: "A city can be defined as 'smart' when investments in human and social capital and traditional (transport) and modern (ICT) communication infrastructure fuel [[smart growth|sustainable economic development]] and a high quality of life, with a wise management of natural resources, through participatory action and engagement."<ref name="CaragliuEtAl">{{cite journal|author=Caragliu, A|author2=Del Bo, C.|author3=Nijkamp, P|year=2009|title=Smart cities in Europe|journal=Serie Research Memoranda 0048|url=https://ideas.repec.org/p/dgr/vuarem/2009-48.html|access-date=14 November 2015|archive-date=3 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141103164709/https://ideas.repec.org/p/dgr/vuarem/2009-48.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Frost & Sullivan]] 2014: "We identified eight key aspects that define a smart city: smart governance, smart energy, smart building, smart mobility, smart infrastructure, smart technology, smart healthcare and smart citizen."<ref>{{cite news|author=Sarwant Singh|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/sarwantsingh/2014/06/19/smart-cities-a-1-5-trillion-market-opportunity/|title=Smart Cities – A$1.5 Trillion Market Opportunity|work=Forbes|date=19 June 2014|access-date=4 November 2014|archive-date=3 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141103225622/http://www.forbes.com/sites/sarwantsingh/2014/06/19/smart-cities-a-1-5-trillion-market-opportunity/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers]] smart Cities: "A smart city brings together technology, government and society to enable the following characteristics: smart cities, a smart economy, smart mobility, a smart environment, smart people, smart living, smart governance."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://smartcities.ieee.org/about|title=About|publisher=IEEE Smart Cities|access-date=3 November 2014|archive-date=5 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905140635/http://smartcities.ieee.org/about|url-status=live}}</ref>{{when|date=February 2015}}
* Business Dictionary: "A developed urban area that creates sustainable economic development and high quality of life by excelling in multiple key areas; economy, mobility, environment, people, living, and government. Excelling in these key areas can be done so through strong human capital, social capital, and/or ICT infrastructure."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/smart-city.html|title=Smart City – Definition|publisher=BusinessDictionary.com|access-date=3 November 2014|archive-date=4 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141104014154/http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/smart-city.html|url-status=live}}</ref>{{when|date=February 2015}}
* [[Government of India|Indian Government]] 2014: "Smart city offers sustainability in terms of economic activities and employment opportunities to a wide section of its residents, regardless of their level of education, skills or income levels."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiansmartcities.in/downloads/CONCEPT_NOTE_-3.12.2014__REVISED_AND_LATEST_.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203073844/http://indiansmartcities.in/downloads/CONCEPT_NOTE_-3.12.2014__REVISED_AND_LATEST_.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 February 2015|title=Draft Concept Note on Smart City Scheme|publisher=Government of India – Ministry of Urban Development}}</ref>
* [[Department for Business, Innovation and Skills]], UK 2013: "The concept is not static, there is no absolute definition of a smart city, no end point, but rather a process, or series of steps, by which cities become more 'liveable' and resilient and, hence, able to respond more quickly to new challenges."<ref>{{cite web |title=Smart cities background paper |url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/246019/bis-13-1209-smart-cities-background-paper-digital.pdf |publisher=UK Department for Business Innovation and Skills |access-date=11 August 2018 |archive-date=16 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180616131902/https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/246019/bis-13-1209-smart-cities-background-paper-digital.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
==Characteristics==
It has been suggested that a smart city (also community, [[business cluster]], [[urban agglomeration]] or region) uses [[information and communication technologies|information technologies]] to:
# Make more efficient use of physical infrastructure (roads, [[built environment]] and other physical assets) through [[artificial intelligence]] and [[data analytics]] in order to support a strong and healthy economic, social, cultural development.{{sfnp|Hollands|2008|pp=303–320}}
# Engage effectively with local governance officials by use of [[open innovation]] processes and [[e-participation]], improving the collective intelligence of the city's institutions through [[e-governance]],<ref name=Komninos_ch /> with emphasis placed on citizen participation and [[co-design]].<ref name="Deakin2007">{{cite journal|author=Deakin, M|year=2007|title=From city of bits to e-topia: taking the thesis on digitally-inclusive regeneration full circle|journal=Journal of Urban Technology|volume=14|issue=3|pages=131–143|url=http://markdeakin.cgpublisher.com/product/pub.85/prod.395|access-date=3 November 2014|archive-date=18 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160318212436/http://markdeakin.cgpublisher.com/product/pub.85/prod.395/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="DeakinAllwinkle2007">{{cite journal|author=Deakin, M|author2=Allwinkle, S |year=2007|title=Urban regeneration and sustainable communities: the role of networks, innovation and creativity in building successful partnerships|journal=Journal of Urban Technology|volume=14|issue=1|pages=77–91|doi=10.1080/10630730701260118|s2cid=153965022 |url=http://researchrepository.napier.ac.uk/id/eprint/1998 }}</ref>
# Learn, adapt and innovate and thereby respond more effectively and promptly to changing circumstances by improving the intelligence of the city.<ref name=Komninos_ch /><ref>{{cite journal|first=Coe|last=A|author2=Paquet, G.|author3=Roy, J.|year=2001|title=E-governance and smart communities: a social learning challenge|journal=Social Science Computer Review|volume=19|issue=1|pages=80–93|url=http://www.gouvernance.ca/publications/00-53.pdf|doi=10.1177/089443930101900107|s2cid=53380562|access-date=3 November 2014|archive-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303233136/http://www.gouvernance.ca/publications/00-53.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
They evolve towards a strong integration of all dimensions of [[Intelligence#Human intelligence|human intelligence]], [[collective intelligence]], and also artificial intelligence within the [[city]].{{sfnp|Komninos|2008|pp=112–113}}<ref>{{cite book |author1=Atlee, T. |author2=Pór, George |name-list-style=amp |year=2006 |url=http://www.evolutionarynexus.org/wiki/collective_intelligence_tom_atlee_and_george_p%C3%B3r |title=Evolutionary Nexus: connecting communities for emergence |access-date=6 November 2014 |archive-date=19 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019204929/http://www.evolutionarynexus.org/wiki/collective_intelligence_tom_atlee_and_george_p%C3%B3r |url-status=live }}</ref> The intelligence of cities "resides in the increasingly effective combination of digital [[telecommunication network]]s (the nerves), ubiquitously [[embedded intelligence]] (the brains), sensors and [[Smart label|tags]] (the sensory organs), and [[software]] (the knowledge and cognitive competence)".<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.uoc.edu/uocpapers/5/dt/eng/mitchell.html|title=Intelligent cities|journal=e-Journal on the Knowledge Society|year=2007|author=Mitchell, W.|access-date=1 February 2015|archive-date=28 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170228194411/http://www.uoc.edu/uocpapers/5/dt/eng/mitchell.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
These forms of intelligence in smart cities have been demonstrated in three ways:
[[File:Bletchley Park - Draco2008.jpg|thumbnail|right|Bletchley Park often considered to be the first smart community.]]
# '''Orchestration intelligence''':<ref name=Komninos_ch /> Where cities establish institutions and community-based problem solving and collaborations, such as in [[Bletchley Park]], where the Nazi Enigma cypher was decoded by a team led by [[Alan Turing]]. This has been referred to as the first example of a smart city or an intelligent community.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Komninos |first1=Nicos |title=From Intelligent to Smart Cities |journal=Journal of Intelligent Buildings International: From Intelligent Cities to Smart Cities |chapter=Intelligent cities: Variable geometries of spatial intelligence. |editor-last=Deakin |editor-first=Mark |editor-last2=Al Waer |editor-first2=Husam |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=140–152 |doi=10.1080/17508975.2011.586671 |year=2011 |s2cid=110580067 }}</ref>
# '''Empowerment intelligence''': Cities provide [[open platform]]s, experimental facilities and smart city infrastructure in order to cluster innovation in certain districts. These are seen in the Kista Science City in Stockholm and the Cyberport Zone in Hong Kong. Similar facilities have also been established in Melbourne.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nre.vic.gov.au/melbourne2030online/content/implementation_plans/03b_actions.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530120605/http://www.nre.vic.gov.au/melbourne2030online/content/implementation_plans/03b_actions.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 May 2015 |title=Melbourne 2030 |author=Department of Sustainability and Environment |publisher=State Government of Victoria |date=2005 |access-date=30 May 2015 }}</ref>[[File:C1&C2look.jpg|thumbnail|right|Hong Kong Cyberport 1 and Cyberport 2 Buildings]] A hub has been created in Kyiv, which develops public projects.
# '''Instrumentation intelligence''': Where city infrastructure is made smart through [[real-time data]] collection, with analysis and [[predictive modelling]] across city districts. There is much controversy surrounding this, particularly with regards to [[surveillance issues in smart cities]]. Examples of Instrumentation intelligence have been implemented in Amsterdam.<ref name=Amsterdam /> This is implemented through:<ref name=Komninos_ch />
## A common [[internet protocol|IP]] infrastructure that is open to researchers to develop applications.
## Wireless meters and devices transmit information at the point in time.
## A number of homes being provided with [[smart energy meter]]s to become aware of energy consumption and reduce energy usage.
## [[Solar power]] [[garbage compactor]]s, [[Charging station|car recharging stations]] and [[energy saving lamp]]s.
Some major fields of intelligent city activation are:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Innovation economy
! Urban infrastructure
! Governance
|-
| Innovation in industries, clusters, districts of a city
| Transport
| Administration services to the citizen
|-
| Knowledge workforce: Education and employment
| Energy / Utilities
| Participatory and [[direct democracy]]
|-
| Creation of knowledge-intensive companies
| Protection of the environment / Safety
| Services to the citizen: Quality of life
|-
|}
According to David K. Owens, the former executive vice president of the [[Edison Electric Institute]], two key elements that a smart city must have are an integrated communications platform and a "dynamic resilient grid." Both are large investments.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://dailyenergyinsider.com/featured/9120-america-needs-smart-grid-investments-pronto-stakeholders-say-naruc-event/|title=America needs smart grid investments pronto, stakeholders say at NARUC event|last=Riley|first=Kim|date=16 November 2017|work=Daily Energy Insider|access-date=11 December 2017|language=en-US|archive-date=28 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190828222613/https://dailyenergyinsider.com/featured/9120-america-needs-smart-grid-investments-pronto-stakeholders-say-naruc-event/|url-status=live}}</ref>
==Frameworks==
The creation, integration, and adoption of smart city capabilities require a unique set of frameworks to realize the focus areas of opportunity and innovation central to smart city projects. The frameworks can be divided into 5 main dimensions which include numerous related categories of smart city development:<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sharifi |first1=Ayyoob |title=A critical review of selected smart city assessment tools and indicator sets |journal=Journal of Cleaner Production |date=October 2019 |volume=233 |pages=1269–1283 |doi=10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.06.172}}</ref>
===Technology framework===
A smart city relies heavily on the deployment of technology. Different combinations of technological infrastructure interact to form the array of smart city technologies with varying levels of interaction between human and technological systems.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://worldin2019.economist.com/|title=The World in 2019|website=worldin2019.economist.com|language=en|access-date=2019-06-26|archive-date=18 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190618104008/https://worldin2019.economist.com/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* '''Digital''': A service oriented infrastructure is required to connect individuals and devices in a smart city. These include innovation services and communication infrastructure. Yovanof, G. S. & Hazapis, G. N. define a digital city as "a connected community that combines broadband communications infrastructure; a flexible, service-oriented computing infrastructure based on open industry standards; and, innovative services to meet the needs of governments and their employees, citizens and businesses."<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Yovanof|first1=Gregory S.|last2=Hazapis|first2=George N.|date=19 March 2009|title=An Architectural Framework and Enabling Wireless Technologies for Digital Cities & Intelligent Urban Environments|journal=Wireless Personal Communications|language=en|volume=49|issue=3|pages=445–463|doi=10.1007/s11277-009-9693-4|s2cid=207258536|issn=0929-6212}}</ref>
*'''Intelligent:''' Cognitive technologies, such as [[artificial intelligence]] and [[machine learning]], can be trained on the data generated by connected city devices to identify patterns. The efficacy and impact of particular policy decisions can be quantified by cognitive systems studying the continuous interactions of humans with their urban surroundings.[https://www.forbes.com/sites/tomvanderark/2018/06/26/how-cities-are-getting-smart-using-artificial-intelligence/#7e6178503803]
*'''Ubiquitous:''' A ubiquitous city provides access to public services through any connected device. U-city is an extension of the digital city concept because of the facility in terms of accessibility to every infrastructure.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Next Generation Society. Technological and Legal Issues|url=https://archive.org/details/nextgenerationso00side|url-access=limited|last1=Anthopoulos|first1=Leonidas|last2=Fitsilis|first2=Panos|date=23 September 2009|publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg|isbn=9783642116292|editor-last=Sideridis|editor-first=Alexander B.|series=Lecture Notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering|pages=[https://archive.org/details/nextgenerationso00side/page/n361 360]–372|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-3-642-11631-5_33|editor-last2=Patrikakis|editor-first2=Charalampos Z.}}</ref>
*'''Wired''': The physical components of IT systems are crucial to early-stage smart city development. Wired infrastructure is required to support the IoT and wireless technologies central to more interconnected living.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.smartcitiesworld.net/news/news/smart-cities-are-about-people-2932|title=Smart cities are about people|website=Smart Cities World|language=En|access-date=2019-06-29|archive-date=29 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629040256/https://www.smartcitiesworld.net/news/news/smart-cities-are-about-people-2932|url-status=live}}</ref> A wired city environment provides general access to continually updated digital and physical infrastructure. The latest in telecommunications, [[robotics]], IoT, and various connected technologies can then be deployed to support human capital and productivity.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.urenio.org/wp-content/uploads/2008/11/Intelligent-Cities-Shenzhen-2009-Komninos-Sefertzi.pdf|title=Intelligent Cities: R&D offshoring, web 2.0 product development and globalization of innovation systems|access-date=20 December 2016|archive-date=16 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180516180354/http://www.urenio.org/wp-content/uploads/2008/11/Intelligent-Cities-Shenzhen-2009-Komninos-Sefertzi.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":12" />
*'''Hybrid''': A hybrid city is the combination of a physical conurbation and a [[virtual city]] related to the physical space. This relationship can be one of virtual design or the presence of a critical mass of virtual community participants in a physical urban space. Hybrid spaces can serve to actualize future-state projects for smart city services and integration.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.marketingdive.com/news/campaign-trail-why-uber-built-a-virtual-city-to-promote-a-product-that-doe/557301/|title=Campaign Trail: Why Uber built a virtual city to promote a product that doesn't exist yet|website=Marketing Dive|language=en-US|access-date=2019-06-26|archive-date=26 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626205352/https://www.marketingdive.com/news/campaign-trail-why-uber-built-a-virtual-city-to-promote-a-product-that-doe/557301/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* '''Information city:''' The multiplicity of interactive devices in a smart city generates a large quantity of data. How that information is interpreted and stored is critical to Smart city growth and security.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/whats-holding-smart-cities-back/|title=What's Holding Smart Cities Back?|last=Nisenbaum|first=Amit|website=Scientific American Blog Network|language=en|access-date=2019-06-29|archive-date=29 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629040251/https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/whats-holding-smart-cities-back/|url-status=live}}</ref>
===Human framework===
Smart city initiatives have measurable positive impacts on the quality of life of its citizens and visitors.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/capital-projects-and-infrastructure/our-insights/smart-cities-digital-solutions-for-a-more-livable-future|title=Smart city technology for a more liveable future {{!}} McKinsey|website=www.mckinsey.com|language=en|access-date=2019-06-29|archive-date=26 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626221105/https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/capital-projects-and-infrastructure/our-insights/smart-cities-digital-solutions-for-a-more-livable-future|url-status=live}}</ref> The human framework of a smart city – its economy, knowledge networks, and human support systems – is an important indicator of its success.<ref name=":02"/>
* '''Creativity''': Arts and culture initiatives are common focus areas in smart city planning.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.engagingcommunities2005.org/abstracts/Bartlet-%20Leo-final.pdf|title=engagingcommunities2005.org|website=www.engagingcommunities2005.org|access-date=20 December 2016|archive-date=27 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227235327/http://www.engagingcommunities2005.org/abstracts/Bartlet-%20Leo-final.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| first1=Ann | last1=Borda | first2=Jonathan P. | last2=Bowen | author-link2=Jonathan Bowen | chapter=Chapter 27: Smart Cities and Digital Culture: Models of Innovation | publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]] | pages=523–549 | date=2019 | editor1-first=Tula | editor1-last=Giannini | editor-link1=Tula Giannini | editor2-first=Jonathan P. | editor2-last=Bowen | editor-link2=Jonathan Bowen | title=[[Museums and Digital Culture: New Perspectives and Research]] | series=Series on Cultural Computing | doi=10.1007/978-3-319-97457-6_27 | isbn=978-3-319-97456-9 | issn=2195-9064 }}</ref> Innovation is associated with intellectual curiosity and creativeness, and various projects have demonstrated that knowledge workers participate in a diverse mix of cultural and artistic activities.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/creativity-in-the-smart-c_b_7648342|title=Creativity in the Smart City Is What Makes a City Really Smart|last1=Eger|first1=John M.|last2=Creativity|first2=ContributorZahn Professor of|date=2015-07-24|website=HuffPost|language=en|access-date=2019-06-29|last3=Communications|first3=Innovation is also the Van Deerlin Endowed Chair of|last4=Policy|first4=Public|last5=University|first5=Director of the Creative Economy Initiative at San Diego State|archive-date=29 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629032756/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/creativity-in-the-smart-c_b_7648342|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Malanga |first1=Steven |title=The Curse of the Creative Class |url=https://www.city-journal.org/html/curse-creative-class-12491.html |website=City Journal |language=en |date=23 December 2015 |access-date=11 August 2018 |archive-date=11 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180811195230/https://www.city-journal.org/html/curse-creative-class-12491.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* '''Learning''': Since mobility is a key area of Smart city development, building a capable workforce through education initiatives is necessary.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|url=https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/partnership/?p=10009|title=United Smart Cities (USC) – United Nations Partnerships for SDGs platform|website=sustainabledevelopment.un.org|access-date=2019-06-29|archive-date=28 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190828222617/https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/partnership/?p=10009|url-status=live}}</ref> A city's learning capacity includes its education system, including available workforce training and support, and its cultural development and exchange.<ref name="Brent">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ucalgary.ca/ejournal/archive/v10-11/v10-11n1Moser-browse.html|title=What is Smart about the Smart Communities Movement?|last=Moser|first=Mary Anne|website=www.ucalgary.ca|publisher=University of Calgary EJournal 10–11(1)|access-date=20 December 2016|archive-date=10 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170210151210/http://www.ucalgary.ca/ejournal/archive/v10-11/v10-11n1Moser-browse.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* '''Humanity:''' Numerous Smart city programs focus on soft infrastructure development, like increasing access to voluntary organizations and designated safe zones.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Glaeser |first1=Edward L. |last2=Berry |first2=Christopher R. |title=Why Are Smart Places Getting Smarter? |url=https://www.hks.harvard.edu/sites/default/files/centers/rappaport/files/brief_divergence.pdf |website=Harvard University |access-date=11 August 2018 |archive-date=28 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190828222613/https://www.hks.harvard.edu/sites/default/files/centers/rappaport/files/brief_divergence.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> This focus on social and relational capital means diversity, inclusion, and ubiquitous access to public services is worked in to city planning.<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal|last1=Nam|first1=Taewoo|last2=Pardo|first2=Theresa A>|title=Conceptualizing Smart City with Dimensions of Technology, People, and Institutions|url=https://inta-aivn.org/images/cc/Urbanism/background%20documents/dgo_2011_smartcity.pdf|department=Center for Technology in Government University at Albany, State University of New York, U.S.|journal=The Proceedings of the 12th Annual International Conference on Digital Government Research|via=https://inta-aivn.org/images/cc/Urbanism/background%20documents/dgo_2011_smartcity.pdf|access-date=29 June 2019|archive-date=7 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181107041520/https://inta-aivn.org/images/cc/Urbanism/background%20documents/dgo_2011_smartcity.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
* '''Knowledge:''' The development of a [[knowledge economy]] is central to Smart city projects.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.zurich.ibm.com/pdf/isl/infoportal/IBV_SC3_report_GBE03348USEN.pdf|title=Smarter cities for smarter growth: How cities can optimize their systems for the talent-based economy|website=www.zurich.ibm.com|access-date=20 December 2016|archive-date=21 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221090251/https://www.zurich.ibm.com/pdf/isl/infoportal/IBV_SC3_report_GBE03348USEN.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Smart cities seeking to be hubs of economic activity in emerging tech and service sectors stress the value of innovation in city development.<ref name=":12" />
===Institutional framework===
According to Moser, M. A.,<ref name="Brent"/> since the 1990s, the smart communities movement took shape as a strategy to broaden the base of users involved in IT. Members of these Communities are people that share their interest and work in a partnership with government and other institutional organizations to push the use of IT to improve the quality of daily life as a consequence of different worsening in daily actions. Eger, J. M.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Eger |first1=John M. |title=Smart Growth, Smart Cities, and the Crisis at the Pump A Worldwide Phenomenon |issue=1 |url=https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1552016 |journal=Iways |volume=32 |pages=47–53 |date=1 January 2009 |doi=10.3233/iwa-2009-0164 |access-date=11 August 2018 |archive-date=28 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190828222608/https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1552016 |url-status=live }}</ref> said that a smart community makes a conscious and agreed-upon decision to deploy technology as a catalyst to solving its social and business needs. It is very important to understand that this use of IT and the consequent improvement could be more demanding without the institutional help; indeed institutional involvement is essential to the success of smart community initiatives. Again Moser, M. A.<ref name="Brent"/> explained that "building and planning a smart community seeks for smart growth"; smart growth is essential for the partnership between citizen and institutional organizations to react to worsening trends in daily issues like traffic congestion, [[school overcrowding]] and air pollution. However, it is important to note that technological propagation is not an end in itself, but only a means to reinventing cities for a new economy and society. To sum up, it is possible to assert that any smart city initiatives necessitate the government's support for their success.
The importance of these three different dimensions is that only a link among them can make possible the development of a real smart city concept. According to the definition of smart city given by Caragliu, A., Del Bo, C., & Nijkamp, P.,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Caragliu |first1=A. |last2=Del Bo |first2=C. |last3=Nijkamp |first3=P. |title=Smart cities in Europe |url=https://ideas.repec.org/p/vua/wpaper/2009-48.html |publisher=VU University Amsterdam, Faculty of Economics, Business Administration and Econometrics |language=en |date=2009 |access-date=11 August 2018 |archive-date=11 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180811200552/https://ideas.repec.org/p/vua/wpaper/2009-48.html |url-status=live }}</ref> a city is smart when investments in human/social capital and IT infrastructure fuel [[sustainable growth]] and enhance quality of life, through participatory governance.
===Energy framework===
Smart cities use data and technology to create efficiencies, improve sustainability, create economic development, and enhance quality of life factors for people living and working in the city. It also means that the city has a smarter energy infrastructure. More formally, a smart city is: "… An urban area that has securely integrated technology across the information … and Internet of Things (IoT) sectors to better manage a city’s assets."<ref name=":5" /> Employment of smart technologies enables the more efficient application of integrated energy technologies in the city allowing the development of more self-sustaining areas or even [[Positive Energy District]]s that produce more energy than consume.<ref>Tuominen, P. (2020): [https://www.vttresearch.com/en/news-and-ideas/yes-positive-energy-districts-how-make-it-happen Yes to positive energy districts - but how to make it happen?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115233145/https://www.vttresearch.com/en/news-and-ideas/yes-positive-energy-districts-how-make-it-happen |date=15 January 2021 }}. VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland.</ref>
A smart city is powered by "smart connections" for various items such as street lighting, [[Building automation|smart buildings]], [[Distributed generation|distributed energy resources]] (DER), [[Data analysis|data analytics]], and smart transportation. Amongst these things, energy is paramount; this is why utility companies play a key role in smart cities. Electric companies, working partnership with city officials, technology companies and a number of other institutions, are among the major players that helped accelerate the growth of America's smart cities.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://dailyenergyinsider.com/featured/5836-pittsburgh-san-diego-city-officials-put-utilities-major-players-smart-city-partnerships/|title=Pittsburgh, San Diego city officials put utilities as major players in smart-city partnerships|last=Riley|first=Kim|date=15 June 2017|work=Daily Energy Insider|access-date=25 September 2017|language=en-US}}</ref>
===Data Management framework===
Smart cities employ a combination of data collection, processing, and disseminating technologies in conjunction with networking and computing technologies and data security and privacy measures encouraging the application of innovation to promote the overall quality of life for its citizens and covering dimensions that include: utilities, health, transportation, entertainment and government services.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gharaibeh |first1=A. |last2=Salahuddin |first2=M. A. |last3=Hussini |first3=S. J. |last4=Khreishah |first4=A. |last5=Khalil |first5=I. |last6=Guizani |first6=M. |last7=Al-Fuqaha |first7=A. |year=2017 |title=Smart Cities: A Survey on Data Management, Security, and Enabling Technologies |journal=IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials |volume=19 |issue=4 |pages=2456–2501 |doi=10.1109/COMST.2017.2736886|s2cid=206578345 }}</ref>
==Roadmap==
A smart city roadmap consists of four/three (the first is a preliminary check) major components:<ref name="academia.edu" /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.publicpower.org/system/files/documents/APPA-Smart-City-Roadmap-FINAL.pdf |title=Creating A Smart City Roadmap For Public Power Utilities |publisher=publicpower.org |access-date=2019-05-14 |archive-date=14 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514112237/https://www.publicpower.org/system/files/documents/APPA-Smart-City-Roadmap-FINAL.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
# Define exactly what is the community: maybe that definition can condition what you are doing in the subsequent steps; it relates to geography, links between cities and countryside and flows of people between them; maybe – even – that in some Countries the definition of City/community that is stated does not correspond effectively to what – in fact – happens in real life.
# Study the Community: Before deciding to build a smart city, first we need to know why. This can be done by determining the benefits of such an initiative. Study the community to know the citizens, the business's needs – know the citizens and the community's unique attributes, such as the age of the citizens, their education, hobbies, and attractions of the city.
# Develop a smart city Policy: Develop a [[policy]] to drive the initiatives, where roles, responsibilities, objective, and goals, can be defined. Create plans and strategies on how the goals will be achieved.
# Engage The Citizens: This can be done by engaging the citizens through the use of [[e-government]] initiatives, [[open data]], sport events, etc.
In short, People, Processes, and Technology (PPT) are the three principles of the success of a smart city initiative. Cities must study their citizens and communities, know the processes, business drivers, create policies, and objectives to meet the citizens' needs. Then, technology can be implemented to meet the citizens' need, in order to improve the quality of life and create real economic opportunities. This requires a holistic customized approach that accounts for city cultures, long-term city planning, and local regulations.<blockquote>"Whether to improve security, resiliency, sustainability, traffic congestion, public safety, or city services, each community may have different reasons for wanting to be smart. But all smart communities share common attributes—and they all are powered by smart connections and by our industry's smarter energy infrastructure. A [[smart grid]] is the foundational piece in building a smart community." – Pat Vincent-Collawn, chairman of the [[Edison Electric Institute]] and president and CEO of [[PNM Resources]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://dailyenergyinsider.com/featured/8322-eei-chairman-pledges-collaborate-communities-powering-technology-support-smart-cities/|title=EEI chairman pledges to collaborate with communities on powering technology to support smart cities|last=Carey|first=Liz|date=2017-10-06|work=Daily Energy Insider|access-date=2017-10-10|language=en-US|archive-date=25 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190225204921/https://dailyenergyinsider.com/featured/8322-eei-chairman-pledges-collaborate-communities-powering-technology-support-smart-cities/|url-status=live}}</ref></blockquote>
==Policies==
[[ASEAN Smart Cities Network (ASCN)]] is a collaborative platform which aims to synergise Smart city development efforts across [[ASEAN]] by facilitating cooperation on smart city development, catalysing bankable projects with the private sector, and securing funding and support from ASEAN's external partners. [[Sister city|City diplomacy]] in the context of a smart city is highly stimulated by [[knowledge]], creativity, and innovations<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-3-030-45615-3_14 |title=Burksiene V., Dvorak J., Burbulytė-Tsiskarishvili G. (2020) City Diplomacy in Young Democracies: The Case of the Baltics. In: Amiri S., Sevin E. (eds) City Diplomacy. Palgrave Macmillan Series in Global Public Diplomacy. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-45615-3_14 |access-date=30 May 2021 |archive-date=2 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602214037/https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-3-030-45615-3_14 |url-status=live }}</ref>
The European Union (EU) has devoted constant efforts to devising a strategy for achieving 'smart' [[urban growth]] for its [[metropole|metropolitan]] city-regions.{{sfnp|Komninos|2009|pp=337–355}}<ref name="Paskaleva2009">{{cite journal|author=Paskaleva, K|title=Enabling the smart city:The progress of e-city governance in Europe|journal=International Journal of Innovation and Regional Development|volume=1|issue=4|date=25 January 2009|pages=405–422(18)|doi=10.1504/ijird.2009.022730|url=http://elartu.tntu.edu.ua/handle/lib/31308|access-date=21 May 2020|archive-date=16 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200616082818/http://elartu.tntu.edu.ua/handle/lib/31308|url-status=live}}</ref> The EU has developed a range of programmes under "[[Europe 2020#Flagship initiatives|Europe's Digital Agenda]]".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ec.europa.eu/digital-agenda/ |title=Digital Agenda for Europe |author=European Commission |access-date=30 May 2015 |archive-date=30 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530005926/http://ec.europa.eu/digital-agenda/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2010, it highlighted its focus on strengthening innovation and investment in ICT services for the purpose of improving public services and quality of life.<ref name=Paskaleva2009/> [[Arup Group Limited|Arup]] estimates that the [[global market]] for smart urban services will be $400 billion per annum by 2020.<ref>{{harvp|Dept Business|2013|p=3}} Arup estimates that the global market for smart urban systems for transport, energy, healthcare, water, food and waste will amount to around $400 Billion pa. by 2020</ref>
The [[Smart Cities Mission]] is a retrofitting and urban renewal program being spearheaded by the Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India. The Government of India has the ambitious vision of developing 100 cities by modernizing existing mid-sized cities.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://smartcities.gov.in/ | title=Smart Cities Mission | publisher=Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India | date=2015 | access-date=3 August 2016 | archive-date=12 February 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170212192239/http://www.smartcities.gov.in/ | url-status=live }}</ref>
==Technologies==
<!-- Put info on platforms in the commercialisation section-->
[[Smart grid]]s are an important technology in smart cities. The improved flexibility of the smart grid permits greater penetration of highly variable renewable energy sources such as solar power and wind power.
