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{{short description|Place in Lower Saxony, Germany}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox German location
|type = Stadt
|image_coa = Wappen Emden.svg
|image_flag =
|image_photo = Flug Emden 2010 191.JPG
|coordinates = {{coord|53|22|1|N|07|12|22|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
|image_plan =
|state = Niedersachsen
|district = Kreisfreie Stadt
|elevation = 1
|area = 112.33
|population = 51528
|Stand = 2011-12-31
|Gemeindeschlüssel = 03402000
|postal_code = 26721, 26723, 26725
|PLZ-alt = 2970
|area_code = 04921, 04927 ([[Knock, East Frisia|Knock]])
|licence = EMD
|website = [https://www.emden.de/ www.emden.de]
|mayor = Tim Kruithoff
|Bürgermeistertitel = Oberbürgermeister
|party = Independent
}}
'''Emden''' ({{IPA-de|ɛmdn̩|lang}}) is an [[Independent city (Germany)|independent city]] and [[seaport]] in [[Lower Saxony]] in the northwest of Germany, on the river [[Ems (river)|Ems]]. It is the main city of the region of [[East Frisia]] and, in 2011, had a total population of 51,528.
==History==
{{Quote box
|title=Historical affiliations
|quote={{flagicon image|Ostfriesland Flagge mit Wappen.0.2.svg}} [[County of East Frisia]] 1464–1744
{{flag|Kingdom of Prussia|1750}} 1744–1806<br />
{{flagicon|Netherlands}} [[Kingdom of Holland]] 1806–1810<br />
{{flag|First French Empire}} 1810–1813<br />
{{flag|Kingdom of Prussia|1803}} 1813–1815<br />
{{flag|Kingdom of Hanover}} 1815–1866<br />
{{flag|Kingdom of Prussia|1803}} 1866–1871<br />
{{flag|German Empire}} 1871–1918<br />
{{flag|Weimar Republic}} 1918–1933<br />
{{flag|Nazi Germany}} 1933–1945<br />
{{flag|Allied-occupied Germany}} 1945–1949<br />
{{flag|West Germany}} 1949–1990<br />
{{flag|Germany}} 1990–present
|align=left
|width=19em
|bgcolor=GhostWhite
}}
[[File:Neue Kirche Emden.jpg|thumb|left|The New Church in Emden (1648).]]
The exact founding date of Emden is unknown, but it has existed at least since the 8th century. Older names for Emden are Amuthon, Embda, Emda, Embden and Embderland. Town privilege and the town's coat of arms, the ''Engelke up de Muer'' (The Little Angel on the Wall) was granted by [[Holy Roman Emperor|Emperor]] [[Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor|Maximilian I]] in 1495.
In the 16th century, Emden briefly became an important centre for the [[Protestant Reformation]] under the rule of Countess [[Anna von Oldenburg]] who was determined to find a religious "third way" between [[Lutheranism]] and [[Catholicism]]. In 1542 she invited the Polish noble [[John Laski]] (or ''Joahannes a Lasco'') to become pastor of a Protestant church at Emden;<ref name="FSC">{{cite book|last=Carney|first=Frederick S.|title=Politica:Translator's Introduction|year=1995|publisher=Liberty Fund|isbn=9780865971158}}</ref>{{rp|xi}} and for 7 years he continued to spread the new religion around the area of [[East Frisia]]. However, in 1549 following pressure from the Emperor [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]], the Countess was forced to ask Laski to leave for England and the experiment came to an end. Nevertheless, the legacy was important for the reformation in the Netherlands.
At the end of the 16th century Emden experienced a period of great prosperity. Due to the Spanish blockade of Flemish and Brabant ports at the start of the [[Dutch Revolt]], Emden became the most important transshipment port on the North Sea. Thousands of Protestant refugees came from Flanders and the Duchy of Brabant to the Protestant city Emden to escape persecution by the Spanish rulers of the Low Countries. During this period, the predominantly Calvinist Emden came into conflict with the Lutheran counts of East Friesland. The [[Emden Revolution]] in 1595 resulted in Emden becoming a distinct city-state.<ref>{{cite book|last=Mentzer|first=Raymond|title=Sin and the Calvinists: Morals, Control and the Consistory in Reformed Tradition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n_ipwgt-dtMC&q=Emden+1595&pg=PA22|year=1994|publisher=Truman State University Press|isbn=1931112185|page=22}}</ref> With the support of the Dutch Republic, Emden became a free government city under the protection of the Dutch Republic. The Brabantian dialect became the official language of trade and civil administration.
Emden was a very rich city during the 17th century, due to large numbers of Dutch and Flemish immigrants such as [[Diederik Jansz. Graeff]]. It was a centre of reformed Protestantism at that time. The political theorist [[Johannes Althusius]] served as [[Syndic]] from 1604 to 1638.<ref name="FSC"/>{{rp|xii}}
In 1744 Emden was annexed by [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussia]]. In 1752 [[Frederick the Great]] chartered the [[Emden Company]] to trade with [[Guangzhou|Canton]], but the company was ruined when Emden was captured by French forces in 1757 during the [[Seven Years' War]]. The city was recaptured by [[Army of Observation|Anglo-German forces]] in 1758 and for the rest of the conflict was used as a major supply base by the British to support the ongoing war in [[Westphalia]].
During the [[Napoleon]]ic French era, Emden and the surrounding lands of [[East Frisia]] were part of the short-lived [[Kingdom of Holland]].
Industrialization started at around 1870, with a paper mill and a somewhat bigger shipyard. At the end of the 19th century, a big canal, the [[Dortmund-Ems Canal]] was constructed, which connected Emden with the [[Ruhr]] area. This made Emden the "seaport of the Ruhr area", which lasted until the 1970s. Coal from the south was transported to the North Sea port, and imported iron ore was shipped via the canal towards [[Rhine]] and the [[Ruhr (river)|Ruhr]]. The last iron ore freighter was moored in the port of Emden in 1986.
In 1903, a large shipyard (''[[Nordseewerke]]'', "North Sea Works") was founded and was in operation until 2010.
{{anchor|Allied air attacks}}The city centre was almost completely wiped out as a result of [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] [[Strategic bombing during World War II|bombing raids]] during the [[Second World War]], destroying nearly all historic buildings. The RAF first bombed Emden on 31 March 1940. The most severe bombing took place on 6 September 1944, when roughly 80 percent of all houses in the city centre were destroyed. In the collective memory of the city, this date still plays an important role. The shipyard area was largely untouched – the British targeted the civilian areas, apparently in response to the [[Coventry Blitz|bombing of Coventry]] by the ''[[Luftwaffe]]''.<ref>{{cite web | title=You have no chance – Airminded | website=Airminded | date=2011-02-02 | url=https://airminded.org/2011/02/02/you-have-no-chance/ |quote=Why are we doing so? It is not revenge, though we do not forget Warsaw, Belgrade, Rotterdam, London, Plymouth and Coventry. We are bombing Germany, city by city, and ever more terribly, in order to make it impossible for you to go on with the war. That is our object. We shall pursue it remorselessly. City by city: Lübeck, Rostock, Cologne, Emden, Bremen, Wilhelmshaven, Duisburg, Hamburg -- and the list will grow longer and longer. | access-date=2020-03-14}}</ref> The modern rebuilding of the city hall was opened on 6 September 1962, exactly 18 years after the bombing.
==Climate==
{{Weather box
| location = Emden (1981–2010)
| metric first = Yes
| single line = Yes
| Jan high C = 4.7
| Feb high C = 5.6
| Mar high C = 9.0
| Apr high C = 13.5
| May high C = 17.0
| Jun high C = 19.7
| Jul high C = 22.2
| Aug high C = 22.2
| Sep high C = 18.4
| Oct high C = 13.6
| Nov high C = 8.5
| Dec high C = 4.8
| year high C =
| Jan low C = -0.1
| Feb low C = -0.0
| Mar low C = 1.7
| Apr low C = 3.6
| May low C = 7.2
| Jun low C = 10.1
| Jul low C = 12.7
| Aug low C = 12.7
| Sep low C = 10.0
| Oct low C = 6.4
| Nov low C = 3.3
| Dec low C = 0.1
| year low C =
| Jan rain mm = 66.8
| Feb rain mm = 47.6
| Mar rain mm = 60.9
| Apr rain mm = 39.9
| May rain mm = 55.8
| Jun rain mm = 79.1
| Jul rain mm = 80.3
| Aug rain mm = 71.3
| Sep rain mm = 81.5
| Oct rain mm = 75.6
| Nov rain mm = 74.3
| Dec rain mm = 67.9
| year rain mm =
|rain colour = green
|Jan sun = 53.0
|Feb sun = 70.7
|Mar sun = 122.7
|Apr sun = 179.5
|May sun = 216.6
|Jun sun = 204.4
|Jul sun = 211.3
|Aug sun = 186.2
|Sep sun = 143.3
|Oct sun = 112.7
|Nov sun = 54.3
|Dec sun = 51.5
| source 1 = [http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/listenormale-1981-2010-1-p5.php Météoclimat]
}}
==Economy==
The main industries in Emden are automobile production and shipbuilding. [[Volkswagen]] runs a large production plant which builds the [[Volkswagen Passat]] car and which employs around 10,000 people. [[Emden harbor]] is also one of the three main ports for car shipping in Europe (together with [[Zeebrugge]] in Belgium and [[Bremerhaven]] in Germany). More than 850,000 cars were imported and exported in 2005. The ''Nordseewerke'' shipyard, a subsidiary of [[ThyssenKrupp]], employs around 1,400 dockers and specializes in conventional submarines. It also produces different kinds of cargo ships as well as ships for special purposes such as icebreakers, dredgers and other ships of that type.
