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'<ref></ref>A '''lexical set''' is a group of [[word]]s that share a similar phonological feature. == Wells Standard Lexical Sets for UK and US English== The Standard Lexical Sets for English introduced by [[John C. Wells]] in ''Accents of English'' are in wide usage. Wells defined each lexical set on the basis of the pronunciation of words in two reference accents, which he calls RP and GenAm.{{sfnp|Wells|1982}} * "RP" refers to [[Received Pronunciation]], the traditionally prestigious accent in [[England]].{{sfnp|Wells|1982|p=117}} * "GenAm" refers to an accent of the [[General American]] type, which is associated with a geographically "neutral" or widespread sound system throughout the US.{{sfnp|Wells|1982|p=118}} Wells classifies words of the English language into 24 lexical sets on the basis of the pronunciation of the vowel of their stressed syllable in the two reference accents. Each lexical set is named after a representative keyword, as follows:{{sfnp|Wells|1982|p=123}} <!-- This table is limited to showing the lexical sets, AS DEFINED BY WELLS. Please DO NOT add any extraneous information here, even if you don't agree with Wells's definitions of "RP" and "GenAm". Distribution of words in other accents is shown in a later section of this article. --> {|class="wikitable sortable" |+ Lexical sets, as defined in {{harvp|Wells|1982}} |- ! Keyword !! RP !! GenAm !!class="unsortable"| Example words |- |[[KIT lexical set|{{sc|KIT}}]] || {{hs|i}} {{IPA|ɪ}} || {{hs|i}} {{IPA|ɪ}} || ship, rip, dim, spirit |- |[[DRESS lexical set|{{sc|DRESS}}]] || {{hs|e}} {{IPA|e}} || {{hs|e}} {{IPA|ɛ}} || step, ebb, hem, terror |- |{{sc|TRAP}} || {{hs|a}} {{IPA|æ}} || {{hs|a}} {{IPA|æ}} || bad, cab, ham, arrow |- |{{sc|LOT}} || {{hs|o}} {{IPA|ɒ}} || {{hs|a}} {{IPA|ɑ}} || stop, rob, swan |- |{{sc|STRUT}} || {{hs|u}} {{IPA|ʌ}} || {{hs|u}} {{IPA|ʌ}} || cub, rub, hum |- |{{sc|FOOT}} || {{hs|u}} {{IPA|ʊ}} || {{hs|u}} {{IPA|ʊ}} || full, look, could |- |{{sc|BATH}} || {{hs|a}} {{IPA|ɑː}} || {{hs|a}} {{IPA|æ}} || staff, clasp, dance |- |{{sc|CLOTH}} || {{hs|o}} {{IPA|ɒ}} || {{hs|o}} {{IPA|ɔ}} || cough, long, origin |- |{{sc|NURSE}} || {{hs|e}} {{IPA|ɜː}} || {{hs|e}} {{IPA|ɜr}} || hurt, term, work |- |{{sc|FLEECE}} || {{hs|i}} {{IPA|iː}} || {{hs|i}} {{IPA|i}} || seed, key, seize |- |{{sc|FACE}} || {{hs|e}} {{IPA|eɪ}} || {{hs|e}} {{IPA|eɪ}} || weight, rein, steak |- |{{sc|PALM}} || {{hs|a}} {{IPA|ɑː}} || {{hs|a}} {{IPA|ɑ*}} || calm, bra, father |- |{{sc|THOUGHT}} || {{hs|o}} {{IPA|ɔː}} || {{hs|o}} {{IPA|ɔ*}} || taut, hawk, broad |- |{{sc|GOAT}} || {{hs|o}} {{IPA|əʊ}} || {{hs|o}} {{IPA|oʊ}} || soap, soul, home |- |{{sc|GOOSE}} || {{hs|u}} {{IPA|uː}} || {{hs|u}} {{IPA|u}} || who, group, few |- |{{sc|PRICE}} || {{hs|a}} {{IPA|aɪ}} || {{hs|a}} {{IPA|aɪ}} || ripe, tribe, aisle, choir |- |{{sc|CHOICE}} || {{hs|o}} {{IPA|ɔɪ}} || {{hs|o}} {{IPA|ɔɪ}} || boy, void, coin |- |{{sc|MOUTH}} || {{hs|a}} {{IPA|aʊ}} || {{hs|a}} {{IPA|aʊ}} || pouch, noun, crowd, flower |- |{{sc|NEAR}} || {{hs|i}} {{IPA|ɪə}} || {{hs|i}} {{IPA|ir}} || beer, pier, fierce, serious |- |{{sc|SQUARE}} || {{hs|e}} {{IPA|eə}} || {{hs|e}} {{IPA|ɛr}} || care, air, wear, Mary |- |{{sc|START}} || {{hs|a}} {{IPA|ɑː}} || {{hs|a}} {{IPA|ɑr}} || far, sharp, farm, safari |- |{{sc|NORTH}} || {{hs|o}} {{IPA|ɔː}} || {{hs|o}} {{IPA|ɔr}} || war, storm, for, aural |- |{{sc|FORCE}} || {{hs|o}} {{IPA|ɔː}} || {{hs|o}} {{IPA|or}} || floor, coarse, ore, oral |- |{{sc|CURE}} || {{hs|u}} {{IPA|ʊə}} || {{hs|u}} {{IPA|ʊr}} || poor, tour, fury |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> not followed by {{IPA|/r/}} For example, the word ''rod'' is pronounced {{IPA|/rɒd/}} in RP and {{IPA|/rɑd/}} in GenAm. It therefore belongs in the {{sc|LOT}} lexical set. ''Weary'' is pronounced {{IPA|/ˈwɪərɪ/}} in RP and {{IPA|/ˈwɪri/}} in GenAm, and thus belongs in the {{sc|NEAR}} lexical set. Some words of the English language do not belong to any lexical set. For example, the ''a'' in the stressed syllable of ''tomato'' is pronounced {{IPA|/ɑː/}} in RP, and {{IPA|/eɪ/}} in GenAm, a combination which is very unusual, and is not covered by any of the 24 lexical sets above.