Mobile devices (such as [[smartphone]]s, tablets, ...) are another key technology allowing citizens to connect to the smart city services.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://theconversation.com/with-smart-cities-your-every-step-will-be-recorded-94527 |title=With smart cities, your every step will be recorded |access-date=8 June 2020 |archive-date=8 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608085508/https://theconversation.com/with-smart-cities-your-every-step-will-be-recorded-94527 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thalesgroup.com/en/markets/digital-identity-and-security/iot/inspired/smart-cities |title=Secure, sustainable smart cities and the IoT |access-date=8 June 2020 |archive-date=8 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608085508/https://www.thalesgroup.com/en/markets/digital-identity-and-security/iot/inspired/smart-cities |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.information-age.com/smartphones-not-flying-cars-will-define-smart-cities-future-123462622/ |title=Smartphones – not flying cars – will define the smart cities of the future |date=12 October 2016 |access-date=8 June 2020 |archive-date=8 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608085510/https://www.information-age.com/smartphones-not-flying-cars-will-define-smart-cities-future-123462622/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
Smart cities also rely on [[smart home]]s and specifically, the [[Smart home technology|technology used in them]].<ref>[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/220876581_From_Smart_Homes_to_Smart_Cities_Opportunities_and_Challenges_from_an_Industrial_Perspective From Smart Homes to Smart Cities: Opportunities and Challenges from an Industrial Perspective]</ref><ref>{{Cite book |chapter-url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7380652 |chapter=Smart cities and smart homes: From realization to reality |doi=10.1109/ICGCIoT.2015.7380652 |access-date=8 June 2020 |archive-date=8 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608090010/https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7380652 |url-status=live |title=2015 International Conference on Green Computing and Internet of Things (ICGCIoT) |year=2015 |last1=Mehrotra |first1=Siddharth |last2=Dhande |first2=Rashi |pages=1236–1239 |isbn=978-1-4673-7910-6 |s2cid=14156800 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://hub.beesmart.city/strategy/redefining-the-smart-home-in-smart-cities |title=The Need to Redefine the Smart Home and its Link to Smart Cities |access-date=8 June 2020 |archive-date=8 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608090011/https://hub.beesmart.city/strategy/redefining-the-smart-home-in-smart-cities |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.smartcity.press/how-smart-homes-can-connect-smart-cities/ |title=How smart homes can connect to smart cities |date=8 September 2017 |access-date=8 June 2020 |archive-date=8 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608090008/https://www.smartcity.press/how-smart-homes-can-connect-smart-cities/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://hub.beesmart.city/strategy/redefining-the-smart-home-in-smart-cities |title=Redefining the smart home in smart cities |access-date=8 June 2020 |archive-date=8 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608090011/https://hub.beesmart.city/strategy/redefining-the-smart-home-in-smart-cities |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[Bicycle-sharing system]]s are an important element in smart cities.<ref>{{Cite document |url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8376628 |title=Bike sharing as a key smart city service |date=May 2018 |pages=1–6 |doi=10.1109/MOCAST.2018.8376628 |s2cid=49187242 |access-date=15 September 2020 |archive-date=8 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808190215/https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8376628 |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[Smart mobility]] is also important to smart cities.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/314246043 |title=Smart mobility in smart cities |access-date=17 September 2020 |archive-date=6 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506142438/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/314246043_Smart_Mobility_in_Smart_Cities |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[Intelligent transportation system]]s and [[Closed-circuit television|CCTV]]<ref>[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320148770_Urban_Distribution_CCTV_for_Smart_City_Using_Decision_Tree_Methods Urban Distribution CCTV for Smart City Using Decision Tree Methods]</ref> systems are also being developed.
Some smart cities also have digital libraries.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.sscldl.com/ |title=Shivamogga Smart City Digital Library |access-date=17 September 2020 |archive-date=22 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210222113332/https://www.sscldl.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>[https://www.sscldl.com/digital-library-implementation-at-shivamogga/ Digital library implementation at Shivamogga]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://tumakurudigitallibrary.in/ |title=Tumakuru Digital Library |access-date=17 September 2020 |archive-date=15 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715110211/https://tumakurudigitallibrary.in/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.windsorpubliclibrary.com/?page_id=65204 |title=Windsor Public Library: a brick-and-mortar library that also has an ebook lending service |access-date=17 September 2020 |archive-date=23 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023075326/https://www.windsorpubliclibrary.com/?page_id=65204 |url-status=live }}</ref>
Online collaborative sensor data management platforms are on-line database services that allow sensor owners to register and connect their devices to feed data into an on-line database for storage and allow developers to connect to the database and build their own applications based on that data.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Boyle | first1 = D. | last2 = Yates | first2 = D. | last3 = Yeatman | first3 = E. | title = Urban Sensor Data Streams: London 2013 | doi = 10.1109/MIC.2013.85 | journal = IEEE Internet Computing | volume = 17 | issue = 6 | pages = 1 | year = 2013 | s2cid = 17820999 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=WikiSensing: An Online Collaborative Approach for Sensor Data Management|journal=Sensors|volume=12|issue=10|pages=13295–13332|doi=10.3390/s121013295|pmid=23201997|pmc=3545568|year=2012|last1=Silva|first1=Dilshan|last2=Ghanem|first2=Moustafa|last3=Guo|first3=Yike|bibcode=2012Senso..1213295S|doi-access=free}}</ref>
Additional supporting technology include [[telecommuting]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301408856 |title=Smart cities and telecommuting in Ecuador |access-date=9 June 2020 |archive-date=26 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210326050523/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301408856_Smart_cities_and_telecommuting_in_Ecuador |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://medium.com/swlh/innovation-vs-technology-redefining-smart-in-smart-cities-8e82857d7004 |title=Innovation vs Technology. Redefining "Smart" in Smart-Cities |date=11 October 2019 |access-date=9 June 2020 |archive-date=9 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609105640/https://medium.com/swlh/innovation-vs-technology-redefining-smart-in-smart-cities-8e82857d7004 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://spicefactory.co/blog/2019/10/25/remote-work-future-of-cities/ |title=Remote Work Revolution and the Future of (Smart) Cities |access-date=9 June 2020 |archive-date=9 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609104855/https://spicefactory.co/blog/2019/10/25/remote-work-future-of-cities/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[telehealth]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ceur-ws.org/Vol-2255/paper23.pdf |title=Telecommunication Infrastructures for Telemedicine in Smart Cities |access-date=9 June 2020 |archive-date=24 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224072813/http://ceur-ws.org/Vol-2255/paper23.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://telemedicine.arizona.edu/blog/telemedicine-and-smart-cities |title=Telemedicine and Smart Cities |access-date=9 June 2020 |archive-date=9 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609104905/https://telemedicine.arizona.edu/blog/telemedicine-and-smart-cities |url-status=live }}</ref> the [[blockchain]],<ref>{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/8458054/8465506/08465562.pdf|doi=10.1109/SmartIoT.2018.00056|chapter=Application of Blockchain Technology in Smart City Infrastructure|title=2018 IEEE International Conference on Smart Internet of Things (SmartIoT)|year=2018|last1=Li|first1=Shuling|pages=276–2766|isbn=978-1-5386-8543-3|s2cid=52288306}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1177/0975425319832392|title=Blockchain and Trust in a Smart City|year=2019|last1=Kundu|first1=Debasish|journal=Environment and Urbanization ASIA|volume=10|pages=31–43|s2cid=159098611|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[fintech]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://fintechnews.ch/govtech/smart-city-fintech-why/28661/ |title=Why Fintech is an Important Ingredient in Any Smart City Ambition |date=5 July 2019 |access-date=8 June 2020 |archive-date=7 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607153452/https://fintechnews.ch/govtech/smart-city-fintech-why/28661/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[online banking]] technology,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310791133 |title=Archived copy |access-date=8 June 2020 |archive-date=12 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210312232742/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310791133_How_Traditional_Banks_Should_Work_in_Smart_City |url-status=live }}</ref> ...
Electronic cards (known as [[smart card]]s) are another common component in smart city contexts. These cards possess a unique encrypted identifier that allows the owner to log into a range of government provided services (or [[e-service]]s) without setting up multiple accounts. The single identifier allows governments to aggregate [[big data|data]] [[Mass surveillance|about citizens]] and their preferences to improve the provision of services and to determine common interests of groups. This technology has been implemented in Southampton.<ref name=DeakinAl_jrnl />
[[Bollard#Removable bollards|Retractable bollard]]s allow to restrict access inside city centers (i.e. to delivery trucks resupplying outlet stores, ...). Opening and closing of such barriers is traditionally done manually, through an electronic pass<ref>Carbon Zero: Imagining Cities that can save the planet by Alex Steffen, page 54</ref> but can even be done by means of [[Automatic number-plate recognition|ANPR]] camera's connected to the bollard system.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bristolpost.co.uk/news/call-retractable-coffin-bollards-no-2295946 |title=Call for retractable 'coffin' bollards and no-driving zones outside Bristol schools |date=6 December 2018 |access-date=1 September 2020 |archive-date=10 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810083504/https://www.bristolpost.co.uk/news/call-retractable-coffin-bollards-no-2295946 |url-status=live }}</ref>
===Cost-benefit analysis of smart city technologies===
[[Cost-benefit analysis]] has been done into smart cities and the individual technologies. These can help to assess whether it is economically and ecologically beneficial to implement some technologies at all, and also compare the cost-effectiveness of each technology among each other<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://udspace.udel.edu/handle/19716/23818 |title=Cost-benefit analysis of smart cities technologies and applications |access-date=9 June 2020 |archive-date=9 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609105641/http://udspace.udel.edu/handle/19716/23818 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://dspace.udel.edu/bitstream/handle/19716/23818/Xiong_udel_0060M_13359.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |title=COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS OF SMART CITIES TECHNOLOGIES AND APPLICATIONS |access-date=9 June 2020 |archive-date=9 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609105642/http://dspace.udel.edu/bitstream/handle/19716/23818/Xiong_udel_0060M_13359.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/340344518 |title=The Cost Benefit Analysis for the Concept of a Smart City: How to Measure the Efficiency of Smart Solutions? |access-date=9 June 2020 |archive-date=6 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606113445/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/340344518_The_Cost_Benefit_Analysis_for_the_Concept_of_a_Smart_City_How_to_Measure_the_Efficiency_of_Smart_Solutions |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |title=The Cost Benefit Analysis for the Concept of a Smart City: How to Measure the Efficiency of Smart Solutions? |year=2020 |doi=10.3390/su12072663 |doi-access=free |last1=Turečková |first1=Kamila |last2=Nevima |first2=Jan |journal=Sustainability |volume=12 |issue=7 |page=2663 }}</ref>
==Commercialisation==
Large IT, telecommunication and energy management companies such as [[Apple Inc.|Apple]], [[Baidu]], [[Alibaba Group|Alibaba]], [[Tencent]], [[Huawei]], [[Google]], [[Microsoft]], [[Cisco]], [[IBM]], and [[Schneider Electric]] launched market initiatives for intelligent cities.
* Baidu is working on [[Apolong|Apollo]], a self-driving technology<ref name="forbes.com">{{Cite web |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/rebeccafannin/2019/08/23/baidu-alibaba-tencent-clash-to-lead-chinas-tech-future-while-a-new-b-arises/ |title=Baidu, Alibaba, Tencent Clash To Lead China's Tech Future While A New 'B' Arises |access-date=3 June 2020 |archive-date=3 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603170852/https://www.forbes.com/sites/rebeccafannin/2019/08/23/baidu-alibaba-tencent-clash-to-lead-chinas-tech-future-while-a-new-b-arises/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Alibaba has created the [[City Brain]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.alibabacloud.com/solutions/intelligence-brain/city |title=City Brain |access-date=3 June 2020 |archive-date=3 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603170824/https://www.alibabacloud.com/solutions/intelligence-brain/city |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333456538 |title=The City Brain: Practice of Large-Scale Artificial Intelligence in the Real World |access-date=4 June 2020 |archive-date=13 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210313035758/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333456538_The_City_Brain_Practice_of_Large-Scale_Artificial_Intelligence_in_the_Real_World |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Tencent is working on medical technology,<ref name="forbes.com"/> such as WeChat Intelligent Healthcare, Tencent Doctorwork, and [[artificial intelligence in healthcare|AI Medical Innovation System (AIMIS)]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://technode.com/2018/02/11/tencent-medical-ecosystem/ |title=How Tencent's medical ecosystem is shaping the future of China's healthcare |date=11 February 2018 |access-date=3 June 2020 |archive-date=3 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603165928/https://technode.com/2018/02/11/tencent-medical-ecosystem/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Huawei has its [[Safe City]] Compact Solution which focuses on improving safety in cities<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://e.huawei.com/en/news/smart-cities/201810150942 |title=Huawei Announces Safe City Compact Solution to Protect Citizens in Small and Medium Cities |access-date=3 June 2020 |archive-date=3 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603170858/https://e.huawei.com/en/news/smart-cities/201810150942 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/future/bespoke/specials/connected-world/government.html |title=Safe cities: Using smart tech for public security |access-date=3 June 2020 |archive-date=10 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200210042218/http://www.bbc.com/future/bespoke/specials/connected-world/government.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last=Hillman | first=Jonathan E. | title=Watching Huawei's "Safe Cities" | website=Center for Strategic and International Studies | date=2019-11-04 | url=https://www.csis.org/analysis/watching-huaweis-safe-cities | access-date=2020-11-02 | archive-date=19 October 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201019214841/https://www.csis.org/analysis/watching-huaweis-safe-cities | url-status=live }}</ref>
* Google's subsidiary [[Sidewalk Labs]] is focusing on smart cities
* Microsoft has [[Microsoft CityNext|CityNext]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://partner.microsoft.com/en-us/solutions/citynext |title=Innovative solutions for smart cities |access-date=3 June 2020 |archive-date=3 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603165929/https://partner.microsoft.com/en-us/solutions/citynext |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Cisco, launched the global "Intelligent Urbanization" initiative<ref>{{cite web|url=http://newsroom.cisco.com/dlls/2009/prod_021209c.html|title=Network as the Next Utility for 'Intelligent Urbanisation' |publisher=CISCO|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141215022011/http://newsroom.cisco.com/dlls/2009/prod_021209c.html|archive-date=15 December 2014}}</ref> to help cities using the network as the fourth utility for integrated city management, better [[quality of life]] for citizens, and economic development.
* IBM announced its [[Smarter Cities Challenge]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibm.com/ibm/ideasfromibm/us/smartplanet/topics/cities/20090309/index.shtml?&re=spfprogram|title=About IBM|publisher=IBM|date=8 May 2017|access-date=31 January 2015|archive-date=6 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606113457/https://www.ibm.com/id-en/about?re=spfprogram|url-status=live}}</ref> to stimulate [[economic growth]] and quality of life in cities and metropolitan areas with the activation of new approaches of thinking and acting in the [[urban ecosystem]].
* Schneider Electric is working on [[Schneider Electric#EcoStruxure|EcoStruxure]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://blog.se.com/smart-cities/2017/12/07/ecostruxure-smart-cities-smart-city-technology-starts-operational-level/ |title=EcoStruxure for Smart Cities: Smart City Technology Starts at the Operational Level |access-date=3 June 2020 |archive-date=3 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603170832/https://blog.se.com/smart-cities/2017/12/07/ecostruxure-smart-cities-smart-city-technology-starts-operational-level/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.se.com/in/en/work/solutions/for-business/smart-cities/ |title=Smart Cities Solutions |access-date=3 June 2020 |archive-date=3 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603170826/https://www.se.com/in/en/work/solutions/for-business/smart-cities/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Sensor developers and startup companies{{Clarify|Which ?|date=June 2020}} are also continually developing new smart city applications.
==Adoption==
Examples of smart city technologies and programs have been implemented in [[Singapore]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Singapore best performing 'smart city' globally: Study|url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/singapore-best-performing-smart-city-globally-study-10038722|work=Channel NewsAsia|access-date=19 May 2018|archive-date=20 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180520053805/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/singapore-best-performing-smart-city-globally-study-10038722|url-status=live}}</ref> USA, Dubai,<ref>{{cite web |title=Smart Dubai |url=https://smartdubai.ae |website=smartdubai.ae |access-date=6 June 2021 |archive-date=3 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603023904/https://www.smartdubai.ae/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[#Milton Keynes|Milton Keynes]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title = The MK:Smart Project|url = http://www.mksmart.org|website = www.mksmart.org|access-date = 27 October 2015|archive-date = 21 November 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151121211315/http://www.mksmart.org/|url-status = live}}</ref> [[Southampton]],<ref name="Southampton">{{cite web |url=http://www.southampton.gov.uk/roads-parking/travel/smartcities-card/ |title=SmartCities card |author=Southampton City Council |access-date=30 May 2015 |archive-date=30 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530120105/http://www.southampton.gov.uk/roads-parking/travel/smartcities-card/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[#Amsterdam|Amsterdam]],<ref name="Amsterdam">{{cite web |url=http://amsterdamsmartcity.com/projects |title=Amsterdam Smart City ~ Projects |author=Amsterdam Smart City |access-date=30 May 2015 |archive-date=22 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120922030047/http://amsterdamsmartcity.com/projects |url-status=live }}</ref> [[#Barcelona|Barcelona]],<ref name="Barcelona">{{cite web |url=http://smartcity.bcn.cat/en |title=Barcelona Smart City |author=Ajuntament de Barcelona |access-date=30 May 2015 |archive-date=16 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150516125338/http://smartcity.bcn.cat/en |url-status=live }}</ref> [[#Madrid|Madrid]],<ref name="Madrid">{{cite web |url=http://www.madrid.es/UnidadesDescentralizadas/RelacionesInternacionales/Publicaciones/CatalogoBuenasPracticas/Economia/MiNT%20Madrid%20Inteligente%2014.pdf |title=Buenas Practicas de la Ciudad de Madrid |author=Ayuntamiento de Madrid |access-date=23 November 2016 |archive-date=23 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123133240/http://www.madrid.es/UnidadesDescentralizadas/RelacionesInternacionales/Publicaciones/CatalogoBuenasPracticas/Economia/MiNT%20Madrid%20Inteligente%2014.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> [[#Stockholm|Stockholm]],<ref name="Stockholm">{{cite web |url=http://international.stockholm.se/city-development/the-smart-city/ |title=The Smart City |author=City of Stockholm |publisher=Stockholms stad |access-date=30 May 2015 |archive-date=30 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530123402/http://international.stockholm.se/city-development/the-smart-city/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Copenhagen]], China,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rcrwireless.com/20160630/asia-pacific/zte-involved-150-smart-city-projects-across-china|title=ZTE involved in more than 150 smart city projects across China|date=30 June 2016|access-date=23 January 2017|archive-date=2 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202005537/http://www.rcrwireless.com/20160630/asia-pacific/zte-involved-150-smart-city-projects-across-china|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[New York City|New York]].<ref>{{cite web |title=CityBridge – LinkNYC |url=https://www.link.nyc/ |language=en |access-date=13 August 2018 |archive-date=10 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200510231720/https://www.link.nyc/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
Major strategies and achievements related to the spatial intelligence of cities are listed in the [[Intelligent Community Forum]] awards from 1999 to 2010, in the cities of [[Songdo International Business District|Songdo]] and [[Suwon]] (South Korea), [[Stockholm]] (Sweden), [[Gangnam District]] of Seoul (South Korea), [[Waterloo, Ontario]] (Canada), [[Taipei]] (Taiwan), [[Mitaka, Tokyo|Mitaka]] (Japan), [[Glasgow]] (Scotland, UK), [[Calgary]] (Alberta, Canada), [[Seoul]] (South Korea), [[New York City]] (US), [[LaGrange, Georgia]] (US), and [[Singapore]], which were recognized for their efforts in developing broadband networks and e-services sustaining innovation ecosystems, growth, and inclusion.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Intelligent Communities of the Year 1999–2010|url=https://www.intelligentcommunity.org/index.php?submenu=Awards&src=gendocs&ref=ICF_Awards&category=Events&link=ICF_Awards|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722103131/https://www.intelligentcommunity.org/index.php?submenu=Awards&src=gendocs&ref=ICF_Awards&category=Events&link=ICF_Awards|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 July 2011}}</ref>
There are a number of cities actively pursuing a smart city strategy:
===Amsterdam===
[[File:KeizersgrachtReguliersgrachtAmsterdam.jpg|thumbnail|right|Street lamps in [[Amsterdam]] have been upgraded to allow municipal councils to dim the lights based on pedestrian usage.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://amsterdamsmartcity.com/projects/detail/id/9/slug/climate-street |title=Amsterdam Smart City ~ Climate Street |author=Amsterdam Smart City |access-date=30 May 2015 |archive-date=30 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530162529/http://amsterdamsmartcity.com/projects/detail/id/9/slug/climate-street |url-status=dead }}</ref>]]The [[Amsterdam]] smart city initiative<ref name=Amsterdam /> which began in 2009 currently includes 170+ projects collaboratively developed by local residents, government and businesses.<ref name=DeakinIntro /> These projects run on an interconnected platform through [[wireless device]]s to enhance the city's real-time decision making abilities. The City of Amsterdam ('''City''') claims the purpose of the projects is to reduce traffic, [[energy saving|save energy]] and improve [[public safety]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://amsterdamsmartcity.com/about-asc |title=Amsterdam Smart City ~ About ASC |author=Amsterdam Smart City |access-date=30 May 2015 |archive-date=27 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150427024215/http://amsterdamsmartcity.com/about-asc |url-status=dead }}</ref> To promote efforts from local residents, the City runs the Amsterdam Smart City Challenge annually, accepting proposals for applications and developments that fit within the city's framework.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://amsterdamsmartcity.com/news/detail/id/577/slug/do-you-have-smart-solutions-for-your-city |title=Amsterdam Smart City ~ Do you have smart solutions for your city? |author=Amsterdam Smart City |access-date=30 May 2015 |archive-date=30 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530121746/http://amsterdamsmartcity.com/news/detail/id/577/slug/do-you-have-smart-solutions-for-your-city |url-status=dead }}</ref> An example of a resident developed app is Mobypark, which allows owners of parking spaces to rent them out to people for a fee.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://amsterdamsmartcity.com/news/detail/id/576/slug/smart-spotlight-manuel-cayr |title=Amsterdam Smart City ~ Smart Spotlight: Manuel Cayre |author=Amsterdam Smart City |access-date=30 May 2015 |archive-date=30 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530123155/http://amsterdamsmartcity.com/news/detail/id/576/slug/smart-spotlight-manuel-cayr |url-status=dead }}</ref> The data generated from this app can then be used by the city to determine [[parking]] demand and traffic flows in Amsterdam. A number of homes have also been provided with smart energy meters, with incentives provided to those that actively reduce energy consumption.<ref name=Komninos_ch /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://amsterdamsmartcity.com/projects/detail/id/55/slug/the-smart-home |title=Amsterdam Smart City ~ The smart home |author=Amsterdam Smart City |access-date=30 May 2015 |archive-date=25 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825083431/https://amsterdamsmartcity.com/projects/detail/id/55/slug/the-smart-home |url-status=dead }}</ref> Other initiatives include flexible [[street lighting]] ([[smart lighting]])<ref>{{cite web |url=http://amsterdamsmartcity.com/projects/detail/id/62/slug/flexible-street-lighting |title=Amsterdam Smart City ~ Flexible street lighting |author=Amsterdam Smart City |access-date=30 May 2015 |archive-date=25 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825092242/https://amsterdamsmartcity.com/projects/detail/id/62/slug/flexible-street-lighting |url-status=dead }}</ref> which allows municipalities to control the brightness of street lights, and smart traffic management<ref>{{cite web |url=http://amsterdamsmartcity.com/projects/detail/id/58/slug/smart-traffic-management |title=Amsterdam Smart City ~ Smart traffic management |author=Amsterdam Smart City |access-date=30 May 2015 |archive-date=29 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150529123605/http://amsterdamsmartcity.com/projects/detail/id/58/slug/smart-traffic-management |url-status=dead }}</ref> where traffic is monitored in real time by the city and information about current travel time on certain roads is broadcast to allow motorists to determine the best routes to take.
===Barcelona===
[[Barcelona]] has established a number of projects that can be considered 'smart city' applications within its "CityOS" strategy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibarcelona.bcn.cat/en/o-government/city-os|title=iBarcelona|access-date=8 October 2015|archive-date=18 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318141613/http://ibarcelona.bcn.cat/en/o-government/city-os|url-status=dead}}</ref> For example, sensor technology has been implemented in the irrigation system in Parc del Centre de Poblenou, where real time data is transmitted to gardening crews about the level of water required for the plants.<ref name=Barcelona /><ref>{{cite news |last=Laursen |first=Lucas |url=http://www.technologyreview.com/news/532511/barcelonas-smart-city-ecosystem/ |title=Barcelona's Smart City Ecosystem |work=MIT Technology Review |date=18 November 2014 |access-date=30 May 2015 |archive-date=29 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150629064107/http://www.technologyreview.com/news/532511/barcelonas-smart-city-ecosystem/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Barcelona has also designed a new bus network based on data analysis of the most common traffic flows in Barcelona, utilising primarily vertical, horizontal and diagonal routes with a number of interchanges.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://smartcity.bcn.cat/en/new-bus-network.html |title=New bus network |author=BCN Smart City |access-date=30 May 2015 |archive-date=30 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530120415/http://smartcity.bcn.cat/en/new-bus-network.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Integration of multiple smart city technologies can be seen through the implementation of smart traffic lights<ref>{{cite web |url=http://smartcity.bcn.cat/en/smart-traffic-lights.html |title=Smart traffic lights |author=BCN Smart City |access-date=30 May 2015 |archive-date=30 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530123557/http://smartcity.bcn.cat/en/smart-traffic-lights.html |url-status=live }}</ref> as buses run on routes designed to optimise the number of green lights. In addition, where an emergency is reported in Barcelona, the approximate route of the emergency vehicle is entered into the traffic light system, setting all the lights to green as the vehicle approaches through a mix of GPS and traffic management software, allowing emergency services to reach the incident without delay. Much of this data is managed by the [[Sentilo Platform]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.22barcelona.com/content/blogcategory/50/281/ |title=Urban Innovation |author=Ajuntament de Barcelona |access-date=30 May 2015 |archive-date=8 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150408100431/http://www.22barcelona.com/content/blogcategory/50/281/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url= http://connecta.bcn.cat |title= Sentilo BCN:Platform Sensors and Actuators Barcelona |access-date= 26 March 2017 |archive-date= 18 May 2016 |archive-url= http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160518054524/http://connecta.bcn.cat/ |url-status= live }}</ref>
===Columbus, Ohio===
In the summer of 2017, the [[Columbus, Ohio|City of Columbus]], Ohio began its pursuit of a smart city initiative. The city partnered with [[American Electric Power|American Electric Power Ohio]] to create a group of new [[Charging station|electric vehicle charging stations]]. Many smart cities such as Columbus are using agreements such as this one to prepare for climate change, expand electric infrastructure, convert existing public vehicle fleets to electric cars, and create incentives for people to [[Carpool|share rides when commuting]]. For doing this, the [[United States Department of Transportation|U.S. Department of Transportation]] gave the City of Columbus a $40 million grant. The city also received $10 million from [[Vulcan Inc.]]<ref name=":4">{{Cite news|url=https://dailyenergyinsider.com/news/7711-aep-ohio-build-car-charging-stations-part-columbus-smart-city-initiative/|title=AEP Ohio to build car charging stations as part of Columbus Smart City initiative|last=Galford|first=Chris|date=8 September 2017|work=Daily Energy Insider|access-date=25 September 2017|language=en-US|archive-date=29 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181229194302/https://dailyenergyinsider.com/news/7711-aep-ohio-build-car-charging-stations-part-columbus-smart-city-initiative/|url-status=live}}</ref>
One key reason why the utility was involved in the picking of locations for new electric vehicle charging stations was to gather data. According to ''Daily Energy Insider'', the group Infrastructure and Business Continuity for AEP said, "You don't want to put infrastructure where it won't be used or maintained. The data we collect will help us build a much bigger market in the future."<ref name=":4" />
Because autonomous vehicles are currently seeing "an increased industrial research and legislative push globally", building routes and connections for them is another important part of the Columbus smart city initiative.<ref name=":4" />
===Copenhagen===
In 2014, [[Copenhagen]] claimed the prestigious World Smart Cities Award for its “Connecting Copenhagen” smart city development strategy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://stateofgreen.com/en/partners/city-of-copenhagen/news/connecting-copenhagen-is-the-worlds-best-smart-city-project/|title='Connecting Copenhagen' is the World's Best Smart City Project|website=State of Green|language=en-US|access-date=2019-06-20|archive-date=20 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190620122807/https://stateofgreen.com/en/partners/city-of-copenhagen/news/connecting-copenhagen-is-the-worlds-best-smart-city-project/|url-status=live}}</ref> Positioned in the Technical and Environmental Administration of Copenhagen, the smart city initiatives are coordinated by Copenhagen Solutions Lab, the city's administrative unit for smart city development. There are other notable actors in Greater Copenhagen that coordinate and initiate smart city initiatives including State of Green and Gate21, the latter of which has initiated the innovation hub smart city Cluster Denmark.
In an article with The Economist,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://worldin2019.economist.com/|title=The World in 2019|website=worldin2019.economist.com|language=en|access-date=2019-06-20|archive-date=18 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190618104008/https://worldin2019.economist.com/|url-status=live}}</ref> a current major smart city project is explained: “In Copenhagen, as in many cities around the world, [[air quality]] is high on the agenda when it comes to [[liveability]], with 68 percent of citizens citing it as of high importance when it comes to what makes their city attractive. To monitor pollution levels, Copenhagen Solutions Lab is currently working with [[Google]] and has installed monitoring equipment in their streetview car in order to produce a heatmap of air quality around the city. The information will help cyclists and joggers plan routes with the best air quality. The project also gives a glimpse of the future, when this kind of information could be collected in real time by sensors all over the city and collated with traffic flow data.”
In another article with The World Economic Forum, Marius Sylvestersen, Program Director at Copenhagen Solutions Lab, explains that public-private collaborations must be built on transparency, the willingness to share data and must be driven by the same set of values. This requires a particularly open mindset from the organisations that wish to get involved. To facilitate open collaboration and knowledge-sharing, Copenhagen Solutions Lab launched the Copenhagen Street Lab in 2016. Here, organisations such as [[TDC A/S|TDC]], Citelum and [[Cisco Systems|Cisco]] work in collaboration with Copenhagen Solutions Lab to identify new solutions to city and citizen problems.
===Dubai===
In 2013, the Smart [[Dubai]] project was initiated by Shaikh [[Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum|Mohammad bin Rashid Al Maktoum]], vice president of [[UAE]], which contained more than 100 initiatives to make Dubai a smart city by 2030. The project aimed to integrate private and public sectors, enabling citizens to access these sectors through their smartphones. Some initiatives include the Dubai Autonomous Transportation Strategy to create driverless transits, fully digitizing government, business and customer information and transactions, and providing citizens 5000 hotspots to access government applications by 2021.<ref>Dubai – a new paradigm for smart cities – 2015. (2018). Retrieved from https://home.kpmg.com/ae/en/home/insights/2015/07/dubai---a-new-paradigm-for-smart-cities---2015.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181027061532/https://home.kpmg.com/ae/en/home/insights/2015/07/dubai---a-new-paradigm-for-smart-cities---2015.html |date=27 October 2018 }}</ref><ref>Smart Dubai 2021. (2018). Retrieved from https://2021.smartdubai.ae/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181027021712/https://2021.smartdubai.ae/ |date=27 October 2018 }}</ref> Two mobile applications, mPay and DubaiNow, facilitate various payment services for citizens ranging from utilities or traffic fines to educational, health, transport, and business services. In addition, the Smart [[Nol Card]] is a unified rechargeable card enabling citizens to pay for all transportation services such as metro, buses, water bus, and taxis. There is also the [[Dubai Municipality]]'s Digital City initiative which assigns each building a unique QR code that citizens can scan containing information about the building, plot, and location.<ref>Smart city- The Official Portal of the UAE Government. (2018). Retrieved from https://government.ae/en/about-the-uae/the-uae-government/smart-uae/smart-dubai {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181027021654/https://government.ae/en/about-the-uae/the-uae-government/smart-uae/smart-dubai |date=27 October 2018 }}</ref>
===Dublin===
[[Dublin]] has been refereed to as an unexpected capital for smart cities.<ref>{{cite magazine | url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/10/141011-technology-science-ireland-dublin-europe-internet-of-things-future/ | title=Unexpected Capital for IoT | magazine=National Geographic | date=2014 | access-date=1 May 2017 | archive-date=2 May 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170502062056/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/10/141011-technology-science-ireland-dublin-europe-internet-of-things-future/ | url-status=live }}</ref> The smart city programme for the city is run by Smart Dublin<ref>{{cite web | url=http://smartdublin.ie/ | title=Smart Dublin | publisher=DCC | date=2017 | access-date=1 May 2017 | archive-date=19 May 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519135821/http://smartdublin.ie/ | url-status=live }}</ref> an initiative of the four Dublin Local Authorities to engage with smart technology providers, researchers and citizens to solve city challenges and improve [[city]] life. It includes Dublinked- Dublin's open data platform that hosts open source data to smart city applications.