Another important economic sector is tourism, mainly as a day trip destination for tourists staying in the surrounding villages on the North Sea coastline.
A university of applied sciences (''[[Fachhochschule]]'') was opened in 1973. At present, around 4,240 students are enrolled, most of them studying for technical degrees.
The airline [[Ostfriesische Lufttransport]] has its headquarters in Emden.<ref>"[https://www.olt.de/en/info/imprint/ Imprint]". ([https://www.webcitation.org/60hAbJRqM?url=https://www.olt.de/en/info/imprint/ Archive]) Ostfriesische Lufttransport. Retrieved on 4 August 2011. "Gorch-Fock-Str. 103 26721 Emden Germany".</ref>
==Sports==
The highest playing{{clarify|date=July 2019}} [[association football]] club is [[Kickers Emden|BSV Kickers Emden]]. The capacity of the stadium is 7,200, due to safety objections of the [[German Football Association]]. In 1994, some 12,000 spectators followed a match against the reserves squad of [[Hamburger SV]], which remains the record. In that season, Kickers Emden finished top of the 3rd League, but were not promoted to the [[2. Fußball-Bundesliga|Second League]] as they lost the promotion round.
Since Emden is not only located close to the North Sea, but also to the river Ems and various small rivers and canals, boat sports are very popular among inhabitants and tourists.
==Notable people==
[[File:Zelfportret Bakhuizen.jpg|thumb|140px|Self-portrait by [[Ludolf Bakhuizen]]]]
* [[Johann van Lingen]] (1425–1482), Mayor of Emden
* [[Jacob Emden]], also known as Ya'avetz (June 4, 1697 – April 19, 1776), leading German rabbi and talmudist.
* [[Pieter Dirkszoon Keyser]], (ca. 1540-1596), sailor in Portuguese and Dutch service
* [[Johannes Althusius]] (1563–1638), [[legal scholar]], [[Calvinist]] [[political theorist]], city counsel and politician
* [[Johann Heinrich Alting]], (1583-1644), reformed theologian
* [[Martin Hermann Faber]] (1586 – 1648), painter, architect, and cartographer
* [[Ludolf Bakhuizen]], (1630-1708), major Marinemaler
* [[Eduard Norden]], (1868-1941), philologist and religious historian
* [[Claude France]] (1893–1928), actor
* [[Hans Boelsen]], (1894-1960), general lieutenant in the Second World War
* [[Henri Nannen]], (1913–1996), publisher and publicist, founder of ''[[Stern (magazine)|Stern]]'' magazine
* [[Hans-Joachim Hespos]], (born 1938), composer
* [[Helma Sanders-Brahms]], (1940-2014), film director and actress
* [[Karl Dall]] (1941-2020), presenter, singer and comedian
* [[Wolfgang Petersen]] (born 1941), film director and producer
* [[Otto Waalkes]] (born 1948), comedian, [[comic artist]], singer and actor
* [[Eva Herman]], (born 1958), book author and former television presenter
* [[Jan van Koningsveld]], (born 1969), mental calculator
* [[Heidi Hartmann]], (born 1971), boxing champion
* [[Stefan Lampadius]], (born 1976), actor and filmmaker
* [[Ferydoon Zandi]] (born 1979), [[association football|football player]]
* [[Maya Thiele]], (born 2008), Occultist and Doctor
==Ships and places named after the city==
[[File:Emden Feuerschiff 06.jpg|thumb|Retired light vessel ''Amrumbank'' in front of Emden city hall.]]
[[File:Emden city hall.jpg|thumb|The City Hall (''Rathaus'')]]
Three German [[light cruiser]]s were named after the city, two of which served in [[World War I]] and the third in [[World War II]]. Today, the fifth navy ship named after the city is in service.
* [[SMS Emden (1906)|SMS ''Emden'' (1906)]], a light cruiser in the [[Kaiserliche Marine]], [[Bay of Bengal]], [[Battle of Cocos]]
* ''[[Brigantine Yankee|Emden]]'' (1911), [[schooner]], renamed ''Duhnen'', then ''Brigantine Yankee''; made four circumnavigations
* [[SMS Emden (1916)|SMS ''Emden'' (1916)]], a light cruiser in the Kaiserliche Marine
* [[German cruiser Emden|''Emden'' (1925)]], a light cruiser in the Kriegsmarine, used in the [[Operation Weserübung|invasion of Norway and Denmark]]
* ''F210 Emden'' (1979), [[Bremen class frigate|''Bremen''-class frigate]] of the [[German Navy]]
A deep sea spot in the Pacific Ocean close to the [[Philippines]] is named after the first {{SMS|Emden|1908|2}} ship, and is therefore called ''Emdentief'' in German. The spot ({{cvt|10,400|m|ft|disp=or}} deep) was sounded in the 1920s (in 1920, 1923 or 1928—sources vary).
In addition, the village of [[Emden, Illinois]] in the United States was named after [[Jacob Emden]]<ref>[http://www.emdenil.com/ Emdenil.com] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080529235332/http://www.emdenil.com/ |date=29 May 2008 }}</ref> due to the large number of emigrants from Emden to the village in northwestern [[Logan County, Illinois]]. Another namesake city in the USA is the unincorporated town of Embden, North Dakota (the b added to correct the pronunciation).<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.webfamilytree.com/North_Dakota_Place_Names/E/embden_(cass_county).htm |chapter=Embden (Cass County) |last1=Wick |first1=Douglas A. |year=1988 |title=North Dakota Place Names |publisher=Hedemarken Collectibles |location=Bismarck, ND |isbn=0962096806 |oclc=18941733 |access-date=12 May 2012}}</ref>
==Twin towns – sister cities==
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Germany}}
Emden is [[Sister city|twinned]] with:<ref>{{cite web |title=Emder Städtepartnerschaften|url=https://www.emden.de/rathaus/verwaltung/stabsstellen/vorstandsbuero/staedtepartnerschaften|website=emden.de|publisher=Emden|language=de|access-date=2019-11-30}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Arkhangelsk]], Russia
*{{flagicon|NOR}} [[Haugesund]], Norway
== See also ==
{{Portal|Germany}}
== References ==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
{{commons category|Emden (Lower Saxony)}}
{{wikivoyage|Emden}}
* {{Official website}} {{in lang|de}}
* [http://www.kunsthalle-emden.de/ Kunsthalle Emden] {{in lang|de}}
* [http://www.jalb.de/ Johannes a Lasco Library] {{in lang|de}}
* [http://www.bsv-kickers-emden.de Kickers Emden] {{in lang|de}}
* [http://www.koenigsspringer-emden.de/ Chess] {{in lang|de}}
* [http://www.meteo-dynamics.de/ Current weather data and forecast for Emden] {{in lang|de}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160505013839/http://fregatte-emden.de/ Cruisers EMDEN, Frigates EMDEN – 5 warships named EMDEN until today] {{in lang|de}}
* "[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-12558741 Google map gives German harbour to Netherlands]". [[BBC]]. 23 February 2011.—BBC article about an error in Google maps
* {{Cite NIE|wstitle=Emden|year=1905 |short=x}}
* {{Cite Americana|wstitle=Emden |short=x}}
{{Germany districts lower saxony}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Emden| ]]
[[Category:Port cities and towns in Germany]]
[[Category:Port cities and towns of the North Sea]]
[[Category:Towns and villages in East Frisia]]
[[Category:Province of Hanover]]
[[uz:Emden]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{other uses}}
{{short description|Place in Lower Saxony, Germany}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox German location
|type = Stadt
|image_coa = Wappen Emden.svg
|image_flag =
|image_photo = Flug Emden 2010 191.JPG
|coordinates = {{coord|53|22|1|N|07|12|22|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
|image_plan =
|state = Niedersachsen
|district = Kreisfreie Stadt
|elevation = 1
|area = 112.33
|population = 51528
|Stand = 2011-12-31
|Gemeindeschlüssel = 03402000
|postal_code = 26721, 26723, 26725
|PLZ-alt = 2970
|area_code = 04921, 04927 ([[Knock, East Frisia|Knock]])
|licence = EMD
|website = [https://www.emden.de/ www.emden.de]
|mayor = Tim Kruithoff
|Bürgermeistertitel = Oberbürgermeister
|party = Independent
}}
'''Emden''' ({{IPA-de|ɛmdn̩|lang}}) is an [[Independent city (Germany)|independent city]] and [[seaport]] in [[Lower Saxony]] in the northwest of Germany, on the river [[Ems (river)|Ems]]. It is the main city of the region of [[East Frisia]] and, in 2011, had a total population of 51,528.
