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'{{About|Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan|other organisations with similar names|Jamaat-e-Islami (disambiguation)}} {{EngvarB|date=September 2013}} {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2013}} {{refimprove|date= January 2013}} {{Infobox political party | party_name = The Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan | Facebook Add = http://www.facebook.com/jamaat.org , http://www.facebook.com/JIPOfficial | Twitter Add = @JIPOfficial | name_native = جماعتِ اسلامی | party_logo = [[File:Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan Flag.svg|150px]] | leader1_title = Ameer | leader1_name = [[Siraj ul Haq]]<ref name="ET: Siraj replaces Munawar">{{cite news|title=Sirajul Haq replaces Munawar Hassan as chief of Jamaat-e-Islami|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/689135/sirajul-haq-replaces-munawar-hassan-as-chief-of-jamaat-e-islami/|accessdate=30 March 2014|newspaper=The Express Tribune|date=30 March 2014}}</ref> | Facebook add = http://www.facebook.com/SyedMunawarHasan | leader2_title = General Secretary | leader2_name = [[Liaqat Baloch]] | leader3_title = Naib Ameer | leader3_name = [[Khurshid Ahmad (Islamic scholar)|Khurshid Ahmed]], <br/>Mian Muhammad Aslam, <br/>Rashid Naseem, <br/>Asad ullah Bhutto, <br/>Hafiz Muhammad Idress. | colorcode = green | colors = Green, white, blue | foundation = {{start date|1941|8|26|df=y}} | founder = [[Sayyid Abul A'la Maududi]] | ideology = [[Islamic democracy]]<br/>[[Islamism]] | international = [[Muslim Brotherhood]], [[Jamat-e-Islami Hind]], [[Jamat-e-Islami Bangladesh]] | position = [[Right-wing politics|Right-wing]] | seats1_title = [[National Assembly of Pakistan|National Assembly]] | seats1 = {{Infobox political party/seats|4|342|hex= #00AAE4}} | seats2_title = [[Provincial Assembly of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|KPK Assembly]] | seats2 = {{Infobox political party/seats|8|124|hex= #00AAE4}} | symbol = [[SCALE]] | website = [http://jamaat.org] | headquarters = [[Mansoorah, Lahore|Mansoorah]], [[Lahore]], Pakistan }} {{Islamism sidebar}} '''Jamaat-e-Islami''' ([[Urdu language|Urdu:]]{{Nastaliq| جماعتِ اسلامی}}, '''JI''') is a [[Social conservatism|social conservative]], and [[Islamism|Islamist]] political party. Its objective is to make '''Pakistan''' an [[Islamic state]], governed by [[Sharia law]], through gradual, legal, political process.<ref name="HHPBMM2005: 122">[[#HHPBMM2005|Haqqani, ''Pakistan'', 2005]]: p.122</ref> The JI strongly objects to and opposes concepts such as [[capitalism]], [[liberalism]], [[Socialism in Pakistan|socialism]] and [[secularism]], as well as economic practices such as offering [[Interest rate|bank interest]]. The JI is a [[vanguard party]]: its members form an ''elite'', with "affiliates" and then "sympathizers" beneath them. The party leader is called an ''[[Emir|ameer]]''.<ref name="Adel (2012)"/>{{rp|page=70}} Although it does not have a large popular following, the party is quite influential and considered one of the major movements of Islam in Pakistan, along with [[Deobandi]] and [[Barelvi]].<ref name=roy-88>{{cite book|last1=Roy|first1=Olivier|title=The Failure of Political Islam|date=1994|publisher=Harvard University Press|pages=88|quote=Islam in Pakistan is divided into three tendencies: the Jamaat, which is the Islamist party and which, although it does not have extensive popular roots, is politically influential; the ''deobandi'', administered by fundamentalists and reformist ulamas; and the Barelvi, which recruits from popular and Sufi Islamic circles.}}</ref> The JI came to its modern foundation in [[Lahore]] in 1941 in [[British rule in India|British India]] by the Muslim theologian and socio-political philosopher, [[Abul Ala Maududi]].<ref>van der Veer P. and Munshi S. (eds.) [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=pAm_YptXTPMC&pg=PA153&dq=jamaat+e+islami&hl=en&sa=X&ei=6itSU_7dNovHkwWchICIAw&ved=0CEIQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=jamaat%20e%20islami&f=false "Media, War, and Terrorism: Responses from the Middle East and Asia."] Psychology Press, 2004 p138. ISBN 0415331404, 9780415331401.</ref> In 1947, JI moved its operations to [[West Pakistan|West-Pakistan]] after [[Pakistan Movement|Independence]].<ref name="Guidere (2012)"/>{{rp|page=223}}(Members who remained in India, formed an independent organisation called [[Jamaat-e-Islami Hind]]). The party came under severe government repression in 1948, 1953, and 1963,<ref name="SVRN1996: 97">[[#SVRN1996|Nasr, ''Mawdudi and the Making of Islamic Revivalism'', 1996]]: p.97</ref> but during the early years of the regime of General [[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq]] served as the "regime's ideological and political arm".