{{sfnp|Wells|1982|p=122}} ===Choice of keywords=== Wells explains his choice of keywords ("kit", "fleece", etc.) as follows: The keywords have been chosen in such a way that clarity is maximized: whatever accent of English they are spoken in, they can hardly be mistaken for other words. Although ''fleece'' is not the commonest of words, it cannot be mistaken for a word with some other vowel; whereas ''beat'', say, if we had chosen it instead, would have been subject to the drawback that one man's pronunciation of ''beat'' may sound like another's pronunciation of ''bait'' or ''bit''.{{sfnp|Wells|1982|p=123}} Wherever possible, the keywords end in a voiceless [[alveolar consonant|alveolar]] or [[dental consonant|dental]] consonant.{{sfnp|Wells|1982|p=123}} ===Unstressed vowels=== Wells also describes three sets of words based on their word-final unstressed vowels. Although not included in the standard 24 lexical sets, these "have indexical and diagnostic value in distinguishing accents".{{sfnp|Wells|1982|p=165}} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Keyword ! class="unsortable" | Example words |- | happ{{sc|Y}} | silly, Tony, merry |- | lett{{sc|ER}} | beggar, martyr, visor |- | comm{{sc|A}} | China, sofa |} ===Uses=== The Standard Lexical Sets of Wells are widely used to discuss the [[phonology|phonological]] and [[phonetics|phonetic]] systems of different accents of English in a clear and concise manner. Although based solely on RP and GenAm, the Standard Lexical Sets have proven useful in describing many other accents of English. This is true because, in many dialects, the words in all or most of the sets are pronounced with similar or identical stressed vowels. Wells himself uses the Lexical Sets most prominently to give "tables of lexical incidence" for all the various accents he discusses in his work. For example, here is the table of lexical incidence he gives for [[Newfoundland English]]:{{sfnp|Wells|1982b|p=499}} {|class="wikitable" |- |{{sc|KIT}} ||{{IPA|ɪ}} || || {{sc|FLEECE}} || {{IPA|iː}} || || {{sc|NEAR}} || {{IPA|ɛr}} |- |{{sc|DRESS}} ||{{IPA|ɛ}} || || {{sc|FACE}} || {{IPA|ɛː, ɛɪ}}|| || {{sc|SQUARE}} || {{IPA|ɛr}} |- |{{sc|TRAP}} ||{{IPA|æ}} || || {{sc|PALM}} || {{IPA|æ, ɑː}} || || {{sc|START}} || {{IPA|ær}} |- |{{sc|LOT}} ||{{IPA|ɒ}} || || {{sc|THOUGHT}} || {{IPA|ɑː}} || || {{sc|NORTH}} || {{IPA|ɔ̈r}} |- |{{sc|STRUT}} ||{{IPA|ɔ̈}}|| || {{sc|GOAT}} || {{IPA|ʌʊ}} || || {{sc|FORCE}} || {{IPA|ɔ̈r}} |- |{{sc|FOOT}} ||{{IPA|ʊ}} || || {{sc|GOOSE}} || {{IPA|uː}} || || {{sc|CURE}} || {{IPA|ɔ̈r}} |- |{{sc|BATH}} ||{{IPA|æ}} || || {{sc|PRICE}} || {{IPA|əɪ}} || || ''happ''{{sc|Y}} ||{{IPA|[i]}} |- |{{sc|CLOTH}} ||{{IPA|ɑː}}|| || {{sc|CHOICE}} || {{IPA|əɪ}} || || ''lett''{{sc|ER}} || {{IPA|ər [ɚ]}} |- |{{sc|NURSE}} ||{{IPA|ɜr}} || || {{sc|MOUTH}} || {{IPA|əu}} || || ''comm''{{sc|A}} || {{IPA|ə}} |} The table indicates that, for example, Newfoundland English uses the {{IPA|/ɪ/}} phoneme for words in the {{sc|KIT}} lexical set, and that the {{sc|NORTH}}, {{sc|FORCE}} and {{sc|CURE}} sets are all pronounced with the same vowel {{IPA|/ɔ̈r/}}. Note that some lexical sets, such as {{sc|FACE}}, are given with more than one pronunciation: this indicates that not all words in the {{sc|FACE}} lexical set are pronounced similarly (in this case because Newfoundland English has not fully undergone the [[pane–pain merger]]).