==History==
{{Quote box
|title=Historical affiliations
|quote={{flagicon image|Ostfriesland Flagge mit Wappen.0.2.svg}} [[County of East Frisia]] 1464–1744
{{flag|Kingdom of Prussia|1750}} 1744–1806<br />
{{flagicon|Netherlands}} [[Kingdom of Holland]] 1806–1810<br />
{{flag|First French Empire}} 1810–1813<br />
{{flag|Kingdom of Prussia|1803}} 1813–1815<br />
{{flag|Kingdom of Hanover}} 1815–1866<br />
{{flag|Kingdom of Prussia|1803}} 1866–1871<br />
{{flag|German Empire}} 1871–1918<br />
{{flag|Weimar Republic}} 1918–1933<br />
{{flag|Nazi Germany}} 1933–1945<br />
{{flag|Allied-occupied Germany}} 1945–1949<br />
{{flag|West Germany}} 1949–1990<br />
{{flag|Germany}} 1990–present
|align=left
|width=19em
|bgcolor=GhostWhite
}}
[[File:Neue Kirche Emden.jpg|thumb|left|The New Church in Emden (1648).]]
The exact founding date of Emden is unknown, but it has existed at least since the 8th century. Older names for Emden are Amuthon, Embda, Emda, Embden and Embderland. Town privilege and the town's coat of arms, the ''Engelke up de Muer'' (The Little Angel on the Wall) was granted by [[Holy Roman Emperor|Emperor]] [[Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor|Maximilian I]] in 1495.
In the 16th century, Emden briefly became an important centre for the [[Protestant Reformation]] under the rule of Countess [[Anna von Oldenburg]] who was determined to find a religious "third way" between [[Lutheranism]] and [[Catholicism]]. In 1542 she invited the Polish noble [[John Laski]] (or ''Joahannes a Lasco'') to become pastor of a Protestant church at Emden;<ref name="FSC">{{cite book|last=Carney|first=Frederick S.|title=Politica:Translator's Introduction|year=1995|publisher=Liberty Fund|isbn=9780865971158}}</ref>{{rp|xi}} and for 7 years he continued to spread the new religion around the area of [[East Frisia]]. However, in 1549 following pressure from the Emperor [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]], the Countess was forced to ask Laski to leave for England and the experiment came to an end. Nevertheless, the legacy was important for the reformation in the Netherlands.
At the end of the 16th century Emden experienced a period of great prosperity. Due to the Spanish blockade of Flemish and Brabant ports at the start of the [[Dutch Revolt]], Emden became the most important transshipment port on the North Sea. Thousands of Protestant refugees came from Flanders and the Duchy of Brabant to the Protestant city Emden to escape persecution by the Spanish rulers of the Low Countries. During this period, the predominantly Calvinist Emden came into conflict with the Lutheran counts of East Friesland. The [[Emden Revolution]] in 1595 resulted in Emden becoming a distinct city-state.<ref>{{cite book|last=Mentzer|first=Raymond|title=Sin and the Calvinists: Morals, Control and the Consistory in Reformed Tradition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n_ipwgt-dtMC&q=Emden+1595&pg=PA22|year=1994|publisher=Truman State University Press|isbn=1931112185|page=22}}</ref> With the support of the Dutch Republic, Emden became a free government city under the protection of the Dutch Republic. The Brabantian dialect became the official language of trade and civil administration.
Emden was a very rich city during the 17th century, due to large numbers of Dutch and Flemish immigrants such as [[Diederik Jansz. Graeff]]. It was a centre of reformed Protestantism at that time. The political theorist [[Johannes Althusius]] served as [[Syndic]] from 1604 to 1638.<ref name="FSC"/>{{rp|xii}}
In 1744 Emden was annexed by [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussia]]. In 1752 [[Frederick the Great]] chartered the [[Emden Company]] to trade with [[Guangzhou|Canton]], but the company was ruined when Emden was captured by French forces in 1757 during the [[Seven Years' War]]. The city was recaptured by [[Army of Observation|Anglo-German forces]] in 1758 and for the rest of the conflict was used as a major supply base by the British to support the ongoing war in [[Westphalia]].
During the [[Napoleon]]ic French era, Emden and the surrounding lands of [[East Frisia]] were part of the short-lived [[Kingdom of Holland]].
Industrialization started at around 1870, with a paper mill and a somewhat bigger shipyard. At the end of the 19th century, a big canal, the [[Dortmund-Ems Canal]] was constructed, which connected Emden with the [[Ruhr]] area. This made Emden the "seaport of the Ruhr area", which lasted until the 1970s. Coal from the south was transported to the North Sea port, and imported iron ore was shipped via the canal towards [[Rhine]] and the [[Ruhr (river)|Ruhr]]. The last iron ore freighter was moored in the port of Emden in 1986.
In 1903, a large shipyard (''[[Nordseewerke]]'', "North Sea Works") was founded and was in operation until 2010.
{{anchor|Allied air attacks}}The city centre was almost completely wiped out as a result of [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] [[Strategic bombing during World War II|bombing raids]] during the [[Second World War]], destroying nearly all historic buildings. The RAF first bombed Emden on 31 March 1940. The most severe bombing took place on 6 September 1944, when roughly 80 percent of all houses in the city centre were destroyed. In the collective memory of the city, this date still plays an important role. The shipyard area was largely untouched – the British targeted the civilian areas, apparently in response to the [[Coventry Blitz|bombing of Coventry]] by the ''[[Luftwaffe]]''.<ref>{{cite web | title=You have no chance – Airminded | website=Airminded | date=2011-02-02 | url=https://airminded.org/2011/02/02/you-have-no-chance/ |quote=Why are we doing so? It is not revenge, though we do not forget Warsaw, Belgrade, Rotterdam, London, Plymouth and Coventry. We are bombing Germany, city by city, and ever more terribly, in order to make it impossible for you to go on with the war. That is our object. We shall pursue it remorselessly. City by city: Lübeck, Rostock, Cologne, Emden, Bremen, Wilhelmshaven, Duisburg, Hamburg -- and the list will grow longer and longer. | access-date=2020-03-14}}</ref> The modern rebuilding of the city hall was opened on 6 September 1962, exactly 18 years after the bombing.
==Climate==
{{Weather box
| location = Emden (1981–2010)
| metric first = Yes
| single line = Yes
| Jan high C = 4.7
| Feb high C = 5.6
| Mar high C = 9.0
| Apr high C = 13.5
| May high C = 17.0
| Jun high C = 19.7
| Jul high C = 22.2
| Aug high C = 22.2
| Sep high C = 18.4
| Oct high C = 13.6
| Nov high C = 8.5
| Dec high C = 4.8
| year high C =
| Jan low C = -0.1
| Feb low C = -0.0
| Mar low C = 1.7
| Apr low C = 3.6
| May low C = 7.2
| Jun low C = 10.1
| Jul low C = 12.7
| Aug low C = 12.7
| Sep low C = 10.0
| Oct low C = 6.4
| Nov low C = 3.3
| Dec low C = 0.1
| year low C =
| Jan rain mm = 66.8
| Feb rain mm = 47.6
| Mar rain mm = 60.9
| Apr rain mm = 39.9
| May rain mm = 55.8
| Jun rain mm = 79.1
| Jul rain mm = 80.3
| Aug rain mm = 71.3
| Sep rain mm = 81.5
| Oct rain mm = 75.6
| Nov rain mm = 74.3
| Dec rain mm = 67.9
| year rain mm =
|rain colour = green
|Jan sun = 53.0
|Feb sun = 70.7
|Mar sun = 122.7
|Apr sun = 179.5
|May sun = 216.6
|Jun sun = 204.4
|Jul sun = 211.3
|Aug sun = 186.2
|Sep sun = 143.3
|Oct sun = 112.7
|Nov sun = 54.3
|Dec sun = 51.5
| source 1 = [http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/listenormale-1981-2010-1-p5.php Météoclimat]
}}
==Economy==
The main industries in Emden are automobile production and shipbuilding. [[Volkswagen]] runs a large production plant which builds the [[Volkswagen Passat]] car and which employs around 10,000 people. [[Emden harbor]] is also one of the three main ports for car shipping in Europe (together with [[Zeebrugge]] in Belgium and [[Bremerhaven]] in Germany). More than 850,000 cars were imported and exported in 2005. The ''Nordseewerke'' shipyard, a subsidiary of [[ThyssenKrupp]], employs around 1,400 dockers and specializes in conventional submarines. It also produces different kinds of cargo ships as well as ships for special purposes such as icebreakers, dredgers and other ships of that type.
Another important economic sector is tourism, mainly as a day trip destination for tourists staying in the surrounding villages on the North Sea coastline.
A university of applied sciences (''[[Fachhochschule]]'') was opened in 1973. At present, around 4,240 students are enrolled, most of them studying for technical degrees.
The airline [[Ostfriesische Lufttransport]] has its headquarters in Emden.<ref>"[https://www.olt.de/en/info/imprint/ Imprint]". ([https://www.webcitation.org/60hAbJRqM?url=https://www.olt.de/en/info/imprint/ Archive]) Ostfriesische Lufttransport. Retrieved on 4 August 2011. "Gorch-Fock-Str. 103 26721 Emden Germany".</ref>
==Sports==
The highest playing{{clarify|date=July 2019}} [[association football]] club is [[Kickers Emden|BSV Kickers Emden]]. The capacity of the stadium is 7,200, due to safety objections of the [[German Football Association]]. In 1994, some 12,000 spectators followed a match against the reserves squad of [[Hamburger SV]], which remains the record. In that season, Kickers Emden finished top of the 3rd League, but were not promoted to the [[2. Fußball-Bundesliga|Second League]] as they lost the promotion round.
Since Emden is not only located close to the North Sea, but also to the river Ems and various small rivers and canals, boat sports are very popular among inhabitants and tourists.