===Gdynia===
[[Gdynia]] was the first city in Eastern Europe to receive the [[ISO 37120]] certificate issued by the World Council on City Data.<ref>{{cite web |title=GLOBAL CITIES REGISTRY™ FOR WCCD ISO 37120 SERIES |url=https://www.dataforcities.org/global-cities-registry |website=World Council on City Data (WCCD) |access-date=22 January 2021 |archive-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128065236/https://www.dataforcities.org/global-cities-registry |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The first Smart City of Eastern Europe is in Poland |url=https://velatianetworks.com/en/first-smart-city-eastern-europe-poland/ |website=Velatia Networks |access-date=22 January 2021 |date=10 June 2017 |archive-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128193152/https://velatianetworks.com/en/first-smart-city-eastern-europe-poland/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
In 2015, the TRISTAR intelligent road traffic management system was implemented in the city.<ref>{{cite web |title=Integrated Traffic Management System |url=https://www.tristar.gdynia.pl/ |website=Portal TRISTAR |access-date=22 January 2021}}</ref>
[[Trolleybuses in Gdynia]] have been operating since 1943 and are still being developed as low-emission transport - some of them have their own batteries, which allows them to reach areas with no traction.<ref>{{cite web |title=ACT NOW (Action for Energy Efficiency in Baltic Cities |url=http://pktgdynia.pl/index.php/act-now/ |website=Enterprise of Trolleybus Communication in Gdynia |access-date=22 January 2021 |archive-date=29 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129002021/http://pktgdynia.pl/index.php/act-now/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Partners - Act Now! |url=https://actnow-baltic.eu/partners/ |website=Act Now! Action for Energy Efficiency in Baltic Cities |access-date=22 January 2021 |archive-date=18 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118045730/https://actnow-baltic.eu/partners/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
Over 200 sets of up-to-date data from 21 areas of the city's functioning are published on the Open Data portal. The data sets meet the requirements of machine readability and are also presented in a way comprehensible to users.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gdynia in numbers |url=http://otwartedane.gdynia.pl/en/ |website=Gdynia - Open Data Portal |access-date=25 January 2021 |archive-date=6 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606113455/https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Open+Sans:400,300,600,800&subset=latin,latin-ext |url-status=live }}</ref>
There is also an Urban Lab for cooperation between residents, experts and representatives of city structures.<ref>{{cite web |title=UrbanLab |url=https://lis.gdynia.pl/wspolpraca-i-wsparcie/urbanlab/ |website=Social Innovation Lab in Gdynia |access-date=25 January 2021 |archive-date=29 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029111801/https://lis.gdynia.pl/wspolpraca-i-wsparcie/urbanlab/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=UrbanLab Gdynia |url=https://innovationinpolitics.eu/en/best-practice/urbanlab-gdynia/ |website=The Innovation in Politics Institute |access-date=25 January 2021 |archive-date=17 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117055437/https://innovationinpolitics.eu/en/best-practice/urbanlab-gdynia/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kaszkur |first1=Alina |title=Urban Lab as a Tool for Joint Management in Cities |journal=Polish Political Science Review |date=15 December 2015 |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=37–46 |doi=10.2478/ppsr-2020-0014 |s2cid=230282944 |url=https://content.sciendo.com/view/journals/ppsr/8/2/article-p37.xml |access-date=25 January 2021 |doi-access=free |archive-date=26 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201226161310/https://content.sciendo.com/view/journals/ppsr/8/2/article-p37.xml |url-status=live }}</ref>
===Isfahan===
[[Isfahan]] has a smart city program, a unified human resources administration system, transport system.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-18|title=بزرگترین پروژه IT و شهر هوشمند در اصفهان آماده بهرهبرداری است|url=https://www.imna.ir//news/487629/بزرگترین-پروژه-IT-و-شهر-هوشمند-در-اصفهان-آماده-بهره-برداری-است|access-date=2021-06-06|website=ایمنا|language=fa|archive-date=6 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606113503/https://www.imna.ir//news/487629/%D8%A8%D8%B2%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86-%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%98%D9%87-IT-%D9%88-%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1-%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87-%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%87-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-05-12|title=سیستم مدیریت یکپارچهسازی منابع انسانی اجرایی شد|url=https://www.imna.ir//news/492489/سیستم-مدیریت-یکپارچه-سازی-منابع-انسانی-اجرایی-شد|access-date=2021-06-06|website=ایمنا|language=fa|archive-date=6 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606113502/https://www.imna.ir//news/492489/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%85-%D9%85%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA-%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%87-%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C-%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B9-%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C-%D8%B4%D8%AF|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=به درگاه الکترونیکی شهرداری اصفهان - شهر هوشمند خوش آمدید {{!}} درگاه الکترونیکی شهرداری اصفهان - شهر هوشمند|url=https://smartcity.isfahan.ir/|access-date=2021-06-06|website=smartcity.isfahan.ir|archive-date=26 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226045336/http://smartcity.isfahan.ir/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-09-22|title=اصفهان به برترین شهر هوشمند ایران تبدیل شود|url=https://www.imna.ir//news/390448/اصفهان-به-برترین-شهر-هوشمند-ایران-تبدیل-شود|access-date=2021-06-06|website=ایمنا|language=fa|archive-date=6 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606113546/https://www.imna.ir//news/390448/%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A8%D9%87-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86-%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1-%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84-%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%AF|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=پیش به سوی شهر هوشمند {{!}} اصفهان زیبا|url=http://isfahanziba.com/news/3533/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B4-%D8%A8%D9%87-%D8%B3%D9%88%DB%8C-%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1-%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF|access-date=2021-06-06|website=isfahanziba.com}}</ref>
===Kyiv===
Kyiv has a transport dispatch system. It contains GPS trackers, installed on public transportation, as well as 6,000 video surveillance cameras which monitor the traffic. The accrued data is used by local Traffic Management Service and transport application developers.
===London===
In London, a traffic management system known as SCOOT optimises green light time at traffic intersections by feeding back magnetometer and inductive loop data to a supercomputer, which can co-ordinate traffic lights across the city to improve traffic throughout.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M9AiDAAAQBAJ|title=Science and the City: The Mechanics Behind the Metropolis|last=Winkless|first=Laurie|date=11 August 2016|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=9781472913227|language=en|access-date=1 November 2016|archive-date=27 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170427152649/https://books.google.com/books?id=M9AiDAAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>
===Madrid===
[[Madrid]], Spain's pioneering smart city,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/oct/25/we-cant-allow-the-tech-giants-to-rule-smart-cities|title=We can't allow the tech giants to rule smart cities|newspaper=The Guardian|date=25 October 2015|last1=Mason|first1=Paul|access-date=23 November 2016|archive-date=23 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123203950/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/oct/25/we-cant-allow-the-tech-giants-to-rule-smart-cities|url-status=live}}</ref> has adopted the MiNT Madrid Inteligente/Smarter Madrid platform to integrate the management of local services. These include the sustainable and computerized management of infrastructure, garbage collection and recycling, and public spaces and green areas, among others.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.madrid.es/UnidadesDescentralizadas/RelacionesInternacionales/Publicaciones/CatalogoBuenasPracticas/Economia/MiNT%20Madrid%20Inteligente%2014.pdf|title=Buenas Prácticas de la Ciudad de Madrid|access-date=23 November 2016|archive-date=23 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123133240/http://www.madrid.es/UnidadesDescentralizadas/RelacionesInternacionales/Publicaciones/CatalogoBuenasPracticas/Economia/MiNT%20Madrid%20Inteligente%2014.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The programme is run in partnership with [[IBM]]s [[INSA]], making use of the latter's Big Data and analytics capabilities and experience.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sustainablecitiescollective.com/global-site-plans-grid/316481/madrid-spain-launches-ibm-smarter-cities-project|title=Madrid, Spain Launches IBM Smarter Cities Project|access-date=23 November 2016|archive-date=23 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123203314/http://www.sustainablecitiescollective.com/global-site-plans-grid/316481/madrid-spain-launches-ibm-smarter-cities-project|url-status=live}}</ref> Madrid is considered to have taken a bottom-up approach to smart cities, whereby social issues are first identified and individual technologies or networks are then identified to address these issues.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.urban-hub.com/cities/fine-tuning-smart-in-madrid/|title=From Barcelona to Madrid, Spain's smart cities inspire change|access-date=23 November 2016|archive-date=24 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161124024840/http://www.urban-hub.com/cities/fine-tuning-smart-in-madrid/|url-status=live}}</ref> This approach includes support and recognition for start ups through the Madrid Digital Start Up programme.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ebn.be/index.php?lnk=K2tiZmlkaWp5MVZzVWF6SzFUWkpHNWh3Y0F3TFBHLzZmaFpxZWwxNVB2MD0=|title=MADRID DIGITAL START UP – CLEARCHANNEL 2015|access-date=23 November 2016|archive-date=11 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170311004501/http://ebn.be/index.php?lnk=K2tiZmlkaWp5MVZzVWF6SzFUWkpHNWh3Y0F3TFBHLzZmaFpxZWwxNVB2MD0=|url-status=live}}</ref>
===Malta===
A document written in 2011 refers to 18th century [[Żejtun]] as the earliest "smart city" in [[Malta]],<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Proceedings of History Week|last=Vassallo|first=Carmel|date=2011|title=Żejtun: An Eighteenth-Century 'Smart City'|url=http://melitensiawth.com/incoming/Index/Proceedings%20of%20History%20Week/PHW2011/07s.pdf|issue=7|pages=105–118|access-date=17 June 2018|archive-date=17 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417025637/http://melitensiawth.com/incoming/Index/Proceedings%20of%20History%20Week/PHW2011/07s.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> but not in the modern context of a smart city. By the 21st century, [[SmartCity Malta]], a planned technology park, became partially operational while the rest is under construction, as a [[Foreign Direct Investment]].
===Manchester===
In December 2015, [[Manchester]]'s CityVerve project was chosen as the winner of a government-led technology competition and awarded £10m to develop an [[Internet of Things]] (IoT) smart cities demonstrator.<ref>[https://www.gov.uk/government/news/manchester-wins-10m-prize-to-become-world-leader-in-smart-city-technology] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160909055109/https://www.gov.uk/government/news/manchester-wins-10m-prize-to-become-world-leader-in-smart-city-technology |date=9 September 2016 }}, Manchester wins £10m prize to become world leader in 'smart city' technology.</ref>
Established in July 2016, the project is being carried out by a consortium of 22 public and private organisations, including [[Manchester City Council]], and is aligned with the city's on-going devolution commitment.<ref>[http://www.manchester.gov.uk/news/article/7343/manchester_announced_as_uk_s_internet_of_things_iot_city_demonstrator_and_awarded_10m_investment] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809155835/http://www.manchester.gov.uk/news/article/7343/manchester_announced_as_uk_s_internet_of_things_iot_city_demonstrator_and_awarded_10m_investment |date=9 August 2016 }}, Manchester announced as UK's Internet of Things (IoT) City Demonstrator and awarded £10m investment.</ref>
The project has a two-year remit to demonstrate the capability of IoT applications and address barriers to deploying smart cities, such as city governance, network security, user trust and adoption, interoperability, scalability and justifying investment.
CityVerve is based on an open data principle that incorporates a "platform of platforms"<ref>[http://www.cityverve.org.uk/platform-of-platforms/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827095452/http://www.cityverve.org.uk/platform-of-platforms/ |date=27 August 2016 }}, Platform of Platforms.</ref> which ties together applications for its four key themes: transport and travel; health and social care; energy and the environment; culture and the public realm. This will also ensure that the project is scalable and able to be redeployed to other locations worldwide.
===Milan===
[[Milan]], Italy was prompted to begin its smart city strategies and initiatives by the European Union's Smart Cities and Communities initiative. However, unlike many European cities, Milan's Smart city strategies focus more on social sustainability rather than environmental sustainability.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Trivellato|first=Benedetta|date=January 2016|title=How can 'smart' also be socially sustainable? Insights from the case of Milan|journal=Academy of Management Proceedings|volume=2016|issue=1|pages=10641|doi=10.5465/ambpp.2016.10641abstract|issn=0065-0668}}</ref> This focus is almost exclusive to Milan and has a major influence in the way content and way its strategies are implemented as shown in the case study of the Bicocca District in Milan.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Sacco|first1=Pierluigi|last2=Tavano Blessi|first2=Giorgio|date=May 2009|title=The Social Viability of Culture-led Urban Transformation Processes: Evidence from the Bicocca District, Milan|journal=Urban Studies|volume=46|issue=5–6|pages=1115–1135|doi=10.1177/0042098009103857|s2cid=153728781|issn=0042-0980}}</ref>
===Milton Keynes===
[[Milton Keynes]] has a commitment to making itself a smart city. Currently the mechanism through which this is approached is the MK:Smart initiative,<ref name=":0" /> a collaboration of local government, businesses, academia and 3rd sector organisations. The focus of the initiative is on making energy use, water use and transport more [[sustainable]] whilst promoting [[economic growth]] in the city. Central to the project is the creation of a state-of-the-art 'MK [[Data Hub]]' which will support the acquisition and management of vast amounts of data relevant to city systems from a variety of data sources. These will include data about [[energy consumption|energy]] and [[water consumption]], transport data, data acquired through satellite technology, social and economic datasets, and [[crowdsource]]d data from [[social media]] or specialised apps.
The MK:Smart initiative has two aspects which extend our understanding of how smart Cities should operate. The first, Our MK,<ref name=":1"/> is a scheme for promoting citizen-led sustainability issues in the city. The scheme provides funding and support to engage with citizens and help turn their ideas around sustainability into a reality. The second aspect is in providing citizens with the skills to operate effectively in a smart city. The Urban Data school<ref name=":2"/> is an online platform to teach school students about data skills while the project has also produced a [[MOOC]]<ref name=":3"/> to inform citizens about what a smart city is.
===Moscow===
Moscow has been implementing smart solutions since 2011 by creating the main infrastructure and local networks. Over the past few years Moscow Government implemented a number of programs, contributing to its IT development.
So, Information City programme was launched and subsequently implemented from 2012 to 2018. The initial purpose of the programme was to make daily life for citizens safe and comfortable through the large-scale introduction of information and communication technologies.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://tadviser.com/index.php/Article:Information_city_%28ICT_program_of_Moscow%29 |title=Archived copy |access-date=20 February 2020 |archive-date=20 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200220092908/http://tadviser.com/index.php/Article:Information_city_(ICT_program_of_Moscow) |url-status=live }}</ref>
In the summer of 2018, Moscow Mayor Sergey Sobyanin announced the city's smart city project, aimed at applying modern technologies in all areas of city life.<ref name="tadviser.com">{{Cite web |url=http://tadviser.com/index.php/Article:Moscow_the_Smart_city_%28Smart_city%29_Information_technologies_in_Moscow |title=Archived copy |access-date=20 February 2020 |archive-date=8 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808002954/http://tadviser.com/index.php/Article:Moscow_the_Smart_city_(Smart_city)_Information_technologies_in_Moscow |url-status=live }}</ref> And in June 2018, the global management consultancy McKinsey announced that Moscow is one of the world's top 50 cities for smart technologies.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/mckinsey/industries/capital%20projects%20and%20infrastructure/our%20insights/smart%20cities%20digital%20solutions%20for%20a%20more%20livable%20future/mgi-smart-cities-full-report.ashx |title=Archived copy |access-date=20 February 2020 |archive-date=5 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200405223252/https://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/mckinsey/industries/capital%20projects%20and%20infrastructure/our%20insights/smart%20cities%20digital%20solutions%20for%20a%20more%20livable%20future/mgi-smart-cities-full-report.ashx |url-status=live }}</ref> Smart City technologies have been deployed in healthcare, education, transport and municipal services. The initiative aims to improve quality of life, make urban government more efficient and develop an information society. There are more than 300 digital initiatives within the smart city project, with electronic services now widely provided online and through multifunctional centres. Moscow's citywide Wi-Fi project was launched in 2012 and now provides more than 16,000 Wi-Fi internet access points.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.mos.ru/en/news/item/57389073/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=20 February 2020 |archive-date=20 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200220092903/https://www.mos.ru/en/news/item/57389073/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The total number of access points will exceed 20,500 by early 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://teletimesinternational.com/2021/hotspots-moscow-wifi-network/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=10 March 2021 |archive-date=6 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606113507/https://teletimesinternational.com/2021/hotspots-moscow-wifi-network/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Moscow is actively developing eco-friendly transport using electric buses, and autonomous cars will soon be tested on the city's streets. Other initiatives include Moscow's Electronic School programme, its blockchain-based Active Citizen project and smart traffic management.<ref name="tadviser.com"/>
===New Songdo City===
{{further|Songdo International Business District}}<ref>{{cite web | url=http://urbact.eu/fileadmin/Projects/REDIS/events_media/magdeburg_Kwon_110408.pdf | title=Building a New Smart City in Asia: Songdo International City in Incheon, S. Korea | publisher=Incheon Development Institute | year=2011 | access-date=2 July 2013 | author=Kwon Hyung LEE | archive-date=10 November 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141110080825/http://urbact.eu/fileadmin/Projects/REDIS/events_media/magdeburg_Kwon_110408.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.songdo.com/songdo-international-business-district/the-city/master-plan.aspx|archive-url=https://archive.is/20130202142731/http://www.songdo.com/songdo-international-business-district/the-city/master-plan.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 February 2013|title=Songdo International Business District Master Plan}}</ref>
===New York===
[[New York City|New York]] is developing a number of smart city initiatives. An example is the series of city service kiosks in the [[LinkNYC]] network. These provide services including free WiFi, phone calls, device charging stations, local wayfinding, and more, funded by advertising that plays on the kiosk's screens.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/inside-linknycs-free-public-gigabit-wifi-plan-2016-2|title=Inside the plan to cover New York City's streets with free, blazing fast Wi-Fi|last=Insider|first=Alex Heath, Business|website=Business Insider|access-date=2019-09-30|archive-date=30 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190930170526/https://www.businessinsider.com/inside-linknycs-free-public-gigabit-wifi-plan-2016-2|url-status=live}}</ref>
===San Leandro===
The city of [[San Leandro, California|San Leandro]], California is in the midst of transforming from an industrial center to a tech hub of the [[Internet of things]] (IoT) (technology that lets devices communicate with each other over the Internet). California's utility company [[Pacific Gas and Electric Company|PG&E]] is working with the city in this endeavor and on a smart energy pilot program that would develop a distributed energy network across the city that would be monitored by IoT sensors. The goal would be to give the city an energy system that has enough capacity to receive and redistribute electricity to and from multiple energy sources.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|url=https://dailyenergyinsider.com/featured/5732-eeis-new-board-chairman-cites-smart-city-opportunities-convention-gets-way/|title=EEI's new board chairman cites smart-city opportunities as convention gets under way|last=Riley|first=Kim|date=12 June 2017|work=Daily Energy Insider|access-date=25 September 2017|language=en-US|archive-date=28 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190828222612/https://dailyenergyinsider.com/featured/5732-eeis-new-board-chairman-cites-smart-city-opportunities-convention-gets-way/|url-status=live}}</ref>
===Santa Cruz===
An alternative use of smart city technology used to be found in [[Santa Cruz, California]], where local authorities previously analyzed historical crime data in order to [[Predictive policing|predict police requirements]] and maximise police presence where it is required.<ref>{{cite news |last=Baxter |first=Stephen |url=http://www.santacruzsentinel.com/general-news/20120226/modest-gains-in-first-six-months-of-santa-cruzs-predictive-police-program |title=Modest gains in first six months of Santa Cruz's predictive police program |work=Santa Cruz Sentinel |date=26 February 2012 |access-date=26 May 2015 |archive-date=30 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530124829/http://www.santacruzsentinel.com/general-news/20120226/modest-gains-in-first-six-months-of-santa-cruzs-predictive-police-program |url-status=live }}</ref> The analytical tools generate a list of 10 places each day where [[property crime]]s are more likely to occur, and then placing police efforts on these regions when officers are not responding to any emergency. This use of ICT technology is different to the manner in which European cities utilize smart city technology, possibly highlighting the breadth of the smart city concept in different parts of the world. The city of Santa Cruz suspended the use of predictive policing technology in 2018, after there were questions about it's validity in such a small community.
===Santander===
The city of [[Santander, Cantabria|Santander]] in [[Cantabria]], northern Spain, has 20,000 sensors connecting buildings, infrastructure, transport, networks and utilities, offers a physical space for experimentation and validation of the IoT functions, such as interaction and management protocols, device technologies, and support services such as discovery, [[identity management]] and security<ref name="Schaffers">{{cite book|isbn=9783642208973|author1=Schaffers, H.|author2=Komninos, N.|author3=Pallot, M.|author4=Trousse, B.|author5=Nilsson M.|year=2011|title=Smart Cities and the Future Internet: Towards Cooperation Frameworks for Open Innovation, Lecture Notes in Computer Science|volume=Vol. 6656|series=The Future Internet|pages=[https://archive.org/details/futureinternetfu0000unse/page/431 431–446]|url=https://archive.org/details/futureinternetfu0000unse/page/431}}</ref> In Santander, the sensors monitor the levels of [[pollution]], [[noise]], [[traffic]] and parking.
===Shanghai===
[[Shanghai]]'s development of the IoT and internet connection speeds have allowed for third-party companies to revolutionize the productivity of the city.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.driversofchange.com/projects/shaping-a-smart-shanghai/|title=Shaping a Smart Shanghai {{!}} Arup Foresight|language=en-US|access-date=14 December 2018|archive-date=16 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181216031713/https://www.driversofchange.com/projects/shaping-a-smart-shanghai/|url-status=live}}</ref> As mobile ride share giant, [[DiDi|DiDi Chuxing]], continuously adds more user protection features such as ride recording, and a new quick response safety center, Shanghai is furthering their smart city agenda.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.timeoutshanghai.com/features/News-News/58714/Here’s-what-you-need-to-know-about-Didi’s-new-safety-features.html|title=Here's what you need to know about Didi's new safety features|last=Group|first=SEEC Media|website=www.timeoutshanghai.com|language=en|access-date=14 December 2018|archive-date=28 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190828222617/http://www.timeoutshanghai.com/features/News-News/58714/Here%E2%80%99s-what-you-need-to-know-about-Didi%E2%80%99s-new-safety-features.html|url-status=live}}</ref> During the first [[China International Import Expo]], Shanghai focused on smart mobility and implemented sensors to accept smartphone traffic cards in all metro stations and buses to increase efficiency in the city.
===Singapore===
{{main|Smart Nation}}
[[Singapore]], a [[city-state]], has embarked on transforming towards a "Smart Nation", and endeavours to harness the power of networks, data and info-comm technologies to improve living, create economic opportunities and build closer communities.
===Stockholm===
[[File:Kista.jpg|thumbnail|right|The [[Kista]] Science City from above.]]
[[Stockholm]]'s smart city technology is underpinned by the [[Stokab dark fibre system]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.stokab.se/In-english/ |title=This is stokab |author=Stockholm: the capital of Scandinavia |access-date=30 May 2015 |archive-date=30 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530124852/http://www.stokab.se/In-english/ |url-status=live }}</ref> which was developed in 1994 to provide a universal fibre optic network across Stockholm.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ictregulationtoolkit.org/en/toolkit/notes/PracticeNote/3244/ |title=Models for Infrastructure Sharing: Sweden's Stokab |author=ICT Regulation Toolkit |access-date=30 May 2015 |archive-date=29 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529180020/http://www.ictregulationtoolkit.org/en/toolkit/notes/PracticeNote/3244 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Private companies are able to lease fibre as service providers on equal terms. The company is owned by the City of Stockholm itself.<ref name=Stockholm /> Within this framework, Stockholm has created a Green IT strategy.<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://international.stockholm.se/globalassets/ovriga-bilder-och-filer/green-it-strategy.pdf |title=Green IT |author=Stockholm: the Capital of Scandinavia |access-date=30 May 2015 |archive-date=30 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530124027/http://international.stockholm.se/globalassets/ovriga-bilder-och-filer/green-it-strategy.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The Green IT program seeks to reduce the environmental impact of Stockholm through IT functions such as energy efficient buildings (minimising heating costs), traffic monitoring (minimising the time spent on the road) and development of e-services (minimising paper usage). The e-Stockholm platform is centred on the provision of e-services, including political announcements, parking space booking and snow clearance.<ref name="esthlm">{{cite press release |url=http://international.stockholm.se/globalassets/ovriga-bilder-och-filer/e-strategy-city-of-stockholm.pdf |title=e-sthlm |author=Stockholm: the Capital of Scandinavia |access-date=30 May 2015 |archive-date=30 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530124035/http://international.stockholm.se/globalassets/ovriga-bilder-och-filer/e-strategy-city-of-stockholm.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> This is further being developed through GPS analytics, allowing residents to plan their route through the city.<ref name=esthlm /> An example of district-specific smart city technology can be found in the Kista Science City region.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://kista.com/ |title=Kista Science City |author=Kista Science City Online |access-date=30 May 2015 |archive-date=20 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150520025433/http://kista.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref> This region is based on the triple helix concept of smart cities,{{sfnp|Hollands|2008|pp=303–320}} where university, industry and government work together to develop ICT applications for implementation in a smart city strategy.
===Taipei===
[[File:Taipei Skyline (30260753350).jpg|thumbnail|right|[[Taipei]] – a smart city.]]
[[Taipei]] started the "smarttaipei" project in 2016, where the major concept of is to change the culture of city hall government to be able to adopt new ideas and new concepts called bottom-up mechanism. The Taipei City government established the “Taipei Smart City Project Management Office”, also known as the "PMO", to implement and governance the development of smart city. Thereafter, building an innovation matchmaking platform to combine industry and government resources to develop smart solutions that satisfy public demands.
PMO accept proposals from industry and help to negotiate with relative department of Taipei city to initiate new proof of concept(PoC) project, with the help of a matchmaking platform which allows citizens access necessary innovative technologies. There are more than 150<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://smartcity.taipei/about?locale=en |title=Archived copy |access-date=26 January 2020 |archive-date=15 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200615212006/https://smartcity.taipei/about?locale=en |url-status=live }}</ref> PoC Project established, and only 34% project finished.
==Research==
University research labs developed prototypes for intelligent cities.
* IGLUS is an [[action research]] project led by [[EPFL]] focused on developing [[governance]] systems for urban [[infrastructures]]. IGLUS announced a [[MOOC]] through [[Coursera]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://iglus.org/smart-cities-mooc|title=Smart cities MOOC – IGLUS|website=iglus.org|access-date=10 June 2016|archive-date=9 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809231054/http://iglus.org/smart-cities-mooc|url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''[[MIT]] Smart Cities Lab''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cities.media.mit.edu/|title=MIT Cities|publisher=MIT|access-date=13 November 2009|archive-date=20 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720000644/http://cities.media.mit.edu/|url-status=live}}</ref> focuses upon intelligent, [[sustainable building]]s, mobility systems (GreenWheel [[electric bicycle]], [[mobility on demand]], [[CityCar]], [[Robot locomotion|Wheel Robots]]);
* the ''IntelCities''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://intelcities.iti.gr/intelcities|title=IntelCities|work=Intelcities project|access-date=31 January 2015|archive-date=13 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160913104349/http://intelcities.iti.gr/intelcities/|url-status=live}}</ref> research consortium for electronic government, planning systems and citizen participation; [[URENIO]] developed intelligent city platforms for the [[innovation economy]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.urenio.org/platforms/index.html|title=Intelligent City Platforms|publisher=URENIO|access-date=5 November 2014|archive-date=21 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141221045007/http://www.urenio.org/platforms/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> focusing on strategic intelligence, [[technology transfer]], collaborative innovation, and incubation, while it promotes intelligent cities research and planning;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.urenio.org|title=Home|publisher=URENIO|access-date=5 November 2014|archive-date=4 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141104214302/http://www.urenio.org/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* the ''Smart Cities Academic Network''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.smartcities.info/aim|title=AIM|work=Smart Cities project|access-date=31 January 2015|archive-date=27 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171127121325/http://www.smartcities.info/aim|url-status=dead}}</ref> is working on e-governance and e-services in the North Sea region.
* The MK:Smart project<ref name=":0" /> is focusing on issues of sustainable [[energy use]], [[water use]] and [[transport infrastructure]] alongside exploring how to promote citizen engagement<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title = Our MK: Helping make Milton Keynes a smarter, greener city|url = http://www.ourmk.org|website = www.ourmk.org|access-date = 27 October 2015|archive-date = 17 November 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151117221316/https://ourmk.org/|url-status = live}}</ref> alongside educating citizens about smart cities.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url = http://urbandataschool.com|title = The Urban Date School|access-date = 27 October 2015|website = The Urban Data School|archive-date = 21 April 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160421104431/http://www.urbandataschool.com/|url-status = live}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title = Smart Cities|url = https://www.futurelearn.com/courses/smart-cities|website = FutureLearn|access-date = 27 October 2015|archive-date = 17 November 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151117064130/https://www.futurelearn.com/courses/smart-cities|url-status = live}}</ref>
* Laboratory for AI, Machine Learning, Business & Data Analytics (LAMBDA) at [[Tel Aviv University]] focuses on Digital Life, [[Smart Transportation]] and Human Mobility Patterns in smart Cities.<ref>{{cite web |author = Ben-Gal, I., Weinstock, S., Singer, G., & Bambos, N. (2019) |title = Clustering Users by Their Mobility Behavioral Patterns |url = http://www.eng.tau.ac.il/~bengal/TKDD1304-45.pdf |publisher = ACM Transactions on Knowledge Discovery from Data (TKDD), 13(4), 45 |access-date = 14 October 2019 |archive-date = 14 October 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191014204156/http://www.eng.tau.ac.il/~bengal/TKDD1304-45.pdf |url-status = live }}</ref>
* Research journals in this area include the UK [[Institution of Engineering and Technology|IET]] ''Smart Cities'', which was launched in 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/journals/iet-smc|title=IET Smart Cities Journal, United Kingdom, 2018|access-date=28 May 2019|archive-date=28 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190528064046/https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/journals/iet-smc|url-status=live}}</ref>
==Criticism==
{{See also|Surveillance issues in smart cities}}
The criticisms of smart cities revolve around:{{sfnp|Hollands|2008|pp=303–320}}
* A bias in strategic interest may lead to ignoring alternative avenues of promising urban development.<ref>{{cite book|author=Greenfield, A.|year=2013|title=Against the Smart City. |location=London|publisher=Verso|asin=B00FHQ5DBS}}</ref>
* A smart city, as a scientifically planned city, would defy the fact that real development in cities is often haphazard. In that line of criticism, the smart city is seen as unattractive for citizens as they "can deaden and stupefy the people who live in its all-efficient embrace".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/dec/04/smart-city-rio-songdo-masdar|title=No one likes a city that's too smart|last=Sennett|first=Richard|date=4 December 2012|work=The Guardian|access-date=17 March 2017|archive-date=18 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318004523/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/dec/04/smart-city-rio-songdo-masdar|url-status=live}}</ref> Instead, people would prefer cities they can participate to shape.
* The focus of the concept of smart city may lead to an underestimation of the possible negative effects of the development of the new technological and networked infrastructures needed for a city to be smart.<ref>{{cite book|author=Graham, S.|author2=Marvin, S. |year=1996|title=Telecommunications and the city: electronic spaces, urban place|location=London|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9780203430453}}</ref>
* As a [[globalization|globalized]] [[business model]] is based on [[capital mobility]], following a business-oriented model may result in a losing long-term strategy: "The 'spatial fix' inevitably means that mobile capital can often 'write its own deals' to come to town, only to move on when it receives a better deal elsewhere. This is no less true for the smart city than it was for the industrial, [or] manufacturing city."{{sfnp|Hollands|2008|pp=303–320}}
* The high level of [[big data]] collection and analytics has raised questions regarding [[surveillance issues in smart cities|surveillance in smart cities]], particularly as it relates to [[predictive policing]].