{{sfnp|Wells|1982b|p=498}} (Note that in 1982 Wells used an older version of the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] which lacked many of the independent symbols for [[central vowel]]s. 1982 {{IPA|/ɔ̈/}} was the [[open-mid central rounded vowel]], which today is {{IPA|/ɞ/}}.) Wells also uses the Standard Lexical Sets to refer to "the vowel sound used for the standard lexical set in question in the accent under discussion":{{sfnp|Wells|1982|p=124}} Thus, for example, in describing the Newfoundland accent, Wells writes that "{{sc|KIT}} and {{sc|DRESS}} are reportedly often merged as {{IPA|[ɪ]}}",{{sfnp|Wells|1982b|p=500}} meaning that the stressed syllables of words in the {{sc|KIT}} lexical set and words in the {{sc|DRESS}} lexical set are reportedly often pronounced identically with the vowel {{IPA|[ɪ]}}. Lexical sets may also be used to describe [[:Category:Splits and mergers in English phonology|splits and mergers]]. For example, RP, along with most non-rhotic accents, [[Rhotic and non-rhotic accents#Mergers characteristic of non-rhotic accents|pronounces words such as "father" and "farther" identically]]. This can be described more economically as the merger of the {{sc|PALM}} and {{sc|START}} lexical sets. Most North American accents make [[Father-bother merger#Father–bother merger|"father" rhyme with "bother"]]. This can be described as the merger of the {{sc|PALM}} and {{sc|LOT}} lexical sets. ===Origin=== In a 2010 blog post, Wells wrote: {{quote |text=I sometimes think that a century from now my lexical sets will be the one thing I shall be remembered for. Yet I dreamt them up over a weekend, frustrated with the incoherent mess of symbols used in such contemporary publications as [[Uriel Weinreich|Weinreich]]'s "Is a structural dialectology possible?".<ref name="blog">{{cite web |title=John Wells's phonetic blog: lexical sets |url=http://phonetic-blog.blogspot.com/2010/02/lexical-sets.html |date=2010-02-02 |accessdate=2010-04-30}}</ref>}} He also wrote that he claimed no copyright in the Standard Lexical Sets, and that everyone was "free to make whatever use of them they wish".<ref name="blog"/> ===Extensions for English=== Some varieties of English make distinctions in stressed vowels that are not captured by the 24 lexical sets. For example, some Irish and Scottish accents that have not undergone the [[fern–fir–fur merger]] split the {{sc|NURSE}} lexical set into multiple subsets. For such accents, the 24 Wells lexical sets may be inadequate. Because of this, a work devoted to Irish English may split the Wells {{sc|NURSE}} set into two subsets, a new, smaller {{sc|NURSE}} set and a {{sc|TERM}} set.<ref>{{cite book |title=A sound atlas of Irish English |publisher=Mouton de Gruyter |first=Raymond |last=Hickey |date=2004 |ISBN=3-11-018298-X |pages=54–55 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TZK9cSYRrjMC }} </ref> Some writers on English accents have introduced a {{sc|GOAL}} set to refer to a set of words that have the {{sc|GOAT}} vowel in standard accents but may have a different vowel in Sheffield<ref>Stoddart, Upton and Widowson in Urban Voices, Arnold, London, 1999, page 76</ref> or in south-east London.<ref>Tollfree in Urban Voices, Arnold, London, 1999, page 165</ref> Wells has stated that he didn't include a {{sc|GOAL}} set because this should be interpreted as an allophone of {{sc|GOAT}} that is sensitive to the morpheme boundary, which he illustrates by comparing the London pronunciations of ''goalie'' and ''slowly''.<ref>{{cite web |title=John Wells's phonetic blog: the evidence of the vows |url=http://phonetic-blog.blogspot.co.uk/2011/05/evidence-of-vows.html |date=2011-05-03 |accessdate=2014-02-17 }}</ref> == Wells Standard Lexical Sets for English around the world == {{original research|date=December 2014}} {{abbreviations|table|date=December 2014}} The Wells Standard Lexical Sets for English around the world are as follows:{{sfnp|Wells|1982}}<ref>de Gruyter (2004)</ref> ===Primary lexical sets=== ====British Isles==== {| class = "wikitable sortable" |+ style = "text-align: left;"| British English !!!trad RP!!RP!!Shared RP!!London!!Norwich!!Bristol!!Birmingham (West Midlands)!! Leeds (West Yorkshire) |- |FLEECE |colspan="3"|<div style = "text-align: center;">iː</div>||ɪi||iː||i||iː||iː |- |KIT |colspan="8"|<div style = "text-align: center;">ɪ</div> |- |START |colspan="4"|<div style= "text-align: center"> ɑː</div>||aː||ar [aɻ]||ɑː||aː |- |DRESS||e||ɛ||ɛ ~ e||e |colspan="4"|<div style="text-align: center">ɛ</div> |- |PALM |colspan="4"|<div style= "text-align: center">ɑː</div>||aː||a||ɑː||aː |- |BATH||ɑː||ɑː ~ aː||ɑː ~ a||ɑː||aː||a||a||a |- |LOT |colspan="5"|<div style="text-align: center;">ɒ</div>||a||ɒ||ɒ |- |TRAP||æ||a||a ~ æ||æ||æ||æ||a||a |- |CLOTH||ɒ||ɒ||ɒ ~ ɔː||ɒ||ɒ, ɔː||ɒ||ɒ||ɒ |- |THOUGHT |colspan="3"|<div style="text-align: center;">ɔː</div>||oː||ɔː||ɔ||ɔː||ɔː |- |NORTH |colspan="3"|<div style="text-align: center;>ɔː</div>||oː||ɔː||ɔr [ɔɻ]||ɔː||ɔː |- |FORCE |colspan="3"|<div style="text-align: center;">ɔː</div>||oː||ɔː||ɔr||ʌʊə (~ ɔː)||ɔː (~ ɔə) |- |FOOT |colspan="8"|<div style="text-align: center;">ʊ</div> |- |GOOSE||colspan="3"|<div style="text-align: center;">uː</div>||ʉː||ʉː||u||uː||uː |- |STRUT |colspan="6"|<div style="text-align: center;">ʌ</div>||ʊ (~ʌ)||ʊ |- |NURSE||ɜː||əː||əː ~ ɜː||ɜː||ɜː → ɝ||ɜr||ɜ||ɜː |- |LETTER |colspan="4"|<div style="text-align: center;">ə</div>||ə → ɚ||ər||ə||ə |- |COMMA |colspan="5"|<div style="text-align: center;">ə</div>||ə ~ əl||ə||ə |- |FACE |colspan="3"|<div style="text-align: center;">eɪ</div>||ʌɪ||æi||ɛɪ||ʌɪ||eː(~ ɛɪ) |- |GOAT||əʊ~ɔʊ||əʊ||əʊ~oʊ||ʌʊ||ʌʊ, uː, (ʊ)||ɔʊ||ʌʊ||oː (~ɔʊ) |- |PRICE||aɪ||ʌɪ||ʌɪ~aɪ||ɑɪ||ʌi||ɑɪ||ɒɪ||aɪ |- |MOUTH |colspan="3"|<div style="text-align: center;">aʊ</div>||æʊ||æʉ||aʊ||æʊ||aʊ |- |CHOICE |colspan="4"|<div style="text-align: center;">ɔɪ</div>||oi||oɪ||ɒɪ (~oɪ)||ɔɪ |- |NEAR |colspan="3"|<div style="text-align: center;">ɪə</div>||iə||ɛː||ir [iɻ]||iːə (~ ɪə)||ɪə |- |SQUARE||eə (or ɛə)||ɛː||ɛː ~ ɛə||eə||ɛː||ɛɪr [ɛɻ]||ɛː||ɛː |- |CURE||ʊə||ʊə ~ ɔː||ʊə ~ ɔː||uə||ɜː, ɔː||ur~ɔr||uːə (~ʊə~ɔː)||ʊə (~ɔː) |- |HAPPY||ɪ||i||i||ɪi||[i]||i||[i]||ɪ |- |COLD||ɒʊ||||||||||||||| |} {|class="wikitable sortable" |+ style = "text-align: left;"| Irish English !!!Ireland!!R. Northern Irish!!Pop. Dublin!!Fash. Dublin!!R. South West!!Supr.South |- |FLEECE||iː||i:||iʲə||iː||iː||iː |- |KIT||ɪ||e||ɪ||ɪ||ɪ||ɪ |- |START||aːr||ɑ(ː)ɻ||æː(ɹ)||ɑːɻ||aːɹ||ɑːɹ |- |DRESS |colspan="6"|<div style="text-align: center">ɛ</div> |- |PALM||aː|||||||||| |- |BATH||æ, aː||ɑ(ː)||æː||aː||aː||aː |- |LOT||ɒ||ɒ||a||ɔ||a||ɑ |- |TRAP||æ||a||æ||æ||æ||æ |- |CLOTH||ɒ, ɔː|||||||||| |- |THOUGHT||ɔː||ɔ(ː)||aː||ɔː, oː||ɑː||ɒː |- |NORTH||ɔːr||ɔ(ː)ɻ||aː(ɹ)||ɒːɻ, ɔːɻ||ɑːɹ||ɒːɹ |- |FORCE||oːr||o(ː)ɻ||ɒː(ɹ)||ɔːɻ, oːɻ||ɔːɹ||oːɹ |- |FOOT||ʊ||ʉ||ʊ||ʊ||ʊ||ʊ |- |GOOSE||uː||ʉ(ː)||ujə||uː||uː||uː |- |STRUT||ʌ||ʌ||ʊ||ʌ||ʌ̈||ʌ̈ |- |NURSE||ʌr, ɛr||ə(ː)ɻ||ʊː(ɹ)||ɚːɻ, øːɻ||ɚːɹ||ɚːɹ |- |LETTER||ər||əɻ||ə(ɹ)||əɻ||əɹ||əɹ |- |COMMA||ə||ə||ə, ɐ||ə||ə||ə |- |FACE||eː||eːə||eː||eː||eː||eː |- |GOAT||oː||ɔʊ, oː||ʌɔ||əʊ||oː||əʊ, oʊ |- |PRICE||aɪ||ɛɪ||əɪ||ɑɪ||æɪ||aɪ |- |MOUTH||aʊ||ɛʉ||ɛʊ||ɛʊ |colspan="2"|<div style="text-align: center;">aʊ</div> |- |CHOICE||ɔɪ||ɔɪ||aɪ||ɔɪ, oɪ||ɑɪ||ɒɪ |- |NEAR||iːr||i(ː)ɻ||iː(ɹ)||iːɻ||iːɹ||iːɹ |- |SQUARE||eːr||ə(ː)ɻ||ɛː(ɹ)||eːɻ, øɻ||eːɹ||eːɹ |- |CURE||uːr||u(ː)ɻ||uʲə(ɹ)||uːɻ||uːɹ||uːɹ |- |HAPPY||iː||ɪ, e||i||i||i||i |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ style = "text-align: left;"| Other dialects of the British Isles !!!Scotland E!!Scotland St. E.!!Urban Scots!!Orkney!!Shetland!!Wales!!Cardiff E.!!Trad.R.Welsh E. |- |FLEECE||i||i||i||i||i||i||iː||iː |- |KIT||ɪ||ɪ ~ ë|| ɛ̈ ~ ë ~ ʌ ~ ɪ||ɪ ~ ï ~ ë ~ ɛ̈||ï ~ ë ~ ɛ̈ ~ ɤ̈||ɪ||ɪ||ɪ |- |START||ar||a||ɛ̝ ~ a||ɑ ~ a||a ~ ɑ||aː||||aː |- |DRESS||ɛ||ɛ||ɛ̝ |colspan="5"|<div style="text-align: center;">ɛ</div> |- |PALM||a (or /ɑ/)||a||a̠||ɑ||ɔ |colspan="3"|aː |- |BATH||a (or /ɑ/)||a||a̠||a||a ~ ɑ |colspan="3"|a ~ aː |- |LOT||ɔ (or /ɒ/)||ɔ̞||o~ɔ||ɔ||ɔ~ɒ||ɒ||ɑ||ɔ |- |TRAP||a||a||a̠ |colspan="5"|<div style="text-align: center">a</div> |- |CLOTH||ɔ||ɔ̞||o ~ ɔ||ɔ||ɔ ~ ɑ||ɒ ~ ɔː||||ɔ |- |THOUGHT||ɔ||ɔ̞||ɔ||ɔ ~ ʌ̈ʊ||ɔ||ɔː||ʌː||ɔː |- |NORTH||ɔr||ɔ̞||o ~ ɔ |colspan="2"|<div style="text-align:center">ɒ ~ ɔ</div>||ɔː||||ɔː |- |FORCE||or||o||o||ɔ||ɔ ~ o||ɔː||||ɔː |- |FOOT||u||ʉ̠||ɛ̈ ~ ʉ ~ ʏ||ʊ ~ u||u||ʊ||ɤ||ʊ |- |GOOSE||u||ʉ̠||ʉ ~ ʏ||u ~ ʉ||u ~ ø||uː||uː||uː |- |STRUT||ʌ||ʌ||ʌ̈||ʌ ~ ɔ̈||ɔ̈ ~ ʊ̈ ~ ʌ||ə||ə||ʌ |- |NURSE||ɜr||ʌ||ʌ̈ ~ ɛ̈||ɔ̈||ɔ ~ ɔ̈||ɜː||ø||œː |- |LETTER||ər||ɪ ~ ʌ||ʌ̈||ə||e||ə||||ə ~ ʌ |- |COMMA||ʌ||ʌ||ʌ̈||ə ~ a||ɐ||ə||ə||ə ~ ʌ |- |FACE |colspan="3"|<div style="text-align: center">e</div>||eɪ||eɪ ~ e||ei||ei||eː (or ei) |- |GOAT||o||||||ɔ||o||ou||əʊ||oː (or ou) |- |PRICE||ae, ʌi||ʌi||əi||aɪ ~ eɪ||aɪ ~ ɜɪ||əi||əɪ||ai |- |MOUTH||ʌu||ʌʉ̠||ʉ~ʌʉ||aʊ~u||ʌʊ̈~u||əu||ʌu||au |- |CHOICE||ɒɪ||ɔe||ɔe||ɔɪ||ɔɪ||ɔi||ʌi||ɔ |- |NEAR||ir||i||i||iə||iə||jɜː ~ iːə||iːə ~ jø||iə |- |SQUARE||er||e||e~ ɛ̝||e ~ ɛ||e ~ ɛ||ɛː||ɛː||ɛː |- |CURE||ur||jʉ̠||jʉ||uə||uə||uːə||uːə ~ ʌː||(ɪ)uwə |- |HAPPY||e, ɪ, i||e||e ~ ɛ̈||i||i||[i] = /iː/||iː||iː |- |STONE||o||e ~ o|||||||||||| |- |STAND||a||ɔ̞ ~ a̠|||||||||||| |- |DO||ʉ||e ~ ʉ|||||||||||| |- |OFF||ɔ̞||a̠ ~ ɔ|||||||||||| |- |HEAD||ɛ||i ~ ɛ̝|||||||||||| |- |AFTER||a||ɛ ~ a̠|||||||||||| |- |NEVER||ɛ ~ ɛ̈||ɛ̈ ~ ë ~ ɪ|||||||||||| |- |BERTH||ɛ||ɛ̝ ~ ɛ̈|||||||||||| |- |BIRTH||ɪ||ɛ̈ ~ ʌ̈|||||||||||| |} ====North American English==== According to Labov et al, the dialects of North American English can be divided into two groups, based off the presence/absence of the [[cot-caught merger]].<ref>{{Harvp|Labov|Ash|Boberg|2006|p=145}}</ref> {|class="wikitable sortable" !!!General American!!New_York City<!--So that the column can be read easily-->!!Philadelphia!!Inland North!!R.<!--What does this R stand for? Regional or Rural?--> Southern |- |FLEECE||i||iː<ref>{{Harvp|Labov|Ash|Boberg|2006|p=232}}</ref>||iː||i||i̞i ~ ɪi |- |KIT||ɪ||ɪ||ɪ ~ ɪ̞||ɪ ~ ɪ̞ ~ ɪ̠||ɪ ~ iə |- |START||ɑɹ||ɑə ~ ɒə ><br />ɑɹ ~ ɒɹ||ɑ ~ ɒ ~ ɔ||ɑ ~ ɑ̟ ~ a||ɒɚ > ɑɚ |- |DRESS |colspan="2"|<div style="text-align: center">ɛ</div>||ɛ ~ ɛ̞||ɛ ~ ɛ̞ ~ ɛ̠ ~ ɐ||ɛ ~ eə |- |TRAP||æ||æ<ref>{{Harvp|Labov|Ash|Boberg|2006|p=233}}</ref>||colspan="3"|<div style="text-align: center">æ</div> |- |BATH||æ||ɛə ~ eə ~ ɪə||æə ~ ɛə ~ ɪə<ref>{{Harvp|Labov|Ash|Boberg|p=237}}</ref>||æ ~ æə ~ ɛə ~ ɪə||æ |- |PALM||ɑ||ɑ||ɑ||ɑ ~ ɑ̟ ~ a||ɑ ~ ɒo |- |LOT||ɑ||ɑ ~ ä||ɑ||ɑ ~ ɑ̟ ~ a||ɑ |- |CLOTH/<br />THOUGHT |ɔ, ɑ||ɔ ~ ɔə ~ ʊə||ɔ ~ ɔ̝ə ~ oə||ɔ ~ ɒ ~ ɑ||ɑɒ |- |NORTH||ɔɹ||ɔə ~ oɐ ><br /> ɔɹ ~ oɹ||o ~ ʊ||o ~ ɔ||oɚ |- |FORCE||ɔɚ||ɔə ~ oɐ ><br /> ɔɹ ~ oɹ||o ~ ʊ||o||oɚ |- |FOOT |colspan="2"|<div style="text-align:center">ʊ</div> |colspan="2"|<div style="text-align:center">ʊ ~ ʊ̈</div>||ʊ̈ ~ ʏ |- |GOOSE||u||ʊu ~ uː ~ ɪu||uː ~ ʉu||uː ~ ʉ||ʉ̟u̟ ~ y̟ʉ̟ ~ ʉ̟y̟ y̟y̟ |- |STRUT||ʌ||ʌ||ʌ ~ ʌ̝||ɜ ~ ʌ ~ ɔ||ɜ |- |NURSE||ɚ~ɝ||ɜ||ɜ||ɜ||ɚ > ɐɚ |- |LETTER||ɚ||ə||ə||ə||ɚ |- |COMMA||ə||ə||ə||ə||ə |- |FACE||eɪ||eɪ ~ ɛɪ||e ~ e̝ɪ ~ i̞ɪ||eɪ ~ eː||ɛi ~ æ̠i |- |GOAT||oʊ||oʊ||oʊ ~ ɜʊ||oʊ ~ öʊ ~ o:||ɜy ~ ɜu > æ̠u |- |PRICE||aɪ||ɑɪ ~ ɒɪ||aɪ ~ ʌe||aɪ ~ ɜɪ||ai ~ aːæ ~ aː |- |MOUTH||aʊ||aʊ ~ æʊ||aʊ ~ æɔ ~ɛɔ||aɔ~ɜʊ||æɔ ~ æɒ > aɒ |- |CHOICE||ɔɪ||ɔɪ||oɪ~ʊɪ||oɪ~ɔɪ||oɪ |- |NEAR||iɚ, ɪɚ||ɪə > iɹ||ɪə||i||i̠ɚ |- |SQUARE||ɛɚ||ɛə > eɹ||ɛə||ɛ||ɛ̞ɚ |- |CURE||jʊɚ ~ juɚ||jʊə > jʊɹ||ʊ||jəɻ ~ jɚ||uɚ > ɚ |- |POOR{{refn|group=nb|"While not a standard lexical set, some dialects of American English realize {{IPAc-en|jʊər}} and {{IPAc-en|ʊəɹ}} as two separate phonemes.}}||ʊɚ ~ oɹ ~ ɔɚ||ʊə ~ ʊɜ > ʊɹ||ɔə ~ oɐ ><br />ɔɹ ~ oɹ||||ɔɻ~oɻ |- |HAPPY |colspan="5"|<div style="text-align: center">i</div> |- |HORSES||ə, i||ɪ ~ ɨ ~ ə||i ~ ɨ ~ ʎ||ɪ ~ ɨ ~ ə||ɪ ~ ɪ̈ |- |MARRY||ɛ||æ||æ||ɛ||e̞ |- |MERRY||ɛ||ɛ||ɛ ~ ʌ||ɛ||e̞ |- |MARY||ɛ||e ~ ɛ ~ ɛə||e ~ ɛ||ɛ||e̞ |- |ORANGE||ɔ||ɒ<ref name="Labov et al 2006">{{Harvp|Labov|Ash|Boberg|2006}}</ref>||ɑ||o ~ ɔ||ɑ ~ ɒ ~ o |- |TOMORROW||||ɒ<ref name="Labov et al 2006" />||ɑ||ɑ||ɑ ~ ɒ |- |HAND||||||||||eə |- |PIN/PEN||||||||||ɪ ~ iə |- |THINK/LENGTH||||||||||ɪ ~ ɪi |- |DANCE||||||||||eə |} {|class="wikitable sortable" !!!New England!!West_and Midwest<!