==Notable people==
[[File:Zelfportret Bakhuizen.jpg|thumb|140px|Self-portrait by [[Ludolf Bakhuizen]]]]
* [[Johann van Lingen]] (1425–1482), Mayor of Emden
* [[Jacob Emden]], also known as Ya'avetz (June 4, 1697 – April 19, 1776), leading German rabbi and talmudist.
* [[Pieter Dirkszoon Keyser]], (ca. 1540-1596), sailor in Portuguese and Dutch service
* [[Johannes Althusius]] (1563–1638), [[legal scholar]], [[Calvinist]] [[political theorist]], city counsel and politician
* [[Johann Heinrich Alting]], (1583-1644), reformed theologian
* [[Martin Hermann Faber]] (1586 – 1648), painter, architect, and cartographer
* [[Maya Thiele]], (1630-1708), Occultist
* [[Eduard Norden]], (1868-1941), philologist and religious historian
* [[Claude France]] (1893–1928), actor
* [[Hans Boelsen]], (1894-1960), general lieutenant in the Second World War
* [[Henri Nannen]], (1913–1996), publisher and publicist, founder of ''[[Stern (magazine)|Stern]]'' magazine
* [[Hans-Joachim Hespos]], (born 1938), composer
* [[Helma Sanders-Brahms]], (1940-2014), film director and actress
* [[Karl Dall]] (1941-2020), presenter, singer and comedian
* [[Wolfgang Petersen]] (born 1941), film director and producer
* [[Otto Waalkes]] (born 1948), comedian, [[comic artist]], singer and actor
* [[Eva Herman]], (born 1958), book author and former television presenter
* [[Jan van Koningsveld]], (born 1969), mental calculator
* [[Heidi Hartmann]], (born 1971), boxing champion
* [[Stefan Lampadius]], (born 1976), actor and filmmaker
* [[Ferydoon Zandi]] (born 1979), [[association football|football player]]
* [[Maya Thiele]], (born 2008), Occultist and Doctor
==Ships and places named after the city==
[[File:Emden Feuerschiff 06.jpg|thumb|Retired light vessel ''Amrumbank'' in front of Emden city hall.]]
[[File:Emden city hall.jpg|thumb|The City Hall (''Rathaus'')]]
Three German [[light cruiser]]s were named after the city, two of which served in [[World War I]] and the third in [[World War II]]. Today, the fifth navy ship named after the city is in service.
* [[SMS Emden (1906)|SMS ''Emden'' (1906)]], a light cruiser in the [[Kaiserliche Marine]], [[Bay of Bengal]], [[Battle of Cocos]]
* ''[[Brigantine Yankee|Emden]]'' (1911), [[schooner]], renamed ''Duhnen'', then ''Brigantine Yankee''; made four circumnavigations
* [[SMS Emden (1916)|SMS ''Emden'' (1916)]], a light cruiser in the Kaiserliche Marine
* [[German cruiser Emden|''Emden'' (1925)]], a light cruiser in the Kriegsmarine, used in the [[Operation Weserübung|invasion of Norway and Denmark]]
* ''F210 Emden'' (1979), [[Bremen class frigate|''Bremen''-class frigate]] of the [[German Navy]]
A deep sea spot in the Pacific Ocean close to the [[Philippines]] is named after the first {{SMS|Emden|1908|2}} ship, and is therefore called ''Emdentief'' in German. The spot ({{cvt|10,400|m|ft|disp=or}} deep) was sounded in the 1920s (in 1920, 1923 or 1928—sources vary).
In addition, the village of [[Emden, Illinois]] in the United States was named after [[Jacob Emden]]<ref>[http://www.emdenil.com/ Emdenil.com] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080529235332/http://www.emdenil.com/ |date=29 May 2008 }}</ref> due to the large number of emigrants from Emden to the village in northwestern [[Logan County, Illinois]]. Another namesake city in the USA is the unincorporated town of Embden, North Dakota (the b added to correct the pronunciation).<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.webfamilytree.com/North_Dakota_Place_Names/E/embden_(cass_county).htm |chapter=Embden (Cass County) |last1=Wick |first1=Douglas A. |year=1988 |title=North Dakota Place Names |publisher=Hedemarken Collectibles |location=Bismarck, ND |isbn=0962096806 |oclc=18941733 |access-date=12 May 2012}}</ref>
==Twin towns – sister cities==
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Germany}}
Emden is [[Sister city|twinned]] with:<ref>{{cite web |title=Emder Städtepartnerschaften|url=https://www.emden.de/rathaus/verwaltung/stabsstellen/vorstandsbuero/staedtepartnerschaften|website=emden.de|publisher=Emden|language=de|access-date=2019-11-30}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Arkhangelsk]], Russia
*{{flagicon|NOR}} [[Haugesund]], Norway
== See also ==
{{Portal|Germany}}
== References ==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
{{commons category|Emden (Lower Saxony)}}
{{wikivoyage|Emden}}
* {{Official website}} {{in lang|de}}
* [http://www.kunsthalle-emden.de/ Kunsthalle Emden] {{in lang|de}}
* [http://www.jalb.de/ Johannes a Lasco Library] {{in lang|de}}
* [http://www.bsv-kickers-emden.de Kickers Emden] {{in lang|de}}
* [http://www.koenigsspringer-emden.de/ Chess] {{in lang|de}}
* [http://www.meteo-dynamics.de/ Current weather data and forecast for Emden] {{in lang|de}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160505013839/http://fregatte-emden.de/ Cruisers EMDEN, Frigates EMDEN – 5 warships named EMDEN until today] {{in lang|de}}
* "[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-12558741 Google map gives German harbour to Netherlands]". [[BBC]]. 23 February 2011.—BBC article about an error in Google maps
* {{Cite NIE|wstitle=Emden|year=1905 |short=x}}
* {{Cite Americana|wstitle=Emden |short=x}}
{{Germany districts lower saxony}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Emden| ]]
[[Category:Port cities and towns in Germany]]
[[Category:Port cities and towns of the North Sea]]
[[Category:Towns and villages in East Frisia]]
[[Category:Province of Hanover]]
[[uz:Emden]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -148,5 +148,5 @@
* [[Johann Heinrich Alting]], (1583-1644), reformed theologian
* [[Martin Hermann Faber]] (1586 – 1648), painter, architect, and cartographer
-* [[Ludolf Bakhuizen]], (1630-1708), major Marinemaler
+* [[Maya Thiele]], (1630-1708), Occultist
* [[Eduard Norden]], (1868-1941), philologist and religious historian
* [[Claude France]] (1893–1928), actor
' |
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Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-parser-output"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Emden_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Emden (disambiguation)">Emden (disambiguation)</a>.</div>
<div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Place in Lower Saxony, Germany</div>
<p class="mw-empty-elt">
</p>
<div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Place in Lower Saxony, Germany</div><table class="infobox geography vcard" style="width:22em;width:23em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;font-size:1.25em; white-space:nowrap"><div style="display:inline" class="fn org"><span class="wrap">Emden </span></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/File:Flug_Emden_2010_191.JPG" class="image"><img alt="Flug Emden 2010 191.JPG" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flug_Emden_2010_191.JPG/250px-Flug_Emden_2010_191.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="164" data-file-width="4164" data-file-height="2732" /></a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="maptable" style="text-align:center"><div style="display:table; width:100%; background:none;">
<div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/File:Wappen_Emden.svg" class="image" title="Coat of arms of Emden"><img alt="Coat of arms of Emden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Wappen_Emden.svg/74px-Wappen_Emden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="74" height="80" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Wappen_Emden.svg/111px-Wappen_Emden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Wappen_Emden.svg/148px-Wappen_Emden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="801" /></a><div style="padding:0.2em 0 0.2em 0;">Coat of arms</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;font-size:95%;padding:4px;border:none;"><div style="font-size:100%;line-height:1.6;font-weight:bold;background:transparent;text-align:center;;height:5px;">Location of Emden</div><div class="mw-collapsible-content" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;;">
<div class="center" style="margin-top:1em"><a class="mw-kartographer-map mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 270px; height: 200px;" data-mw="interface" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="270" data-height="200" data-zoom="10" data-overlays="["_6db6bcdf1fa2a90dd26de79c6ebba61a12504272"]" href="/wiki/Special:Map/10/a/a/en"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,10,a,a,270x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Emden&groups=_6db6bcdf1fa2a90dd26de79c6ebba61a12504272" alt="" width="270" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,10,a,a,270x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Emden&groups=_6db6bcdf1fa2a90dd26de79c6ebba61a12504272 2x" /></a></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r997900035">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><a href="/wiki/File:Germany_adm_location_map.svg" class="image" title="Emden is located in Germany"><img alt="Emden is located in Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Germany_adm_location_map.svg/250px-Germany_adm_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="296" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Germany_adm_location_map.svg/375px-Germany_adm_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Germany_adm_location_map.svg/500px-Germany_adm_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1073" data-file-height="1272" /></a><div class="od" style="top:21.937%;left:17.061%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Emden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Emden" width="6" height="6" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="font-size:91%;width:6em;left:4px"><div><span class="wrap">Emden </span></div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Germany</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r997900035"/><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><a href="/wiki/File:Lower_Saxony_location_map.svg" class="image" title="Emden is located in Lower Saxony"><img alt="Emden is located in Lower Saxony" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Lower_Saxony_location_map.svg/250px-Lower_Saxony_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="211" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Lower_Saxony_location_map.svg/375px-Lower_Saxony_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Lower_Saxony_location_map.svg/500px-Lower_Saxony_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1422" data-file-height="1202" /></a><div class="od" style="top:22.609%;left:13.323%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Emden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Emden" width="6" height="6" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="font-size:91%;width:6em;left:4px"><div><span class="wrap">Emden </span></div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Lower Saxony</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center">Coordinates: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r994658806">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Emden&params=53_22_1_N_07_12_22_E_type:city(49913)_region:DE-NI"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">53°22′1″N</span> <span class="longitude">07°12′22″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">53.36694°N 7.20611°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">53.36694; 7.20611</span></span></span></a></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r994658806"/><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Emden&params=53_22_1_N_07_12_22_E_type:city(49913)_region:DE-NI"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">53°22′1″N</span> <span class="longitude">07°12′22″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">53.36694°N 7.20611°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">53.36694; 7.20611</span></span></span></a></span></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row">Country</th><td><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">State</a></th><td><a href="/wiki/Lower_Saxony" title="Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Germany" title="Districts of Germany">District</a></th><td><a href="/wiki/Urban_districts_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban districts of Germany">Urban district</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;text-align:left">Government<div style="font-weight:normal;display:inline;"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row"> • <a href="/wiki/Lord_mayor" title="Lord mayor">Lord mayor</a></th><td>Tim Kruithoff (<a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Ind.