Edit filter log

'{{Infobox writer | name = Douglas Rushkoff | image = Douglas Rushkoff.jpg | imagesize = | alt = Douglas Rushkoff | caption = | pseudonym = | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1961|2|18}} | birth_place = New York City, New York | occupation = [[Media of the United States|American media]] theorist, writer, columnist, lecturer, [[graphic novelist]], documentarian | nationality = | ethnicity = | citizenship = | education = BA, MFA, PhD | alma_mater = [[Princeton University]]<br>[[California Institute of the Arts]]<br />[[Utrecht University]] | period = | genre = | subject = | movement = | notableworks = | spouse = Barbara (Kligman) Rushkoff (one child)<ref name=reff1>{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/article-1G2-3483100124/rushkoff-douglas-1961.html|title=Rushkoff, Douglas 1961– - Dictionary definition of Rushkoff, Douglas 1961– - Encyclopedia.com: FREE online dictionary|website=www.encyclopedia.com}}</ref> | partner = | children = | relatives = | influences = [[Marshall McLuhan]], [[Neil Postman]] | influenced = | awards = | signature = | website = {{URL|http://rushkoff.com}} }} '''Douglas Mark Rushkoff''' (born 18 February 1961) is an American [[media theorist]], writer, columnist, lecturer, graphic novelist, and documentarian. He is best known for his association with the early [[cyberpunk]] culture, and his advocacy of [[open source]] solutions to social problems. Rushkoff is most frequently regarded as a [[media theory|media theorist]] and is known for coining terms and concepts including [[Viral marketing|viral media]] (or media virus), [[digital native]], and social currency. He has written ten books on media, technology and culture. He wrote the first syndicated column on [[cyberculture]] for ''[[The New York Times|The New York Times Syndicate]]'', as well as regular columns for ''[[The Guardian]]'' of London,<ref name="guardian2002">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2002/jul/25/onlinesupplement.newmedia |title=Signs of the times &#124; Technology |publisher=The Guardian |date= 2002-07-25|accessdate=2009-07-25 | location=London | first=Douglas | last=Rushkoff}}</ref> ''[[Arthur (magazine)|Arthur]]'',<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.arthurmag.com/2009/03/30/crowdsourcing-the-bank-recovery-by-douglas-rushkoff/ |title=Crowdsourcing The Bank Recovery By Douglas Rushkoff &#124; Arthur Magazine – We Found The Others |publisher=Arthurmag.com |date=2009-03-30 |accessdate=2009-07-25}}</ref> ''[[Discover (magazine)|Discover]]'',<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://discovermagazine.com/search?SearchableText=rushkoff&Submit.x=0&Submit.y=0 |title=Science and Technology News, Science Articles |publisher=Discover Magazine |date=2007-01-21 |accessdate=2009-07-25}}</ref> and the [[online magazine]]s ''[[Daily Beast]]'',<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/author/douglas-rushkoff/ |title=Douglas Rushkoff |publisher=The Daily Beast |date= |accessdate=2009-07-25}}</ref> [[TheFeature]].com and meeting industry magazine One+.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mpiweb.org/Magazine|title=Publications - Meeting Professionals International|website=www.mpiweb.org}}</ref> Rushkoff is currently Professor of Media Theory and Digital Economics at the [[City University of New York]], Queens College. He has previously lectured at [[The New School|The New School University]] in Manhattan<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.newschool.edu/mediastudies/courses.aspx?id=29211 |title=Media Studies :: Academics :: All Courses |publisher=Newschool.edu |date= |accessdate=2009-07-25 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110530045337/http://www.newschool.edu/mediastudies/courses.aspx?id=29211 |archivedate=2011-05-30 |df= }}</ref> and the ITP at [[New York University]]'s [[Tisch School of the Arts]], where he created the Narrative Lab.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://itp.nyu.edu/research/areas/narrative-lab/ |archive-url=https://archive.is/20120712151223/http://itp.nyu.edu/research/areas/narrative-lab/ |dead-url=yes |archive-date=2012-07-12 |title=ITP Research 2005 » Narrative Lab |publisher=Itp.nyu.edu |date= |accessdate=2009-07-25 }}</ref> He also has taught online for the MaybeLogic Academy.