* As of August 2018, the discussion on smart cities centres around the usage and implementation of technology rather than on the inhabitants of the cities and how they can be involved in the process.<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1007/s12599-018-0535-3 | volume=60 | title=Smart Cities: A Review and Analysis of Stakeholders' Literature | year=2018 | journal=Business & Information Systems Engineering | pages=197–213 | last1 = Marrone | first1 = Mauricio | last2 = Hammerle | first2 = Mara| issue=3 | s2cid=207433624 }}</ref>
*Especially in low-income countries, smart cities are irrelevant to the majority of the urban population, which lives in poverty with limited access to basic services. A focus on smart cities may worsen inequality and marginalization.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Watson|first=Vanessa|s2cid=154398313|date=6 December 2013|title=African urban fantasies: dreams or nightmares?|journal=Environment and Urbanization|language=en|volume=26|issue=1|pages=215–231|doi=10.1177/0956247813513705|issn=0956-2478}}</ref>
*If a smart city strategy is not planned taking into account people with accessibility problems, such as persons with disabilities affecting mobility, vision, hearing, and cognitive function, the implementation of new technologies could create new barriers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.technologyreview.com/s/612712/smart-cities-coule-be-lousy-if-you-have-a-disability/|title=Smart cities could be lousy to live in if you have a disability|last=Woyke|first=Elizabeth|website=MIT Technology Review|language=en|access-date=2019-03-15|archive-date=5 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190305211109/https://www.technologyreview.com/s/612712/smart-cities-coule-be-lousy-if-you-have-a-disability/|url-status=live}}</ref>
==See also==
{{Commons category}}
{{Clear}}
{{cmn|
* [[Carfree city]]
* [[Career-oriented social networking market]]
* [[Connected car]]
* [[Community-driven development]]
* [[Eco-cities]]
* [[Energy informatics]]
* [[Global brain]]
* [[Government by algorithm]]
* [[Intelligent environment]]
* [[Intelligent transportation system]]
* [[Municipal wireless network]]
* [[Net metering]]
* [[Pervasive informatics]]
* [[Planned community]]
* [[Resilient city]]
* [[Short food supply chains]]
* [[Smart grid]]
* [[Smart highway]]
* [[Smart port]]
* [[Sustainable city]]
* [[Telecommuting]]
* [[Urban computing]]
* [[Urban farming]]
* [[Urban informatics]]
* [[Vertical farming]]
}}
==References==
{{Reflist}}
;Bibliography
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite journal|last=Hollands|first=R. G|year=2008|title=Will the real smart city please stand up?|journal=City|volume=12|issue=3|pages=303–320|doi=10.1080/13604810802479126|s2cid=143073956}}
* {{cite book|isbn=9780415455923|last=Komninos|first=N.|year=2008|title=Intelligent Cities and Globalisation of Innovation Networks|publisher=Routledge}}
* {{cite journal|last=Komninos|first=N.|year=2009|title=Intelligent cities: towards interactive and global innovation environments|journal= International Journal of Innovation and Regional Development|volume=1|issue=4|pages=337|doi=10.1504/ijird.2009.022726}}
* {{cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/246019/bis-13-1209-smart-cities-background-paper-digital.pdf|title=Smart cities – background paper|publisher=UK Government [[Department for Business, Innovation and Skills]]|author=Dept Business|year=2013|access-date=3 November 2014|archive-date=3 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141103170412/https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/246019/bis-13-1209-smart-cities-background-paper-digital.pdf|url-status=live}}
{{refend}}
==Further reading==
* {{cite book|author=Shepard, Mark|title=Sentient City: Ubiquitous Computing, Architecture, and the Future of Urban Space. New York City|work=[[Architectural League of New York]]|year=2011|isbn=978-0262515863}}
* {{cite journal|author=Batty, M.|title=Smart Cities of the Future|journal=European Physical Journal ST|volume=214|pages=481–518|doi=10.1140/epjst/e2012-01703-3|year=2012|display-authors=etal|bibcode=2012EPJST.214..481B|doi-access=free}}
* {{Cite book|title=The Concept of 'Smart' Cities – Towards Community Development?|author=Anastasia Stratigea|year=2012|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/261873805}}
* {{Cite book|title=Smart Cities: Big Data, Civic Hackers, and the Quest for a New Utopia|author=Townsend, Antony|year=2013|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|isbn=978-0393082876}}
* {{cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/337549/14-820-what-are-future-cities.pdf|title=What are future cities – origins, meaning and uses|last1=Moir |first1=E.|last2=Moonen |first2=T. |last3=Clark |first3=C.|publisher=Foresight Future of Cities Project and [[Future Cities Catapult]]|year=2014}}
* {{cite magazine |magazine=The Atlantic |date=10 July 2015 |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2015/07/when-you-give-a-tree-an-email-address/398210/ |first=Adrienne |last=LaFrance |title=When You Give a Tree an Email Address}}
* {{cite journal |author-link=Saraju Mohanty |first=Saraju |last=Mohanty |url=http://www.smohanty.org/Publications_Journals/2016/Mohanty_IEEE-CEM_2016-July_Smart-Cities.pdf |title=Everything You wanted to Know about Smart Cities |journal=IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine |volume=6 |issue=3 |date=July 2016 |pages=60–70|doi=10.1109/MCE.2016.2556879 |s2cid=206450227 }}
* {{Cite book|title=The Power of Communities in Smart Urban Development|author=Kamila Borsekova|year=2016|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877042816303688}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Cavada |first1=M. |display-authors=etal |year=2016 |title=Do smart cities realise their potential for lower carbon dioxide emissions? |journal=Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers – Engineering Sustainability |volume=169 |issue=6 |pages=243–252 |doi=10.1680/jensu.15.00032}}
* {{cite web|url=https://www.atis.org/smart-cities-roadmap/|title=Smart Cities Technology Roadmap|date=April 2017 |website=Alliance for Telecommunications Industry Solutions |access-date=28 July 2017}}
* [[Saraju Mohanty]], [https://cesoc.ieee.org/images/files/pdf/Mohanty_IEEE-DL_Smart-Cities.pdf Everything You wanted to Know about Smart Cities], IEEE Distinguished Lecture 2017, IEEE CE Society Webinar, 5 October 2017.
* {{cite journal |last1=Viitanen |first1=J. |last2=Kingston |first2=R. |year=2014 |title=Smart cities and green growth – outsourcing democratic and environmental resilience to the global technology sector |journal=Environment and Planning A |volume=46 |issue=4 |pages=803–819 |doi=10.1068/a46242|s2cid=145283799 |url=http://polired.upm.es/index.php/ciur/article/view/3498 }}
* DelSignore, M.; Riether, G. (2018) ''Urban Machines: Public Space in a Digital Culture'', {{ISBN|978 8898 774 289}}, an overview of the impact of Information Technology and vision of a possible future – as challenge for architects.
==External links==
* [http://www.landmobile.co.uk/news/budget-2015-osborne-announces-40-million-investment-into-smart-cities-and-iot/ UK Budget 2015 funding for smart cities development] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161124094213/http://www.landmobile.co.uk/news/budget-2015-osborne-announces-40-million-investment-into-smart-cities-and-iot |date=24 November 2016 }}
* [http://www.bsigroup.com/en-GB/smart-cities/ British Standards Institute initiative on Smart Cities]
* [https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/future-of-cities Future of Cities] UK government 'Foresight' project on cities
* [https://futurecities.catapult.org.uk/ Future Cities Catapult] A UK government-funded 'global centre of excellence on urban innovation'
* [http://www.knowledgegrid.net/~h.zhuge/CPS.htm Cyber-Physical Society]
* [https://www.runwithcode.com/what-is-smart-city/ what is a smart city?]
* {{cite web|url=http://icanada150.ca/about-i-canada-alliance/ |title=About i-Canada Alliance}} A Canadian project
* {{About||the 2006 film|Smart City (film)}}
{{Ambient intelligence}}
{{Cities}}
[[Category:Smart cities| ]]
[[Category:Urban studies and planning terminology]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -1,11 +1,3 @@
-{{Short description|City using integrated information and communication technology}}
-{{Cleanup|date=August 2021|reason=The article does a poor job defining what a smart city is. Additionally, a large amount of the text consists of what seems to be marketing fluff.}}
-{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
-{{Government by algorithm}}
-[[File:Clean mobility instead of dirty traffic.jpg|thumb|Possible scenario of smart and [[sustainable mobility]]]]
-A '''smart city''' is a technologically modern [[urban area]] that uses different types of electronic methods, voice activation methods and sensors to [[data collection|collect specific data]]. Information gained from that [[data]] are used to manage assets, resources and services efficiently; in return, that data is used to improve the operations across the city. This includes data collected from citizens, devices, buildings and assets that is then processed and analyzed to monitor and manage traffic and transportation systems, [[Power station|power plants]], utilities, water supply networks, [[waste management|waste]], [[Criminal investigation|crime detection]],<ref>[https://interestingengineering.com/connected-vehicles-in-smart-cities-the-future-of-transportation Connected Vehicles in Smart Cities: The Future of Transportation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413220942/https://interestingengineering.com/connected-vehicles-in-smart-cities-the-future-of-transportation |date=13 April 2020 }} Published by interestingengineering.com on 16 November 2018, retrieved on 4 April 2019</ref> [[information system]]s, schools, libraries, hospitals, and other community services.<ref>{{cite book|last1=McLaren|first1=Duncan|last2=Agyeman|first2=Julian|title=Sharing Cities: A Case for Truly Smart and Sustainable Cities|date=2015|publisher=MIT Press|isbn=9780262029728|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KhvLCgAAQBAJ&q=smart+cities+and+sustainability|language=en}}</ref><ref name="academia.edu">{{cite journal|url=https://www.academia.edu/21181336|title=Smart City Roadmap|author=Sam Musa}}</ref>
-
-The smart city concept integrates [[information and communication technology]] (ICT), and various physical devices connected to the IoT ([[Internet of things]]) network to optimize the efficiency of city operations and services and connect to citizens.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fastcompany.com/3047795/the-3-generations-of-smart-cities|title=The 3 Generations of Smart Cities|date=10 August 2015|access-date=17 October 2017|archive-date=9 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171009000012/https://www.fastcompany.com/3047795/the-3-generations-of-smart-cities|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Peris-Ortiz|first1=Marta|last2=Bennett|first2=Dag R.|last3=Yábar|first3=Diana Pérez-Bustamante|title=Sustainable Smart Cities: Creating Spaces for Technological, Social and Business Development|date=2016|publisher=Springer|isbn=9783319408958|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AtQ0DQAAQBAJ&q=smart+cities+and+sustainability|language=en|access-date=4 October 2020|archive-date=30 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030003828/https://books.google.com/books?id=AtQ0DQAAQBAJ&q=smart+cities+and+sustainability|url-status=live}}</ref> Smart city technology allows city officials to interact directly with both community and city infrastructure and to monitor what is happening in the city and how the city is evolving. ICT is used to enhance quality, performance and interactivity of urban services, to [[cost reduction|reduce costs]] and [[resource consumption]] and to increase contact between citizens and government.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www1.nyc.gov/site/forward/innovations/smartnyc.page|title=Building a Smart City, Equitable City – NYC Forward|access-date=4 December 2015|archive-date=4 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171204115315/http://www1.nyc.gov/site/forward/innovations/smartnyc.page|url-status=live}}</ref>
-Smart city applications are developed to manage urban flows and allow for real-time responses.<ref name="Komninos_ch">{{cite book |last1=Komninos |first1=Nicos |title=Smart Cities: Governing, Modelling and Analysing the Transition |chapter=What makes cities intelligent? |editor-last=Deakin | editor-first=Mark |publisher=Taylor and Francis |date=22 August 2013 |page=77 |isbn=978-1135124144 }}</ref> A smart city may therefore be more prepared to respond to challenges than one with a simple "transactional" relationship with its citizens.<ref>{{harvp|Dept Business|2013|p=7}} "As consumers of private goods and services we have been empowered by the Web and, as citizens, we expect the same quality from our public services. In turn, public authorities are seeking to reduce costs and raise performance by adopting similar approaches in the delivery of public services. However, the concept of a Smart City goes way beyond the transactional relationships between citizen and service provider. It is essentially enabling and encouraging the citizen to become a more active and participative member of the community"</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Chan|first1=Karin|title=What Is A 'Smart City'?|url=https://www.expatriatelifestyle.com/life-and-style/What-Is-A-Smart-City|access-date=23 January 2018|publisher=Expatriate Lifestyle|date=3 April 2017|archive-date=24 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180124135638/https://www.expatriatelifestyle.com/life-and-style/What-Is-A-Smart-City|url-status=live}}</ref> Yet, the term itself remains unclear to its specifics and therefore, open to many interpretations.<ref>{{Cite book|chapter-url=http://sciforum.net/conference/wsf-4/paper/2454|title=MDPI Sciforum – The platform for open scholarly exchange|pages=f004|website=sciforum.net|access-date=16 March 2016|doi=10.3390/wsf-4-f004|chapter=Smart Cities: Contradicting Definitions and Unclear Measures|year=2014|last1=Hunt|first1=Dexter|last2=Rogers|first2=Christopher|last3=Cavada|first3=Marianna|archive-date=22 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322155826/http://sciforum.net/conference/wsf-4/paper/2454|url-status=live|doi-access=free}}</ref>
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==Terminology==
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3 => '{{Government by algorithm}}',
4 => '[[File:Clean mobility instead of dirty traffic.jpg|thumb|Possible scenario of smart and [[sustainable mobility]]]]',
5 => 'A '''smart city''' is a technologically modern [[urban area]] that uses different types of electronic methods, voice activation methods and sensors to [[data collection|collect specific data]]. Information gained from that [[data]] are used to manage assets, resources and services efficiently; in return, that data is used to improve the operations across the city. This includes data collected from citizens, devices, buildings and assets that is then processed and analyzed to monitor and manage traffic and transportation systems, [[Power station|power plants]], utilities, water supply networks, [[waste management|waste]], [[Criminal investigation|crime detection]],<ref>[https://interestingengineering.com/connected-vehicles-in-smart-cities-the-future-of-transportation Connected Vehicles in Smart Cities: The Future of Transportation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413220942/https://interestingengineering.com/connected-vehicles-in-smart-cities-the-future-of-transportation |date=13 April 2020 }} Published by interestingengineering.com on 16 November 2018, retrieved on 4 April 2019</ref> [[information system]]s, schools, libraries, hospitals, and other community services.<ref>{{cite book|last1=McLaren|first1=Duncan|last2=Agyeman|first2=Julian|title=Sharing Cities: A Case for Truly Smart and Sustainable Cities|date=2015|publisher=MIT Press|isbn=9780262029728|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KhvLCgAAQBAJ&q=smart+cities+and+sustainability|language=en}}</ref><ref name="academia.edu">{{cite journal|url=https://www.academia.edu/21181336|title=Smart City Roadmap|author=Sam Musa}}</ref>',
6 => '',
7 => 'The smart city concept integrates [[information and communication technology]] (ICT), and various physical devices connected to the IoT ([[Internet of things]]) network to optimize the efficiency of city operations and services and connect to citizens.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fastcompany.com/3047795/the-3-generations-of-smart-cities|title=The 3 Generations of Smart Cities|date=10 August 2015|access-date=17 October 2017|archive-date=9 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171009000012/https://www.fastcompany.com/3047795/the-3-generations-of-smart-cities|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Peris-Ortiz|first1=Marta|last2=Bennett|first2=Dag R.|last3=Yábar|first3=Diana Pérez-Bustamante|title=Sustainable Smart Cities: Creating Spaces for Technological, Social and Business Development|date=2016|publisher=Springer|isbn=9783319408958|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AtQ0DQAAQBAJ&q=smart+cities+and+sustainability|language=en|access-date=4 October 2020|archive-date=30 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030003828/https://books.google.com/books?id=AtQ0DQAAQBAJ&q=smart+cities+and+sustainability|url-status=live}}</ref> Smart city technology allows city officials to interact directly with both community and city infrastructure and to monitor what is happening in the city and how the city is evolving. ICT is used to enhance quality, performance and interactivity of urban services, to [[cost reduction|reduce costs]] and [[resource consumption]] and to increase contact between citizens and government.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www1.nyc.gov/site/forward/innovations/smartnyc.page|title=Building a Smart City, Equitable City – NYC Forward|access-date=4 December 2015|archive-date=4 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171204115315/http://www1.nyc.gov/site/forward/innovations/smartnyc.page|url-status=live}}</ref>',
8 => 'Smart city applications are developed to manage urban flows and allow for real-time responses.<ref name="Komninos_ch">{{cite book |last1=Komninos |first1=Nicos |title=Smart Cities: Governing, Modelling and Analysing the Transition |chapter=What makes cities intelligent? |editor-last=Deakin | editor-first=Mark |publisher=Taylor and Francis |date=22 August 2013 |page=77 |isbn=978-1135124144 }}</ref> A smart city may therefore be more prepared to respond to challenges than one with a simple "transactional" relationship with its citizens.<ref>{{harvp|Dept Business|2013|p=7}} "As consumers of private goods and services we have been empowered by the Web and, as citizens, we expect the same quality from our public services. In turn, public authorities are seeking to reduce costs and raise performance by adopting similar approaches in the delivery of public services. However, the concept of a Smart City goes way beyond the transactional relationships between citizen and service provider. It is essentially enabling and encouraging the citizen to become a more active and participative member of the community"</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Chan|first1=Karin|title=What Is A 'Smart City'?|url=https://www.expatriatelifestyle.com/life-and-style/What-Is-A-Smart-City|access-date=23 January 2018|publisher=Expatriate Lifestyle|date=3 April 2017|archive-date=24 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180124135638/https://www.expatriatelifestyle.com/life-and-style/What-Is-A-Smart-City|url-status=live}}</ref> Yet, the term itself remains unclear to its specifics and therefore, open to many interpretations.<ref>{{Cite book|chapter-url=http://sciforum.net/conference/wsf-4/paper/2454|title=MDPI Sciforum – The platform for open scholarly exchange|pages=f004|website=sciforum.net|access-date=16 March 2016|doi=10.3390/wsf-4-f004|chapter=Smart Cities: Contradicting Definitions and Unclear Measures|year=2014|last1=Hunt|first1=Dexter|last2=Rogers|first2=Christopher|last3=Cavada|first3=Marianna|archive-date=22 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322155826/http://sciforum.net/conference/wsf-4/paper/2454|url-status=live|doi-access=free}}</ref>'
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396 => 'https://www.city-journal.org/html/curse-creative-class-12491.html',
397 => 'https://www.csis.org/analysis/watching-huaweis-safe-cities',
398 => 'https://www.dataforcities.org/global-cities-registry',
399 => 'https://www.driversofchange.com/projects/shaping-a-smart-shanghai/',
400 => 'https://www.expatriatelifestyle.com/life-and-style/What-Is-A-Smart-City',
401 => 'https://www.fastcompany.com/3047795/the-3-generations-of-smart-cities',
402 => 'https://www.forbes.com/sites/rebeccafannin/2019/08/23/baidu-alibaba-tencent-clash-to-lead-chinas-tech-future-while-a-new-b-arises/',
403 => 'https://www.forbes.com/sites/sarwantsingh/2014/06/19/smart-cities-a-1-5-trillion-market-opportunity/',
404 => 'https://www.forbes.com/sites/tomvanderark/2018/06/26/how-cities-are-getting-smart-using-artificial-intelligence/#7e6178503803',
405 => 'https://www.futurelearn.com/courses/smart-cities',
406 => 'https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/future-of-cities',
407 => 'https://www.gov.uk/government/news/manchester-wins-10m-prize-to-become-world-leader-in-smart-city-technology',
408 => 'https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/246019/bis-13-1209-smart-cities-background-paper-digital.pdf',
409 => 'https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/337549/14-820-what-are-future-cities.pdf',
410 => 'https://www.hks.harvard.edu/sites/default/files/centers/rappaport/files/brief_divergence.pdf',
411 => 'https://www.huffpost.com/entry/creativity-in-the-smart-c_b_7648342',
412 => 'https://www.imna.ir//news/390448/%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A8%D9%87-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86-%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1-%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84-%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%AF',
413 => 'https://www.imna.ir//news/487629/%D8%A8%D8%B2%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86-%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%98%D9%87-IT-%D9%88-%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1-%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87-%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%87-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA',
414 => 'https://www.imna.ir//news/492489/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%85-%D9%85%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA-%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%87-%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C-%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B9-%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C-%D8%B4%D8%AF',
415 => 'https://www.information-age.com/smartphones-not-flying-cars-will-define-smart-cities-future-123462622/',
416 => 'https://www.intelligentcommunity.org/index.php?submenu=Awards&src=gendocs&ref=ICF_Awards&category=Events&link=ICF_Awards',
417 => 'https://www.link.nyc/',
418 => 'https://www.marketingdive.com/news/campaign-trail-why-uber-built-a-virtual-city-to-promote-a-product-that-doe/557301/',
419 => 'https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/capital-projects-and-infrastructure/our-insights/smart-cities-digital-solutions-for-a-more-livable-future',
420 => 'https://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/mckinsey/industries/capital%20projects%20and%20infrastructure/our%20insights/smart%20cities%20digital%20solutions%20for%20a%20more%20livable%20future/mgi-smart-cities-full-report.ashx',
421 => 'https://www.mos.ru/en/news/item/57389073/',
422 => 'https://www.publicpower.org/system/files/documents/APPA-Smart-City-Roadmap-FINAL.pdf',
423 => 'https://www.researchgate.net/publication/220876581_From_Smart_Homes_to_Smart_Cities_Opportunities_and_Challenges_from_an_Industrial_Perspective',
424 => 'https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320148770_Urban_Distribution_CCTV_for_Smart_City_Using_Decision_Tree_Methods',
425 => 'https://www.researchgate.net/publication/261873805',
426 => 'https://www.researchgate.net/publication/314246043',
427 => 'https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301408856',
428 => 'https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310791133',
429 => 'https://www.researchgate.net/publication/340344518',
430 => 'https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333456538',
431 => 'https://www.runwithcode.com/what-is-smart-city/',
432 => 'https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877042816303688',
433 => 'https://www.se.com/in/en/work/solutions/for-business/smart-cities/',
434 => 'https://www.smartcitiesworld.net/news/news/smart-cities-are-about-people-2932',
435 => 'https://www.smartcity.press/how-smart-homes-can-connect-smart-cities/',
436 => 'https://www.sscldl.com/',
437 => 'https://www.sscldl.com/digital-library-implementation-at-shivamogga/',
438 => 'https://www.technologyreview.com/s/612712/smart-cities-coule-be-lousy-if-you-have-a-disability/',
439 => 'https://www.thalesgroup.com/en/markets/digital-identity-and-security/iot/inspired/smart-cities',
440 => 'https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2015/07/when-you-give-a-tree-an-email-address/398210/',
441 => 'https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/oct/25/we-cant-allow-the-tech-giants-to-rule-smart-cities',
442 => 'https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/dec/04/smart-city-rio-songdo-masdar',
443 => 'https://www.tristar.gdynia.pl/',
444 => 'https://www.ucalgary.ca/ejournal/archive/v10-11/v10-11n1Moser-browse.html',
445 => 'https://www.vttresearch.com/en/news-and-ideas/yes-positive-energy-districts-how-make-it-happen',
446 => 'https://www.windsorpubliclibrary.com/?page_id=65204',
447 => 'https://www.zurich.ibm.com/pdf/isl/infoportal/IBV_SC3_report_GBE03348USEN.pdf'
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</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Terminology"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Terminology</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Characteristics"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Characteristics</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Frameworks"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Frameworks</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Technology_framework"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Technology framework</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Human_framework"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Human framework</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Institutional_framework"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Institutional framework</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Energy_framework"><span class="tocnumber">3.4</span> <span class="toctext">Energy framework</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Data_Management_framework"><span class="tocnumber">3.5</span> <span class="toctext">Data Management framework</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Roadmap"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Roadmap</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Policies"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Policies</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Technologies"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Technologies</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Cost-benefit_analysis_of_smart_city_technologies"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Cost-benefit analysis of smart city technologies</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Commercialisation"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Commercialisation</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Adoption"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Adoption</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Amsterdam"><span class="tocnumber">8.1</span> <span class="toctext">Amsterdam</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Barcelona"><span class="tocnumber">8.2</span> <span class="toctext">Barcelona</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Columbus,_Ohio"><span class="tocnumber">8.3</span> <span class="toctext">Columbus, Ohio</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Copenhagen"><span class="tocnumber">8.4</span> <span class="toctext">Copenhagen</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Dubai"><span class="tocnumber">8.5</span> <span class="toctext">Dubai</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Dublin"><span class="tocnumber">8.6</span> <span class="toctext">Dublin</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Gdynia"><span class="tocnumber">8.7</span> <span class="toctext">Gdynia</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Isfahan"><span class="tocnumber">8.8</span> <span class="toctext">Isfahan</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Kyiv"><span class="tocnumber">8.9</span> <span class="toctext">Kyiv</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#London"><span class="tocnumber">8.10</span> <span class="toctext">London</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#Madrid"><span class="tocnumber">8.11</span> <span class="toctext">Madrid</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#Malta"><span class="tocnumber">8.12</span> <span class="toctext">Malta</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="#Manchester"><span class="tocnumber">8.13</span> <span class="toctext">Manchester</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="#Milan"><span class="tocnumber">8.14</span> <span class="toctext">Milan</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="#Milton_Keynes"><span class="tocnumber">8.15</span> <span class="toctext">Milton Keynes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="#Moscow"><span class="tocnumber">8.16</span> <span class="toctext">Moscow</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-31"><a href="#New_Songdo_City"><span class="tocnumber">8.17</span> <span class="toctext">New Songdo City</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-32"><a href="#New_York"><span class="tocnumber">8.18</span> <span class="toctext">New York</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-33"><a href="#San_Leandro"><span class="tocnumber">8.19</span> <span class="toctext">San Leandro</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-34"><a href="#Santa_Cruz"><span class="tocnumber">8.20</span> <span class="toctext">Santa Cruz</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-35"><a href="#Santander"><span class="tocnumber">8.21</span> <span class="toctext">Santander</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-36"><a href="#Shanghai"><span class="tocnumber">8.22</span> <span class="toctext">Shanghai</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-37"><a href="#Singapore"><span class="tocnumber">8.23</span> <span class="toctext">Singapore</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-38"><a href="#Stockholm"><span class="tocnumber">8.24</span> <span class="toctext">Stockholm</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-39"><a href="#Taipei"><span class="tocnumber">8.25</span> <span class="toctext">Taipei</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-40"><a href="#Research"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Research</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-41"><a href="#Criticism"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Criticism</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-42"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-43"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-44"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">13</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-45"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">14</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Terminology">Terminology</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smart_city&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>Due to the breadth of technologies that have been implemented under the smart city label, it is difficult to distill a precise definition of a smart city. Deakin and Al Waer<sup id="cite_ref-DeakinAl_jrnl_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeakinAl_jrnl-1">[1]</a></sup> list four factors that contribute to the definition of a smart city:
</p>
<ol><li>The application of a wide range of electronic and digital technologies to communities and cities.</li>
<li>The use of ICT to transform life and working environments within the region.</li>
<li>The embedding of such Information and Communications Technologies (ICTs) in government systems.</li>
<li>The territorialisation of practices that brings ICTs and people together to enhance the innovation and knowledge that they offer.</li></ol>
<p>Deakin defines the smart city as one that utilises ICT to meet the demands of the market (the citizens of the city), and that community involvement in the process is necessary for a smart city.<sup id="cite_ref-DeakinIntro_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeakinIntro-2">[2]</a></sup> A smart city would thus be a city that not only possesses ICT technology in particular areas, but has also implemented this technology in a manner that positively impacts the local community.