</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;text-align:left">Area<div style="font-weight:normal;display:inline;"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row"> • Total</th><td>112.33 km<sup>2</sup> (43.37 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row">Elevation<div style="font-weight:normal;display:inline;"></div></th><td>1 m (3 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;text-align:left">Population<div style="font-weight:normal;display:inline;"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(2019-12-31)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row"> • Total</th><td>49,913</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row"> • Density</th><td>440/km<sup>2</sup> (1,200/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Time_in_Germany" title="Time in Germany">Time zone</a></th><td><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B01:00" title="UTC+01:00">UTC+01:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Time" title="Central European Time">CET</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row"><span style="white-space:nowrap"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</span></th><td><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B02:00" title="UTC+02:00">UTC+02:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Summer_Time" title="Central European Summer Time">CEST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/List_of_postal_codes_in_Germany" title="List of postal codes in Germany">Postal codes</a></th><td class="adr"><div class="postal-code">26721, 26723, 26725</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/List_of_dialling_codes_in_Germany" title="List of dialling codes in Germany">Dialling codes</a></th><td>04921, 04927 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Knock,_East_Frisia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Knock, East Frisia (page does not exist)">Knock</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plate" title="Vehicle registration plate">Vehicle registration</a></th><td>EMD</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row">Website</th><td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.emden.de/">www.emden.de</a></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p><b>Emden</b> (<small>German: </small><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ɛmdn̩]</a></span>) is an <a href="/wiki/Independent_city_(Germany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent city (Germany)">independent city</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seaport" class="mw-redirect" title="Seaport">seaport</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lower_Saxony" title="Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a> in the northwest of Germany, on the river <a href="/wiki/Ems_(river)" title="Ems (river)">Ems</a>. It is the main city of the region of <a href="/wiki/East_Frisia" title="East Frisia">East Frisia</a> and, in 2011, had a total population of 51,528.
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Climate"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Climate</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Economy"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Economy</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Sports"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Sports</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Notable_people"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Notable people</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Ships_and_places_named_after_the_city"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Ships and places named after the city</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Twin_towns_–_sister_cities"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Twin towns – sister cities</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span></h2>
<div class="quotebox pullquote floatleft" style="width:19em; ; background-color: GhostWhite;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r887775652">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:0.5em 1.4em 0.8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:0.5em 0 0.8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{margin:0.5em auto 0.8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft p,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright p{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{background-color:#F9F9F9;text-align:center;font-size:larger;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:360px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{min-width:100%;margin:0 0 0.8em!important;float:none!important}}</style>
<div class="quotebox-title" style="background-color: GhostWhite;">Historical affiliations</div>
<div class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Ostfriesland_Flagge_mit_Wappen.0.2.svg/23px-Ostfriesland_Flagge_mit_Wappen.0.2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Ostfriesland_Flagge_mit_Wappen.0.2.svg/35px-Ostfriesland_Flagge_mit_Wappen.0.2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Ostfriesland_Flagge_mit_Wappen.0.2.svg/46px-Ostfriesland_Flagge_mit_Wappen.0.2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span> <a href="/wiki/County_of_East_Frisia" title="County of East Frisia">County of East Frisia</a> 1464–1744
<p><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281750-1801%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281750-1801%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281750-1801%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281750-1801%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281750-1801%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281750-1801%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Kingdom of Prussia</a> 1744–1806<br />
<span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands"><img alt="Netherlands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Holland" title="Kingdom of Holland">Kingdom of Holland</a> 1806–1810<br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Flag_of_France_%281794%E2%80%931815%2C_1830%E2%80%931958%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_France_%281794%E2%80%931815%2C_1830%E2%80%931958%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Flag_of_France_%281794%E2%80%931815%2C_1830%E2%80%931958%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_France_%281794%E2%80%931815%2C_1830%E2%80%931958%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Flag_of_France_%281794%E2%80%931815%2C_1830%E2%80%931958%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_France_%281794%E2%80%931815%2C_1830%E2%80%931958%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </span><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">First French Empire</a> 1810–1813<br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Kingdom of Prussia</a> 1813–1815<br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Hanover_1837-1866.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hanover_1837-1866.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Hanover_1837-1866.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hanover_1837-1866.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Hanover_1837-1866.svg/45px-Flag_of_Hanover_1837-1866.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hanover" title="Kingdom of Hanover">Kingdom of Hanover</a> 1815–1866<br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Kingdom of Prussia</a> 1866–1871<br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931919%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931919%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931919%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931919%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931919%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931919%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </span><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> 1871–1918<br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_Germany_%283-2_aspect_ratio%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%283-2_aspect_ratio%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_Germany_%283-2_aspect_ratio%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%283-2_aspect_ratio%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_Germany_%283-2_aspect_ratio%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Germany_%283-2_aspect_ratio%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </span><a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a> 1918–1933<br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> </span><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> 1933–1945<br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Merchant_flag_of_Germany_%281946%E2%80%931949%29.svg/23px-Merchant_flag_of_Germany_%281946%E2%80%931949%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Merchant_flag_of_Germany_%281946%E2%80%931949%29.svg/35px-Merchant_flag_of_Germany_%281946%E2%80%931949%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Merchant_flag_of_Germany_%281946%E2%80%931949%29.svg/45px-Merchant_flag_of_Germany_%281946%E2%80%931949%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> </span><a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany" title="Allied-occupied Germany">Allied-occupied Germany</a> 1945–1949<br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> </span><a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a> 1949–1990<br />
</p>
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> </span><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> 1990–present</div>
</div>
<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Neue_Kirche_Emden.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Neue_Kirche_Emden.jpg/220px-Neue_Kirche_Emden.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="2020" data-file-height="3030" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Neue_Kirche_Emden.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The New Church in Emden (1648).</div></div></div>
<p>The exact founding date of Emden is unknown, but it has existed at least since the 8th century. Older names for Emden are Amuthon, Embda, Emda, Embden and Embderland. Town privilege and the town's coat of arms, the <i>Engelke up de Muer</i> (The Little Angel on the Wall) was granted by <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor">Maximilian I</a> in 1495.
</p><p>In the 16th century, Emden briefly became an important centre for the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a> under the rule of Countess <a href="/wiki/Anna_von_Oldenburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Anna von Oldenburg">Anna von Oldenburg</a> who was determined to find a religious "third way" between <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholicism</a>. In 1542 she invited the Polish noble <a href="/wiki/John_Laski" class="mw-redirect" title="John Laski">John Laski</a> (or <i>Joahannes a Lasco</i>) to become pastor of a Protestant church at Emden;<sup id="cite_ref-FSC_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FSC-2">[2]</a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:<span>xi</span></sup> and for 7 years he continued to spread the new religion around the area of <a href="/wiki/East_Frisia" title="East Frisia">East Frisia</a>. However, in 1549 following pressure from the Emperor <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V</a>, the Countess was forced to ask Laski to leave for England and the experiment came to an end. Nevertheless, the legacy was important for the reformation in the Netherlands.
</p><p>At the end of the 16th century Emden experienced a period of great prosperity. Due to the Spanish blockade of Flemish and Brabant ports at the start of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Revolt" title="Dutch Revolt">Dutch Revolt</a>, Emden became the most important transshipment port on the North Sea. Thousands of Protestant refugees came from Flanders and the Duchy of Brabant to the Protestant city Emden to escape persecution by the Spanish rulers of the Low Countries. During this period, the predominantly Calvinist Emden came into conflict with the Lutheran counts of East Friesland. The <a href="/wiki/Emden_Revolution" title="Emden Revolution">Emden Revolution</a> in 1595 resulted in Emden becoming a distinct city-state.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup> With the support of the Dutch Republic, Emden became a free government city under the protection of the Dutch Republic. The Brabantian dialect became the official language of trade and civil administration.