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.maybelogic.org/rushkoff.htm |title=Maybe Logic Academy :: instructors |publisher=Maybelogic.org |date= |accessdate=2009-07-25 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090503193050/http://www.maybelogic.org/rushkoff.htm |archivedate=2009-05-03 |df= }}</ref> == Biography == === Background === Rushkoff was born in New York City, New York, and is the son of Sheila, a psychiatric social worker, and Marvin Rushkoff, a hospital administrator.<ref name=reff1/> He graduated from [[Princeton University]] in 1983.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://paw.princeton.edu/issues/2009/07/15/sections/search-and-archives/search.xml |title=Princeton Alumni Weekly: Search & Archives |publisher=Paw.princeton.edu |date=2009-07-15 |accessdate=2009-07-25}}</ref> He moved to Los Angeles and completed a [[Master of Fine Arts]] in Directing from the [[California Institute of the Arts]]. Later he took up a [[Postgraduate education|post-graduate]] fellowship from the [[American Film Institute]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6q3dW91a0fgC&pg=PA138 |title=The devil's candy: The bonfire of ... – Google Books |publisher=Books.google.com |date= |accessdate=2009-07-25}}</ref> He was a PhD candidate at [[Utrecht University]]'s New Media Program, writing a dissertation on new media literacies,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.let.uu.nl/tftv/nieuwemedia/comments.php?id=P656_0_3_0_C |title=NewMediaStudies.nl |publisher=Let.uu.nl |date=1999-02-22 |accessdate=2009-07-25}}</ref> which was approved in June, 2012.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/rushkoff/status/217387153188065281 |title=Dissertation approved. |publisher=Twitter |date=2012-06-25 |accessdate=2012-06-25}}</ref> Rushkoff emerged in the early 1990s as an active member of the cyberpunk movement, developing friendships and collaborations with people including [[Timothy Leary]], [[R. U. Sirius|RU Sirius]], [[Paul Krassner]], [[Robert Anton Wilson]], [[Ralph Abraham (mathematician)|Ralph Abraham]], [[Terence McKenna]], [[Genesis P-Orridge]], [[Ralph Metzner]], [[Grant Morrison]], [[Mark Pesce]], [[Erik Davis]], and other writers, artists and philosophers interested in the intersection of technology, society and culture.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.educause.edu/blog/agould/OpenSourceRealityDouglasRushko/167730 |title=Open Source Reality: Douglas Rushkoff Examines the Effects of Open Source &#124; EDUCAUSE |publisher=Educause.edu |date=2008-07-01 |accessdate=2009-07-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Michael Foord |url=http://www.voidspace.org.uk/cyberpunk/cyberia.shtml |title=Douglas Rushkoff – Cyberia |publisher=Voidspace.org.uk |date=1905-10-14 |accessdate=2009-07-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.seric.com/timothy/ |title=An Open Letter from the friend's of Dr. Timothy Leary |publisher=Seric.com |date= |accessdate=2009-07-25}}</ref> ''Cyberia'', his first book on cyberculture, was inspired by the San Francisco [[rave]] scene of the early 1990s. The initially planned publication was scrapped, however; in Rushkoff's words, "in 1992 Bantam canceled the book because they thought by 1993 the internet would be over."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/digitalnation/extras/interviews/rushkoff.html |title=Frontline: digital nation: interviews: douglas rushkoff |publisher=PBS |date=2009-03-24 |accessdate=2009-07-25}}</ref> It was eventually published in 1994. As his books became more accepted, and his concepts of the "media virus"<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mediamatic.nl/magazine/previews/reviews/marshall/marshall=rushkoff.html |title=Mediamatic Review: J. Marshall – Media Virus – D. Rushkoff |publisher=Mediamatic.nl |date=1996-10-01 |accessdate=2009-07-25 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080929004301/http://www.mediamatic.nl/magazine/previews/reviews/marshall/marshall%3Drushkoff.html |archivedate=September 29, 2008 |df= }}</ref> and "social contagion" became mainstream ideas, Rushkoff was invited to deliver commentaries on National Public Radio's [[All Things Considered]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/search.php?text=rushkoff&sort=DREDATE%3Anumberdecreasing&aggId=0&prgId=0&topicId=0&how_long_ago=0 |title=National Public Radio |publisher=Npr.org |date= |accessdate=2012-05-03}}</ref> and to make documentaries for the PBS series Frontline.