--So that most of the cells appear only on one line-->!!Canadian!!Canada (Wells) |- |FLEECE||iː||iɪ ~ iː||ɪi||i |- |KIT||ɪ||ɪ||ɪ||ɪ |- |START||aː(ɹ) ~ ɑː(ɹ)||ɑ||ʌɹ > ɐɹ||ɑr |- |DRESS||ɛ||ɛ||ɛ||ɛ |- |TRAP||æ > ɛə||æ||æ ~ a||æ |- |BATH||æ > ɛə > a||æ||æ ~ a||æ |- |PALM||aː ~ ɑː||ɑ ~ ɑ̠ ~ ɒ > ɔ||ɒ||ɑ |- |LOT<br />CLOTH/<br />THOUGHT||ɑ ~ ɒ||ɑ ~ ɑ̠ ~ ɒ > ɔ||ɒ||ɑ |- |NORTH||ɔ(ɹ) > ɒə||o > ɔ > ɒ||ɔɹ||or |- |FORCE||ɔ(ɹ)||o > ɔ||ɔɹ||or |- |FOOT||ʊ||ʊ ~ ʊ̈||ʊ||ʊ |- |GOOSE||u ~ ʊuː||uʊ ~ uː ~ ʉ||ʉu||u |- |STRUT||ə||ɜ||ʌ||ʌ |- |NURSE||ə(ɹ)||ə||əɹ||ɜr |- |LETTER||ə(ɹ)||ɜ(ɹ)||əɹ||ɚ |- |COMMA||ə(ɹ)||ə||ɐ||ə |- |FACE||eɪ||eɪ ~ eː||eɪ||eɪ |- |GOAT||əo > ɔ||oʊ ~ ɵʊ > o:||ɵʊ||or |- |PRICE||ɑɪ > əɪ||aɪ > əɪ||ʌɪ ~ ɜɪ ~ ɐɪ||aɪ |- |MOUTH||ɑʊ > əʊ||əʊ > æʊ > aʊ||ʌʊ ~ ɜʊ||ɑʊ |- |CHOICE||ɔɪ||ɔɪ > oɪ||ɔɪ||ɔɪ |- |NEAR||iə(ɹ)||i||ɪɹ||ɪr |- |SQUARE||ɛə(ɹ)||ɛ||ɛɹ||ɛr |- |CURE||(j)ʊə ~ (j)ʊɜ > (j)ʊɹ||ju > jə||jəɹ > juɹ > jɵɹ||ʊr |- |HAPPY |colspan="4"|<div style="text-align: center">i</div> |- |HORSES||ə > ɪ||ɪ ~ ɨ > ə||ə|| |- |MARRY/<br />MERRY/<br />MARY||||||ɛ|| |- |DANCE||||æ̝|||| |} ====Other dialects==== {|class="wikitable sortable" |+ style = "text-align: left;"| Other dialects of English !!!Anglo-Bahamian!!Afro-Bahamian!!Jamaican!!Jamaican (Wells)!!T&T creole Acrolect and Mesolect!!(General) Trinidad!!Guyana!!Barbados!!Bahamas!!New Zealand!!New Zealand (Wells)!!AusE!!AusE (Wells)!!Pure Fiji E.!!Hawaii P. Basilectal!!Hawaii P. Mesolectal!!Hausa NigE !!Yoruba NigE!!Igbo NigE!!Southern NigE!!Ghanaian!!Liberian Settler E.!!Cameroon!!South Africa!!Indian!!Pakistani!!Singapore!!Malaysian!!Philippine |- |FLEECE||i̝ ~ ɪ̝i||i||iː||iː||iː||i||iː||iː||iː||i:, ɪɨ||iː||i:, ᵊi, əi||iː||i ̴ iˑ ||i > ij||i > ij||iː||i||i||i||i > iː||i||i > ɛ > e||iː||iː > ɪ||iː||i||i > iː||iː > i > ɪ |- |KIT||ɪ||ɪ||ɪ||ɪ||ɪ > i||ɪ||ɪ||ɪ||ɪ||ɘ, ə, ə̞, ɪ||ə||ɪ, ə||ɪ||i̠ ||i||i||ɪ||i||i||i||i > ɪ||ɪ > e||i > ai||ɪ, ə||ɪ > iː||ɪ||i|| i||iː > i > ɪ |- |START||ɑː||ɑː||aːɹ||aː(r)||aː||a x ɑ||aː(r)||aːr||aː||ɐː||aː||ɐː||aː||ă ~ a||ɑ||ɑ ~ ar||a||a||a||a||a||ɑ||a > ɛ||ɑː||ɑː||ɑː||ɑ||ɑ > ɑ̈||ɑr |- |DRESS||ɛ||ɛ||ɛ||ɛ||ɛ||ɛ||ɛ||ɛ||ɛ||e, e̝, e̝̠||e||e, ɛ||e||e̞||æ̝ ~ e||ɛ ~ æ̝||ə, a||e̝||e̝||ɛ, e||ɛ||ɛ||ɛ > e > i > iɛ ~ iə||e||e > ɛ > ə||e||æ||æ > ɛ > e||ɛ |- |PALM||ɑ||ɑ||aː||aː||aː||a x ɒ||aː||aː||aː, ɑː||ɐː||aː||||aː||ă ~ a||ɑ||ɑ||aː||a||a||a||a(ː)||ɑ > æ||a||ɑː||ɑː||ɑː||ɑ||ɑ > ɑ̈||ɑ |- |BATH||a~æ||a~æ||aː||aː||aː||a x ɑ||aː||aː||aː||ɐː||aː||||aː||ă||æ̝||æ̝ ~æ||aː||a||a||a||a(ː)||æ||a||aː||ɑː||æ~ɑː||ɑ||ɑ > ɑ̈||ɑ |- |LOT||ɑ||ɑ||ɔ||a x ɒ||ɔ > ʌ > ɒ||ɒ||a x ɑ||ɒ||ɑ||ɒ, ɞ̠||ɒ||ɔ, ɔᵊ, ɔə||ɒ||ɒ̝̆ ~ ɔ̝̆||ɔ||ɔ ~ ɑ ~ ɒ||a||ɔ||ɔ||ɔ||ɔ||ɑ||ɔ > a||ɒ||ɔ > ɒ > a||ɔː||ɔ||ɔ||ɑ |- |TRAP||a ~ æ||a ~ æ||a ~ ɐ||a||a > æ||a||aː||a||a||ɛ||æ||æ, æe, æː||æ||ɛ̞||æ̝||æ̝ æ||a||a||a||a||a||æ||a > e||æ||æ >ɛ||æ||ɛ||æ > ɛ||ɑ |- |CLOTH||ɔ||ɔ||ɔː||aː x ɔː||ɔ > ɔː||ɔ x ɒ||aː x ɔː||ɒː||ɒː||||ɒ||oː, oᵊː, oə||ɒː||ɒ̝||ɔ||ɔ > ɒ||ɔ||ɔ||ɔ||ɔ||ɔ||ɑ||ɔ||||ɔ > o > aː||ɔː ~ ɔ ~ oː||ɔ||ɔ||o |- |THOUGHT||ɔ||ɔ||ɔː||aː x ɔː||ɔː > ɒ||ɒ x ɔ ||aː x ɑː||ɒː||ɑː||ɑː, oə, o.ɐ||ɔː||||ɔː||ɒ̝̆ ~ ɔ̞̆||ɔ||ɔ > ɒ||oː||ɔ||ɔ||ɔ||ɔ > ɔː||ɔ||ɔ > au||ɔː||ɔː > oː > aː||ɔː||ɔ||ɔ||o |- |NORTH||ɔə||ɔə||ɔːɹ||aː(r) x ɔː(r)||ɔː||ɒ x ɔ ||aː(r)x ɔː(r)||ɒːr||oa||oː, oə, o.ɐ||ɔː||||ɔː||ɒ̝ ɔ̞||ɔ||ɔ ~ or||ɔ||ɔ||ɔ||ɔ||ɔ||o, ɔ̝||ɔ > a||ɔː||ɔː > aː > ɒ||ɔː||ɔ||ɔ||or |- |FORCE||oə||oə||oːɹ||oːr||ɔː||ɒ x ɔ ||oː(r)||oːr||oa||oː, oə, o.ɐ||ɔː||||ɔː||ɒ̝ ~ ɒ̝ˑ ~ ɔ̞||ɔ||ɔ~or||o, oa (owa)||ɔ||ɔ||ɔ||ɔ||o, ɔ̝||ɔ||ɔː||ɔː > oː||ɔː ~ ɔʊ||ɔ||ɔ||or |- |FOOT||ʊ||ʊ||ʊ ~ u||ʊ||ʊ||ʊ||ʊ||ʊ||ʊ||ʊ, ɨ̞||ʊ||ʊ||ʊ||o̝ ~ u̞||u||ʊ||ʊ||u||u||u||u > ʊ||u > ʊ||u||ʊ||ʊ > uː||ʊ ~ uː||u||u||uː > u > ʊ |- |GOOSE||ʉː||ʉː||uː||uː||uː||u||uː||uː||uː||ʉː,ʏː, ɪʉ, ɐʉ||uː||ʉː, ᵊʉː, ʉːᵊ||uː||u̞ ~ uˑ||u||u||uː||ʊ, u||ʊ, u||u||u > uː||u||u||uː||uː||uː||u||u > uː||uː > u > ʊ |- |STRUT||ʌ̠||ʌ̠||ɵ ~ o||ʌ||ʌ > ɔː > ɒ||ɒ x ʌ||ʌ||ʌ||ʌ||ɐ, ɐ̞||ʌ||ɐ||ʌ||a̠||ɑ ~ ʌ||ɑ ~ ʌ||ɑ, ʊ||ɔ||ɔ||ɔ||a ~ ɔ > ɛ||ʌ||ɔ > u ~ a||ʌ||ʌ > ə > ʊ||ʌ||ɑ||ɑ||ʌ |- |NURSE||ə ~ ɜ||ɜ ~ əi||ɜː||ʌ x ʌr x ɜːr||ɜː > ɔː||ɒ x 3||ʌ x ʌr||[ɝː]||əi||ɵː, œː, øː||ɜː||ɜː||ɜː||ɛ ɛ̠||ɜr||ɜr||aː||ɜ||ɜ||ɜ, ɔ, a||ɛ(ː)||ʌ > ʌ ||ɔ > ɛ > e||ɜː||ɜː > ʌ > ə > aː||ʌ||ə||ɔ||ɛr |- |LETTER||ə||ə||o ~ əːɹ||a [ɐ] x ʌr x ə||ə > ʌ||a x ə||a x ə||/ər/ [ɚ]||ə|| |colspan="3"|<div style="text-align: center">ə</div>||ɐ ~ a̠ ~ ă||ɑ||ɑ ~ ɚ |colspan="5"|<div style="text-align: center">a</div>||ə||a~e~ɔ||ə||ə||ʌ||ə||ə||ɛr |- |COMMA||ə||ə||o||a [ɐ] x ʌr x ə||a > ə > ʌ |colspan="2"|<div style="text-align: center">a x