</p><p>Emden was a very rich city during the 17th century, due to large numbers of Dutch and Flemish immigrants such as <a href="/wiki/Diederik_Jansz._Graeff" title="Diederik Jansz. Graeff">Diederik Jansz. Graeff</a>. It was a centre of reformed Protestantism at that time. The political theorist <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Althusius" title="Johannes Althusius">Johannes Althusius</a> served as <a href="/wiki/Syndic" title="Syndic">Syndic</a> from 1604 to 1638.<sup id="cite_ref-FSC_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FSC-2">[2]</a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:<span>xii</span></sup>
</p><p>In 1744 Emden was annexed by <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a>. In 1752 <a href="/wiki/Frederick_the_Great" title="Frederick the Great">Frederick the Great</a> chartered the <a href="/wiki/Emden_Company" title="Emden Company">Emden Company</a> to trade with <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Canton</a>, but the company was ruined when Emden was captured by French forces in 1757 during the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a>. The city was recaptured by <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Observation" class="mw-redirect" title="Army of Observation">Anglo-German forces</a> in 1758 and for the rest of the conflict was used as a major supply base by the British to support the ongoing war in <a href="/wiki/Westphalia" title="Westphalia">Westphalia</a>.
</p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleonic</a> French era, Emden and the surrounding lands of <a href="/wiki/East_Frisia" title="East Frisia">East Frisia</a> were part of the short-lived <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Holland" title="Kingdom of Holland">Kingdom of Holland</a>.
</p><p>Industrialization started at around 1870, with a paper mill and a somewhat bigger shipyard. At the end of the 19th century, a big canal, the <a href="/wiki/Dortmund-Ems_Canal" class="mw-redirect" title="Dortmund-Ems Canal">Dortmund-Ems Canal</a> was constructed, which connected Emden with the <a href="/wiki/Ruhr" title="Ruhr">Ruhr</a> area. This made Emden the "seaport of the Ruhr area", which lasted until the 1970s. Coal from the south was transported to the North Sea port, and imported iron ore was shipped via the canal towards <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ruhr_(river)" title="Ruhr (river)">Ruhr</a>. The last iron ore freighter was moored in the port of Emden in 1986.
</p><p>In 1903, a large shipyard (<i><a href="/wiki/Nordseewerke" title="Nordseewerke">Nordseewerke</a></i>, "North Sea Works") was founded and was in operation until 2010.
</p><p><span class="anchor" id="Allied_air_attacks"></span>The city centre was almost completely wiped out as a result of <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied</a> <a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Strategic bombing during World War II">bombing raids</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, destroying nearly all historic buildings. The RAF first bombed Emden on 31 March 1940. The most severe bombing took place on 6 September 1944, when roughly 80 percent of all houses in the city centre were destroyed. In the collective memory of the city, this date still plays an important role. The shipyard area was largely untouched – the British targeted the civilian areas, apparently in response to the <a href="/wiki/Coventry_Blitz" title="Coventry Blitz">bombing of Coventry</a> by the <i><a href="/wiki/Luftwaffe" title="Luftwaffe">Luftwaffe</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup> The modern rebuilding of the city hall was opened on 6 September 1962, exactly 18 years after the bombing.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Climate">Climate</span></h2>
<div>
<table class="wikitable collapsible" style="width:100%; text-align:center; line-height: 1.2em; margin:auto;">
<tbody><tr>
<th colspan="14">Climate data for Emden (1981–2010)
</th></tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row">Month
</th>
<th scope="col">Jan
</th>
<th scope="col">Feb
</th>
<th scope="col">Mar
</th>
<th scope="col">Apr
</th>
<th scope="col">May
</th>
<th scope="col">Jun
</th>
<th scope="col">Jul
</th>
<th scope="col">Aug
</th>
<th scope="col">Sep
</th>
<th scope="col">Oct
</th>
<th scope="col">Nov
</th>
<th scope="col">Dec
</th>
<th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year
</th></tr>
<tr style="text-align: center;">
<th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average high °C (°F)
</th>
<td style="background: #FFFDFC; color:#000000;">4.7<br />(40.5)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFF7EF; color:#000000;">5.6<br />(42.1)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFDFC0; color:#000000;">9.0<br />(48.2)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFC082; color:#000000;">13.5<br />(56.3)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFA852; color:#000000;">17.0<br />(62.6)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF962D; color:#000000;">19.7<br />(67.5)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF850B; color:#000000;">22.2<br />(72.0)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF850B; color:#000000;">22.2<br />(72.0)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF9F3F; color:#000000;">18.4<br />(65.1)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFC081; color:#000000;">13.6<br />(56.5)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFE3C7; color:#000000;">8.5<br />(47.3)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFFCFA; color:#000000;">4.8<br />(40.6)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFC285; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium">13.3<br />(55.9)
</td></tr>
<tr style="text-align: center;">
<th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average low °C (°F)
</th>
<td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;">−0.1<br />(31.8)
</td>
<td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;">-0.0<br />(32.0)
</td>
<td style="background: #EFEFFF; color:#000000;">1.7<br />(35.1)
</td>
<td style="background: #FAFAFF; color:#000000;">3.6<br />(38.5)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFECD9; color:#000000;">7.2<br />(45.0)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFD8B1; color:#000000;">10.1<br />(50.2)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFC68D; color:#000000;">12.7<br />(54.9)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFC68D; color:#000000;">12.7<br />(54.9)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFD9B3; color:#000000;">10.0<br />(50.0)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFF1E4; color:#000000;">6.4<br />(43.5)
</td>
<td style="background: #F8F8FF; color:#000000;">3.3<br />(37.9)
</td>
<td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:#000000;">0.1<br />(32.2)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFF7EF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium">5.6<br />(42.2)
</td></tr>
<tr style="text-align: center;">
<th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainfall mm (inches)
</th>
<td style="background: #9BFF9B; color:#000000;">66.8<br />(2.63)
</td>
<td style="background: #B1FFB1; color:#000000;">47.6<br />(1.87)
</td>
<td style="background: #A4FFA4; color:#000000;">60.9<br />(2.40)
</td>
<td style="background: #C1FFC1; color:#000000;">39.9<br />(1.57)
</td>
<td style="background: #ABFFAB; color:#000000;">55.8<br />(2.20)
</td>
<td style="background: #85FF85; color:#000000;">79.1<br />(3.11)
</td>
<td style="background: #87FF87; color:#000000;">80.3<br />(3.16)
</td>
<td style="background: #94FF94; color:#000000;">71.3<br />(2.81)
</td>
<td style="background: #81FF81; color:#000000;">81.5<br />(3.21)
</td>
<td style="background: #8EFF8E; color:#000000;">75.6<br />(2.98)
</td>
<td style="background: #8CFF8C; color:#000000;">74.3<br />(2.93)
</td>
<td style="background: #99FF99; color:#000000;">67.9<br />(2.67)
</td>
<td style="background: #99FF99; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium">801<br />(31.54)
</td></tr>
<tr style="text-align: center;">
<th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a>
</th>
<td style="background: #606060; color:#FFFFFF;">53.0
</td>
<td style="background: #8D8D8D; color:#FFFFFF;">70.7
</td>
<td style="background: #B7B758; color:#000000;">122.7
</td>
<td style="background: #D4D400; color:#000000;">179.5
</td>
<td style="background: #DBDB00; color:#000000;">216.6
</td>
<td style="background: #DADA00; color:#000000;">204.4
</td>
<td style="background: #DADA00; color:#000000;">211.3
</td>
<td style="background: #D4D400; color:#000000;">186.2
</td>
<td style="background: #C3C312; color:#000000;">143.3
</td>
<td style="background: #B3B373; color:#000000;">112.7
</td>
<td style="background: #666666; color:#FFFFFF;">54.3
</td>
<td style="background: #5E5E5E; color:#FFFFFF;">51.5
</td>
<td style="background: #BDBD33; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium">1,606.2
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/listenormale-1981-2010-1-p5.php">Météoclimat</a>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Economy">Economy</span></h2>
<p>The main industries in Emden are automobile production and shipbuilding. <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen" title="Volkswagen">Volkswagen</a> runs a large production plant which builds the <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Passat" title="Volkswagen Passat">Volkswagen Passat</a> car and which employs around 10,000 people. <a href="/wiki/Emden_harbor" class="mw-redirect" title="Emden harbor">Emden harbor</a> is also one of the three main ports for car shipping in Europe (together with <a href="/wiki/Zeebrugge" title="Zeebrugge">Zeebrugge</a> in Belgium and <a href="/wiki/Bremerhaven" title="Bremerhaven">Bremerhaven</a> in Germany). More than 850,000 cars were imported and exported in 2005. The <i>Nordseewerke</i> shipyard, a subsidiary of <a href="/wiki/ThyssenKrupp" title="ThyssenKrupp">ThyssenKrupp</a>, employs around 1,400 dockers and specializes in conventional submarines. It also produces different kinds of cargo ships as well as ships for special purposes such as icebreakers, dredgers and other ships of that type.
</p><p>Another important economic sector is tourism, mainly as a day trip destination for tourists staying in the surrounding villages on the North Sea coastline.
</p><p>A university of applied sciences (<i><a href="/wiki/Fachhochschule" title="Fachhochschule">Fachhochschule</a></i>) was opened in 1973. At present, around 4,240 students are enrolled, most of them studying for technical degrees.