<ref>Kepel, ''Jihad'', (2002), pp.98, 100, 101</ref> In 1971, during the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]], JI opposed the independence of Bangladesh. However, in 1975, it established a new branch, [[Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami]] in the new nation. Other offshoots of [[Jamaat-e-Islami]], (which split into separate independent organizations following the [[Partition of India]] in 1947) include ''Jamaat-e-Islami Hind'' in India, and Jamaat-e-Islami Kashmir in Jammu & Kashmir. The JI maintains close ties with these and other international Muslim groups.<ref name="HHPBMM2005: 171">[[#HHPBMM2005|Haqqani, ''Pakistan'', 2005]]: p.171</ref> ==History== {| class="wikitable" !colspan=3|Growth of JIP<ref name=growth-371>[http://books.google.com/books?id=xL9YAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA371&dq=Jamaat-e-Islami+maududi&hl=en&sa=X&ei=6rtWVO7PEJClyQT75YC4AQ&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=Jamaat-e-Islami%20maududi&f=false Encyclopedia of Islam & the Muslim World]| By Richard C. Martín| Granite Hill Publishers|2004|p.371</ref> |- !rowspan=1 colspan=1|Year !rowspan=1 colspan=1|Members<br> (''Arkan'') !rowspan=1 colspan=1|Sympathizers and workers<br>(''Hum-Khayal'') |- |1941||75|| (unknown) |- |1951||659||2913 |- |1989||5723||305,792 |- |2003||16,033||4.5 million |- !colspan=3|<small>SOURCE: ''Encyclopedia of Islam & the Muslim World'' (2004)</small><ref name=growth-371/> |} === Syed Abul A'la Maududi (1940 - 1972) === Jamaat-e-Islami's founder and leader until 1972, was [[Abul A'la Maududi]], a widely read Islamist philosopher and political commentator, who wrote about the role of Islam in South Asia.<ref name=kepel-34/> His thought was influenced by many factors including the [[Khilafat Movement]]; [[Mustafa Kemal Ataturk]]'s ascension at the end of the [[Ottoman Caliphate]]; and the impact of [[Indian Nationalism]], the [[Indian National Congress]] and the [[Hindu]]ism on [[Muslim]]s in India. He supported what he called "Islamization from above", through an Islamic state in which sovereignty would be exercised in the name of Allah and Islamic law (''[[sharia]]'') would be implemented. Mawdudi believed politics was "an integral, inseparable part of the Islamic faith, and that the Islamic state that Muslim political action seeks to build" would not only be an act of piety but would also solve the many (seemingly non-religious) social and economic problems that Muslims faced.<ref name=kepel-34/><ref name=nasr-vanguard-7>{{cite book|last1=Nasr|first1=S.V.R.|title=The Vanguard of the Islamic Revolution: the Jamaat-i Islami of Pakistan|date=1994|publisher=I.B.Tauris|page=7}}</ref> Maududi opposed British rule but also opposed the Muslim nationalist movement (nationalism being un-Islamic) and (at first) their plan for a circumscribed "Muslim state". Maududi agitating instead for an "Islamic state" covering the whole of India<ref name=kepel-34>{{cite book|last1=Kepel|first1=Gilles|title=Jihad: on the Trail of Political Islam|date=2002|publisher=Belknap Press|page=34|url=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=OLvTNk75hUoC&pg=PA441&dq=jamaat+e+islami&hl=en&sa=X&ei=rYRTU_DpEY7HlAXW4oHwAQ&ved=0CEUQ6AEwBDgo#v=onepage&q=jamaat%20e%20islami&f=false|ISBN=9781845112578|ref=GKJ2002}}</ref>—this despite the fact Muslims made up only about one quarter of India's population. In 1940, at the time of the [[Pakistan Resolution]], Maududi taught that Pakistan was destined to be an Islamic missionary nation. This was in comparison to scholars of the Indian Congress who promoted the formation of a sub-continent united against [[British Empire|British rule]]. To Maududi, a united sub-continent would be worse than British rule. He likened the Congress to [[Robert Clive]], and [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington|Arthur Wellesley]], and Muslim followers of the Congress to collaborators like [[Mir Jafar]] and [[Mir Sadiq]]. He compared nationalism and communism to the [[Shuddhi]] movement. Maududi criticised [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], the first prime minister of India, alleging that he opposed religion, was an enemy of any division on basis of faith and planned to merge Islam into the Hindu faith. Maududi also criticised the nationalist, [[Husain Ahmad Madani]] for promoting unity through a combined governance and justice system or a majority based political system. The Joint Secretary of the All India Muslim League and expert in constitutional law and Islam, [[Zafar Ahmed Ansari]], supported Maududi's stance. ===Founding of JI=== Jamaat-e-Islami was founded on 26 August 1941, at Islamia Park, Lahore,<ref name="Guidere (2012)"/>{{rp|page=li}} before the [[Partition of India]]. JI began as a [[Islam]]ist social and political movement. Seventy-five people attended the first meeting and became the first 75 members of the movement. Maududi saw his group as a vanguard of Islamic revolution following the footsteps of early Muslims who gathered in Medina to found an Islamic state.