</p><p>Alternative definitions include:
</p>
<ul><li>Giffinger et al. 2007: "Regional competitiveness, transport and <a href="/wiki/Information_and_Communication_Technologies" class="mw-redirect" title="Information and Communication Technologies">Information and Communication Technologies</a> economics, natural resources, human and social capital, quality of life, and participation of citizens in the governance of cities."<sup id="cite_ref-Giffinger_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Giffinger-3">[3]</a></sup></li>
<li>Smart Cities Council<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (February 2015)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup>: "A smart city is one that has digital technology embedded across all city functions."<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (February 2015)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li>
<li>Caragliu and Nijkamp 2009: "A city can be defined as 'smart' when investments in human and social capital and traditional (transport) and modern (ICT) communication infrastructure fuel <a href="/wiki/Smart_growth" title="Smart growth">sustainable economic development</a> and a high quality of life, with a wise management of natural resources, through participatory action and engagement."<sup id="cite_ref-CaragliuEtAl_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CaragliuEtAl-5">[5]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Frost_%26_Sullivan" title="Frost & Sullivan">Frost & Sullivan</a> 2014: "We identified eight key aspects that define a smart city: smart governance, smart energy, smart building, smart mobility, smart infrastructure, smart technology, smart healthcare and smart citizen."<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Electrical_and_Electronics_Engineers" title="Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers">Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers</a> smart Cities: "A smart city brings together technology, government and society to enable the following characteristics: smart cities, a smart economy, smart mobility, a smart environment, smart people, smart living, smart governance."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (February 2015)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup></li>
<li>Business Dictionary: "A developed urban area that creates sustainable economic development and high quality of life by excelling in multiple key areas; economy, mobility, environment, people, living, and government. Excelling in these key areas can be done so through strong human capital, social capital, and/or ICT infrastructure."<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (February 2015)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Indian Government</a> 2014: "Smart city offers sustainability in terms of economic activities and employment opportunities to a wide section of its residents, regardless of their level of education, skills or income levels."<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Department_for_Business,_Innovation_and_Skills" title="Department for Business, Innovation and Skills">Department for Business, Innovation and Skills</a>, UK 2013: "The concept is not static, there is no absolute definition of a smart city, no end point, but rather a process, or series of steps, by which cities become more 'liveable' and resilient and, hence, able to respond more quickly to new challenges."<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Characteristics">Characteristics</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smart_city&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Characteristics">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>It has been suggested that a smart city (also community, <a href="/wiki/Business_cluster" title="Business cluster">business cluster</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urban_agglomeration" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban agglomeration">urban agglomeration</a> or region) uses <a href="/wiki/Information_and_communication_technologies" class="mw-redirect" title="Information and communication technologies">information technologies</a> to:
</p>
<ol><li>Make more efficient use of physical infrastructure (roads, <a href="/wiki/Built_environment" title="Built environment">built environment</a> and other physical assets) through <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Data_analytics" class="mw-redirect" title="Data analytics">data analytics</a> in order to support a strong and healthy economic, social, cultural development.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHollands2008303–320_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollands2008303–320-11">[11]</a></sup></li>
<li>Engage effectively with local governance officials by use of <a href="/wiki/Open_innovation" title="Open innovation">open innovation</a> processes and <a href="/wiki/E-participation" title="E-participation">e-participation</a>, improving the collective intelligence of the city's institutions through <a href="/wiki/E-governance" title="E-governance">e-governance</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Komninos_ch_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Komninos_ch-12">[12]</a></sup> with emphasis placed on citizen participation and <a href="/wiki/Co-design" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-design">co-design</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Deakin2007_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deakin2007-13">[13]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DeakinAllwinkle2007_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeakinAllwinkle2007-14">[14]</a></sup></li>
<li>Learn, adapt and innovate and thereby respond more effectively and promptly to changing circumstances by improving the intelligence of the city.<sup id="cite_ref-Komninos_ch_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Komninos_ch-12">[12]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup></li></ol>
<p>They evolve towards a strong integration of all dimensions of <a href="/wiki/Intelligence#Human_intelligence" title="Intelligence">human intelligence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Collective_intelligence" title="Collective intelligence">collective intelligence</a>, and also artificial intelligence within the <a href="/wiki/City" title="City">city</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKomninos2008112–113_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKomninos2008112–113-16">[16]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup> The intelligence of cities "resides in the increasingly effective combination of digital <a href="/wiki/Telecommunication_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunication network">telecommunication networks</a> (the nerves), ubiquitously <a href="/wiki/Embedded_intelligence" title="Embedded intelligence">embedded intelligence</a> (the brains), sensors and <a href="/wiki/Smart_label" title="Smart label">tags</a> (the sensory organs), and <a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">software</a> (the knowledge and cognitive competence)".<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup>
</p><p>These forms of intelligence in smart cities have been demonstrated in three ways:
</p>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Bletchley_Park_-_Draco2008.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Bletchley_Park_-_Draco2008.jpg/220px-Bletchley_Park_-_Draco2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Bletchley_Park_-_Draco2008.jpg/330px-Bletchley_Park_-_Draco2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Bletchley_Park_-_Draco2008.jpg/440px-Bletchley_Park_-_Draco2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Bletchley_Park_-_Draco2008.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Bletchley Park often considered to be the first smart community.</div></div></div>
<ol><li><b>Orchestration intelligence</b>:<sup id="cite_ref-Komninos_ch_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Komninos_ch-12">[12]</a></sup> Where cities establish institutions and community-based problem solving and collaborations, such as in <a href="/wiki/Bletchley_Park" title="Bletchley Park">Bletchley Park</a>, where the Nazi Enigma cypher was decoded by a team led by <a href="/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing">Alan Turing</a>. This has been referred to as the first example of a smart city or an intelligent community.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></sup></li>
<li><b>Empowerment intelligence</b>: Cities provide <a href="/wiki/Open_platform" title="Open platform">open platforms</a>, experimental facilities and smart city infrastructure in order to cluster innovation in certain districts. These are seen in the Kista Science City in Stockholm and the Cyberport Zone in Hong Kong. Similar facilities have also been established in Melbourne.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></sup><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:C1%26C2look.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/C1%26C2look.jpg/220px-C1%26C2look.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/C1%26C2look.jpg/330px-C1%26C2look.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/C1%26C2look.jpg/440px-C1%26C2look.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2962" data-file-height="2044" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:C1%26C2look.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Hong Kong Cyberport 1 and Cyberport 2 Buildings</div></div></div> A hub has been created in Kyiv, which develops public projects.</li>
<li><b>Instrumentation intelligence</b>: Where city infrastructure is made smart through <a href="/wiki/Real-time_data" title="Real-time data">real-time data</a> collection, with analysis and <a href="/wiki/Predictive_modelling" title="Predictive modelling">predictive modelling</a> across city districts. There is much controversy surrounding this, particularly with regards to <a href="/wiki/Surveillance_issues_in_smart_cities" title="Surveillance issues in smart cities">surveillance issues in smart cities</a>. Examples of Instrumentation intelligence have been implemented in Amsterdam.<sup id="cite_ref-Amsterdam_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amsterdam-21">[21]</a></sup> This is implemented through:<sup id="cite_ref-Komninos_ch_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Komninos_ch-12">[12]</a></sup>
<ol><li>A common <a href="/wiki/Internet_protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet protocol">IP</a> infrastructure that is open to researchers to develop applications.</li>
<li>Wireless meters and devices transmit information at the point in time.</li>
<li>A number of homes being provided with <a href="/wiki/Smart_energy_meter" class="mw-redirect" title="Smart energy meter">smart energy meters</a> to become aware of energy consumption and reduce energy usage.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power" title="Solar power">Solar power</a> <a href="/wiki/Garbage_compactor" class="mw-redirect" title="Garbage compactor">garbage compactors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charging_station" title="Charging station">car recharging stations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Energy_saving_lamp" title="Energy saving lamp">energy saving lamps</a>.</li></ol></li></ol>
<p>Some major fields of intelligent city activation are:
</p>
<table class="wikitable">
<tbody><tr>
<th>Innovation economy
</th>
<th>Urban infrastructure
</th>
<th>Governance
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td>Innovation in industries, clusters, districts of a city
</td>
<td>Transport
</td>
<td>Administration services to the citizen
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Knowledge workforce: Education and employment
</td>
<td>Energy / Utilities
</td>
<td>Participatory and <a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">direct democracy</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Creation of knowledge-intensive companies
</td>
<td>Protection of the environment / Safety
</td>
<td>Services to the citizen: Quality of life
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<p>According to David K. Owens, the former executive vice president of the <a href="/wiki/Edison_Electric_Institute" title="Edison Electric Institute">Edison Electric Institute</a>, two key elements that a smart city must have are an integrated communications platform and a "dynamic resilient grid." Both are large investments.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Frameworks">Frameworks</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smart_city&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Frameworks">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>The creation, integration, and adoption of smart city capabilities require a unique set of frameworks to realize the focus areas of opportunity and innovation central to smart city projects. The frameworks can be divided into 5 main dimensions which include numerous related categories of smart city development:<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Technology_framework">Technology framework</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smart_city&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Technology framework">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>A smart city relies heavily on the deployment of technology. Different combinations of technological infrastructure interact to form the array of smart city technologies with varying levels of interaction between human and technological systems.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></sup>
</p>
<ul><li><b>Digital</b>: A service oriented infrastructure is required to connect individuals and devices in a smart city. These include innovation services and communication infrastructure. Yovanof, G. S. & Hazapis, G. N. define a digital city as "a connected community that combines broadband communications infrastructure; a flexible, service-oriented computing infrastructure based on open industry standards; and, innovative services to meet the needs of governments and their employees, citizens and businesses."<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></sup></li>
<li><b>Intelligent:</b> Cognitive technologies, such as <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Machine_learning" title="Machine learning">machine learning</a>, can be trained on the data generated by connected city devices to identify patterns. The efficacy and impact of particular policy decisions can be quantified by cognitive systems studying the continuous interactions of humans with their urban surroundings.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/tomvanderark/2018/06/26/how-cities-are-getting-smart-using-artificial-intelligence/#7e6178503803">[4]</a></li>
<li><b>Ubiquitous:</b> A ubiquitous city provides access to public services through any connected device. U-city is an extension of the digital city concept because of the facility in terms of accessibility to every infrastructure.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></sup></li>
<li><b>Wired</b>: The physical components of IT systems are crucial to early-stage smart city development. Wired infrastructure is required to support the IoT and wireless technologies central to more interconnected living.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a></sup> A wired city environment provides general access to continually updated digital and physical infrastructure. The latest in telecommunications, <a href="/wiki/Robotics" title="Robotics">robotics</a>, IoT, and various connected technologies can then be deployed to support human capital and productivity.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:12_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-29">[29]</a></sup></li>
<li><b>Hybrid</b>: A hybrid city is the combination of a physical conurbation and a <a href="/wiki/Virtual_city" class="mw-redirect" title="Virtual city">virtual city</a> related to the physical space. This relationship can be one of virtual design or the presence of a critical mass of virtual community participants in a physical urban space. Hybrid spaces can serve to actualize future-state projects for smart city services and integration.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a></sup></li>
<li><b>Information city:</b> The multiplicity of interactive devices in a smart city generates a large quantity of data. How that information is interpreted and stored is critical to Smart city growth and security.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a></sup></li></ul>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Human_framework">Human framework</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smart_city&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Human framework">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Smart city initiatives have measurable positive impacts on the quality of life of its citizens and visitors.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a></sup> The human framework of a smart city – its economy, knowledge networks, and human support systems – is an important indicator of its success.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-33">[33]</a></sup>
</p>
<ul><li><b>Creativity</b>: Arts and culture initiatives are common focus areas in smart city planning.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a></sup> Innovation is associated with intellectual curiosity and creativeness, and various projects have demonstrated that knowledge workers participate in a diverse mix of cultural and artistic activities.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a></sup></li>
<li><b>Learning</b>: Since mobility is a key area of Smart city development, building a capable workforce through education initiatives is necessary.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-33">[33]</a></sup> A city's learning capacity includes its education system, including available workforce training and support, and its cultural development and exchange.<sup id="cite_ref-Brent_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brent-38">[38]</a></sup></li>
<li><b>Humanity:</b> Numerous Smart city programs focus on soft infrastructure development, like increasing access to voluntary organizations and designated safe zones.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a></sup> This focus on social and relational capital means diversity, inclusion, and ubiquitous access to public services is worked in to city planning.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-29">[29]</a></sup></li>
<li><b>Knowledge:</b> The development of a <a href="/wiki/Knowledge_economy" title="Knowledge economy">knowledge economy</a> is central to Smart city projects.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a></sup> Smart cities seeking to be hubs of economic activity in emerging tech and service sectors stress the value of innovation in city development.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-29">[29]</a></sup></li></ul>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Institutional_framework">Institutional framework</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smart_city&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Institutional framework">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>According to Moser, M. A.,<sup id="cite_ref-Brent_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brent-38">[38]</a></sup> since the 1990s, the smart communities movement took shape as a strategy to broaden the base of users involved in IT. Members of these Communities are people that share their interest and work in a partnership with government and other institutional organizations to push the use of IT to improve the quality of daily life as a consequence of different worsening in daily actions. Eger, J. M.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a></sup> said that a smart community makes a conscious and agreed-upon decision to deploy technology as a catalyst to solving its social and business needs. It is very important to understand that this use of IT and the consequent improvement could be more demanding without the institutional help; indeed institutional involvement is essential to the success of smart community initiatives. Again Moser, M. A.<sup id="cite_ref-Brent_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brent-38">[38]</a></sup> explained that "building and planning a smart community seeks for smart growth"; smart growth is essential for the partnership between citizen and institutional organizations to react to worsening trends in daily issues like traffic congestion, <a href="/wiki/School_overcrowding" class="mw-redirect" title="School overcrowding">school overcrowding</a> and air pollution. However, it is important to note that technological propagation is not an end in itself, but only a means to reinventing cities for a new economy and society. To sum up, it is possible to assert that any smart city initiatives necessitate the government's support for their success.
</p><p>The importance of these three different dimensions is that only a link among them can make possible the development of a real smart city concept. According to the definition of smart city given by Caragliu, A., Del Bo, C., & Nijkamp, P.,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a></sup> a city is smart when investments in human/social capital and IT infrastructure fuel <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_growth" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable growth">sustainable growth</a> and enhance quality of life, through participatory governance.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Energy_framework">Energy framework</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smart_city&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Energy framework">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Smart cities use data and technology to create efficiencies, improve sustainability, create economic development, and enhance quality of life factors for people living and working in the city. It also means that the city has a smarter energy infrastructure. More formally, a smart city is: "… An urban area that has securely integrated technology across the information … and Internet of Things (IoT) sectors to better manage a city’s assets."<sup id="cite_ref-:5_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-43">[43]</a></sup> Employment of smart technologies enables the more efficient application of integrated energy technologies in the city allowing the development of more self-sustaining areas or even <a href="/wiki/Positive_Energy_District" title="Positive Energy District">Positive Energy Districts</a> that produce more energy than consume.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a></sup>
</p><p>A smart city is powered by "smart connections" for various items such as street lighting, <a href="/wiki/Building_automation" title="Building automation">smart buildings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Distributed_generation" title="Distributed generation">distributed energy resources</a> (DER), <a href="/wiki/Data_analysis" title="Data analysis">data analytics</a>, and smart transportation. Amongst these things, energy is paramount; this is why utility companies play a key role in smart cities. Electric companies, working partnership with city officials, technology companies and a number of other institutions, are among the major players that helped accelerate the growth of America's smart cities.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Data_Management_framework">Data Management framework</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smart_city&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Data Management framework">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Smart cities employ a combination of data collection, processing, and disseminating technologies in conjunction with networking and computing technologies and data security and privacy measures encouraging the application of innovation to promote the overall quality of life for its citizens and covering dimensions that include: utilities, health, transportation, entertainment and government services.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Roadmap">Roadmap</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smart_city&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Roadmap">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>A smart city roadmap consists of four/three (the first is a preliminary check) major components:<sup id="cite_ref-academia.edu_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-academia.edu-47">[47]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a></sup>
</p>
<ol><li>Define exactly what is the community: maybe that definition can condition what you are doing in the subsequent steps; it relates to geography, links between cities and countryside and flows of people between them; maybe – even – that in some Countries the definition of City/community that is stated does not correspond effectively to what – in fact – happens in real life.</li>
<li>Study the Community: Before deciding to build a smart city, first we need to know why. This can be done by determining the benefits of such an initiative. Study the community to know the citizens, the business's needs – know the citizens and the community's unique attributes, such as the age of the citizens, their education, hobbies, and attractions of the city.</li>
<li>Develop a smart city Policy: Develop a <a href="/wiki/Policy" title="Policy">policy</a> to drive the initiatives, where roles, responsibilities, objective, and goals, can be defined. Create plans and strategies on how the goals will be achieved.</li>
<li>Engage The Citizens: This can be done by engaging the citizens through the use of <a href="/wiki/E-government" title="E-government">e-government</a> initiatives, <a href="/wiki/Open_data" title="Open data">open data</a>, sport events, etc.</li></ol><p>
In short, People, Processes, and Technology (PPT) are the three principles of the success of a smart city initiative. Cities must study their citizens and communities, know the processes, business drivers, create policies, and objectives to meet the citizens' needs. Then, technology can be implemented to meet the citizens' need, in order to improve the quality of life and create real economic opportunities. This requires a holistic customized approach that accounts for city cultures, long-term city planning, and local regulations.</p><blockquote><p>"Whether to improve security, resiliency, sustainability, traffic congestion, public safety, or city services, each community may have different reasons for wanting to be smart. But all smart communities share common attributes—and they all are powered by smart connections and by our industry's smarter energy infrastructure. A <a href="/wiki/Smart_grid" title="Smart grid">smart grid</a> is the foundational piece in building a smart community." – Pat Vincent-Collawn, chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Edison_Electric_Institute" title="Edison Electric Institute">Edison Electric Institute</a> and president and CEO of <a href="/wiki/PNM_Resources" title="PNM Resources">PNM Resources</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a></sup></p></blockquote>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Policies">Policies</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smart_city&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Policies">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Smart_Cities_Network_(ASCN)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASEAN Smart Cities Network (ASCN)">ASEAN Smart Cities Network (ASCN)</a> is a collaborative platform which aims to synergise Smart city development efforts across <a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">ASEAN</a> by facilitating cooperation on smart city development, catalysing bankable projects with the private sector, and securing funding and support from ASEAN's external partners. <a href="/wiki/Sister_city" title="Sister city">City diplomacy</a> in the context of a smart city is highly stimulated by <a href="/wiki/Knowledge" title="Knowledge">knowledge</a>, creativity, and innovations<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a></sup>
</p><p>The European Union (EU) has devoted constant efforts to devising a strategy for achieving 'smart' <a href="/wiki/Urban_growth" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban growth">urban growth</a> for its <a href="/wiki/Metropole" title="Metropole">metropolitan</a> city-regions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKomninos2009337–355_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKomninos2009337–355-51">[51]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Paskaleva2009_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paskaleva2009-52">[52]</a></sup> The EU has developed a range of programmes under "<a href="/wiki/Europe_2020#Flagship_initiatives" title="Europe 2020">Europe's Digital Agenda</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a></sup> In 2010, it highlighted its focus on strengthening innovation and investment in ICT services for the purpose of improving public services and quality of life.<sup id="cite_ref-Paskaleva2009_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paskaleva2009-52">[52]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Arup_Group_Limited" class="mw-redirect" title="Arup Group Limited">Arup</a> estimates that the <a href="/wiki/Global_market" class="mw-redirect" title="Global market">global market</a> for smart urban services will be $400 billion per annum by 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a></sup>
</p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Smart_Cities_Mission" title="Smart Cities Mission">Smart Cities Mission</a> is a retrofitting and urban renewal program being spearheaded by the Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India. The Government of India has the ambitious vision of developing 100 cities by modernizing existing mid-sized cities.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Technologies">Technologies</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smart_city&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Technologies">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p><a href="/wiki/Smart_grid" title="Smart grid">Smart grids</a> are an important technology in smart cities. The improved flexibility of the smart grid permits greater penetration of highly variable renewable energy sources such as solar power and wind power.
</p><p>Mobile devices (such as <a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphones</a>, tablets, ...) are another key technology allowing citizens to connect to the smart city services.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a></sup>
</p><p>Smart cities also rely on <a href="/wiki/Smart_home" class="mw-redirect" title="Smart home">smart homes</a> and specifically, the <a href="/wiki/Smart_home_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Smart home technology">technology used in them</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/wiki/Bicycle-sharing_system" title="Bicycle-sharing system">Bicycle-sharing systems</a> are an important element in smart cities.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/wiki/Smart_mobility" title="Smart mobility">Smart mobility</a> is also important to smart cities.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_transportation_system" title="Intelligent transportation system">Intelligent transportation systems</a> and <a href="/wiki/Closed-circuit_television" title="Closed-circuit television">CCTV</a><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a></sup> systems are also being developed.
</p><p>Some smart cities also have digital libraries.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a></sup>
</p><p>Online collaborative sensor data management platforms are on-line database services that allow sensor owners to register and connect their devices to feed data into an on-line database for storage and allow developers to connect to the database and build their own applications based on that data.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a></sup>
</p><p>Additional supporting technology include <a href="/wiki/Telecommuting" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommuting">telecommuting</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Telehealth" title="Telehealth">telehealth</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Blockchain" title="Blockchain">blockchain</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Fintech" class="mw-redirect" title="Fintech">fintech</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Online_banking" title="Online banking">online banking</a> technology,<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a></sup> ...
</p><p>Electronic cards (known as <a href="/wiki/Smart_card" title="Smart card">smart cards</a>) are another common component in smart city contexts. These cards possess a unique encrypted identifier that allows the owner to log into a range of government provided services (or <a href="/wiki/E-service" class="mw-redirect" title="E-service">e-services</a>) without setting up multiple accounts. The single identifier allows governments to aggregate <a href="/wiki/Big_data" title="Big data">data</a> <a href="/wiki/Mass_surveillance" title="Mass surveillance">about citizens</a> and their preferences to improve the provision of services and to determine common interests of groups. This technology has been implemented in Southampton.<sup id="cite_ref-DeakinAl_jrnl_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeakinAl_jrnl-1">[1]</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/wiki/Bollard#Removable_bollards" title="Bollard">Retractable bollards</a> allow to restrict access inside city centers (i.e. to delivery trucks resupplying outlet stores, ...). Opening and closing of such barriers is traditionally done manually, through an electronic pass<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a></sup> but can even be done by means of <a href="/wiki/Automatic_number-plate_recognition" title="Automatic number-plate recognition">ANPR</a> camera's connected to the bollard system.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Cost-benefit_analysis_of_smart_city_technologies">Cost-benefit analysis of smart city technologies</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smart_city&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Cost-benefit analysis of smart city technologies">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p><a href="/wiki/Cost-benefit_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Cost-benefit analysis">Cost-benefit analysis</a> has been done into smart cities and the individual technologies. These can help to assess whether it is economically and ecologically beneficial to implement some technologies at all, and also compare the cost-effectiveness of each technology among each other<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Commercialisation">Commercialisation</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smart_city&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Commercialisation">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>Large IT, telecommunication and energy management companies such as <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baidu" title="Baidu">Baidu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alibaba_Group" title="Alibaba Group">Alibaba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tencent" title="Tencent">Tencent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Huawei" title="Huawei">Huawei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cisco" class="mw-redirect" title="Cisco">Cisco</a>, <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Schneider_Electric" title="Schneider Electric">Schneider Electric</a> launched market initiatives for intelligent cities.
</p>
<ul><li>Baidu is working on <a href="/wiki/Apolong" title="Apolong">Apollo</a>, a self-driving technology<sup id="cite_ref-forbes.com_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-forbes.com-88">[88]</a></sup></li>
<li>Alibaba has created the <a href="/wiki/City_Brain" class="mw-redirect" title="City Brain">City Brain</a><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a></sup></li>
<li>Tencent is working on medical technology,<sup id="cite_ref-forbes.com_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-forbes.com-88">[88]</a></sup> such as WeChat Intelligent Healthcare, Tencent Doctorwork, and <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_in_healthcare" title="Artificial intelligence in healthcare">AI Medical Innovation System (AIMIS)</a><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a></sup></li>
<li>Huawei has its <a href="/w/index.php?title=Safe_City&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Safe City (page does not exist)">Safe City</a> Compact Solution which focuses on improving safety in cities<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a></sup></li>
<li>Google's subsidiary <a href="/wiki/Sidewalk_Labs" title="Sidewalk Labs">Sidewalk Labs</a> is focusing on smart cities</li>
<li>Microsoft has <a href="/w/index.php?title=Microsoft_CityNext&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Microsoft CityNext (page does not exist)">CityNext</a><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a></sup></li>
<li>Cisco, launched the global "Intelligent Urbanization" initiative<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a></sup> to help cities using the network as the fourth utility for integrated city management, better <a href="/wiki/Quality_of_life" title="Quality of life">quality of life</a> for citizens, and economic development.</li>
<li>IBM announced its <a href="/wiki/Smarter_Cities_Challenge" class="mw-redirect" title="Smarter Cities Challenge">Smarter Cities Challenge</a><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a></sup> to stimulate <a href="/wiki/Economic_growth" title="Economic growth">economic growth</a> and quality of life in cities and metropolitan areas with the activation of new approaches of thinking and acting in the <a href="/wiki/Urban_ecosystem" title="Urban ecosystem">urban ecosystem</a>.</li>
<li>Schneider Electric is working on <a href="/wiki/Schneider_Electric#EcoStruxure" title="Schneider Electric">EcoStruxure</a><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a></sup></li>
<li>Sensor developers and startup companies<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (June 2020)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> are also continually developing new smart city applications.</li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Adoption">Adoption</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smart_city&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Adoption">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>Examples of smart city technologies and programs have been implemented in <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a></sup> USA, Dubai,<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a></sup> <a href="#Milton_Keynes">Milton Keynes</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-102">[102]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Southampton" title="Southampton">Southampton</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Southampton_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Southampton-103">[103]</a></sup> <a href="#Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Amsterdam_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amsterdam-21">[21]</a></sup> <a href="#Barcelona">Barcelona</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Barcelona_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barcelona-104">[104]</a></sup> <a href="#Madrid">Madrid</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Madrid_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Madrid-105">[105]</a></sup> <a href="#Stockholm">Stockholm</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Stockholm_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stockholm-106">[106]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a>, China,<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a></sup>
</p><p>Major strategies and achievements related to the spatial intelligence of cities are listed in the <a href="/wiki/Intelligent_Community_Forum" title="Intelligent Community Forum">Intelligent Community Forum</a> awards from 1999 to 2010, in the cities of <a href="/wiki/Songdo_International_Business_District" title="Songdo International Business District">Songdo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Suwon" title="Suwon">Suwon</a> (South Korea), <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a> (Sweden), <a href="/wiki/Gangnam_District" title="Gangnam District">Gangnam District</a> of Seoul (South Korea), <a href="/wiki/Waterloo,_Ontario" title="Waterloo, Ontario">Waterloo, Ontario</a> (Canada), <a href="/wiki/Taipei" title="Taipei">Taipei</a> (Taiwan), <a href="/wiki/Mitaka,_Tokyo" title="Mitaka, Tokyo">Mitaka</a> (Japan), <a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a> (Scotland, UK), <a href="/wiki/Calgary" title="Calgary">Calgary</a> (Alberta, Canada), <a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a> (South Korea), <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> (US), <a href="/wiki/LaGrange,_Georgia" title="LaGrange, Georgia">LaGrange, Georgia</a> (US), and <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>, which were recognized for their efforts in developing broadband networks and e-services sustaining innovation ecosystems, growth, and inclusion.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a></sup>
There are a number of cities actively pursuing a smart city strategy:
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smart_city&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Amsterdam">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:KeizersgrachtReguliersgrachtAmsterdam.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/KeizersgrachtReguliersgrachtAmsterdam.jpg/220px-KeizersgrachtReguliersgrachtAmsterdam.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/KeizersgrachtReguliersgrachtAmsterdam.jpg/330px-KeizersgrachtReguliersgrachtAmsterdam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/KeizersgrachtReguliersgrachtAmsterdam.jpg/440px-KeizersgrachtReguliersgrachtAmsterdam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:KeizersgrachtReguliersgrachtAmsterdam.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Street lamps in <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a> have been upgraded to allow municipal councils to dim the lights based on pedestrian usage.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a></sup></div></div></div><p>The <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a> smart city initiative<sup id="cite_ref-Amsterdam_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amsterdam-21">[21]</a></sup> which began in 2009 currently includes 170+ projects collaboratively developed by local residents, government and businesses.<sup id="cite_ref-DeakinIntro_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeakinIntro-2">[2]</a></sup> These projects run on an interconnected platform through <a href="/wiki/Wireless_device" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless device">wireless devices</a> to enhance the city's real-time decision making abilities. The City of Amsterdam (<b>City</b>) claims the purpose of the projects is to reduce traffic, <a href="/wiki/Energy_saving" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy saving">save energy</a> and improve <a href="/wiki/Public_safety" class="mw-redirect" title="Public safety">public safety</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a></sup> To promote efforts from local residents, the City runs the Amsterdam Smart City Challenge annually, accepting proposals for applications and developments that fit within the city's framework.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a></sup> An example of a resident developed app is Mobypark, which allows owners of parking spaces to rent them out to people for a fee.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a></sup> The data generated from this app can then be used by the city to determine <a href="/wiki/Parking" title="Parking">parking</a> demand and traffic flows in Amsterdam. A number of homes have also been provided with smart energy meters, with incentives provided to those that actively reduce energy consumption.<sup id="cite_ref-Komninos_ch_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Komninos_ch-12">[12]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a></sup> Other initiatives include flexible <a href="/wiki/Street_lighting" class="mw-redirect" title="Street lighting">street lighting</a> (<a href="/wiki/Smart_lighting" title="Smart lighting">smart lighting</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a></sup> which allows municipalities to control the brightness of street lights, and smart traffic management<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a></sup> where traffic is monitored in real time by the city and information about current travel time on certain roads is broadcast to allow motorists to determine the best routes to take.
</p><h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Barcelona">Barcelona</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smart_city&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Barcelona">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p><a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a> has established a number of projects that can be considered 'smart city' applications within its "CityOS" strategy.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a></sup> For example, sensor technology has been implemented in the irrigation system in Parc del Centre de Poblenou, where real time data is transmitted to gardening crews about the level of water required for the plants.<sup id="cite_ref-Barcelona_104-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barcelona-104">[104]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a></sup> Barcelona has also designed a new bus network based on data analysis of the most common traffic flows in Barcelona, utilising primarily vertical, horizontal and diagonal routes with a number of interchanges.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a></sup> Integration of multiple smart city technologies can be seen through the implementation of smart traffic lights<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a></sup> as buses run on routes designed to optimise the number of green lights. In addition, where an emergency is reported in Barcelona, the approximate route of the emergency vehicle is entered into the traffic light system, setting all the lights to green as the vehicle approaches through a mix of GPS and traffic management software, allowing emergency services to reach the incident without delay. Much of this data is managed by the <a href="/wiki/Sentilo_Platform" title="Sentilo Platform">Sentilo Platform</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a></sup>
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<h3><span id="Columbus.2C_Ohio"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Columbus,_Ohio">Columbus, Ohio</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smart_city&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Columbus, Ohio">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>In the summer of 2017, the <a href="/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio" title="Columbus, Ohio">City of Columbus</a>, Ohio began its pursuit of a smart city initiative. The city partnered with <a href="/wiki/American_Electric_Power" title="American Electric Power">American Electric Power Ohio</a> to create a group of new <a href="/wiki/Charging_station" title="Charging station">electric vehicle charging stations</a>. Many smart cities such as Columbus are using agreements such as this one to prepare for climate change, expand electric infrastructure, convert existing public vehicle fleets to electric cars, and create incentives for people to <a href="/wiki/Carpool" title="Carpool">share rides when commuting</a>. For doing this, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Transportation" title="United States Department of Transportation">U.S. Department of Transportation</a> gave the City of Columbus a $40 million grant. The city also received $10 million from <a href="/wiki/Vulcan_Inc." title="Vulcan Inc.">Vulcan Inc.</a><sup id="cite_ref-:4_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-123">[123]</a></sup>
</p><p>One key reason why the utility was involved in the picking of locations for new electric vehicle charging stations was to gather data. According to <i>Daily Energy Insider</i>, the group Infrastructure and Business Continuity for AEP said, "You don't want to put infrastructure where it won't be used or maintained. The data we collect will help us build a much bigger market in the future."<sup id="cite_ref-:4_123-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-123">[123]</a></sup>
</p><p>Because autonomous vehicles are currently seeing "an increased industrial research and legislative push globally", building routes and connections for them is another important part of the Columbus smart city initiative.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_123-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-123">[123]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smart_city&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Copenhagen">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>In 2014, <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a> claimed the prestigious World Smart Cities Award for its “Connecting Copenhagen” smart city development strategy.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a></sup> Positioned in the Technical and Environmental Administration of Copenhagen, the smart city initiatives are coordinated by Copenhagen Solutions Lab, the city's administrative unit for smart city development. There are other notable actors in Greater Copenhagen that coordinate and initiate smart city initiatives including State of Green and Gate21, the latter of which has initiated the innovation hub smart city Cluster Denmark.
</p><p>In an article with The Economist,<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a></sup> a current major smart city project is explained: “In Copenhagen, as in many cities around the world, <a href="/wiki/Air_quality" class="mw-redirect" title="Air quality">air quality</a> is high on the agenda when it comes to <a href="/wiki/Liveability" class="mw-redirect" title="Liveability">liveability</a>, with 68 percent of citizens citing it as of high importance when it comes to what makes their city attractive. To monitor pollution levels, Copenhagen Solutions Lab is currently working with <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a> and has installed monitoring equipment in their streetview car in order to produce a heatmap of air quality around the city. The information will help cyclists and joggers plan routes with the best air quality. The project also gives a glimpse of the future, when this kind of information could be collected in real time by sensors all over the city and collated with traffic flow data.”
</p><p>In another article with The World Economic Forum, Marius Sylvestersen, Program Director at Copenhagen Solutions Lab, explains that public-private collaborations must be built on transparency, the willingness to share data and must be driven by the same set of values. This requires a particularly open mindset from the organisations that wish to get involved. To facilitate open collaboration and knowledge-sharing, Copenhagen Solutions Lab launched the Copenhagen Street Lab in 2016. Here, organisations such as <a href="/wiki/TDC_A/S" title="TDC A/S">TDC</a>, Citelum and <a href="/wiki/Cisco_Systems" title="Cisco Systems">Cisco</a> work in collaboration with Copenhagen Solutions Lab to identify new solutions to city and citizen problems.