</p><p>The airline <a href="/wiki/Ostfriesische_Lufttransport" class="mw-redirect" title="Ostfriesische Lufttransport">Ostfriesische Lufttransport</a> has its headquarters in Emden.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Sports">Sports</span></h2>
<p>The highest playing<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (July 2019)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">association football</a> club is <a href="/wiki/Kickers_Emden" title="Kickers Emden">BSV Kickers Emden</a>. The capacity of the stadium is 7,200, due to safety objections of the <a href="/wiki/German_Football_Association" title="German Football Association">German Football Association</a>. In 1994, some 12,000 spectators followed a match against the reserves squad of <a href="/wiki/Hamburger_SV" title="Hamburger SV">Hamburger SV</a>, which remains the record. In that season, Kickers Emden finished top of the 3rd League, but were not promoted to the <a href="/wiki/2._Fu%C3%9Fball-Bundesliga" class="mw-redirect" title="2. Fußball-Bundesliga">Second League</a> as they lost the promotion round.
</p><p>Since Emden is not only located close to the North Sea, but also to the river Ems and various small rivers and canals, boat sports are very popular among inhabitants and tourists.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notable_people">Notable people</span></h2>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:142px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Zelfportret_Bakhuizen.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Zelfportret_Bakhuizen.jpg/140px-Zelfportret_Bakhuizen.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="179" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="1912" data-file-height="2438" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Zelfportret_Bakhuizen.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Self-portrait by <a href="/wiki/Ludolf_Bakhuizen" title="Ludolf Bakhuizen">Ludolf Bakhuizen</a></div></div></div>
<ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johann_van_Lingen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johann van Lingen (page does not exist)">Johann van Lingen</a> (1425–1482), Mayor of Emden</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Emden" title="Jacob Emden">Jacob Emden</a>, also known as Ya'avetz (June 4, 1697 – April 19, 1776), leading German rabbi and talmudist.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pieter_Dirkszoon_Keyser" title="Pieter Dirkszoon Keyser">Pieter Dirkszoon Keyser</a>, (ca. 1540-1596), sailor in Portuguese and Dutch service</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Althusius" title="Johannes Althusius">Johannes Althusius</a> (1563–1638), <a href="/wiki/Legal_scholar" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal scholar">legal scholar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calvinist" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinist">Calvinist</a> <a href="/wiki/Political_theorist" class="mw-redirect" title="Political theorist">political theorist</a>, city counsel and politician</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_Alting" title="Johann Heinrich Alting">Johann Heinrich Alting</a>, (1583-1644), reformed theologian</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Hermann_Faber" title="Martin Hermann Faber">Martin Hermann Faber</a> (1586 – 1648), painter, architect, and cartographer</li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maya_Thiele&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maya Thiele (page does not exist)">Maya Thiele</a>, (1630-1708), Occultist</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Norden" title="Eduard Norden">Eduard Norden</a>, (1868-1941), philologist and religious historian</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Claude_France" title="Claude France">Claude France</a> (1893–1928), actor</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Boelsen" title="Hans Boelsen">Hans Boelsen</a>, (1894-1960), general lieutenant in the Second World War</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Nannen" title="Henri Nannen">Henri Nannen</a>, (1913–1996), publisher and publicist, founder of <i><a href="/wiki/Stern_(magazine)" title="Stern (magazine)">Stern</a></i> magazine</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Joachim_Hespos" title="Hans-Joachim Hespos">Hans-Joachim Hespos</a>, (born 1938), composer</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Helma_Sanders-Brahms" title="Helma Sanders-Brahms">Helma Sanders-Brahms</a>, (1940-2014), film director and actress</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Dall" title="Karl Dall">Karl Dall</a> (1941-2020), presenter, singer and comedian</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Petersen" title="Wolfgang Petersen">Wolfgang Petersen</a> (born 1941), film director and producer</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Waalkes" title="Otto Waalkes">Otto Waalkes</a> (born 1948), comedian, <a href="/wiki/Comic_artist" class="mw-redirect" title="Comic artist">comic artist</a>, singer and actor</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Eva_Herman" title="Eva Herman">Eva Herman</a>, (born 1958), book author and former television presenter</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jan_van_Koningsveld" title="Jan van Koningsveld">Jan van Koningsveld</a>, (born 1969), mental calculator</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Heidi_Hartmann" title="Heidi Hartmann">Heidi Hartmann</a>, (born 1971), boxing champion</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Stefan_Lampadius" title="Stefan Lampadius">Stefan Lampadius</a>, (born 1976), actor and filmmaker</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ferydoon_Zandi" title="Ferydoon Zandi">Ferydoon Zandi</a> (born 1979), <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football player</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maya_Thiele&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maya Thiele (page does not exist)">Maya Thiele</a>, (born 2008), Occultist and Doctor</li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Ships_and_places_named_after_the_city">Ships and places named after the city</span></h2>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Emden_Feuerschiff_06.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Emden_Feuerschiff_06.jpg/220px-Emden_Feuerschiff_06.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="4026" data-file-height="2063" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Emden_Feuerschiff_06.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Retired light vessel <i>Amrumbank</i> in front of Emden city hall.</div></div></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Emden_city_hall.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Emden_city_hall.jpg/220px-Emden_city_hall.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="1890" data-file-height="2519" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Emden_city_hall.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The City Hall (<i>Rathaus</i>)</div></div></div>
<p>Three German <a href="/wiki/Light_cruiser" title="Light cruiser">light cruisers</a> were named after the city, two of which served in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> and the third in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. Today, the fifth navy ship named after the city is in service.
</p>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/SMS_Emden_(1906)" class="mw-redirect" title="SMS Emden (1906)">SMS <i>Emden</i> (1906)</a>, a light cruiser in the <a href="/wiki/Kaiserliche_Marine" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaiserliche Marine">Kaiserliche Marine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal" title="Bay of Bengal">Bay of Bengal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cocos" title="Battle of Cocos">Battle of Cocos</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Brigantine_Yankee" title="Brigantine Yankee">Emden</a></i> (1911), <a href="/wiki/Schooner" title="Schooner">schooner</a>, renamed <i>Duhnen</i>, then <i>Brigantine Yankee</i>; made four circumnavigations</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/SMS_Emden_(1916)" title="SMS Emden (1916)">SMS <i>Emden</i> (1916)</a>, a light cruiser in the Kaiserliche Marine</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/German_cruiser_Emden" title="German cruiser Emden"><i>Emden</i> (1925)</a>, a light cruiser in the Kriegsmarine, used in the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Weser%C3%BCbung" title="Operation Weserübung">invasion of Norway and Denmark</a></li>
<li><i>F210 Emden</i> (1979), <a href="/wiki/Bremen_class_frigate" class="mw-redirect" title="Bremen class frigate"><i>Bremen</i>-class frigate</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_Navy" title="German Navy">German Navy</a></li></ul>
<p>A deep sea spot in the Pacific Ocean close to the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> is named after the first <a href="/wiki/SMS_Emden_(1908)" class="mw-redirect" title="SMS Emden (1908)"><i>Emden</i></a> ship, and is therefore called <i>Emdentief</i> in German. The spot (10,400 m or 34,100 ft deep) was sounded in the 1920s (in 1920, 1923 or 1928—sources vary).