<ref name=kepel-34/><ref name=nasr-vanguard-7/> JI was and is strictly and hierarchically organized in a pyramid-like structure, working toward the common goal of establishing an ideological Islamic society, particularly though educational and social work, under the leadership of its emirs (commanders or leaders).<ref name=growth-371/> As a vanguard party, its fully-fledged members (''arkan'') are intended to be leaders and devoted to the party, but there is also a category of much more numerous sympathizers and workers (''karkun''). The emir is obliged by the party constitution to consult an assembly called the ''shura''. The JI also developed sub-organizations, such as those for women and students.<ref name="growth-371"/> JI began by volunteering in refugee camps; performing social work; opening hospitals and medical clinics and by gathering the skins of animals sacrificed for [[Eid-ul-Azha]]. JI had a number of unique features. All members, including its founder Mawdudi, uttered the shahadah—the traditional act of converts to Islam—when they joined. This was a symbolic gesture of conversion to an new Islamic Perspective, but to some implied that "the Jamaat stood before Muslim society as Islam before [[jahiliyah]]", (pre-Islamic ignorance).<ref name="SVRN1996-110">{{cite book|last1=Nasr|first1=Seyyed Vali Reza Nasr|title=Mawdudi and the Making of Islamic Revivalism|date=1996|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford, New York|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I07ykFUoKTUC&pg=PA50&lpg=PA50&dq=islam+was+a+revolutionary+ideology+and+a+dynamic+movement&source=bl&ots=J1x_GeBzIB&sig=LcQqo9cmK_TCohtC6t9klPMGt7w&hl=en&sa=X&ei=1qSMVJneBoOYyASS04GQDA&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=islam%20was%20a%20revolutionary%20ideology%20and%20a%20dynamic%20movement&f=false|page=110|quote=All members, including Mawdudi, uttered the shahadah when they joined, in a symbolic gesture of conversion to an new Islamic Perspective |ref=SVRN1996}}</ref> After Pakistan was formed, it forbade Pakistanis to take an oath of allegiance to the state until it became Islamic, arguing that a Muslim could in clear conscience render allegiance only to God.<ref name="SVRN1996: 42">[[#SVRN1996|Nasr, ''Mawdudi and the Making of Islamic Revivalism'', 1996]]: p.42</ref><ref>Nasr, ''Vanguard of the Islamic Revolution'', 1994, pp.119-120</ref> [[File:Abul ala maududi.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Abul ala Maududi]] ===Pakistan=== ;Creation and early years Following the Partition of India, Maududi and JI migrated from East Punjab to [[Lahore]] in Pakistan. There they volunteered to help the thousands of refugees pouring into the country from India<ref name=Adams-102>Adams, Charles J., "Mawdudi and the Islamic State," in John L. Esposito, ed., ''Voices of Resurgent Islam'', (New York: Oxford University Press, 1983, p.102)</ref>—performing social work; opening hospitals and medical clinics; and by gathering the skins of animals sacrificed for [[Eid-ul-Azha]]. During the prime-ministership of [[Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy]] (July 1946 - August 1947), JI argued for a separate voting system for different religious communities. Suhrawardy convened a session of the National Assembly at [[Dhaka]] and through an alliance with Republicans, his party passed a bill for a mixed voting system. In 1951 it ran candidates for office but did not do well. JI found it was more successful in promoting its cause in the streets.<ref name="SVRN1996: 43">[[#SVRN1996|Nasr, ''Mawdudi and the Making of Islamic Revivalism'', 1996]]: p.43</ref> The election also occasioned a split in the party with the JI shura passing a resolution in support of the party withdrawing from politics but Maududi arguing for continued involvement. Maududi prevailed and several senior JI leaders resigned in protest. All this strengthened Maududi's position still further and "a cult of personality began to grow up around him."