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/cool/interviews/rushkoff.html |title=Frontline: merchants of cool: interviews: douglas rushkoff |publisher=PBS |date= |accessdate=2009-07-25}}</ref> In 2002, Rushkoff was awarded the [[Marshall McLuhan]] Award by the Media Ecology Association for his book ''Coercion'', and became a member and sat on the [[board of directors]] of that organization.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.media-ecology.org/awards/mea_recipients.html |title=Past MEA Award Recipients |publisher=Media-ecology.org |date=2001-02-26 |accessdate=2009-07-25}}</ref> This allied him with the "media ecologists", a continuation of what is known as the Toronto School of media theorists including [[Marshall McLuhan]], [[Walter J. Ong|Walter Ong]], and [[Neil Postman]]. Rushkoff was invited to participate as a consultant ranging to [[United Nations|the United Nations]] Commission on World Culture and the US [[United States Department of State|Department of State]]. Simultaneously, Rushkoff continued to develop his relationship with counterculture figures, collaborating with Genesis P-Orridge as a keyboardist for [[Psychic TV]], and credited with composing music for the album ''Hell is Invisible Heaven is Her/e''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cduniverse.com/sresult.asp?HT_Search=xartist&HT_Search_Info=Douglas+Rushkoff |title=Douglas Rushkoff Discography and Music at CD Universe |publisher=Cduniverse.com |date=2009-03-08 |accessdate=2009-07-25}}</ref> Rushkoff taught classes in media theory and in media subversion for New York University's Interactive Telecommunications Program,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.core77.com/design.edu/school_details.asp?school_id=64319 |title=Core77 / industrial design magazine + resource / Design.EDU |publisher=Core77.com |date=2005-01-08 |accessdate=2009-07-25}}</ref> participated in activist pranks with the [[The Yes Men|Yes Men]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.theyesmen.org/yes-men-book |title=Book |publisher=The Yes Men |date= |accessdate=2009-07-25 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090308025046/http://theyesmen.org/yes-men-book |archivedate=2009-03-08 |df= }}</ref> and eToy,<ref>{{Cite web|author=Jill Priluck |url=https://www.wired.com/techbiz/media/news/1999/12/33189 |title=Etoy: 'This Means War' |publisher=Wired.com |date=2009-01-04 |accessdate=2009-07-25}}</ref> contributed to numerous books and documentaries on psychedelics, and spoke or appeared at many events sponsored by counterculture publisher Disinformation.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.disinfo.com/archive/pages/dossier/id176/pg1/ |title=disinformation &#124; douglas rushkoff |publisher=Disinfo.com |date= |accessdate=2009-07-25 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090417062032/http://www.disinfo.com/archive/pages/dossier/id176/pg1/ |archivedate=2009-04-17 |df= }}</ref> === Influences === References to media ecologist and Toronto School of Communication founder [[Marshall McLuhan]] appear throughout Rushkoff's work as a focus on media over content, the effects of media on [[popular culture]] and the level at which people participate when consuming media.<ref name="blogspot1">{{Cite web|url=http://digitalmindsblog.blogspot.com/2008/03/media-resistance-interview-with-douglas.html |title=Digital Minds Blog: Media Resistance – An Interview with Douglas Rushkoff |publisher=Digitalmindsblog.blogspot.com |date=2008-03-26 |accessdate=2009-07-25}}</ref> Rushkoff worked with both Robert Anton Wilson<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/Robert-Anton-Wilson-Maybe-Logic/dp/B000EU1HQM |title=Robert Anton Wilson – Maybe Logic: Robert Anton Wilson, Valerie Corral, Paul Krassner, Tom Robbins, Douglas Rushkoff, R.U. Sirius, Douglass Smith, Lance Bauscher, Cody McClintock, Robert Dofflemyer, Katherine Covell: Movies & TV |publisher=Amazon.com |date= |accessdate=2009-07-25}}</ref> and Timothy Leary on developing philosophical systems to explain consciousness, its interaction with technology, and [[social evolution]] of the human species, and references both consistently in his work. Leary, along with [[John Perry Barlow|John Barlow]] and Terence McKenna characterized the mid-1990s as techno-utopian, and saw the rapid acceleration of culture, emerging media and the unchecked advancement of technology as completely positive.