</p><p>In addition, the village of <a href="/wiki/Emden,_Illinois" title="Emden, Illinois">Emden, Illinois</a> in the United States was named after <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Emden" title="Jacob Emden">Jacob Emden</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup> due to the large number of emigrants from Emden to the village in northwestern <a href="/wiki/Logan_County,_Illinois" title="Logan County, Illinois">Logan County, Illinois</a>. Another namesake city in the USA is the unincorporated town of Embden, North Dakota (the b added to correct the pronunciation).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span id="Twin_towns_.E2.80.93_sister_cities"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Twin_towns_–_sister_cities">Twin towns – sister cities</span></h2>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Germany" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Germany">List of twin towns and sister cities in Germany</a></div>
<p>Emden is <a href="/wiki/Sister_city" title="Sister city">twinned</a> with:<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup>
</p>
<ul><li><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Arkhangelsk" title="Arkhangelsk">Arkhangelsk</a>, Russia</li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway"><img alt="Norway" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/41px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Haugesund" title="Haugesund">Haugesund</a>, Norway</li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r936637989">.mw-parser-output .portal{border:solid #aaa 1px;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .portal.tleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portal.tright{margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}.mw-parser-output .portal>ul{display:table;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0.1em;max-width:175px;background:#f9f9f9;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portal>ul>li{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .portal>ul>li>span:first-child{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portal>ul>li>span:last-child{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}</style><div role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portal plainlist tright">
<ul>
<li><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/32px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="noviewer thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/48px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/64px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span><span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Germany" title="Portal:Germany">Germany portal</a></span></li></ul></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h2>
<div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;">
<div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statistik.niedersachsen.de/startseite/">Landesamt für Statistik Niedersachsen, LSN-Online Regionaldatenbank, Tabelle 12411: Fortschreibung des Bevölkerungsstandes, Stand 31. Dezember 2019</a>. </span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FSC-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FSC_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FSC_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r999302996">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFCarney1995" class="citation book cs1">Carney, Frederick S. (1995). <i>Politica:Translator's Introduction</i>. Liberty Fund. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780865971158" title="Special:BookSources/9780865971158"><bdi>9780865971158</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Politica%3ATranslator%27s+Introduction&rft.pub=Liberty+Fund&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9780865971158&rft.aulast=Carney&rft.aufirst=Frederick+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmden" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFMentzer1994" class="citation book cs1">Mentzer, Raymond (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n_ipwgt-dtMC&q=Emden+1595&pg=PA22"><i>Sin and the Calvinists: Morals, Control and the Consistory in Reformed Tradition</i></a>. Truman State University Press. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1931112185" title="Special:BookSources/1931112185"><bdi>1931112185</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sin+and+the+Calvinists%3A+Morals%2C+Control+and+the+Consistory+in+Reformed+Tradition&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Truman+State+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=1931112185&rft.aulast=Mentzer&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dn_ipwgt-dtMC%26q%3DEmden%2B1595%26pg%3DPA22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmden" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://airminded.org/2011/02/02/you-have-no-chance/">"You have no chance – Airminded"</a>. <i>Airminded</i>. 2 February 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2020</span>. <q>Why are we doing so? It is not revenge, though we do not forget Warsaw, Belgrade, Rotterdam, London, Plymouth and Coventry. We are bombing Germany, city by city, and ever more terribly, in order to make it impossible for you to go on with the war. That is our object. We shall pursue it remorselessly. City by city: Lübeck, Rostock, Cologne, Emden, Bremen, Wilhelmshaven, Duisburg, Hamburg -- and the list will grow longer and longer.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Airminded&rft.atitle=You+have+no+chance+%E2%80%93+Airminded&rft.date=2011-02-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fairminded.org%2F2011%2F02%2F02%2Fyou-have-no-chance%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmden" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.olt.de/en/info/imprint/">Imprint</a>". (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/60hAbJRqM?url=https://www.olt.de/en/info/imprint/">Archive</a>) Ostfriesische Lufttransport. Retrieved on 4 August 2011. "Gorch-Fock-Str. 103 26721 Emden Germany".</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.emdenil.com/">Emdenil.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080529235332/http://www.emdenil.com/">Archived</a> 29 May 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFWick1988" class="citation book cs1">Wick, Douglas A. (1988). "Embden (Cass County)". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.webfamilytree.com/North_Dakota_Place_Names/E/embden_(cass_county).htm"><i>North Dakota Place Names</i></a>. Bismarck, ND: Hedemarken Collectibles. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0962096806" title="Special:BookSources/0962096806"><bdi>0962096806</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/18941733">18941733</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Embden+%28Cass+County%29&rft.btitle=North+Dakota+Place+Names&rft.place=Bismarck%2C+ND&rft.pub=Hedemarken+Collectibles&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F18941733&rft.isbn=0962096806&rft.aulast=Wick&rft.aufirst=Douglas+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.webfamilytree.com%2FNorth_Dakota_Place_Names%2FE%2Fembden_%28cass_county%29.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmden" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.emden.de/rathaus/verwaltung/stabsstellen/vorstandsbuero/staedtepartnerschaften">"Emder Städtepartnerschaften"</a>. <i>emden.de</i> (in German). Emden<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=emden.de&rft.atitle=Emder+St%C3%A4dtepartnerschaften&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.emden.de%2Frathaus%2Fverwaltung%2Fstabsstellen%2Fvorstandsbuero%2Fstaedtepartnerschaften&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmden" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span></h2>
<table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;color:#000">
<tbody><tr>
<td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></td>
<td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Emden_(Lower_Saxony)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Emden (Lower Saxony)"><span style="">Emden (Lower Saxony)</span></a></b></i>.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;color:#000">
<tbody><tr>
<td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></td>
<td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Emden#Q4174" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Emden">Emden</a></b></i>.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.emden.de/">Official website</a></span></span> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4174#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" style="vertical-align: text-top" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a> <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kunsthalle-emden.de/">Kunsthalle Emden</a> <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jalb.de/">Johannes a Lasco Library</a> <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bsv-kickers-emden.de">Kickers Emden</a> <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.koenigsspringer-emden.de/">Chess</a> <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.meteo-dynamics.de/">Current weather data and forecast for Emden</a> <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160505013839/http://fregatte-emden.de/">Cruisers EMDEN, Frigates EMDEN – 5 warships named EMDEN until today</a> <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span></li>
<li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-12558741">Google map gives German harbour to Netherlands</a>". <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>. 23 February 2011.—BBC article about an error in Google maps</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The New International Encyclopædia/Emden"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Emden">"Emden" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="New International Encyclopedia">New International Encyclopedia</a></i>. 1905.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Emden&rft.btitle=New+International+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1905&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmden" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Emden"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_Americana_(1920)/Emden">"Emden" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Americana" title="Encyclopedia Americana">Encyclopedia Americana</a></i>. 1920.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Emden&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Americana&rft.date=1920&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmden" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="border&#124;30px&#124;Flag_of_Lower_Saxony_Urban_and_rural_districts_in_the_state_of_Lower_Saxony_in_Germany" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r992953826">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Lower_Saxony" title="Template:Germany districts Lower Saxony"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Germany_districts_Lower_Saxony" title="Template talk:Germany districts Lower Saxony"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Germany_districts_Lower_Saxony&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="border&#124;30px&#124;Flag_of_Lower_Saxony_Urban_and_rural_districts_in_the_state_of_Lower_Saxony_in_Germany" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Lower_Saxony.svg" class="image" title="Flag of Lower Saxony"><img alt="Flag of Lower Saxony" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Flag_of_Lower_Saxony.svg/30px-Flag_of_Lower_Saxony.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="20" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Flag_of_Lower_Saxony.svg/45px-Flag_of_Lower_Saxony.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Flag_of_Lower_Saxony.svg/60px-Flag_of_Lower_Saxony.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> Urban and rural districts in the state of <a href="/wiki/Lower_Saxony" title="Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a> in Germany</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Region</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hanover_Region" title="Hanover Region">Hanover</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Urban districts</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Braunschweig" title="Braunschweig">Braunschweig</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Delmenhorst" title="Delmenhorst">Delmenhorst</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Emden</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Oldenburg_(district)" title="Oldenburg (district)">Oldenburg</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Osnabr%C3%BCck" title="Osnabrück">Osnabrück</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Salzgitter" title="Salzgitter">Salzgitter</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelmshaven" title="Wilhelmshaven">Wilhelmshaven</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wolfsburg" title="Wolfsburg">Wolfsburg</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rural districts</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ammerland" title="Ammerland">Ammerland</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aurich_(district)" title="Aurich (district)">Aurich</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Bentheim_(district)" title="County of Bentheim (district)">Bentheim</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Celle_(district)" title="Celle (district)">Celle</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cloppenburg_(district)" title="Cloppenburg (district)">Cloppenburg</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cuxhaven_(district)" title="Cuxhaven (district)">Cuxhaven</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Diepholz_(district)" title="Diepholz (district)">Diepholz</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Emsland" title="Emsland">Emsland</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Friesland_(district)" title="Friesland (district)">Friesland</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gifhorn_(district)" title="Gifhorn (district)">Gifhorn</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Goslar_(district)" title="Goslar (district)">Goslar</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen_(district)" title="Göttingen (district)">Göttingen</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hameln-Pyrmont" title="Hameln-Pyrmont">Hameln-Pyrmont</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Harburg_(district)" title="Harburg (district)">Harburg</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Heidekreis" title="Heidekreis">Heidekreis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Helmstedt_(district)" title="Helmstedt (district)">Helmstedt</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hildesheim_(district)" title="Hildesheim (district)">Hildesheim</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Holzminden_(district)" title="Holzminden (district)">Holzminden</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Leer_(district)" title="Leer (district)">Leer</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCchow-Dannenberg" title="Lüchow-Dannenberg">Lüchow-Dannenberg</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCneburg_(district)" title="Lüneburg (district)">Lüneburg</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nienburg_(district)" title="Nienburg (district)">Nienburg</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Northeim_(district)" title="Northeim (district)">Northeim</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Oldenburg_(district)" title="Oldenburg (district)">Oldenburg</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Osnabr%C3%BCck_(district)" title="Osnabrück (district)">Osnabrück</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Osterholz" title="Osterholz">Osterholz</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Peine_(district)" title="Peine (district)">Peine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rotenburg_(district)" title="Rotenburg (district)">Rotenburg</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Schaumburg" title="Schaumburg">Schaumburg</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Stade_(district)" title="Stade (district)">Stade</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Uelzen_(district)" title="Uelzen (district)">Uelzen</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Vechta_(district)" title="Vechta (district)">Vechta</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Verden_(district)" title="Verden (district)">Verden</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wesermarsch" title="Wesermarsch">Wesermarsch</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wittmund_(district)" title="Wittmund (district)">Wittmund</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wolfenb%C3%BCttel_(district)" title="Wolfenbüttel (district)">Wolfenbüttel</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4174#identifiers&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Authority_control_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4174#identifiers&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4174#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" style="vertical-align: text-top" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/GND_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="GND (identifier)">GND</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4014564-5">4014564-5</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/MBAREA_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="MBAREA (identifier)">MBAREA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/5fa17a4f-79c3-4256-8c1c-6dbb44e2fe70">5fa17a4f-79c3-4256-8c1c-6dbb44e2fe70</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/NARA_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="NARA (identifier)">NARA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10044649">10044649</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/NKC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="NKC (identifier)">NKC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge423020&CON_LNG=ENG">ge423020</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/VIAF_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="VIAF (identifier)">VIAF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/247156416">247156416</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/WorldCat_Identities_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WorldCat Identities (identifier)">WorldCat Identities</a> (via VIAF): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/identities/containsVIAFID/247156416">247156416</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
' |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | 1612802486 |