ə</div>||ə||ə||ɘ, ə, ɜ, ɐ |colspan="3"|<div style="text-align: center">ə<d/iv>||ɐ̞ ~ a̠ ~ ă||ɑ||ɑ ~ ə |colspan="5"|<div style="text-align: center">a</div>||ə > ʌ||a ~ e ~ ɔ > u||ə||a||ʌ||ə||ə > ʌ||ɑ |- |FACE||ei||ɛi||eː||e [iɛ x eː]||eː||e |colspan="3"|<div style="text-align: center">eː</div>||æe, ɐe, ɐi||ʌɪ||ɛe, æe||ʌɪ||e ~ eː ~ ei |colspan="2"|<div style="text-align: center">eɪ ~ e</div>||e||e||a||e, a||e~ei > ei/ɛ~ɛi > ɛi||e||e > a > ej||əɪ||eː||eɪ ~ eː||e||e > eː||eɪ |- |GOAT |colspan="2"|<div style="text-align: center">ɵu</div>||oː||o [uɔ x oː]||oː||o |colspan="3"|<div style="text-align: center">oː</div>||ɐʉ, ɐɨ||ʌʊ ||əʉ||ʌʊ ||o̞~ o̞ː ~ o̞u||oʊ ~ o||oʊ ~ o||oː |colspan="3"|<div style="text-align: center">o, ɔ</div>||o ~ ou > ou / ɔ ~ ɔu > ɔu||o||o > ɔ > u||əʊ||oː > ɔː||əʊ ~ oː ~ ʊ||o||o > oː||o |- |PRICE||ɑi||ai ~ ɑi||ai |colspan="4"|<div style="text-align: center">aɪ</div>||ʌi||ʌɪ||ɑe, ɒe, ɑi||ɑɪ||ɑe, ɔe||ɑɪ||aĭ||ɑɪ||ɑɪ||ai, əi |colspan="3"|<div style="text-align: center">ai</div>||ai > ai > a||a > aɨ, ai||a > i > aj |colspan="3"|<div style="text-align: center">aɪ</div>||ai||ai||ɑɪ |- |MOUTH||aø ~ aɛ||aɔ ~ ɑɔ||aʊ~ɵʊ |colspan="4"|<div style="text-align: center;">ɔʊ</div>||ʌʊ||ɑʊ||æʉ, ɛʉ||æʊ||æɔ, ɐɔ||æʊ||ă̝o~ă̝ʊ̝||ɑʊ||ɑʊ||au, əu |colspan="3"|<div style="text-align: center";>au</div>||au > au ~ a||ʌu, au||au > aw > aɔ||əʊ||aʊ||aʊ||au||au||ɑʊ |- |CHOICE||oi |colspan="2"|<div style="text-align: center">ɔi</div>||aɪ x ɔɪ||ɔɪ||ɔɪ||aɪ x ɔɪ||ʌi x oi||əi||oe, oi||ɔɪ||oɪ||ɔɪ||o~oː~o̞e |colspan="2"|<div style="text-align: center">oɪ~ɔɪ</div> |colspan="5"|<div style="text-align: center">ɔi</div>||ʌɨ, ʌi > ʌ||ɔi > ɔj||ɔɪ||ɔi > oɪ > oe||ɔɪ||ɔi||ɔi||oɪ |- |NEAR |colspan="2"|<div style="text-align: center">eə ~ iə</div>||eːɹ||eːr [ɪɛɹ x eːɹ]||ˑɛː||eə||eː(r)||eːr||eə||iə, iːɐ, e.ɐ, eə||iə ~ iːə ~ iː, eə||ɪə, ɪᵊ, ɪː||iə ~ iːə ~ iː||i ~ iɐ̆||iɑ||iɑ ~ ir||ia||ia||ia||ia, ija||iɛ > ia||iə, ɪə > eə / i, ɪ > e||iɛ ~ iə||ɪə||iə > iːjə > ɪjəː > eə||ɪə ~ eə||iə||iə > iː||ir |- |SQUARE||eə||eə||eːɹ||eːr [ɪɛɹ x eːɹ]||ɛː > ˑɛː||eə||eː(r)||eːr||eə||eə, iːɐ, e.ɐ, iə||eə||eə, eᵊ, eː||eə||e ~ eɐ̆||eɑ||eɑ~ er||ea||ia, ea||ia, ea||ia, ea|| ɛ > ɛa|| ɛ > e, æ|| ɛ > e > iɛ ~ iə||eə||æ > eː > eə > ɛː||eə ~ əɪ ~ ɑɪ||æ||æ > ɛ||er |- |CURE||uə||uə||||oːr||juɜ||ɒ x ɔ||oː(r)||oːr||oa||ʉə, ʉ.ɐ||ʊə x uːə ~ uː, ɔː||ʊə, ʉə, oː||ʊə x ɔː ~ uːə ~ uː ||u ~ ʉɐ ~ uɐ||uɑ||uɑ ~ ur||ua (uwa)||ua||ua||ua||uɛ ~ uɔ ~ ɔ||o||ɔ > ua||ʊə||ɪjoː > ɪjɔ > ɪjuː > ɪjuə ||juə ~ eɔː ~ jeɔ||ɔ||ɔ||ur |- |HAPPY||ɪ||ɪ||i||[ɪ], occas. [i]||ɪ > i||i||[i]||iː||[ɪ̞]||i, ə̯i, iˑ||iː||||iː|| ĭ ||i||i||i||i||i||i||i ~ ɪ||i||i > e||[ɪ̞ ~ i]||ɪ > iː||ɪ||i||i||ɪ |} ===Secondary lexical sets=== {|class="wikitable sortable" |- !!!Cardiff E.!!T&T creole Acrolect and Mesolect |- |BEER||iːə||ˑɛ > iɛ |} {|class="wikitable sortable" |- !!!Orkney!!Shetland!!Trad.R.Welsh E.!!T&T creole Acrolect and Mesolect!!New Zealand!!AusE!!Pure Fiji E.!!Hawaii P. Basilectal!!Hawaii P. Mesolectal!!Ghanaian!!Liberian Settler E.!!Indian!!Pakistani!!Malaysian!!Philippine |- |HORSES||ɪ||ə||ɪ||ɪ||ɘ, ə, ɜ, ɐ||ə||ɐ̆||e||e ~ ə ~ ɪ||iː > ɪ ~ e||ə > ɛ||ə > ɨ||ɪ||ɔ||ɛ |} {|class="wikitable sortable" |- !!!Scotland St. E.!!Urban Scots!!Orkney!!Shetland!!Philadelphia!!The Inland North!!R. Southern!!W and Mid-W.!!Anglo-Bahamian!!Afro-Bahamian!!Ghanaian!!Cameroon!!Pakistani |- |GOAL||o||o||o ~ ɔ||o||oʊ||oʊ ~ o̞ː||ɔ̟u ~ ɒ̟u||oʊ > oː||ɵu||ou||o ~ ou > ou / ɔ ~ ɔu > ɔu||o > ɔ > u||əʊ ~ oː |} {|class="wikitable sortable" |- !!!Scotland St. E.!!Urban Scots!!Trad.R.Welsh E.!!R. Southern!!Canadian!!Anglo-Bahamian!!Afro-Bahamian |- |PRIZE||ae||ae||||aːɛ ~ aːæ ~ aː||ɑɪ||ɑi ~ ai||aː |- |STAY||e||əi ~ e||[eɪ] (or eː)|||||||| |} {|class="wikitable sortable" |- !!!Trad.R.Welsh E.!!The Inland North!!R. Southern!!T&T creole Acrolect and Mesolect |- |ONE||ʌ ̴ ɔ|||||| |- |BOAR||oə|||||| |- |POWER||auwə||aɔɚ|||| |- |FIRE||aijə||||aæɚ ̴ aːɚ||aiə |- |EARS||œ ̴ iə|||||| |- |TUESDAY||ɪu|||||| |} {|class="wikitable sortable" |- !!!Trad.R.Welsh E.!!R. Northern Irish!!Pop. Dublin!!Fash. Dublin!!R. South