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.edge.org/3rd_culture/rushkoff/rushkoff_index.html |title=The Thing That I Call Doug |publisher=EDGE |date= |accessdate=2009-07-25}}</ref> Rushkoff's own unbridled enthusiasm for cyberculture was tempered by the dotcom boom, when the non-profit character of the Internet was rapidly overtaken by corporations and [[venture capital]]. Rushkoff often cites two events in particular – the day Netscape became a [[public company]] in 1995,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mindjack.com/rushkoff/coercion.html |title=Mindjack Magazine: Coercion by Douglas Rushkoff |publisher=Mindjack.com |date=1999-10-01 |accessdate=2009-07-25}}</ref> and the day AOL bought [[Time Warner]] in 2000<ref name="guardian2002"/> – as pivotal moments in his understanding of the forces at work in the evolution of new media. Rushkoff spent several years exploring [[Judaism]] as a primer for [[media literacy]], going so far as to publish a book inviting Jews to restore the religion to its "open source" roots.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.zeek.net/feature_03074.shtml |title=A Conversation with Douglas Rushkoff |publisher=Zeek |date= |accessdate=2009-07-25}}</ref> He founded a movement for progressive Judaism called Reboot, but subsequently left when he felt its funders had become more concerned with marketing and publicity of Judaism than its actual improvement and evolution.<ref name="blogspot1" /> Disillusioned by the failure of the open source model to challenge entrenched and institutional hierarchies from religion to finance, he became a colleague of [[Mark Crispin Miller]] and [[Naomi Klein]], appearing with them at [[Smith College]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.smith.edu/response/timeline.php |title=Smith College: The Community Responds to Tragedy |publisher=Smith.edu |date= |accessdate=2009-07-25 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202211906/http://www.smith.edu/response/timeline.php |archivedate=2008-12-02 |df= }}</ref> as well as in numerous documentaries decrying the corporatization of public space and consciousness.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/persuaders/ |title=frontline: the persuaders |publisher=PBS |date=2004-11-09 |accessdate=2009-07-25}}</ref> He has dedicated himself most recently to the issues of media literacy,<ref name="namle1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.namle.net/about/national-advisory-council |title=National Advisory Council – NAMLE – National Association for Media Literacy Education – Advancing Media Literacy Education in America |publisher=NAMLE |date= |accessdate=2009-07-25}}</ref> participatory government, and the development of local and [[complementary currencies]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Newitz |first=Annalee |url=http://www.portfolio.com/views/columns/dual-perspectives/2009/04/13/DIY-Currencies |title=DIY Currencies – Dual Perspectives |publisher=Portfolio.com |date=2008-09-11 |accessdate=2009-07-25}}</ref> He wrote a book and film called ''Life Inc.'',<ref>{{Cite web|date=2009-05-11 |author=rushkoff|url=http://www.boingboing.net/2009/05/11/life-inc-the-movie.html |title=Life Inc: The Movie |publisher=Boing Boing |accessdate=2009-07-25}}</ref> which traces the development of [[corporatism]] and centralized currency from the Renaissance to today, and hosts a [[Radio programming|radio show]] called MediaSquat on WFMU, concerned with reclaiming commerce and culture from corporate domination.