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Dubai">Dubai</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smart_city&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Dubai">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>In 2013, the Smart <a href="/wiki/Dubai" title="Dubai">Dubai</a> project was initiated by Shaikh <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_bin_Rashid_Al_Maktoum" title="Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum">Mohammad bin Rashid Al Maktoum</a>, vice president of <a href="/wiki/UAE" class="mw-redirect" title="UAE">UAE</a>, which contained more than 100 initiatives to make Dubai a smart city by 2030. The project aimed to integrate private and public sectors, enabling citizens to access these sectors through their smartphones. Some initiatives include the Dubai Autonomous Transportation Strategy to create driverless transits, fully digitizing government, business and customer information and transactions, and providing citizens 5000 hotspots to access government applications by 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a></sup> Two mobile applications, mPay and DubaiNow, facilitate various payment services for citizens ranging from utilities or traffic fines to educational, health, transport, and business services. In addition, the Smart <a href="/wiki/Nol_Card" title="Nol Card">Nol Card</a> is a unified rechargeable card enabling citizens to pay for all transportation services such as metro, buses, water bus, and taxis. There is also the <a href="/wiki/Dubai_Municipality" title="Dubai Municipality">Dubai Municipality</a>'s Digital City initiative which assigns each building a unique QR code that citizens can scan containing information about the building, plot, and location.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Dublin">Dublin</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smart_city&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Dublin">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p><a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a> has been refereed to as an unexpected capital for smart cities.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a></sup> The smart city programme for the city is run by Smart Dublin<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a></sup> an initiative of the four Dublin Local Authorities to engage with smart technology providers, researchers and citizens to solve city challenges and improve <a href="/wiki/City" title="City">city</a> life. It includes Dublinked- Dublin's open data platform that hosts open source data to smart city applications.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Gdynia">Gdynia</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smart_city&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Gdynia">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p><a href="/wiki/Gdynia" title="Gdynia">Gdynia</a> was the first city in Eastern Europe to receive the <a href="/wiki/ISO_37120" title="ISO 37120">ISO 37120</a> certificate issued by the World Council on City Data.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a></sup>
In 2015, the TRISTAR intelligent road traffic management system was implemented in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a></sup>
<a href="/wiki/Trolleybuses_in_Gdynia" title="Trolleybuses in Gdynia">Trolleybuses in Gdynia</a> have been operating since 1943 and are still being developed as low-emission transport - some of them have their own batteries, which allows them to reach areas with no traction.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a></sup>
</p><p>Over 200 sets of up-to-date data from 21 areas of the city's functioning are published on the Open Data portal. The data sets meet the requirements of machine readability and are also presented in a way comprehensible to users.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a></sup>
There is also an Urban Lab for cooperation between residents, experts and representatives of city structures.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Isfahan">Isfahan</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smart_city&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Isfahan">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p><a href="/wiki/Isfahan" title="Isfahan">Isfahan</a> has a smart city program, a unified human resources administration system, transport system.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Kyiv">Kyiv</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smart_city&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Kyiv">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Kyiv has a transport dispatch system. It contains GPS trackers, installed on public transportation, as well as 6,000 video surveillance cameras which monitor the traffic. The accrued data is used by local Traffic Management Service and transport application developers.
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="London">London</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smart_city&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: London">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>In London, a traffic management system known as SCOOT optimises green light time at traffic intersections by feeding back magnetometer and inductive loop data to a supercomputer, which can co-ordinate traffic lights across the city to improve traffic throughout.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Madrid">Madrid</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smart_city&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Madrid">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p><a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>, Spain's pioneering smart city,<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a></sup> has adopted the MiNT Madrid Inteligente/Smarter Madrid platform to integrate the management of local services. These include the sustainable and computerized management of infrastructure, garbage collection and recycling, and public spaces and green areas, among others.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a></sup> The programme is run in partnership with <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBMs</a> <a href="/wiki/INSA" class="mw-redirect" title="INSA">INSA</a>, making use of the latter's Big Data and analytics capabilities and experience.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a></sup> Madrid is considered to have taken a bottom-up approach to smart cities, whereby social issues are first identified and individual technologies or networks are then identified to address these issues.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a></sup> This approach includes support and recognition for start ups through the Madrid Digital Start Up programme.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Malta">Malta</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smart_city&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Malta">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>A document written in 2011 refers to 18th century <a href="/wiki/%C5%BBejtun" title="Żejtun">Żejtun</a> as the earliest "smart city" in <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a></sup> but not in the modern context of a smart city. By the 21st century, <a href="/wiki/SmartCity_Malta" title="SmartCity Malta">SmartCity Malta</a>, a planned technology park, became partially operational while the rest is under construction, as a <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Direct_Investment" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Direct Investment">Foreign Direct Investment</a>.
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Manchester">Manchester</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smart_city&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Manchester">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>In December 2015, <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a>'s CityVerve project was chosen as the winner of a government-led technology competition and awarded £10m to develop an <a href="/wiki/Internet_of_Things" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet of Things">Internet of Things</a> (IoT) smart cities demonstrator.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a></sup>
</p><p>Established in July 2016, the project is being carried out by a consortium of 22 public and private organisations, including <a href="/wiki/Manchester_City_Council" title="Manchester City Council">Manchester City Council</a>, and is aligned with the city's on-going devolution commitment.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a></sup>
</p><p>The project has a two-year remit to demonstrate the capability of IoT applications and address barriers to deploying smart cities, such as city governance, network security, user trust and adoption, interoperability, scalability and justifying investment.
</p><p>CityVerve is based on an open data principle that incorporates a "platform of platforms"<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a></sup> which ties together applications for its four key themes: transport and travel; health and social care; energy and the environment; culture and the public realm. This will also ensure that the project is scalable and able to be redeployed to other locations worldwide.
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Milan">Milan</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smart_city&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Milan">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p><a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>, Italy was prompted to begin its smart city strategies and initiatives by the European Union's Smart Cities and Communities initiative. However, unlike many European cities, Milan's Smart city strategies focus more on social sustainability rather than environmental sustainability.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a></sup> This focus is almost exclusive to Milan and has a major influence in the way content and way its strategies are implemented as shown in the case study of the Bicocca District in Milan.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Milton_Keynes">Milton Keynes</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smart_city&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Milton Keynes">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p><a href="/wiki/Milton_Keynes" title="Milton Keynes">Milton Keynes</a> has a commitment to making itself a smart city. Currently the mechanism through which this is approached is the MK:Smart initiative,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_102-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-102">[102]</a></sup> a collaboration of local government, businesses, academia and 3rd sector organisations. The focus of the initiative is on making energy use, water use and transport more <a href="/wiki/Sustainable" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable">sustainable</a> whilst promoting <a href="/wiki/Economic_growth" title="Economic growth">economic growth</a> in the city. Central to the project is the creation of a state-of-the-art 'MK <a href="/wiki/Data_Hub" class="mw-redirect" title="Data Hub">Data Hub</a>' which will support the acquisition and management of vast amounts of data relevant to city systems from a variety of data sources. These will include data about <a href="/wiki/Energy_consumption" title="Energy consumption">energy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Water_consumption" class="mw-redirect" title="Water consumption">water consumption</a>, transport data, data acquired through satellite technology, social and economic datasets, and <a href="/wiki/Crowdsource" class="mw-redirect" title="Crowdsource">crowdsourced</a> data from <a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a> or specialised apps.
</p><p>The MK:Smart initiative has two aspects which extend our understanding of how smart Cities should operate. The first, Our MK,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-157">[157]</a></sup> is a scheme for promoting citizen-led sustainability issues in the city. The scheme provides funding and support to engage with citizens and help turn their ideas around sustainability into a reality. The second aspect is in providing citizens with the skills to operate effectively in a smart city. The Urban Data school<sup id="cite_ref-:2_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-158">[158]</a></sup> is an online platform to teach school students about data skills while the project has also produced a <a href="/wiki/MOOC" class="mw-redirect" title="MOOC">MOOC</a><sup id="cite_ref-:3_159-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-159">[159]</a></sup> to inform citizens about what a smart city is.
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Moscow">Moscow</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smart_city&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Moscow">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Moscow has been implementing smart solutions since 2011 by creating the main infrastructure and local networks. Over the past few years Moscow Government implemented a number of programs, contributing to its IT development.
So, Information City programme was launched and subsequently implemented from 2012 to 2018. The initial purpose of the programme was to make daily life for citizens safe and comfortable through the large-scale introduction of information and communication technologies.<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a></sup>
In the summer of 2018, Moscow Mayor Sergey Sobyanin announced the city's smart city project, aimed at applying modern technologies in all areas of city life.<sup id="cite_ref-tadviser.com_161-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tadviser.com-161">[161]</a></sup> And in June 2018, the global management consultancy McKinsey announced that Moscow is one of the world's top 50 cities for smart technologies.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a></sup> Smart City technologies have been deployed in healthcare, education, transport and municipal services. The initiative aims to improve quality of life, make urban government more efficient and develop an information society. There are more than 300 digital initiatives within the smart city project, with electronic services now widely provided online and through multifunctional centres. Moscow's citywide Wi-Fi project was launched in 2012 and now provides more than 16,000 Wi-Fi internet access points.<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a></sup> The total number of access points will exceed 20,500 by early 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a></sup> Moscow is actively developing eco-friendly transport using electric buses, and autonomous cars will soon be tested on the city's streets. Other initiatives include Moscow's Electronic School programme, its blockchain-based Active Citizen project and smart traffic management.<sup id="cite_ref-tadviser.com_161-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tadviser.com-161">[161]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="New_Songdo_City">New Songdo City</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smart_city&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: New Songdo City">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033289096">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Songdo_International_Business_District" title="Songdo International Business District">Songdo International Business District</a></div><p><sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a></sup>
</p><h3><span class="mw-headline" id="New_York">New York</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smart_city&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: New York">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a> is developing a number of smart city initiatives. An example is the series of city service kiosks in the <a href="/wiki/LinkNYC" title="LinkNYC">LinkNYC</a> network. These provide services including free WiFi, phone calls, device charging stations, local wayfinding, and more, funded by advertising that plays on the kiosk's screens.<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="San_Leandro">San Leandro</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smart_city&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: San Leandro">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>The city of <a href="/wiki/San_Leandro,_California" title="San Leandro, California">San Leandro</a>, California is in the midst of transforming from an industrial center to a tech hub of the <a href="/wiki/Internet_of_things" title="Internet of things">Internet of things</a> (IoT) (technology that lets devices communicate with each other over the Internet). California's utility company <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Gas_and_Electric_Company" title="Pacific Gas and Electric Company">PG&E</a> is working with the city in this endeavor and on a smart energy pilot program that would develop a distributed energy network across the city that would be monitored by IoT sensors. The goal would be to give the city an energy system that has enough capacity to receive and redistribute electricity to and from multiple energy sources.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-43">[43]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Santa_Cruz">Santa Cruz</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smart_city&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Santa Cruz">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>An alternative use of smart city technology used to be found in <a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz,_California" title="Santa Cruz, California">Santa Cruz, California</a>, where local authorities previously analyzed historical crime data in order to <a href="/wiki/Predictive_policing" title="Predictive policing">predict police requirements</a> and maximise police presence where it is required.<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a></sup> The analytical tools generate a list of 10 places each day where <a href="/wiki/Property_crime" title="Property crime">property crimes</a> are more likely to occur, and then placing police efforts on these regions when officers are not responding to any emergency. This use of ICT technology is different to the manner in which European cities utilize smart city technology, possibly highlighting the breadth of the smart city concept in different parts of the world. The city of Santa Cruz suspended the use of predictive policing technology in 2018, after there were questions about it's validity in such a small community.
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Santander">Santander</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smart_city&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Santander">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>The city of <a href="/wiki/Santander,_Cantabria" class="mw-redirect" title="Santander, Cantabria">Santander</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cantabria" title="Cantabria">Cantabria</a>, northern Spain, has 20,000 sensors connecting buildings, infrastructure, transport, networks and utilities, offers a physical space for experimentation and validation of the IoT functions, such as interaction and management protocols, device technologies, and support services such as discovery, <a href="/wiki/Identity_management" title="Identity management">identity management</a> and security<sup id="cite_ref-Schaffers_169-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schaffers-169">[169]</a></sup> In Santander, the sensors monitor the levels of <a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">pollution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Noise" title="Noise">noise</a>, <a href="/wiki/Traffic" title="Traffic">traffic</a> and parking.
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Shanghai">Shanghai</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smart_city&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Shanghai">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p><a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a>'s development of the IoT and internet connection speeds have allowed for third-party companies to revolutionize the productivity of the city.<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a></sup> As mobile ride share giant, <a href="/wiki/DiDi" title="DiDi">DiDi Chuxing</a>, continuously adds more user protection features such as ride recording, and a new quick response safety center, Shanghai is furthering their smart city agenda.<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a></sup> During the first <a href="/wiki/China_International_Import_Expo" title="China International Import Expo">China International Import Expo</a>, Shanghai focused on smart mobility and implemented sensors to accept smartphone traffic cards in all metro stations and buses to increase efficiency in the city.
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Singapore">Singapore</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smart_city&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Singapore">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Smart_Nation" title="Smart Nation">Smart Nation</a></div>
<p><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>, a <a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">city-state</a>, has embarked on transforming towards a "Smart Nation", and endeavours to harness the power of networks, data and info-comm technologies to improve living, create economic opportunities and build closer communities.
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Stockholm">Stockholm</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smart_city&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Stockholm">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Kista.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Kista.jpg/220px-Kista.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Kista.jpg/330px-Kista.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Kista.jpg/440px-Kista.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Kista.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The <a href="/wiki/Kista" title="Kista">Kista</a> Science City from above.</div></div></div>
<p><a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a>'s smart city technology is underpinned by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stokab_dark_fibre_system&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stokab dark fibre system (page does not exist)">Stokab dark fibre system</a><sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a></sup> which was developed in 1994 to provide a universal fibre optic network across Stockholm.<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a></sup> Private companies are able to lease fibre as service providers on equal terms. The company is owned by the City of Stockholm itself.<sup id="cite_ref-Stockholm_106-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stockholm-106">[106]</a></sup> Within this framework, Stockholm has created a Green IT strategy.<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a></sup> The Green IT program seeks to reduce the environmental impact of Stockholm through IT functions such as energy efficient buildings (minimising heating costs), traffic monitoring (minimising the time spent on the road) and development of e-services (minimising paper usage). The e-Stockholm platform is centred on the provision of e-services, including political announcements, parking space booking and snow clearance.<sup id="cite_ref-esthlm_175-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-esthlm-175">[175]</a></sup> This is further being developed through GPS analytics, allowing residents to plan their route through the city.<sup id="cite_ref-esthlm_175-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-esthlm-175">[175]</a></sup> An example of district-specific smart city technology can be found in the Kista Science City region.<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a></sup> This region is based on the triple helix concept of smart cities,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHollands2008303–320_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollands2008303–320-11">[11]</a></sup> where university, industry and government work together to develop ICT applications for implementation in a smart city strategy.
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Taipei">Taipei</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smart_city&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Taipei">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Taipei_Skyline_(30260753350).jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Taipei_Skyline_%2830260753350%29.jpg/220px-Taipei_Skyline_%2830260753350%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Taipei_Skyline_%2830260753350%29.jpg/330px-Taipei_Skyline_%2830260753350%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Taipei_Skyline_%2830260753350%29.jpg/440px-Taipei_Skyline_%2830260753350%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3130" data-file-height="2075" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Taipei_Skyline_(30260753350).jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/wiki/Taipei" title="Taipei">Taipei</a> – a smart city.</div></div></div>
<p><a href="/wiki/Taipei" title="Taipei">Taipei</a> started the "smarttaipei" project in 2016, where the major concept of is to change the culture of city hall government to be able to adopt new ideas and new concepts called bottom-up mechanism. The Taipei City government established the “Taipei Smart City Project Management Office”, also known as the "PMO", to implement and governance the development of smart city. Thereafter, building an innovation matchmaking platform to combine industry and government resources to develop smart solutions that satisfy public demands.
</p><p>PMO accept proposals from industry and help to negotiate with relative department of Taipei city to initiate new proof of concept(PoC) project, with the help of a matchmaking platform which allows citizens access necessary innovative technologies. There are more than 150<sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a></sup> PoC Project established, and only 34% project finished.
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Research">Research</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smart_city&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Research">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>University research labs developed prototypes for intelligent cities.
</p>
<ul><li>IGLUS is an <a href="/wiki/Action_research" title="Action research">action research</a> project led by <a href="/wiki/EPFL" class="mw-redirect" title="EPFL">EPFL</a> focused on developing <a href="/wiki/Governance" title="Governance">governance</a> systems for urban <a href="/wiki/Infrastructures" class="mw-redirect" title="Infrastructures">infrastructures</a>. IGLUS announced a <a href="/wiki/MOOC" class="mw-redirect" title="MOOC">MOOC</a> through <a href="/wiki/Coursera" title="Coursera">Coursera</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a></sup></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/MIT" class="mw-redirect" title="MIT">MIT</a> Smart Cities Lab</i><sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a></sup> focuses upon intelligent, <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_building" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable building">sustainable buildings</a>, mobility systems (GreenWheel <a href="/wiki/Electric_bicycle" title="Electric bicycle">electric bicycle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mobility_on_demand" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobility on demand">mobility on demand</a>, <a href="/wiki/CityCar" title="CityCar">CityCar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robot_locomotion" title="Robot locomotion">Wheel Robots</a>);</li>
<li>the <i>IntelCities</i><sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a></sup> research consortium for electronic government, planning systems and citizen participation; <a href="/wiki/URENIO" title="URENIO">URENIO</a> developed intelligent city platforms for the <a href="/wiki/Innovation_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Innovation economy">innovation economy</a><sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a></sup> focusing on strategic intelligence, <a href="/wiki/Technology_transfer" title="Technology transfer">technology transfer</a>, collaborative innovation, and incubation, while it promotes intelligent cities research and planning;<sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a></sup></li>
<li>the <i>Smart Cities Academic Network</i><sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a></sup> is working on e-governance and e-services in the North Sea region.</li>
<li>The MK:Smart project<sup id="cite_ref-:0_102-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-102">[102]</a></sup> is focusing on issues of sustainable <a href="/wiki/Energy_use" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy use">energy use</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_use" class="mw-redirect" title="Water use">water use</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transport_infrastructure" class="mw-redirect" title="Transport infrastructure">transport infrastructure</a> alongside exploring how to promote citizen engagement<sup id="cite_ref-:1_157-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-157">[157]</a></sup> alongside educating citizens about smart cities.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_158-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-158">[158]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_159-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-159">[159]</a></sup></li>
<li>Laboratory for AI, Machine Learning, Business & Data Analytics (LAMBDA) at <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv_University" title="Tel Aviv University">Tel Aviv University</a> focuses on Digital Life, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Smart_Transportation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Smart Transportation (page does not exist)">Smart Transportation</a> and Human Mobility Patterns in smart Cities.<sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a></sup></li>
<li>Research journals in this area include the UK <a href="/wiki/Institution_of_Engineering_and_Technology" title="Institution of Engineering and Technology">IET</a> <i>Smart Cities</i>, which was launched in 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a></sup></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Criticism">Criticism</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smart_city&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Criticism">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Surveillance_issues_in_smart_cities" title="Surveillance issues in smart cities">Surveillance issues in smart cities</a></div>
<p>The criticisms of smart cities revolve around:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHollands2008303–320_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollands2008303–320-11">[11]</a></sup>
</p>
<ul><li>A bias in strategic interest may lead to ignoring alternative avenues of promising urban development.<sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a></sup></li>
<li>A smart city, as a scientifically planned city, would defy the fact that real development in cities is often haphazard. In that line of criticism, the smart city is seen as unattractive for citizens as they "can deaden and stupefy the people who live in its all-efficient embrace".<sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a></sup> Instead, people would prefer cities they can participate to shape.</li>
<li>The focus of the concept of smart city may lead to an underestimation of the possible negative effects of the development of the new technological and networked infrastructures needed for a city to be smart.<sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a></sup></li>
<li>As a <a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">globalized</a> <a href="/wiki/Business_model" title="Business model">business model</a> is based on <a href="/wiki/Capital_mobility" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital mobility">capital mobility</a>, following a business-oriented model may result in a losing long-term strategy: "The 'spatial fix' inevitably means that mobile capital can often 'write its own deals' to come to town, only to move on when it receives a better deal elsewhere. This is no less true for the smart city than it was for the industrial, [or] manufacturing city."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHollands2008303–320_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollands2008303–320-11">[11]</a></sup></li>
<li>The high level of <a href="/wiki/Big_data" title="Big data">big data</a> collection and analytics has raised questions regarding <a href="/wiki/Surveillance_issues_in_smart_cities" title="Surveillance issues in smart cities">surveillance in smart cities</a>, particularly as it relates to <a href="/wiki/Predictive_policing" title="Predictive policing">predictive policing</a>.</li>
<li>As of August 2018, the discussion on smart cities centres around the usage and implementation of technology rather than on the inhabitants of the cities and how they can be involved in the process.<sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a></sup></li>
<li>Especially in low-income countries, smart cities are irrelevant to the majority of the urban population, which lives in poverty with limited access to basic services. A focus on smart cities may worsen inequality and marginalization.<sup id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a></sup></li>
<li>If a smart city strategy is not planned taking into account people with accessibility problems, such as persons with disabilities affecting mobility, vision, hearing, and cognitive function, the implementation of new technologies could create new barriers.<sup id="cite_ref-191" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a></sup></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smart_city&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;color:#000">
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<td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Smart_cities" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Smart cities">Smart cities</a></span>.</td></tr>
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<div style="clear:both;"></div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r998391716">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carfree_city" title="Carfree city">Carfree city</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Career-oriented_social_networking_market" class="mw-redirect" title="Career-oriented social networking market">Career-oriented social networking market</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Connected_car" title="Connected car">Connected car</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Community-driven_development" title="Community-driven development">Community-driven development</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Eco-cities" title="Eco-cities">Eco-cities</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Energy_informatics" title="Energy informatics">Energy informatics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Global_brain" title="Global brain">Global brain</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Government_by_algorithm" title="Government by algorithm">Government by algorithm</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_environment" title="Intelligent environment">Intelligent environment</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_transportation_system" title="Intelligent transportation system">Intelligent transportation system</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_wireless_network" title="Municipal wireless network">Municipal wireless network</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Net_metering" title="Net metering">Net metering</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pervasive_informatics" title="Pervasive informatics">Pervasive informatics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Planned_community" title="Planned community">Planned community</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Resilient_city" class="mw-redirect" title="Resilient city">Resilient city</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Short_food_supply_chains" title="Short food supply chains">Short food supply chains</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Smart_grid" title="Smart grid">Smart grid</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Smart_highway" title="Smart highway">Smart highway</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Smart_port" title="Smart port">Smart port</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_city" title="Sustainable city">Sustainable city</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Telecommuting" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommuting">Telecommuting</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Urban_computing" title="Urban computing">Urban computing</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Urban_farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban farming">Urban farming</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Urban_informatics" title="Urban informatics">Urban informatics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Vertical_farming" title="Vertical farming">Vertical farming</a></li></ul></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smart_city&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-DeakinAl_jrnl-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DeakinAl_jrnl_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DeakinAl_jrnl_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r999302996">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFDeakinAl_Waer2011" class="citation journal cs1">Deakin, Mark; Al Waer, Husam (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://researchrepository.napier.ac.uk/id/eprint/7295">"From Intelligent to Smart Cities"</a>. <i>Journal of Intelligent Buildings International: From Intelligent Cities to Smart Cities</i>. <b>3</b> (3): 140–152. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F17508975.2011.586671">10.1080/17508975.2011.586671</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:110580067">110580067</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Intelligent+Buildings+International%3A+From+Intelligent+Cities+to+Smart+Cities&rft.atitle=From+Intelligent+to+Smart+Cities&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=140-152&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F17508975.2011.586671&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A110580067%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Deakin&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft.au=Al+Waer%2C+Husam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fresearchrepository.napier.ac.uk%2Fid%2Feprint%2F7295&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-DeakinIntro-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DeakinIntro_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DeakinIntro_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFDeakin2013" class="citation book cs1">Deakin, Mark (22 August 2013). "From intelligent to smart cities". In Deakin, Mark (ed.). <i>Smart Cities: Governing, Modelling and Analysing the Transition</i>. Taylor and Francis. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1135124144" title="Special:BookSources/978-1135124144"><bdi>978-1135124144</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=From+intelligent+to+smart+cities&rft.btitle=Smart+Cities%3A+Governing%2C+Modelling+and+Analysing+the+Transition&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Taylor+and+Francis&rft.date=2013-08-22&rft.isbn=978-1135124144&rft.aulast=Deakin&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Giffinger-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Giffinger_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFGiffingerChristian_FertnerHans_KramarRobert_Kalasek2007" class="citation web cs1">Giffinger, Rudolf; Christian Fertner; Hans Kramar; Robert Kalasek; Nataša Pichler-Milanovic; Evert Meijers (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smart-cities.eu/download/smart_cities_final_report.pdf">"Smart cities – Ranking of European medium-sized cities"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Smart Cities</i>. Vienna: Centre of Regional Science. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110409165735/http://www.smart-cities.eu/download/smart_cities_final_report.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 April 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Smart+Cities&rft.atitle=Smart+cities+%E2%80%93+Ranking+of+European+medium-sized+cities&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Giffinger&rft.aufirst=Rudolf&rft.au=Christian+Fertner&rft.au=Hans+Kramar&rft.au=Robert+Kalasek&rft.au=Nata%C5%A1a+Pichler-Milanovic&rft.au=Evert+Meijers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smart-cities.eu%2Fdownload%2Fsmart_cities_final_report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://smartcitiescouncil.com/smart-cities-information-center/definitions-and-overviews">"Definitions and overviews"</a>. Smart Cities Council. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141103195827/http://smartcitiescouncil.com/smart-cities-information-center/definitions-and-overviews">Archived</a> from the original on 3 November 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 November</span> 2014</span>. <q>The smart city sector is still in the 'I know it when I see it' phase, without a universally agreed definition. The Council defines a smart city as one that has digital technology embedded across all city functions</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Definitions+and+overviews&rft.pub=Smart+Cities+Council.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsmartcitiescouncil.com%2Fsmart-cities-information-center%2Fdefinitions-and-overviews&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-CaragliuEtAl-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CaragliuEtAl_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFCaragliu,_ADel_Bo,_C.Nijkamp,_P2009" class="citation journal cs1">Caragliu, A; Del Bo, C.; Nijkamp, P (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ideas.repec.org/p/dgr/vuarem/2009-48.html">"Smart cities in Europe"</a>. <i>Serie Research Memoranda 0048</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141103164709/https://ideas.repec.org/p/dgr/vuarem/2009-48.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 November 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Serie+Research+Memoranda+0048&rft.atitle=Smart+cities+in+Europe&rft.date=2009&rft.au=Caragliu%2C+A&rft.au=Del+Bo%2C+C.&rft.au=Nijkamp%2C+P&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fideas.repec.org%2Fp%2Fdgr%2Fvuarem%2F2009-48.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFSarwant_Singh2014" class="citation news cs1">Sarwant Singh (19 June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/sarwantsingh/2014/06/19/smart-cities-a-1-5-trillion-market-opportunity/">"Smart Cities – A$1.5 Trillion Market Opportunity"</a>. <i>Forbes</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141103225622/http://www.forbes.com/sites/sarwantsingh/2014/06/19/smart-cities-a-1-5-trillion-market-opportunity/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 November 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=Smart+Cities+%E2%80%93+A%241.5+Trillion+Market+Opportunity&rft.date=2014-06-19&rft.au=Sarwant+Singh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fsarwantsingh%2F2014%2F06%2F19%2Fsmart-cities-a-1-5-trillion-market-opportunity%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-3-030-45615-3_14"><i>Burksiene V., Dvorak J., Burbulytė-Tsiskarishvili G. (2020) City Diplomacy in Young Democracies: The Case of the Baltics. In: Amiri S., Sevin E. (eds) City Diplomacy. Palgrave Macmillan Series in Global Public Diplomacy. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-030-45615-3_14">10.1007/978-3-030-45615-3_14</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210602214037/https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-3-030-45615-3_14">Archived</a> from the original on 2 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Burksiene+V.%2C+Dvorak+J.%2C+Burbulyt%C4%97-Tsiskarishvili+G.+%282020%29+City+Diplomacy+in+Young+Democracies%3A+The+Case+of+the+Baltics.+In%3A+Amiri+S.%2C+Sevin+E.+%28eds%29+City+Diplomacy.+Palgrave+Macmillan+Series+in+Global+Public+Diplomacy.+Palgrave+Macmillan%2C+Cham&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-030-45615-3_14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fchapter%2F10.1007%252F978-3-030-45615-3_14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKomninos2009337–355-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKomninos2009337–355_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKomninos2009">Komninos (2009)</a>, pp. 337–355.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-Paskaleva2009-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Paskaleva2009_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paskaleva2009_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFPaskaleva,_K2009" class="citation journal cs1">Paskaleva, K (25 January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elartu.tntu.edu.ua/handle/lib/31308">"Enabling the smart city:The progress of e-city governance in Europe"</a>. <i>International Journal of Innovation and Regional Development</i>. <b>1</b> (4): 405–422(18). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1504%2Fijird.2009.022730">10.1504/ijird.2009.022730</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200616082818/http://elartu.tntu.edu.ua/handle/lib/31308">Archived</a> from the original on 16 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Innovation+and+Regional+Development&rft.atitle=Enabling+the+smart+city%3AThe+progress+of+e-city+governance+in+Europe&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=405-422%2818%29&rft.date=2009-01-25&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1504%2Fijird.2009.022730&rft.au=Paskaleva%2C+K&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Felartu.tntu.edu.ua%2Fhandle%2Flib%2F31308&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFEuropean_Commission" class="citation web cs1">European Commission. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ec.europa.eu/digital-agenda/">"Digital Agenda for Europe"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150530005926/http://ec.europa.eu/digital-agenda/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Digital+Agenda+for+Europe&rft.au=European+Commission&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Fdigital-agenda%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDept_Business2013">Dept Business (2013)</a>, p. 3 Arup estimates that the global market for smart urban systems for transport, energy, healthcare, water, food and waste will amount to around $400 Billion pa. by 2020</span>