West!!Supr.South!!Liberian Settler E. |- |SNOW||[ou] (or oː)|||||||||||| |- |SOFT||||ɔ(ː)||aː||ɔː||ɑ||ɒ|| |- |PRIDE||||ɛɪ, aɪ||əɪ||ɑɪ||æɪ||ɑɪ|| |- |DANCE||||æ, ɑ||æː||aː, (ɑː)||æː, aː||aː||æ̝ |- |PATH||||ɑ||æː||aː, (ɑː)||æː, aː||aː|| |} {|class="wikitable sortable" |- !!!New England!!R. Southern!!Canadian |- |GOING||||ɔ̟u ̴ ɒ̟u|| |- |POOL||u||ʊ̠ ̴ u|| |- |PULL||uʊ||ʊ̠ ̴ u|| |- |FEEL||i||ɪ ̴ iə ̴ i̞i|| |- |FILL||iɪ||ɪ ̴ iə ̴ ï|| |- |FALL||||ei ~ ɛ|| |- |FELL||||ɛ|| |- |MIRROR/NEARER||||i̠|| |- |COW||||||aʊ ~ ɑʊ |- |STAR||||||ɑɹ > ɐɹ |} {|class="wikitable sortable" |- !!!Jamaican!!T&T creole Acrolect and Mesolect!!New Zealand |- |BROAD||ɔː|||| |- |EIGHT||||eː|| |- |BARE||||ˑɛː > iɛ|| |- |TREACLE||||||ɯ, ɔ̝, o, ʊ, u, ɤ |} {|class="wikitable sortable" |- !!!Liberian Settler E.!!Cameroon!!Singapore!!Malaysian!!Philippine |- |BED||e|||||||| |- |SPHERE||||ɛ > iɛ ̴ iə|||||| |- |ZERO||||e > i > ɛ|||||| |- |CARRIER||||ia|||||| |- |CORDIAL||||ia ̴ iɛ ̴ iɔ ̴ iu|||||| |- |TRUER||||ua|||||| |- |TRUANT||||ua ̴ uɛ ̴ uɔ|||||| |- |OFFICES||||i|||||| |- |PAINTED||||ɛ|||||| |- |VILLAGE||||e|||||| |- |TERM||||ɛ > e > a|||||| |- |POOR||||||uə||uə||ur |} ==Use in other languages== Lexical sets have also been used to describe the pronunciation of other languages, such as [[French language|French]],<ref>{{cite book |title=Social and stylistic variation in spoken French: a comparative approach |first=Nigel |last=Armstrong |publisher=John Benjamins |year=2001 |ISBN=90-272-1839-0 |location=Amsterdam |pages=100ff |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hu5eYY_4nxcC }}</ref> [[Irish language|Irish]]<ref name="Hickey2011">{{cite book|author=Raymond Hickey|title=The Dialects of Irish: Study of a Changing Landscape|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bkk-PuUa4QQC|date=29 August 2011|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=978-3-11-023830-3}}</ref> and [[Scots language|Scots]].<ref name="Millar2007">{{cite book|author=Robert McColl Millar|title=Northern and insular Scots|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lwx6AAAAIAAJ|year=2007|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|isbn=978-0-7486-2316-7}}</ref> == See also == * [[Diaphoneme]] * [[Homophone]] * [[Minimal pair]] == Notes == {{reflist|group=nb}} == References == {{reflist|30em}} ==Bibliography== * {{cite book | last = Wells | first = John C. | title = Accents of English I: An Introduction | location = Cambridge, New York | publisher = [[Cambridge University Press]] | year = 1982 | isbn = 0-521-29719-2 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=UJQwf05yzqYC&pg=PP1 | authorlink = John C. Wells | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | title = Accents of English III: Beyond the British Isles | location = Cambridge, New York | publisher = Cambridge University Press | year = 1982b | first = John C. | last = Wells | ISBN = 0-521-28541-0 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=484eVQ7t8TMC&pg=PP1 | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | last = Burridge | first = Kate | last2 = Mesthrie | first2 = Rajend | last3 = Upton | first3 = Clive | editor1-last = Kortmann | editor1-first = Bernd | editor2-last = Schneider | editor2-first = Edgar W. | title = A handbook of Varieties of English, vol.1 | location = Berlin, New York | publisher = [[Mouton de Gruyter]] | year = 2004 | isbn = 978-3-11-019718-1 | url = http://www.degruyter.com/view/product/36453 }} == External links == * Nicole Taylor (with the collaboration of Norma Mendoza-Denton [http://www.u.arizona.edu/~nmd/cv.html]), The University of Arizona, Anthropology 383, [http://archive.is/NWmV Standard Lexical Sets], 2002 (in Archive.is)<!-- Original page was in http://www.ic.arizona.edu/~anth383/lexicalsets.html --> * University of Pennsylvania, [http://www.ling.upenn.edu/courses/Fall_2003/ling001/English.html Linguistics 001, Lecture 9: Pronunciation of English] [[Category:Phonology]] [[Category:English phonology]] [[Category:English lexical sets|andnbsp;]]'