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://blog.wfmu.org/freeform/2009/03/new-podcast-the-media-squat-with-douglas-rushkoff.html |title=WFMU's Beware of the Blog: New Podcast: The Media Squat with Douglas Rushkoff |publisher=Blog.wfmu.org |date=2009-03-25 |accessdate=2009-07-25}}</ref> === Awards and appointments === Douglas Rushkoff has served on the Board of Directors of the Media Ecology Association,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.media-ecology.org/about/organization.html#Board%20of%20Directors |title=Organization of the Media Ecology Association |publisher=Media-ecology.org |date= |accessdate=2009-07-25}}</ref> The Center for Cognitive Liberty and Ethics,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cognitiveliberty.org/who.html |title=Who is the CCLE? |publisher=Cognitiveliberty.org |date= |accessdate=2009-07-25}}</ref> and is a founding member of Technorealism,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.technorealism.org/faq.html |title=Technorealism FAQ |publisher=Technorealism.org |date=1998-03-12 |accessdate=2009-07-25}}</ref> as well as of the Advisory Board of The National Association for Media Literacy Education,<ref name="namle1"/> MeetUp.com<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.meetup.com/about/ |title=About Meetup |publisher=Meetup.com |date= |accessdate=2009-07-25}}</ref> and HyperWords<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.hyperwords.net/about_us_adv.html |title=The Hyperwords Company |publisher=Hyperwords.net |date= |accessdate=2009-07-25 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090717074320/http://www.hyperwords.net/about_us_adv.html |archivedate=2009-07-17 |df= }}</ref> He is the winner of the first Neil Postman Award for Career Achievement in Public Intellectual Activity, given by the Media Ecology Association, in 2004.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://media-ecology.org/awards/mea_recipients.html |title=Past MEA Award Recipients |publisher=Media-ecology.org |date=2001-02-26 |accessdate=2009-07-25}}</ref> == Themes == === General === Douglas Rushkoff's philosophy developed from a techno-utopian view of new media to a more nuanced critique of cyberculture discourse and the impact of media on society. Viewing everything except for intention as media, he frequently explores the themes of how to make media interactive, how to help people (especially children) effectively analyze and question the media they consume, as well as how to cultivate intention and agency. He has theorized on such media as religion, culture, politics, and money. === Technology and cyberculture === Up to the late-1990s, Douglas Rushkoff's philosophy towards technology could be characterized as media-deterministic. Cyberculture and new media were supposed to promote democracy and allow people to transcend the ordinary.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.austinchronicle.com/issues/vol18/issue34/screens.rushkoff.html |title=Archives: 1998-1999 |publisher=The Austin Chronicle |date= |accessdate=2009-07-25}}</ref> In ''Cyberia'', Rushkoff states the essence of mid-1990s culture as being the fusion of rave psychedelia, [[chaos theory]] and early [[Computer networking|computer networks]]. The promise of the resulting "counter culture" was that media would change from being passive to active, that we would embrace the social over content, and that empowers the masses to create and react.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.enotes.com/cyberia-salem/cyberia |title=Cyberia Summary – Douglas Rushkoff – Magill Book Reviews |publisher=Enotes.com |date= |accessdate=2009-07-25}}</ref> This idea also comes up in the concept of the media virus, which Rushkoff details in the 1994 publication of ''Media Virus: Hidden Agendas in Popular Culture''. This significant work adopts organic metaphors to show that media, like viruses, are mobile, easily duplicated and presented as non-threatening.<ref>Boyd, Andrew. "Truth is a Virus ." Culture Jamming 101 . 2002. Retrieved on May 3, 2009.</ref> Technologies can make our interaction with media an empowering experience if we learn to decode the capabilities offered to us by our media. Unfortunately, people often stay one step behind our media capabilities. Ideally, emerging media and technologies have the potential to enlighten, to aid grassroots movements, to offer an alternative to the traditional "top-down" media, to connect diverse groups and to promote the sharing of information.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://firstmonday.org/htbin/cgiwrap/bin/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/1517/1432 |title=Barbrook |publisher=Firstmonday.org |date= |accessdate=2009-07-25}}</ref> Rushkoff does not limit his writings to the effect of technology on adults, and in ''Playing the Future'' turns his attention to the generation of people growing up who understand the language of media like natives, guarded against coercion.