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<li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://smartcities.gov.in/">"Smart Cities Mission"</a>. Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India. 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170212192239/http://www.smartcities.gov.in/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Smart+Cities+Mission&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Urban+Development%2C+Government+of+India&rft.date=2015&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsmartcities.gov.in%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/with-smart-cities-your-every-step-will-be-recorded-94527">"With smart cities, your every step will be recorded"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200608085508/https://theconversation.com/with-smart-cities-your-every-step-will-be-recorded-94527">Archived</a> from the original on 8 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=With+smart+cities%2C+your+every+step+will+be+recorded&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fwith-smart-cities-your-every-step-will-be-recorded-94527&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thalesgroup.com/en/markets/digital-identity-and-security/iot/inspired/smart-cities">"Secure, sustainable smart cities and the IoT"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200608085508/https://www.thalesgroup.com/en/markets/digital-identity-and-security/iot/inspired/smart-cities">Archived</a> from the original on 8 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Secure%2C+sustainable+smart+cities+and+the+IoT&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thalesgroup.com%2Fen%2Fmarkets%2Fdigital-identity-and-security%2Fiot%2Finspired%2Fsmart-cities&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.information-age.com/smartphones-not-flying-cars-will-define-smart-cities-future-123462622/">"Smartphones – not flying cars – will define the smart cities of the future"</a>. 12 October 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200608085510/https://www.information-age.com/smartphones-not-flying-cars-will-define-smart-cities-future-123462622/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Smartphones+%E2%80%93+not+flying+cars+%E2%80%93+will+define+the+smart+cities+of+the+future&rft.date=2016-10-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.information-age.com%2Fsmartphones-not-flying-cars-will-define-smart-cities-future-123462622%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/220876581_From_Smart_Homes_to_Smart_Cities_Opportunities_and_Challenges_from_an_Industrial_Perspective">From Smart Homes to Smart Cities: Opportunities and Challenges from an Industrial Perspective</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFMehrotraDhande2015" class="citation book cs1">Mehrotra, Siddharth; Dhande, Rashi (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7380652">"Smart cities and smart homes: From realization to reality"</a>. <i>2015 International Conference on Green Computing and Internet of Things (ICGCIoT)</i>. pp. 1236–1239. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FICGCIoT.2015.7380652">10.1109/ICGCIoT.2015.7380652</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4673-7910-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4673-7910-6"><bdi>978-1-4673-7910-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14156800">14156800</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200608090010/https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7380652">Archived</a> from the original on 8 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Smart+cities+and+smart+homes%3A+From+realization+to+reality&rft.btitle=2015+International+Conference+on+Green+Computing+and+Internet+of+Things+%28ICGCIoT%29&rft.pages=1236-1239&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A14156800%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FICGCIoT.2015.7380652&rft.isbn=978-1-4673-7910-6&rft.aulast=Mehrotra&rft.aufirst=Siddharth&rft.au=Dhande%2C+Rashi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fdocument%2F7380652&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hub.beesmart.city/strategy/redefining-the-smart-home-in-smart-cities">"The Need to Redefine the Smart Home and its Link to Smart Cities"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200608090011/https://hub.beesmart.city/strategy/redefining-the-smart-home-in-smart-cities">Archived</a> from the original on 8 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Need+to+Redefine+the+Smart+Home+and+its+Link+to+Smart+Cities&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhub.beesmart.city%2Fstrategy%2Fredefining-the-smart-home-in-smart-cities&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smartcity.press/how-smart-homes-can-connect-smart-cities/">"How smart homes can connect to smart cities"</a>. 8 September 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200608090008/https://www.smartcity.press/how-smart-homes-can-connect-smart-cities/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+smart+homes+can+connect+to+smart+cities&rft.date=2017-09-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smartcity.press%2Fhow-smart-homes-can-connect-smart-cities%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hub.beesmart.city/strategy/redefining-the-smart-home-in-smart-cities">"Redefining the smart home in smart cities"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200608090011/https://hub.beesmart.city/strategy/redefining-the-smart-home-in-smart-cities">Archived</a> from the original on 8 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Redefining+the+smart+home+in+smart+cities&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhub.beesmart.city%2Fstrategy%2Fredefining-the-smart-home-in-smart-cities&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8376628">"Bike sharing as a key smart city service"</a>. May 2018: 1–6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FMOCAST.2018.8376628">10.1109/MOCAST.2018.8376628</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:49187242">49187242</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200808190215/https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8376628">Archived</a> from the original on 8 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Bike+sharing+as+a+key+smart+city+service&rft.pages=1-6&rft.date=2018-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FMOCAST.2018.8376628&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A49187242%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fdocument%2F8376628&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-hidden-error error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/314246043">"Smart mobility in smart cities"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210506142438/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/314246043_Smart_Mobility_in_Smart_Cities">Archived</a> from the original on 6 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Smart+mobility+in+smart+cities&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F314246043&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320148770_Urban_Distribution_CCTV_for_Smart_City_Using_Decision_Tree_Methods">Urban Distribution CCTV for Smart City Using Decision Tree Methods</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sscldl.com/">"Shivamogga Smart City Digital Library"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210222113332/https://www.sscldl.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Shivamogga+Smart+City+Digital+Library&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sscldl.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sscldl.com/digital-library-implementation-at-shivamogga/">Digital library implementation at Shivamogga</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tumakurudigitallibrary.in/">"Tumakuru Digital Library"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200715110211/https://tumakurudigitallibrary.in/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tumakuru+Digital+Library&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftumakurudigitallibrary.in%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.windsorpubliclibrary.com/?page_id=65204">"Windsor Public Library: a brick-and-mortar library that also has an ebook lending service"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201023075326/https://www.windsorpubliclibrary.com/?page_id=65204">Archived</a> from the original on 23 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Windsor+Public+Library%3A+a+brick-and-mortar+library+that+also+has+an+ebook+lending+service&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.windsorpubliclibrary.com%2F%3Fpage_id%3D65204&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFBoyleYatesYeatman2013" class="citation journal cs1">Boyle, D.; Yates, D.; Yeatman, E. (2013). "Urban Sensor Data Streams: London 2013". <i>IEEE Internet Computing</i>. <b>17</b> (6): 1. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FMIC.2013.85">10.1109/MIC.2013.85</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17820999">17820999</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Internet+Computing&rft.atitle=Urban+Sensor+Data+Streams%3A+London+2013&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FMIC.2013.85&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A17820999%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Boyle&rft.aufirst=D.&rft.au=Yates%2C+D.&rft.au=Yeatman%2C+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFSilvaGhanemGuo2012" class="citation journal cs1">Silva, Dilshan; Ghanem, Moustafa; Guo, Yike (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3545568">"WikiSensing: An Online Collaborative Approach for Sensor Data Management"</a>. <i>Sensors</i>. <b>12</b> (10): 13295–13332. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012Senso..1213295S">2012Senso..1213295S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fs121013295">10.3390/s121013295</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3545568">3545568</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23201997">23201997</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sensors&rft.atitle=WikiSensing%3A+An+Online+Collaborative+Approach+for+Sensor+Data+Management&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=13295-13332&rft.date=2012&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3545568%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23201997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fs121013295&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012Senso..1213295S&rft.aulast=Silva&rft.aufirst=Dilshan&rft.au=Ghanem%2C+Moustafa&rft.au=Guo%2C+Yike&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3545568&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301408856">"Smart cities and telecommuting in Ecuador"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210326050523/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301408856_Smart_cities_and_telecommuting_in_Ecuador">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Smart+cities+and+telecommuting+in+Ecuador&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F301408856&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medium.com/swlh/innovation-vs-technology-redefining-smart-in-smart-cities-8e82857d7004">"Innovation vs Technology. Redefining "Smart" in Smart-Cities"</a>. 11 October 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200609105640/https://medium.com/swlh/innovation-vs-technology-redefining-smart-in-smart-cities-8e82857d7004">Archived</a> from the original on 9 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Innovation+vs+Technology.+Redefining+%22Smart%22+in+Smart-Cities&rft.date=2019-10-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2Fswlh%2Finnovation-vs-technology-redefining-smart-in-smart-cities-8e82857d7004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spicefactory.co/blog/2019/10/25/remote-work-future-of-cities/">"Remote Work Revolution and the Future of (Smart) Cities"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200609104855/https://spicefactory.co/blog/2019/10/25/remote-work-future-of-cities/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Remote+Work+Revolution+and+the+Future+of+%28Smart%29+Cities&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspicefactory.co%2Fblog%2F2019%2F10%2F25%2Fremote-work-future-of-cities%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ceur-ws.org/Vol-2255/paper23.pdf">"Telecommunication Infrastructures for Telemedicine in Smart Cities"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210224072813/http://ceur-ws.org/Vol-2255/paper23.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 24 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Telecommunication+Infrastructures+for+Telemedicine+in+Smart+Cities&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fceur-ws.org%2FVol-2255%2Fpaper23.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://telemedicine.arizona.edu/blog/telemedicine-and-smart-cities">"Telemedicine and Smart Cities"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200609104905/https://telemedicine.arizona.edu/blog/telemedicine-and-smart-cities">Archived</a> from the original on 9 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Telemedicine+and+Smart+Cities&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftelemedicine.arizona.edu%2Fblog%2Ftelemedicine-and-smart-cities&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFLi2018" class="citation book cs1">Li, Shuling (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/8458054/8465506/08465562.pdf">"Application of Blockchain Technology in Smart City Infrastructure"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>2018 IEEE International Conference on Smart Internet of Things (SmartIoT)</i>. pp. 276–2766. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FSmartIoT.2018.00056">10.1109/SmartIoT.2018.00056</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5386-8543-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5386-8543-3"><bdi>978-1-5386-8543-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:52288306">52288306</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Application+of+Blockchain+Technology+in+Smart+City+Infrastructure&rft.btitle=2018+IEEE+International+Conference+on+Smart+Internet+of+Things+%28SmartIoT%29&rft.pages=276-2766&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A52288306%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FSmartIoT.2018.00056&rft.isbn=978-1-5386-8543-3&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Shuling&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fiel7%2F8458054%2F8465506%2F08465562.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFKundu2019" class="citation journal cs1">Kundu, Debasish (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0975425319832392">"Blockchain and Trust in a Smart City"</a>. <i>Environment and Urbanization ASIA</i>. <b>10</b>: 31–43. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0975425319832392">10.1177/0975425319832392</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159098611">159098611</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environment+and+Urbanization+ASIA&rft.atitle=Blockchain+and+Trust+in+a+Smart+City&rft.volume=10&rft.pages=31-43&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0975425319832392&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159098611%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Kundu&rft.aufirst=Debasish&rft_id=%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1177%252F0975425319832392&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fintechnews.ch/govtech/smart-city-fintech-why/28661/">"Why Fintech is an Important Ingredient in Any Smart City Ambition"</a>. 5 July 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200607153452/https://fintechnews.ch/govtech/smart-city-fintech-why/28661/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+Fintech+is+an+Important+Ingredient+in+Any+Smart+City+Ambition&rft.date=2019-07-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffintechnews.ch%2Fgovtech%2Fsmart-city-fintech-why%2F28661%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310791133">"Archived copy"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210312232742/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310791133_How_Traditional_Banks_Should_Work_in_Smart_City">Archived</a> from the original on 12 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F310791133&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carbon Zero: Imagining Cities that can save the planet by Alex Steffen, page 54</span>
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<li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bristolpost.co.uk/news/call-retractable-coffin-bollards-no-2295946">"Call for retractable 'coffin' bollards and no-driving zones outside Bristol schools"</a>. 6 December 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200810083504/https://www.bristolpost.co.uk/news/call-retractable-coffin-bollards-no-2295946">Archived</a> from the original on 10 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Call+for+retractable+%27coffin%27+bollards+and+no-driving+zones+outside+Bristol+schools&rft.date=2018-12-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bristolpost.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fcall-retractable-coffin-bollards-no-2295946&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://smartdubai.ae">"Smart Dubai"</a>. <i>smartdubai.ae</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210603023904/https://www.smartdubai.ae/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=smartdubai.ae&rft.atitle=Smart+Dubai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsmartdubai.ae&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-:0-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_102-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_102-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_102-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mksmart.org">"The MK:Smart Project"</a>. <i>www.mksmart.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151121211315/http://www.mksmart.org/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 November 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.mksmart.org&rft.atitle=The+MK%3ASmart+Project&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mksmart.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Southampton-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Southampton_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFSouthampton_City_Council" class="citation web cs1">Southampton City Council. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.southampton.gov.uk/roads-parking/travel/smartcities-card/">"SmartCities card"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150530120105/http://www.southampton.gov.uk/roads-parking/travel/smartcities-card/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SmartCities+card&rft.au=Southampton+City+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.southampton.gov.uk%2Froads-parking%2Ftravel%2Fsmartcities-card%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Barcelona-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Barcelona_104-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barcelona_104-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFAjuntament_de_Barcelona" class="citation web cs1">Ajuntament de Barcelona. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://smartcity.bcn.cat/en">"Barcelona Smart City"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150516125338/http://smartcity.bcn.cat/en">Archived</a> from the original on 16 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Barcelona+Smart+City&rft.au=Ajuntament+de+Barcelona&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsmartcity.bcn.cat%2Fen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Madrid-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Madrid_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFAyuntamiento_de_Madrid" class="citation web cs1">Ayuntamiento de Madrid. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.madrid.es/UnidadesDescentralizadas/RelacionesInternacionales/Publicaciones/CatalogoBuenasPracticas/Economia/MiNT%20Madrid%20Inteligente%2014.pdf">"Buenas Practicas de la Ciudad de Madrid"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161123133240/http://www.madrid.es/UnidadesDescentralizadas/RelacionesInternacionales/Publicaciones/CatalogoBuenasPracticas/Economia/MiNT%20Madrid%20Inteligente%2014.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 23 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Buenas+Practicas+de+la+Ciudad+de+Madrid&rft.au=Ayuntamiento+de+Madrid&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.madrid.es%2FUnidadesDescentralizadas%2FRelacionesInternacionales%2FPublicaciones%2FCatalogoBuenasPracticas%2FEconomia%2FMiNT%2520Madrid%2520Inteligente%252014.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Stockholm-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stockholm_106-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stockholm_106-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFCity_of_Stockholm" class="citation web cs1">City of Stockholm. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://international.stockholm.se/city-development/the-smart-city/">"The Smart City"</a>. Stockholms stad. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150530123402/http://international.stockholm.se/city-development/the-smart-city/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Smart+City&rft.pub=Stockholms+stad&rft.au=City+of+Stockholm&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finternational.stockholm.se%2Fcity-development%2Fthe-smart-city%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rcrwireless.com/20160630/asia-pacific/zte-involved-150-smart-city-projects-across-china">"ZTE involved in more than 150 smart city projects across China"</a>. 30 June 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170202005537/http://www.rcrwireless.com/20160630/asia-pacific/zte-involved-150-smart-city-projects-across-china">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ZTE+involved+in+more+than+150+smart+city+projects+across+China&rft.date=2016-06-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rcrwireless.com%2F20160630%2Fasia-pacific%2Fzte-involved-150-smart-city-projects-across-china&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.link.nyc/">"CityBridge – LinkNYC"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200510231720/https://www.link.nyc/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CityBridge+%E2%80%93+LinkNYC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.link.nyc%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722103131/https://www.intelligentcommunity.org/index.php?submenu=Awards&src=gendocs&ref=ICF_Awards&category=Events&link=ICF_Awards">"The Intelligent Communities of the Year 1999–2010"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.intelligentcommunity.org/index.php?submenu=Awards&src=gendocs&ref=ICF_Awards&category=Events&link=ICF_Awards">the original</a> on 22 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Intelligent+Communities+of+the+Year+1999%E2%80%932010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.intelligentcommunity.org%2Findex.php%3Fsubmenu%3DAwards%26src%3Dgendocs%26ref%3DICF_Awards%26category%3DEvents%26link%3DICF_Awards&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFAmsterdam_Smart_City" class="citation web cs1">Amsterdam Smart City. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150530162529/http://amsterdamsmartcity.com/projects/detail/id/9/slug/climate-street">"Amsterdam Smart City ~ Climate Street"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amsterdamsmartcity.com/projects/detail/id/9/slug/climate-street">the original</a> on 30 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Amsterdam+Smart+City+~+Climate+Street&rft.au=Amsterdam+Smart+City&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famsterdamsmartcity.com%2Fprojects%2Fdetail%2Fid%2F9%2Fslug%2Fclimate-street&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFAmsterdam_Smart_City" class="citation web cs1">Amsterdam Smart City. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150427024215/http://amsterdamsmartcity.com/about-asc">"Amsterdam Smart City ~ About ASC"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amsterdamsmartcity.com/about-asc">the original</a> on 27 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Amsterdam+Smart+City+~+About+ASC&rft.au=Amsterdam+Smart+City&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famsterdamsmartcity.com%2Fabout-asc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFAmsterdam_Smart_City" class="citation web cs1">Amsterdam Smart City. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150530121746/http://amsterdamsmartcity.com/news/detail/id/577/slug/do-you-have-smart-solutions-for-your-city">"Amsterdam Smart City ~ Do you have smart solutions for your city?"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amsterdamsmartcity.com/news/detail/id/577/slug/do-you-have-smart-solutions-for-your-city">the original</a> on 30 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Amsterdam+Smart+City+~+Do+you+have+smart+solutions+for+your+city%3F&rft.au=Amsterdam+Smart+City&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famsterdamsmartcity.com%2Fnews%2Fdetail%2Fid%2F577%2Fslug%2Fdo-you-have-smart-solutions-for-your-city&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFAmsterdam_Smart_City" class="citation web cs1">Amsterdam Smart City. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150530123155/http://amsterdamsmartcity.com/news/detail/id/576/slug/smart-spotlight-manuel-cayr">"Amsterdam Smart City ~ Smart Spotlight: Manuel Cayre"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amsterdamsmartcity.com/news/detail/id/576/slug/smart-spotlight-manuel-cayr">the original</a> on 30 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Amsterdam+Smart+City+~+Smart+Spotlight%3A+Manuel+Cayre&rft.au=Amsterdam+Smart+City&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famsterdamsmartcity.com%2Fnews%2Fdetail%2Fid%2F576%2Fslug%2Fsmart-spotlight-manuel-cayr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFAmsterdam_Smart_City" class="citation web cs1">Amsterdam Smart City. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170825083431/https://amsterdamsmartcity.com/projects/detail/id/55/slug/the-smart-home">"Amsterdam Smart City ~ The smart home"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amsterdamsmartcity.com/projects/detail/id/55/slug/the-smart-home">the original</a> on 25 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Amsterdam+Smart+City+~+The+smart+home&rft.au=Amsterdam+Smart+City&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famsterdamsmartcity.com%2Fprojects%2Fdetail%2Fid%2F55%2Fslug%2Fthe-smart-home&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFAmsterdam_Smart_City" class="citation web cs1">Amsterdam Smart City. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170825092242/https://amsterdamsmartcity.com/projects/detail/id/62/slug/flexible-street-lighting">"Amsterdam Smart City ~ Flexible street lighting"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amsterdamsmartcity.com/projects/detail/id/62/slug/flexible-street-lighting">the original</a> on 25 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Amsterdam+Smart+City+~+Flexible+street+lighting&rft.au=Amsterdam+Smart+City&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famsterdamsmartcity.com%2Fprojects%2Fdetail%2Fid%2F62%2Fslug%2Fflexible-street-lighting&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFAmsterdam_Smart_City" class="citation web cs1">Amsterdam Smart City. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150529123605/http://amsterdamsmartcity.com/projects/detail/id/58/slug/smart-traffic-management">"Amsterdam Smart City ~ Smart traffic management"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amsterdamsmartcity.com/projects/detail/id/58/slug/smart-traffic-management">the original</a> on 29 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Amsterdam+Smart+City+~+Smart+traffic+management&rft.au=Amsterdam+Smart+City&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famsterdamsmartcity.com%2Fprojects%2Fdetail%2Fid%2F58%2Fslug%2Fsmart-traffic-management&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170318141613/http://ibarcelona.bcn.cat/en/o-government/city-os">"iBarcelona"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ibarcelona.bcn.cat/en/o-government/city-os">the original</a> on 18 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=iBarcelona&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fibarcelona.bcn.cat%2Fen%2Fo-government%2Fcity-os&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFKaszkur2015" class="citation journal cs1">Kaszkur, Alina (15 December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://content.sciendo.com/view/journals/ppsr/8/2/article-p37.xml">"Urban Lab as a Tool for Joint Management in Cities"</a>. <i>Polish Political Science Review</i>. <b>8</b> (2): 37–46. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2478%2Fppsr-2020-0014">10.2478/ppsr-2020-0014</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:230282944">230282944</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201226161310/https://content.sciendo.com/view/journals/ppsr/8/2/article-p37.xml">Archived</a> from the original on 26 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Polish+Political+Science+Review&rft.atitle=Urban+Lab+as+a+Tool+for+Joint+Management+in+Cities&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=37-46&rft.date=2015-12-15&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2478%2Fppsr-2020-0014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A230282944%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Kaszkur&rft.aufirst=Alina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.sciendo.com%2Fview%2Fjournals%2Fppsr%2F8%2F2%2Farticle-p37.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imna.ir//news/487629/بزرگترین-پروژه-IT-و-شهر-هوشمند-در-اصفهان-آماده-بهره-برداری-است">"بزرگترین پروژه IT و شهر هوشمند در اصفهان آماده بهرهبرداری است"</a>. <i>ایمنا</i> (in Persian). 2021-04-18. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210606113503/https://www.imna.ir//news/487629/%D8%A8%D8%B2%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86-%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%98%D9%87-IT-%D9%88-%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1-%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87-%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%87-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA">Archived</a> from the original on 6 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-06-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7&rft.atitle=%D8%A8%D8%B2%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86+%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%98%D9%87%E2%80%8C+IT+%D9%88+%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1+%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF+%D8%AF%D8%B1+%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86+%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87+%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C+%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA&rft.date=2021-04-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imna.ir%2F%2Fnews%2F487629%2F%D8%A8%D8%B2%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86-%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%98%D9%87-IT-%D9%88-%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1-%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87-%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%87-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imna.ir//news/492489/سیستم-مدیریت-یکپارچه-سازی-منابع-انسانی-اجرایی-شد">"سیستم مدیریت یکپارچهسازی منابع انسانی اجرایی شد"</a>. <i>ایمنا</i> (in Persian). 2021-05-12. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210606113502/https://www.imna.ir//news/492489/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%85-%D9%85%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA-%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%87-%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C-%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B9-%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C-%D8%B4%D8%AF">Archived</a> from the original on 6 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-06-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7&rft.atitle=%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%85+%D9%85%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA+%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C+%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B9+%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C+%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C+%D8%B4%D8%AF&rft.date=2021-05-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imna.ir%2F%2Fnews%2F492489%2F%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%85-%D9%85%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA-%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%87-%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C-%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B9-%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C-%D8%B4%D8%AF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://smartcity.isfahan.ir/">"به درگاه الکترونیکی شهرداری اصفهان - شهر هوشمند خوش آمدید | درگاه الکترونیکی شهرداری اصفهان - شهر هوشمند"</a>. <i>smartcity.isfahan.ir</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210226045336/http://smartcity.isfahan.ir/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-06-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=smartcity.isfahan.ir&rft.atitle=%D8%A8%D9%87+%D8%AF%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87+%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C+%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C+%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86+-+%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1+%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF+%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%B4+%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AF+%7C+%D8%AF%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87+%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C+%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C+%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86+-+%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1+%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsmartcity.isfahan.ir%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imna.ir//news/390448/اصفهان-به-برترین-شهر-هوشمند-ایران-تبدیل-شود">"اصفهان به برترین شهر هوشمند ایران تبدیل شود"</a>. <i>ایمنا</i> (in Persian). 2019-09-22. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210606113546/https://www.imna.ir//news/390448/%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A8%D9%87-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86-%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1-%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84-%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%AF">Archived</a> from the original on 6 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-06-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7&rft.atitle=%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86+%D8%A8%D9%87+%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86+%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1+%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF+%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86+%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84+%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%AF&rft.date=2019-09-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imna.ir%2F%2Fnews%2F390448%2F%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A8%D9%87-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86-%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1-%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84-%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%AF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://isfahanziba.com/news/3533/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B4-%D8%A8%D9%87-%D8%B3%D9%88%DB%8C-%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1-%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF">"پیش به سوی شهر هوشمند | اصفهان زیبا"</a>. <i>isfahanziba.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-06-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=isfahanziba.com&rft.atitle=%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B4+%D8%A8%D9%87+%D8%B3%D9%88%DB%8C+%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1+%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF+%7C+%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86+%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%A8%D8%A7&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fisfahanziba.com%2Fnews%2F3533%2F%25D9%25BE%25DB%258C%25D8%25B4-%25D8%25A8%25D9%2587-%25D8%25B3%25D9%2588%25DB%258C-%25D8%25B4%25D9%2587%25D8%25B1-%25D9%2587%25D9%2588%25D8%25B4%25D9%2585%25D9%2586%25D8%25AF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFMason2015" class="citation news cs1">Mason, Paul (25 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/oct/25/we-cant-allow-the-tech-giants-to-rule-smart-cities">"We can't allow the tech giants to rule smart cities"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161123203950/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/oct/25/we-cant-allow-the-tech-giants-to-rule-smart-cities">Archived</a> from the original on 23 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=We+can%27t+allow+the+tech+giants+to+rule+smart+cities&rft.date=2015-10-25&rft.aulast=Mason&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2015%2Foct%2F25%2Fwe-cant-allow-the-tech-giants-to-rule-smart-cities&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.madrid.es/UnidadesDescentralizadas/RelacionesInternacionales/Publicaciones/CatalogoBuenasPracticas/Economia/MiNT%20Madrid%20Inteligente%2014.pdf">"Buenas Prácticas de la Ciudad de Madrid"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161123133240/http://www.madrid.es/UnidadesDescentralizadas/RelacionesInternacionales/Publicaciones/CatalogoBuenasPracticas/Economia/MiNT%20Madrid%20Inteligente%2014.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 23 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Buenas+Pr%C3%A1cticas+de+la+Ciudad+de+Madrid&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.madrid.es%2FUnidadesDescentralizadas%2FRelacionesInternacionales%2FPublicaciones%2FCatalogoBuenasPracticas%2FEconomia%2FMiNT%2520Madrid%2520Inteligente%252014.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sustainablecitiescollective.com/global-site-plans-grid/316481/madrid-spain-launches-ibm-smarter-cities-project">"Madrid, Spain Launches IBM Smarter Cities Project"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161123203314/http://www.sustainablecitiescollective.com/global-site-plans-grid/316481/madrid-spain-launches-ibm-smarter-cities-project">Archived</a> from the original on 23 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Madrid%2C+Spain+Launches+IBM+Smarter+Cities+Project&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sustainablecitiescollective.com%2Fglobal-site-plans-grid%2F316481%2Fmadrid-spain-launches-ibm-smarter-cities-project&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.urban-hub.com/cities/fine-tuning-smart-in-madrid/">"From Barcelona to Madrid, Spain's smart cities inspire change"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161124024840/http://www.urban-hub.com/cities/fine-tuning-smart-in-madrid/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=From+Barcelona+to+Madrid%2C+Spain%27s+smart+cities+inspire+change&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.urban-hub.com%2Fcities%2Ffine-tuning-smart-in-madrid%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ebn.be/index.php?lnk=K2tiZmlkaWp5MVZzVWF6SzFUWkpHNWh3Y0F3TFBHLzZmaFpxZWwxNVB2MD0=">"MADRID DIGITAL START UP – CLEARCHANNEL 2015"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170311004501/http://ebn.be/index.php?lnk=K2tiZmlkaWp5MVZzVWF6SzFUWkpHNWh3Y0F3TFBHLzZmaFpxZWwxNVB2MD0=">Archived</a> from the original on 11 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MADRID+DIGITAL+START+UP+%E2%80%93+CLEARCHANNEL+2015&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Febn.be%2Findex.php%3Flnk%3DK2tiZmlkaWp5MVZzVWF6SzFUWkpHNWh3Y0F3TFBHLzZmaFpxZWwxNVB2MD0%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFVassallo2011" class="citation journal cs1">Vassallo, Carmel (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://melitensiawth.com/incoming/Index/Proceedings%20of%20History%20Week/PHW2011/07s.pdf">"Żejtun: An Eighteenth-Century 'Smart City<span class="cs1-kern-right">'</span>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Proceedings of History Week</i> (7): 105–118. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160417025637/http://melitensiawth.com/incoming/Index/Proceedings%20of%20History%20Week/PHW2011/07s.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 17 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+History+Week&rft.atitle=%C5%BBejtun%3A+An+Eighteenth-Century+%27Smart+City%27&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=105-118&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Vassallo&rft.aufirst=Carmel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmelitensiawth.com%2Fincoming%2FIndex%2FProceedings%2520of%2520History%2520Week%2FPHW2011%2F07s.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.gov.uk/government/news/manchester-wins-10m-prize-to-become-world-leader-in-smart-city-technology">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160909055109/https://www.gov.uk/government/news/manchester-wins-10m-prize-to-become-world-leader-in-smart-city-technology">Archived</a> 9 September 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Manchester wins £10m prize to become world leader in 'smart city' technology.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.manchester.gov.uk/news/article/7343/manchester_announced_as_uk_s_internet_of_things_iot_city_demonstrator_and_awarded_10m_investment">[2]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160809155835/http://www.manchester.gov.uk/news/article/7343/manchester_announced_as_uk_s_internet_of_things_iot_city_demonstrator_and_awarded_10m_investment">Archived</a> 9 August 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Manchester announced as UK's Internet of Things (IoT) City Demonstrator and awarded £10m investment.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.cityverve.org.uk/platform-of-platforms/">[3]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160827095452/http://www.cityverve.org.uk/platform-of-platforms/">Archived</a> 27 August 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Platform of Platforms.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFTrivellato2016" class="citation journal cs1">Trivellato, Benedetta (January 2016). "How can 'smart' also be socially sustainable? Insights from the case of Milan". <i>Academy of Management Proceedings</i>. <b>2016</b> (1): 10641. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5465%2Fambpp.2016.10641abstract">10.5465/ambpp.2016.10641abstract</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0065-0668">0065-0668</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Academy+of+Management+Proceedings&rft.atitle=How+can+%27smart%27+also+be+socially+sustainable%3F+Insights+from+the+case+of+Milan&rft.volume=2016&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=10641&rft.date=2016-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5465%2Fambpp.2016.10641abstract&rft.issn=0065-0668&rft.aulast=Trivellato&rft.aufirst=Benedetta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFSaccoTavano_Blessi2009" class="citation journal cs1">Sacco, Pierluigi; Tavano Blessi, Giorgio (May 2009). "The Social Viability of Culture-led Urban Transformation Processes: Evidence from the Bicocca District, Milan". <i>Urban Studies</i>. <b>46</b> (5–6): 1115–1135. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0042098009103857">10.1177/0042098009103857</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0042-0980">0042-0980</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153728781">153728781</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Urban+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Social+Viability+of+Culture-led+Urban+Transformation+Processes%3A+Evidence+from+the+Bicocca+District%2C+Milan&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=5%E2%80%936&rft.pages=1115-1135&rft.date=2009-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153728781%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0042-0980&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0042098009103857&rft.aulast=Sacco&rft.aufirst=Pierluigi&rft.au=Tavano+Blessi%2C+Giorgio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-:1-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_157-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_157-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ourmk.org">"Our MK: Helping make Milton Keynes a smarter, greener city"</a>. <i>www.ourmk.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151117221316/https://ourmk.org/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 November 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ourmk.org&rft.atitle=Our+MK%3A+Helping+make+Milton+Keynes+a+smarter%2C+greener+city&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ourmk.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-:2-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_158-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_158-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://urbandataschool.com">"The Urban Date School"</a>. <i>The Urban Data School</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160421104431/http://www.urbandataschool.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Urban+Data+School&rft.atitle=The+Urban+Date+School&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Furbandataschool.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-:3-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_159-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_159-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.futurelearn.com/courses/smart-cities">"Smart Cities"</a>. <i>FutureLearn</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151117064130/https://www.futurelearn.com/courses/smart-cities">Archived</a> from the original on 17 November 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FutureLearn&rft.atitle=Smart+Cities&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.futurelearn.com%2Fcourses%2Fsmart-cities&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tadviser.com/index.php/Article:Information_city_%28ICT_program_of_Moscow%29">"Archived copy"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200220092908/http://tadviser.com/index.php/Article:Information_city_(ICT_program_of_Moscow)">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftadviser.com%2Findex.php%2FArticle%3AInformation_city_%2528ICT_program_of_Moscow%2529&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-tadviser.com-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tadviser.com_161-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tadviser.com_161-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tadviser.com/index.php/Article:Moscow_the_Smart_city_%28Smart_city%29_Information_technologies_in_Moscow">"Archived copy"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200808002954/http://tadviser.com/index.php/Article:Moscow_the_Smart_city_(Smart_city)_Information_technologies_in_Moscow">Archived</a> from the original on 8 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftadviser.com%2Findex.php%2FArticle%3AMoscow_the_Smart_city_%2528Smart_city%2529_Information_technologies_in_Moscow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/mckinsey/industries/capital%20projects%20and%20infrastructure/our%20insights/smart%20cities%20digital%20solutions%20for%20a%20more%20livable%20future/mgi-smart-cities-full-report.ashx">"Archived copy"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200405223252/https://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/mckinsey/industries/capital%20projects%20and%20infrastructure/our%20insights/smart%20cities%20digital%20solutions%20for%20a%20more%20livable%20future/mgi-smart-cities-full-report.ashx">Archived</a> from the original on 5 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mckinsey.com%2F~%2Fmedia%2Fmckinsey%2Findustries%2Fcapital%2520projects%2520and%2520infrastructure%2Four%2520insights%2Fsmart%2520cities%2520digital%2520solutions%2520for%2520a%2520more%2520livable%2520future%2Fmgi-smart-cities-full-report.ashx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mos.ru/en/news/item/57389073/">"Archived copy"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200220092903/https://www.mos.ru/en/news/item/57389073/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mos.ru%2Fen%2Fnews%2Fitem%2F57389073%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://teletimesinternational.com/2021/hotspots-moscow-wifi-network/">"Archived copy"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210606113507/https://teletimesinternational.com/2021/hotspots-moscow-wifi-network/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fteletimesinternational.com%2F2021%2Fhotspots-moscow-wifi-network%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFKwon_Hyung_LEE2011" class="citation web cs1">Kwon Hyung LEE (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://urbact.eu/fileadmin/Projects/REDIS/events_media/magdeburg_Kwon_110408.pdf">"Building a New Smart City in Asia: Songdo International City in Incheon, S. Korea"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Incheon Development Institute. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141110080825/http://urbact.eu/fileadmin/Projects/REDIS/events_media/magdeburg_Kwon_110408.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 10 November 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Building+a+New+Smart+City+in+Asia%3A+Songdo+International+City+in+Incheon%2C+S.+Korea&rft.pub=Incheon+Development+Institute&rft.date=2011&rft.au=Kwon+Hyung+LEE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Furbact.eu%2Ffileadmin%2FProjects%2FREDIS%2Fevents_media%2Fmagdeburg_Kwon_110408.