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.spikemagazine.com/0297rush.php |title=Douglas Rushkoff : Children Of Chaos (Playing The Future) : Lost In Translation |publisher=Spikemagazine.com |date=1999-02-22 |accessdate=2009-07-25}}</ref> These "screenagers", a term originated by Rushkoff,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.worldwidewords.org/turnsofphrase/tp-scr1.htm |title=Screenager |publisher=World Wide Words |date=1998-01-10 |accessdate=2009-07-25}}</ref> have the chance to mediate the changing landscape more effectively than digital immigrants. With ''Coercion'' (1999), Rushkoff realistically examines the potential benefits and dangers inherent in cyberculture and analyzes market strategies that work to make people act on instinct (and buy!) rather than reflect rationally. The book wants readers to learn to "read" the media they consume and interpret what is really being communicated.{{Citation needed|date=October 2012}} === Religion === In ''Nothing Sacred: The Truth About Judaism'', Rushkoff explores the medium of religion and intellectually deconstructs the Bible and the ways that religion fails to provide true connectivity and transformative experiences.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.wishtank.org/magazine/commons/douglas_rushkoff_interview |archive-url=https://archive.is/20080526122741/http://www.wishtank.org/magazine/commons/douglas_rushkoff_interview |dead-url=yes |archive-date=2008-05-26 |title=Douglas Rushkoff Interview // wishtank magazine |publisher=Wishtank.org |date= |accessdate=2009-07-25}}</ref> === Currency === Most recently, Douglas Rushkoff has turned his critical lens to the medium of [[currency]]. One of the most important concepts that he creates and develops is the notion of [[social currency]], or the degree to which certain content and media can facilitate and/or promote relationships and interactions between members of a community. Rushkoff mentions jokes, scandals, blogs, ambiance, i.e. anything that would engender "water cooler" talk, as social currency. In his book, ''Life, Inc.'' and his dissertation "Monopoly Moneys," Rushkoff takes a look at physical currency and the history of [[corporatism]]. Beginning with an overview of how [[money]] has been gradually centralized throughout time, and pondering the reasons and consequences of such a fact, he goes on to demonstrate how our society has become defined by and controlled by [[Organizational culture|corporate culture]]. === Social media === Rushkoff has long been skeptical of social media.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2011-09/21/doug-rushkoff-hello-etsy|title=You are Facebook's product, not its customer // Wired |publisher=wired.com |date=2011-09-11 |accessdate=2011-09-11}}</ref> On February 25, 2013, he announced in a CNN op-ed that he was leaving [[Facebook]], citing concerns about the company's use of his personal data.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/02/25/opinion/rushkoff-why-im-quitting-facebook|title=Why I'm quitting Facebook // CNN |publisher=CNN.com |date=2013-02-25 |accessdate=2013-02-25}}</ref> === 401K Plans === In 2016, Douglas Rushkoff penned an article critical of 401K plans, in which he refers to the stock market as a "pyramid scheme" and states "In the 401(k) game, the patsy is anyone who follows the advice of the human resources department and surrenders a portion of his or her paycheck to the retirement planning industry, all under the pretense of personal responsibility." Rushkoff does not suggest any alternatives to 401K plans for retirement savings.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/why-you-might-want-rethink-making-those-401k-douglas-rushkoff|title=Why You Might Want To Rethink Making Those 401(k) Contributions|date=4 April 2016|publisher=}}</ref> ==Bibliography== === Books === * 2016. ''Throwing Rocks at the Google Bus'' {{ISBN|978-1617230172}} * 2013. ''Present Shock: When Everything Happens Now'' {{ISBN|978-1591844761}} * 2010. ''Program or be Programmed: Ten Commands for a Digital Age'' Paperback {{ISBN|978-1-935928-15-7}} Ebook {{ISBN|978-1-935928-16-4}} * 2009. ''Life, Inc.: How the World Became A Corporation and How To Take It Back'' {{ISBN|978-1-4000-6689-6}} * 2009. ''Foreword: The Opportunity for Renaissance'', pp.