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.is/20130202142731/http://www.songdo.com/songdo-international-business-district/the-city/master-plan.aspx">"Songdo International Business District Master Plan"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.songdo.com/songdo-international-business-district/the-city/master-plan.aspx">the original</a> on 2 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Songdo+International+Business+District+Master+Plan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.songdo.com%2Fsongdo-international-business-district%2Fthe-city%2Fmaster-plan.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFInsider" class="citation web cs1">Insider, Alex Heath, Business. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/inside-linknycs-free-public-gigabit-wifi-plan-2016-2">"Inside the plan to cover New York City's streets with free, blazing fast Wi-Fi"</a>. <i>Business Insider</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190930170526/https://www.businessinsider.com/inside-linknycs-free-public-gigabit-wifi-plan-2016-2">Archived</a> from the original on 30 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-09-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Business+Insider&rft.atitle=Inside+the+plan+to+cover+New+York+City%27s+streets+with+free%2C+blazing+fast+Wi-Fi&rft.aulast=Insider&rft.aufirst=Alex+Heath%2C+Business&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2Finside-linknycs-free-public-gigabit-wifi-plan-2016-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFBaxter2012" class="citation news cs1">Baxter, Stephen (26 February 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.santacruzsentinel.com/general-news/20120226/modest-gains-in-first-six-months-of-santa-cruzs-predictive-police-program">"Modest gains in first six months of Santa Cruz's predictive police program"</a>. <i>Santa Cruz Sentinel</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150530124829/http://www.santacruzsentinel.com/general-news/20120226/modest-gains-in-first-six-months-of-santa-cruzs-predictive-police-program">Archived</a> from the original on 30 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Santa+Cruz+Sentinel&rft.atitle=Modest+gains+in+first+six+months+of+Santa+Cruz%27s+predictive+police+program&rft.date=2012-02-26&rft.aulast=Baxter&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.santacruzsentinel.com%2Fgeneral-news%2F20120226%2Fmodest-gains-in-first-six-months-of-santa-cruzs-predictive-police-program&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Schaffers-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Schaffers_169-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFSchaffers,_H.Komninos,_N.Pallot,_M.Trousse,_B.2011" class="citation book cs1">Schaffers, H.; Komninos, N.; Pallot, M.; Trousse, B.; Nilsson M. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/futureinternetfu0000unse/page/431"><i>Smart Cities and the Future Internet: Towards Cooperation Frameworks for Open Innovation, Lecture Notes in Computer Science</i></a>. The Future Internet. Vol. 6656. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/futureinternetfu0000unse/page/431">431–446</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783642208973" title="Special:BookSources/9783642208973"><bdi>9783642208973</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Smart+Cities+and+the+Future+Internet%3A+Towards+Cooperation+Frameworks+for+Open+Innovation%2C+Lecture+Notes+in+Computer+Science&rft.series=The+Future+Internet&rft.pages=431-446&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9783642208973&rft.au=Schaffers%2C+H.&rft.au=Komninos%2C+N.&rft.au=Pallot%2C+M.&rft.au=Trousse%2C+B.&rft.au=Nilsson+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffutureinternetfu0000unse%2Fpage%2F431&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-hidden-error error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|volume=</code> has extra text (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#extra_text_volume" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.driversofchange.com/projects/shaping-a-smart-shanghai/">"Shaping a Smart Shanghai | Arup Foresight"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181216031713/https://www.driversofchange.com/projects/shaping-a-smart-shanghai/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Shaping+a+Smart+Shanghai+%7C+Arup+Foresight&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.driversofchange.com%2Fprojects%2Fshaping-a-smart-shanghai%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFGroup" class="citation web cs1">Group, SEEC Media. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timeoutshanghai.com/features/News-News/58714/Here’s-what-you-need-to-know-about-Didi’s-new-safety-features.html">"Here's what you need to know about Didi's new safety features"</a>. <i>www.timeoutshanghai.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190828222617/http://www.timeoutshanghai.com/features/News-News/58714/Here%E2%80%99s-what-you-need-to-know-about-Didi%E2%80%99s-new-safety-features.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.timeoutshanghai.com&rft.atitle=Here%27s+what+you+need+to+know+about+Didi%27s+new+safety+features&rft.aulast=Group&rft.aufirst=SEEC+Media&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timeoutshanghai.com%2Ffeatures%2FNews-News%2F58714%2FHere%E2%80%99s-what-you-need-to-know-about-Didi%E2%80%99s-new-safety-features.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFStockholm:_the_capital_of_Scandinavia" class="citation web cs1">Stockholm: the capital of Scandinavia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stokab.se/In-english/">"This is stokab"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150530124852/http://www.stokab.se/In-english/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=This+is+stokab&rft.au=Stockholm%3A+the+capital+of+Scandinavia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stokab.se%2FIn-english%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFICT_Regulation_Toolkit" class="citation web cs1">ICT Regulation Toolkit. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160529180020/http://www.ictregulationtoolkit.org/en/toolkit/notes/PracticeNote/3244">"Models for Infrastructure Sharing: Sweden's Stokab"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ictregulationtoolkit.org/en/toolkit/notes/PracticeNote/3244/">the original</a> on 29 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Models+for+Infrastructure+Sharing%3A+Sweden%27s+Stokab&rft.au=ICT+Regulation+Toolkit&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ictregulationtoolkit.org%2Fen%2Ftoolkit%2Fnotes%2FPracticeNote%2F3244%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFStockholm:_the_Capital_of_Scandinavia" class="citation pressrelease cs1">Stockholm: the Capital of Scandinavia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://international.stockholm.se/globalassets/ovriga-bilder-och-filer/green-it-strategy.pdf">"Green IT"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Press release). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150530124027/http://international.stockholm.se/globalassets/ovriga-bilder-och-filer/green-it-strategy.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 30 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Green+IT&rft.au=Stockholm%3A+the+Capital+of+Scandinavia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finternational.stockholm.se%2Fglobalassets%2Fovriga-bilder-och-filer%2Fgreen-it-strategy.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-esthlm-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-esthlm_175-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-esthlm_175-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFStockholm:_the_Capital_of_Scandinavia" class="citation pressrelease cs1">Stockholm: the Capital of Scandinavia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://international.stockholm.se/globalassets/ovriga-bilder-och-filer/e-strategy-city-of-stockholm.pdf">"e-sthlm"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Press release). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150530124035/http://international.stockholm.se/globalassets/ovriga-bilder-och-filer/e-strategy-city-of-stockholm.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 30 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=e-sthlm&rft.au=Stockholm%3A+the+Capital+of+Scandinavia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finternational.stockholm.se%2Fglobalassets%2Fovriga-bilder-och-filer%2Fe-strategy-city-of-stockholm.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFKista_Science_City_Online" class="citation web cs1">Kista Science City Online. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kista.com/">"Kista Science City"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150520025433/http://kista.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kista+Science+City&rft.au=Kista+Science+City+Online&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkista.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://smartcity.taipei/about?locale=en">"Archived copy"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200615212006/https://smartcity.taipei/about?locale=en">Archived</a> from the original on 15 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsmartcity.taipei%2Fabout%3Flocale%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iglus.org/smart-cities-mooc">"Smart cities MOOC – IGLUS"</a>. <i>iglus.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160809231054/http://iglus.org/smart-cities-mooc">Archived</a> from the original on 9 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=iglus.org&rft.atitle=Smart+cities+MOOC+%E2%80%93+IGLUS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Figlus.org%2Fsmart-cities-mooc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cities.media.mit.edu/">"MIT Cities"</a>. MIT. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110720000644/http://cities.media.mit.edu/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MIT+Cities&rft.pub=MIT&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcities.media.mit.edu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://intelcities.iti.gr/intelcities">"IntelCities"</a>. <i>Intelcities project</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160913104349/http://intelcities.iti.gr/intelcities/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Intelcities+project&rft.atitle=IntelCities&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fintelcities.iti.gr%2Fintelcities&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.urenio.org/platforms/index.html">"Intelligent City Platforms"</a>. URENIO. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141221045007/http://www.urenio.org/platforms/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Intelligent+City+Platforms&rft.pub=URENIO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.urenio.org%2Fplatforms%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-182"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.urenio.org">"Home"</a>. URENIO. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141104214302/http://www.urenio.org/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 November 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Home&rft.pub=URENIO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.urenio.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-183"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171127121325/http://www.smartcities.info/aim">"AIM"</a>. <i>Smart Cities project</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smartcities.info/aim">the original</a> on 27 November 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Smart+Cities+project&rft.atitle=AIM&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smartcities.info%2Faim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-184"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFBen-Gal,_I.,_Weinstock,_S.,_Singer,_G.,_&_Bambos,_N._(2019)" class="citation web cs1">Ben-Gal, I., Weinstock, S., Singer, G., & Bambos, N. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eng.tau.ac.il/~bengal/TKDD1304-45.pdf">"Clustering Users by Their Mobility Behavioral Patterns"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ACM Transactions on Knowledge Discovery from Data (TKDD), 13(4), 45. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191014204156/http://www.eng.tau.ac.il/~bengal/TKDD1304-45.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 14 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Clustering+Users+by+Their+Mobility+Behavioral+Patterns&rft.pub=ACM+Transactions+on+Knowledge+Discovery+from+Data+%28TKDD%29%2C+13%284%29%2C+45&rft.au=Ben-Gal%2C+I.%2C+Weinstock%2C+S.%2C+Singer%2C+G.%2C+%26+Bambos%2C+N.+%282019%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eng.tau.ac.il%2F~bengal%2FTKDD1304-45.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-185"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/journals/iet-smc">"IET Smart Cities Journal, United Kingdom, 2018"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190528064046/https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/journals/iet-smc">Archived</a> from the original on 28 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IET+Smart+Cities+Journal%2C+United+Kingdom%2C+2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigital-library.theiet.org%2Fcontent%2Fjournals%2Fiet-smc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-186"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFGreenfield,_A.2013" class="citation book cs1">Greenfield, A. (2013). <i>Against the Smart City</i>. London: Verso. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B00FHQ5DBS">B00FHQ5DBS</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Against+the+Smart+City.&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Verso&rft.date=2013&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB00FHQ5DBS%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.au=Greenfield%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-187"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFSennett2012" class="citation news cs1">Sennett, Richard (4 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/dec/04/smart-city-rio-songdo-masdar">"No one likes a city that's too smart"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170318004523/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/dec/04/smart-city-rio-songdo-masdar">Archived</a> from the original on 18 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=No+one+likes+a+city+that%27s+too+smart&rft.date=2012-12-04&rft.aulast=Sennett&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2012%2Fdec%2F04%2Fsmart-city-rio-songdo-masdar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-188"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFGraham,_S.Marvin,_S.1996" class="citation book cs1">Graham, S.; Marvin, S. (1996). <i>Telecommunications and the city: electronic spaces, urban place</i>. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780203430453" title="Special:BookSources/9780203430453"><bdi>9780203430453</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Telecommunications+and+the+city%3A+electronic+spaces%2C+urban+place&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9780203430453&rft.au=Graham%2C+S.&rft.au=Marvin%2C+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-189"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFMarroneHammerle2018" class="citation journal cs1">Marrone, Mauricio; Hammerle, Mara (2018). "Smart Cities: A Review and Analysis of Stakeholders' Literature". <i>Business & Information Systems Engineering</i>. <b>60</b> (3): 197–213. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12599-018-0535-3">10.1007/s12599-018-0535-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:207433624">207433624</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Business+%26+Information+Systems+Engineering&rft.atitle=Smart+Cities%3A+A+Review+and+Analysis+of+Stakeholders%27+Literature&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=197-213&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs12599-018-0535-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A207433624%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Marrone&rft.aufirst=Mauricio&rft.au=Hammerle%2C+Mara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-190"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFWatson2013" class="citation journal cs1">Watson, Vanessa (6 December 2013). "African urban fantasies: dreams or nightmares?". <i>Environment and Urbanization</i>. <b>26</b> (1): 215–231. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0956247813513705">10.1177/0956247813513705</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0956-2478">0956-2478</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154398313">154398313</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environment+and+Urbanization&rft.atitle=African+urban+fantasies%3A+dreams+or+nightmares%3F&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=215-231&rft.date=2013-12-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154398313%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0956-2478&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0956247813513705&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=Vanessa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-191"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFWoyke" class="citation web cs1">Woyke, Elizabeth. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.technologyreview.com/s/612712/smart-cities-coule-be-lousy-if-you-have-a-disability/">"Smart cities could be lousy to live in if you have a disability"</a>. <i>MIT Technology Review</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190305211109/https://www.technologyreview.com/s/612712/smart-cities-coule-be-lousy-if-you-have-a-disability/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-03-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MIT+Technology+Review&rft.atitle=Smart+cities+could+be+lousy+to+live+in+if+you+have+a+disability&rft.aulast=Woyke&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.technologyreview.com%2Fs%2F612712%2Fsmart-cities-coule-be-lousy-if-you-have-a-disability%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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</ol></div></div>
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<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFHollands2008" class="citation journal cs1">Hollands, R. G (2008). "Will the real smart city please stand up?". <i>City</i>. <b>12</b> (3): 303–320. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13604810802479126">10.1080/13604810802479126</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143073956">143073956</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=City&rft.atitle=Will+the+real+smart+city+please+stand+up%3F&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=303-320&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13604810802479126&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143073956%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Hollands&rft.aufirst=R.+G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFKomninos2008" class="citation book cs1">Komninos, N. (2008). <i>Intelligent Cities and Globalisation of Innovation Networks</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415455923" title="Special:BookSources/9780415455923"><bdi>9780415455923</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Intelligent+Cities+and+Globalisation+of+Innovation+Networks&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780415455923&rft.aulast=Komninos&rft.aufirst=N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFKomninos2009" class="citation journal cs1">Komninos, N. (2009). "Intelligent cities: towards interactive and global innovation environments". <i>International Journal of Innovation and Regional Development</i>. <b>1</b> (4): 337. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1504%2Fijird.2009.022726">10.1504/ijird.2009.022726</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Innovation+and+Regional+Development&rft.atitle=Intelligent+cities%3A+towards+interactive+and+global+innovation+environments&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=337&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1504%2Fijird.2009.022726&rft.aulast=Komninos&rft.aufirst=N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFDept_Business2013" class="citation web cs1">Dept Business (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/246019/bis-13-1209-smart-cities-background-paper-digital.pdf">"Smart cities – background paper"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. UK Government <a href="/wiki/Department_for_Business,_Innovation_and_Skills" title="Department for Business, Innovation and Skills">Department for Business, Innovation and Skills</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141103170412/https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/246019/bis-13-1209-smart-cities-background-paper-digital.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 3 November 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Smart+cities+%E2%80%93+background+paper&rft.pub=UK+Government+Department+for+Business%2C+Innovation+and+Skills&rft.date=2013&rft.au=Dept+Business&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.uk%2Fgovernment%2Fuploads%2Fsystem%2Fuploads%2Fattachment_data%2Ffile%2F246019%2Fbis-13-1209-smart-cities-background-paper-digital.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smart_city&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFShepard,_Mark2011" class="citation book cs1">Shepard, Mark (2011). <i>Sentient City: Ubiquitous Computing, Architecture, and the Future of Urban Space. New York City</i>. <i><a href="/wiki/Architectural_League_of_New_York" title="Architectural League of New York">Architectural League of New York</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0262515863" title="Special:BookSources/978-0262515863"><bdi>978-0262515863</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sentient+City%3A+Ubiquitous+Computing%2C+Architecture%2C+and+the+Future+of+Urban+Space.+New+York+City&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0262515863&rft.au=Shepard%2C+Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFBatty,_M.2012" class="citation journal cs1">Batty, M.; et al. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1140%2Fepjst%2Fe2012-01703-3">"Smart Cities of the Future"</a>. <i>European Physical Journal ST</i>. <b>214</b>: 481–518. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012EPJST.214..481B">2012EPJST.214..481B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1140%2Fepjst%2Fe2012-01703-3">10.1140/epjst/e2012-01703-3</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Physical+Journal+ST&rft.atitle=Smart+Cities+of+the+Future&rft.volume=214&rft.pages=481-518&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1140%2Fepjst%2Fe2012-01703-3&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012EPJST.214..481B&rft.au=Batty%2C+M.&rft_id=%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1140%252Fepjst%252Fe2012-01703-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFAnastasia_Stratigea2012" class="citation book cs1">Anastasia Stratigea (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/261873805"><i>The Concept of 'Smart' Cities – Towards Community Development?</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Concept+of+%27Smart%27+Cities+%E2%80%93+Towards+Community+Development%3F&rft.date=2012&rft.au=Anastasia+Stratigea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F261873805&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFTownsend,_Antony2013" class="citation book cs1">Townsend, Antony (2013). <i>Smart Cities: Big Data, Civic Hackers, and the Quest for a New Utopia</i>. W. W. Norton & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0393082876" title="Special:BookSources/978-0393082876"><bdi>978-0393082876</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Smart+Cities%3A+Big+Data%2C+Civic+Hackers%2C+and+the+Quest+for+a+New+Utopia&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0393082876&rft.au=Townsend%2C+Antony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFMoirMoonenClark2014" class="citation web cs1">Moir, E.; Moonen, T.; Clark, C. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/337549/14-820-what-are-future-cities.pdf">"What are future cities – origins, meaning and uses"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Foresight Future of Cities Project and <a href="/wiki/Future_Cities_Catapult" class="mw-redirect" title="Future Cities Catapult">Future Cities Catapult</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+are+future+cities+%E2%80%93+origins%2C+meaning+and+uses&rft.pub=Foresight+Future+of+Cities+Project+and+Future+Cities+Catapult&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Moir&rft.aufirst=E.&rft.au=Moonen%2C+T.&rft.au=Clark%2C+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.uk%2Fgovernment%2Fuploads%2Fsystem%2Fuploads%2Fattachment_data%2Ffile%2F337549%2F14-820-what-are-future-cities.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFLaFrance2015" class="citation magazine cs1">LaFrance, Adrienne (10 July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2015/07/when-you-give-a-tree-an-email-address/398210/">"When You Give a Tree an Email Address"</a>. <i>The Atlantic</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=When+You+Give+a+Tree+an+Email+Address&rft.date=2015-07-10&rft.aulast=LaFrance&rft.aufirst=Adrienne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Ftechnology%2Farchive%2F2015%2F07%2Fwhen-you-give-a-tree-an-email-address%2F398210%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFMohanty2016" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Saraju_Mohanty" title="Saraju Mohanty">Mohanty, Saraju</a> (July 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smohanty.org/Publications_Journals/2016/Mohanty_IEEE-CEM_2016-July_Smart-Cities.pdf">"Everything You wanted to Know about Smart Cities"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine</i>. <b>6</b> (3): 60–70. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FMCE.2016.2556879">10.1109/MCE.2016.2556879</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:206450227">206450227</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Consumer+Electronics+Magazine&rft.atitle=Everything+You+wanted+to+Know+about+Smart+Cities&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=60-70&rft.date=2016-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FMCE.2016.2556879&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A206450227%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Mohanty&rft.aufirst=Saraju&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smohanty.org%2FPublications_Journals%2F2016%2FMohanty_IEEE-CEM_2016-July_Smart-Cities.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFKamila_Borsekova2016" class="citation book cs1">Kamila Borsekova (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877042816303688"><i>The Power of Communities in Smart Urban Development</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Power+of+Communities+in+Smart+Urban+Development&rft.date=2016&rft.au=Kamila+Borsekova&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS1877042816303688&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFCavada2016" class="citation journal cs1">Cavada, M.; et al. (2016). "Do smart cities realise their potential for lower carbon dioxide emissions?". <i>Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers – Engineering Sustainability</i>. <b>169</b> (6): 243–252. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1680%2Fjensu.15.00032">10.1680/jensu.15.00032</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Institution+of+Civil+Engineers+%E2%80%93+Engineering+Sustainability&rft.atitle=Do+smart+cities+realise+their+potential+for+lower+carbon+dioxide+emissions%3F&rft.volume=169&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=243-252&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1680%2Fjensu.15.00032&rft.aulast=Cavada&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.atis.org/smart-cities-roadmap/">"Smart Cities Technology Roadmap"</a>. <i>Alliance for Telecommunications Industry Solutions</i>. April 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Alliance+for+Telecommunications+Industry+Solutions&rft.atitle=Smart+Cities+Technology+Roadmap&rft.date=2017-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.atis.org%2Fsmart-cities-roadmap%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Saraju_Mohanty" title="Saraju Mohanty">Saraju Mohanty</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cesoc.ieee.org/images/files/pdf/Mohanty_IEEE-DL_Smart-Cities.pdf">Everything You wanted to Know about Smart Cities</a>, IEEE Distinguished Lecture 2017, IEEE CE Society Webinar, 5 October 2017.</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFViitanenKingston2014" class="citation journal cs1">Viitanen, J.; Kingston, R. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://polired.upm.es/index.php/ciur/article/view/3498">"Smart cities and green growth – outsourcing democratic and environmental resilience to the global technology sector"</a>. <i>Environment and Planning A</i>. <b>46</b> (4): 803–819. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1068%2Fa46242">10.1068/a46242</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145283799">145283799</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environment+and+Planning+A&rft.atitle=Smart+cities+and+green+growth+%E2%80%93+outsourcing+democratic+and+environmental+resilience+to+the+global+technology+sector&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=803-819&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1068%2Fa46242&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145283799%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Viitanen&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Kingston%2C+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpolired.upm.es%2Findex.php%2Fciur%2Farticle%2Fview%2F3498&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li>DelSignore, M.; Riether, G. (2018) <i>Urban Machines: Public Space in a Digital Culture</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978%2B8898%2B774%2B289" title="Special:BookSources/978+8898+774+289">978 8898 774 289</a>, an overview of the impact of Information Technology and vision of a possible future – as challenge for architects.</li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smart_city&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.landmobile.co.uk/news/budget-2015-osborne-announces-40-million-investment-into-smart-cities-and-iot/">UK Budget 2015 funding for smart cities development</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161124094213/http://www.landmobile.co.uk/news/budget-2015-osborne-announces-40-million-investment-into-smart-cities-and-iot">Archived</a> 24 November 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bsigroup.com/en-GB/smart-cities/">British Standards Institute initiative on Smart Cities</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/future-of-cities">Future of Cities</a> UK government 'Foresight' project on cities</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://futurecities.catapult.org.uk/">Future Cities Catapult</a> A UK government-funded 'global centre of excellence on urban innovation'</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.knowledgegrid.net/~h.zhuge/CPS.htm">Cyber-Physical Society</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.runwithcode.com/what-is-smart-city/">what is a smart city?</a></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://icanada150.ca/about-i-canada-alliance/">"About i-Canada Alliance"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+i-Canada+Alliance&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ficanada150.ca%2Fabout-i-canada-alliance%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+city" class="Z3988"></span> A Canadian project</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the 2006 film, see <a href="/wiki/Smart_City_(film)" title="Smart City (film)">Smart City (film)</a>.</div></li></ul>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ambient_intelligence" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r992953826">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ambient_intelligence" title="Template:Ambient intelligence"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;;text-decoration:inherit;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ambient_intelligence" title="Template talk:Ambient intelligence"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;;text-decoration:inherit;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Ambient_intelligence&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;;text-decoration:inherit;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ambient_intelligence" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ambient_intelligence" title="Ambient intelligence">Ambient intelligence</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Context_awareness" title="Context awareness">Context awareness</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Internet_of_things" title="Internet of things">Internet of things</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Object_hyperlinking" title="Object hyperlinking">Object hyperlinking</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Profiling_(information_science)" title="Profiling (information science)">Profiling</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Spime" title="Spime">Spime</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Supranet" title="Supranet">Supranet</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ubiquitous_computing" title="Ubiquitous computing">Ubiquitous computing</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Web_of_Things" title="Web of Things">Web of Things</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_sensor_network" title="Wireless sensor network">Wireless sensor networks</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technologies</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/6LoWPAN" title="6LoWPAN">6LoWPAN</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ANT%2B" class="mw-redirect" title="ANT+">ANT+</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/DASH7" title="DASH7">DASH7</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.15.4" title="IEEE 802.15.4">IEEE 802.15.4</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Internet_0" title="Internet 0">Internet 0</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Machine_to_machine" title="Machine to machine">Machine to machine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Radio-frequency_identification" title="Radio-frequency identification">Radio-frequency identification</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Smartdust" title="Smartdust">Smartdust</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/XBee" title="XBee">XBee</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Platforms</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arduino" title="Arduino">Arduino</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Contiki" title="Contiki">Contiki</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_Imp&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Electric Imp (page does not exist)">Electric Imp</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/.NET_Gadgeteer" title=".NET Gadgeteer">Gadgeteer</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/IoBridge" title="IoBridge">ioBridge</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Netduino" title="Netduino">Netduino</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Raspberry_Pi" title="Raspberry Pi">Raspberry Pi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/TinyOS" title="TinyOS">TinyOS</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wiring_(development_platform)" title="Wiring (development platform)">Wiring</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Xively" title="Xively">Xively</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/NodeMCU" title="NodeMCU">NodeMCU</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applications</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambient_device" title="Ambient device">Ambient device</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/CeNSE" title="CeNSE">CeNSE</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Connected_car" title="Connected car">Connected car</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Home_automation" title="Home automation">Home automation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/HomeOS" title="HomeOS">HomeOS</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Internet_refrigerator" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet refrigerator">Internet refrigerator</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nabaztag" title="Nabaztag">Nabaztag</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Smart city</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Smart_TV" title="Smart TV">Smart TV</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Smarter_Planet" title="Smarter Planet">Smarter Planet</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pioneers</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Ashton" title="Kevin Ashton">Kevin Ashton</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Borriello" title="Gaetano Borriello">Gaetano Borriello</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Dunkels" title="Adam Dunkels">Adam Dunkels</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Stefano_Marzano" title="Stefano Marzano">Stefano Marzano</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Don_Norman" title="Don Norman">Don Norman</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Roel_Pieper" title="Roel Pieper">Roel Pieper</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Preishuber-Pfl%C3%BCgl" title="Josef Preishuber-Pflügl">Josef Preishuber-Pflügl</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_Seely_Brown" title="John Seely Brown">John Seely Brown</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Sterling" title="Bruce Sterling">Bruce Sterling</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Weiser" title="Mark Weiser">Mark Weiser</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambient_Devices" title="Ambient Devices">Ambient Devices</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/AmbieSense" title="AmbieSense">AmbieSense</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Framework_Programmes_for_Research_and_Technological_Development" title="Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development">Ebbits project</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/IPSO_Alliance" title="IPSO Alliance">IPSO Alliance</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cities" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r992953826"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cities" title="Template:Cities"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;;text-decoration:inherit;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cities" title="Template talk:Cities"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;;text-decoration:inherit;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Cities&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;;text-decoration:inherit;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cities" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/City" title="City">Cities</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Urban_geography" title="Urban geography">Urban geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">Urban area</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/City_centre" title="City centre">City centre</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Downtown" title="Downtown">Downtown</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Suburb" title="Suburb">Suburb</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Core_city" title="Core city">Core city</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Twin_cities" title="Twin cities">Twin cities</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_city" title="Satellite city">Satellite city</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Edge_city" title="Edge city">Edge city</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Commuter_town" title="Commuter town">Commuter town</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/City_proper" title="City proper">City proper</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/City_limits" title="City limits">limits</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Conurbation" title="Conurbation">Conurbation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">Metropolitan area</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Metropolis" title="Metropolis">Metropolis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Megalopolis" title="Megalopolis">Megalopolis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_with_the_most_skyscrapers" title="List of cities with the most skyscrapers">Cities with the most skyscrapers</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Urbanization" title="Urbanization">Urbanization</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Suburbanization" title="Suburbanization">Suburbanization</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shrinking_city" title="Shrinking city">Shrinking cities</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_town" title="Ghost town">Ghost town</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Municipal_corporation" title="Municipal corporation">Urban government</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/City_status" title="City status">City status</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Municipality" title="Municipality">Municipality</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Direct-controlled_municipality" title="Direct-controlled municipality">direct-controlled</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Independent_city" title="Independent city">Independent city</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">City-state</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_city" title="Autonomous city">Autonomous city</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">Capital city</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Urban_economics" title="Urban economics">Urban economics</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_by_GDP" title="List of cities by GDP">World's cities by GDP</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of cities by GDP (PPP) per capita">World's cities by GDP per capita</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_by_total_wealth" title="List of cities by total wealth">World's cities by wealth</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Global_city" title="Global city">Global city</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Central_business_district" title="Central business district">Central business district</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_cities_for_expatriate_employees" title="List of most expensive cities for expatriate employees">Most expensive cities</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cheapest_cities" title="List of cheapest cities">Cheapest cities</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Most_livable_cities" title="Most livable cities">Most livable cities</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Urban_decay" title="Urban decay">Urban decay</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Urban_renewal" title="Urban renewal">Urban renewal</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_bond" title="Municipal bond">Municipal bond</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Habitat_III" title="Habitat III">Habitat III</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning" title="Urban planning">Urban planning</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_urban_planning" title="History of urban planning">History of urban planning</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Theories_of_urban_planning" title="Theories of urban planning">Theories of urban planning</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Technical_aspects_of_urban_planning" title="Technical aspects of urban planning">Technical aspects of urban planning</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planner" title="Urban planner">Urban planners</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zoning" title="Zoning">Zoning</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-use_development" title="Mixed-use development">Mixed-use development</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Urban_design" title="Urban design">Urban design</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Grid_plan" title="Grid plan">Grid plan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Concentric_zone_model" title="Concentric zone model">Concentric zone model</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sector_model" title="Sector model">Sector model</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_nuclei_model" title="Multiple nuclei model">Multiple nuclei model</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Linear_city" title="Linear city">Linear city</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Land_use" title="Land use">Land use</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Smart city</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/World_population" title="World population">Urban population</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities" title="List of largest cities">World's largest cities</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities_throughout_history" title="List of largest cities throughout history">throughout history</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_proper_by_population_density" title="List of cities proper by population density">Most densely populated cities</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_capitals_by_population" title="List of national capitals by population">Most populous national capitals</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_satellite_cities_by_population" title="List of satellite cities by population">Most populous satellite cities</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Urbanism" title="Urbanism">Urbanism</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_warfare" title="Urban warfare">Urban warfare</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Urban_studies" title="Urban studies">Urban studies</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Urban_morphology" title="Urban morphology">Urban morphology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Urban_culture" title="Urban culture">Urban culture</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Urban_sociology" title="Urban sociology">Urban sociology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anti-urbanism" title="Anti-urbanism">Anti-urbanism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Urban_exploration" title="Urban exploration">Urban exploration</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Urban_homesteading" title="Urban homesteading">Urban homesteading</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Unitary_urbanism" title="Unitary urbanism">Unitary urbanism</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Environment</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_cities" title="Climate change and cities">Climate change</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Green_urbanism" title="Green urbanism">Green urbanism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_city" title="Sustainable city">Sustainable city</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_urbanism" title="Sustainable urbanism">Sustainable urbanism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goal_11" title="Sustainable Development Goal 11">Sustainable Development Goal 11</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Urban_heat_island" title="Urban heat island">Urban heat island</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Urban_ecology" title="Urban ecology">Urban ecology</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><a href="/wiki/File:COL-city_icon.png" class="image"><img alt="COL-city icon.png" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/28px-COL-city_icon.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/42px-COL-city_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/56px-COL-city_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Cities" title="Portal:Cities">Cities portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
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</div>' |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | 1632374903 |