&nbsp;273–281, in ''Be The Media'', [[David Mathison]], editor * 2005. ''Get Back in the Box: Innovation from the Inside Out'' {{ISBN|978-0-06-075869-1}} * 2003. ''Open Source Democracy'' A Demos Essay * 2003. ''Nothing Sacred:'' The Truth About Judaism {{ISBN|978-1-4000-5139-7}} * 1999. ''Coercion: Why We Listen to What "They" Say'' {{ISBN|978-1-57322-829-9}} * 1996. ''Playing the Future: What We Can Learn From Digital Kids'' {{ISBN|978-1-57322-764-3}} (Published in the UK in 1997 as "Children of Chaos: Surviving the End of the World as We Know it" {{ISBN|0-00-654879-2}}) * 1995. ''Media Virus: Hidden Agendas in Popular Culture'' {{ISBN|978-0-345-39774-4}} * 1994. ''The GenX Reader'' (Editor, contributor) {{ISBN|978-0345390462}} * 1994. ''[[Cyberia (book)|Cyberia: Life in the Trenches of Cyberspace]]'' {{ISBN|978-1-903083-24-6}} === Fiction works === * 2002. ''Exit Strategy'' (aka Bull) {{ISBN|978-1-887128-90-2}} * 1997. ''Ecstasy Club'' {{ISBN|978-1-57322-702-5}} ===Graphic novels=== * 2016. ''Aleister and Adolf'' {{ISBN|978-1-50670-104-2}} * 2012. ''A.D.D. – Adolescent Demo Division'' {{ISBN|978-1-78116-019-0}} * 2005-2008. ''[[Testament (comics)|Testament]]'' {{ISBN|978-1-4012-1063-2}} * 2004. ''Club Zero-G'' {{ISBN|978-0-9729529-3-4}} === Documentaries === * 2014. ''Generation Like''. PBS Frontline. * 2009–2010. ''Digital Nation, Life on the Virtual Frontier''. Web site and documentary, PBS Frontline. * 2009. ''Life Inc. The Movie'' * 2004. ''The Persuaders''. This [[Frontline (U.S. TV series)|Frontline]] documentary examines the psychological techniques behind popular marketing and advertising trends, determines how these methods influence how we view ourselves and desires, and postulates on the future implications of these persuasive approaches at work. * 2001. ''Merchants of Cool'', a groundbreaking, award-winning [[Frontline (U.S. TV series)|Frontline]] documentary which explores the people, marketing techniques and ideologies behind popular culture for teenagers. This video attempts to answer whether or not teen popular culture is reflective of its population or manufactured by big business and related groups. === Radio === * ''The Media Squat'' (creator and host): freeform, [[Top-down and bottom-up design#Management and organization|bottom-up]], open source WFMU radio which examines similarly open source, bottom-up solutions to some of the problems engendered by our relentlessly top-down society. * ''Team Human Podcast'' (creator and host): a weekly interview show focused on themes of inspecting and subverting technologies effect on human behaviour. The format of the show is typically started with a monologue from Rushkoff and then an interview with a guest. == References == {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} ==External links== * [http://www.rushkoff.com Official Website] * {{C-SPAN|douglasrushkoff}} * {{Gutenberg author | id=Rushkoff,+Douglas | name=Douglas Rushkoff}} * {{Internet Archive author |sname=Douglas Rushkoff}} * {{OL author}} * {{Triangulation|105|Douglas Rushkoff}} {{Psychic TV}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Rushkoff, Douglas}} [[Category:1961 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:American non-fiction writers]] [[Category:American essayists]] [[Category:American bloggers]] [[Category:American atheists]] [[Category:American socialists]] [[Category:American cultural critics]] [[Category:Princeton University alumni]] [[Category:California Institute of the Arts alumni]] [[Category:Utrecht University alumni]] [[Category:People from Scarsdale, New York]] [[Category:American Jews]] [[Category:Jewish atheists]] [[Category:Media theorists]] [[Category:Democratic socialists]] [[Category:Communication scholars]] [[Category:Open content activists]] [[Category:American radio DJs]] [[Category:Cyberpunk writers]] [[Category:Futurologists]] [[Category:Lecturers]] [[Category:Anti-corporate activists]] [[Category:Critical theorists]] [[Category:Psychedelic drug advocates]] [[Category:Chaos magicians]] [[Category:Mystics]] [[Category:New York University faculty]] [[Category:Scarsdale High School alumni]] [[Category:Internet theorists]] [[Category:Open-source movement]]'