<ref name="SVRN1996: 43"/> In 1953, JI led "direct action" against the [[Ahmadiyya]], who the JI believed should be declared non-Muslims. In March 1953 [[Lahore riots of 1953|riots in Lahore]] started leading to looting, arson and the killing of at least 200 Ahmadis and the declaration of selective [[martial law]]. The military leader, [[Azam Khan (general)|Azam Khan]] had Maududi and [[Rahimuddin Khan]] arrested and sentenced to death for [[sedition]] (writing anti-Ahmadiyya pamphlets).Many JI supporters were imprisoned during this time. The [[Constitution of Pakistan of 1956|1956 Constitution]] was adopted after [[Constitution of Pakistan of 1956#Islamic provisions|accommodating]] many of the demands of the JI. Maududi endorsed the constitution and claimed it a victory for Islam.<ref name="SVRN1996: 44">[[#SVRN1996|Nasr, ''Mawdudi and the Making of Islamic Revivalism'', 1996]]: p.44</ref> In 1958, JI formed an alliance with [[Abdul Qayyum Khan]] (Muslim League) and Chudhary Muhammad Ali (Nizam-e-Islami party). The alliance destabilised the presidency of [[Iskander Mirza]] (1956 - 1958) and Pakistan returned to martial law. The military ruler, the president [[Muhammad Ayub Khan]] (1958 - 1964), had a modernizing agenda and opposed the encroachment of religion into politics. He banned political parties and warned Maududi against continued religio-political activism. JI offices were closed down, funds were confiscated and Maududi was imprisoned in 1964 and 1967.<ref name="SVRN1996: 44"/> JI supported the opposition party, the [[Pakistan Democratic Movement]] (PDM). In the 1964 - 1965 presidential elections, JI supported the opposition leader, [[Fatima Jinnah]], despite its opposition to women in politics.<ref name="SVRN1996: 44"/> In 1965, during the [[Indo-Pakistani war]], JI supported the government's call for [[jihad]], presenting patriotic speeches on [[Radio Pakistan]] and seeking support from Arab and Central Asian countries. The group resisted [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]] and [[Maulana Bhashani]]'s socialist program of the time. By the end of 1969, the Jamaat-e-Islami was spearheading a major “campaign for the protection of ideology of Pakistan,” which it believed was under threat from atheistic socialists and secularists.<ref name="HHPBMM2005: 46">[[#HHPBMM2005|Haqqani, ''Pakistan'', 2005]]: p.46</ref> JI participated in the [[Pakistani general election, 1970|1970 general election]]. Its political platform advocated political freedom of the provinces and Islamic law based on the Quran and Sunnah. There would be separation of the powers (judiciary and legislature); basic rights for minorities (such as equal employment opportunities and the ''Bonus Share Scheme'' allowing factory workers to own shares in their employers' companies); and a policy of strong relationships with the [[Muslim world]].{{Fact|date=January 2015}} Just prior to the election, [[Nawabzada Nasrullah Khan]] left the alliance leaving JI to run against the [[Pakistan Peoples Party]] and the [[Awami League]].{{Fact|date=January 2015}} The party had a disappointing showing when it won only four seats in the national assembly and four in the provincial assembly after fielding 151 candidates.<ref name="SVRN1996: 45">[[#SVRN1996|Nasr, ''Mawdudi and the Making of Islamic Revivalism'', 1996]]: p.45</ref> [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]] won the 1970 election campaign and was strongly opposed by JI who believed he and his socialist ideology were a threat to Islam.<ref name="HHPBMM2005: 69">[[#HHPBMM2005|Haqqani, ''Pakistan'', 2005]]: p.69</ref> ;Division JI opposed the [[Awami League]] East Pakistani separatist movement.<ref name="HHPBMM2005: 100">[[#HHPBMM2005|Haqqani, ''Pakistan'', 2005]]: p.100</ref> [[Islami Jamiat-e-Talaba]] organised the [[Al-Badar]] to fight the [[Mukti Bahini]] (Bengali liberation forces). In 1971, during the [[Bangladesh liberation war]], JI members may have collaborated with the Pakistani army in the killing and raping of Bengali civilians.<ref>Arefin S. [http://www.docstoc.com/docs/123751015/Muktijuddho-Ekattor---Punished-war-criminals-under-Dalal-law "Muktijuddho '71: Punished War Criminals Under Dalal Law."] Bangladesh Research and Publications.</ref><ref>[http://www.genocidebangladesh.org/?page_id=14] Bangladesh Genocide Archive website. Accessed 9 March 2013.</ref><ref>Nabi N. [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=F_OUc-TvGOIC&pg=PA108&dq=jamaat+e+islami&hl=en&sa=X&ei=rYRTU_DpEY7HlAXW4oHwAQ&ved=0CD8Q6AEwAzgo#v=onepage&q=jamaat%20e%20islami&f=false "Bullets of '71: A Freedom Fighter's Story."] AuthorHouse, 2010 p.108 ISBN 1452043833, 9781452043838.</ref> In 1972, Maududi resigned citing poor health. In October 1972, the ''Majlis-e-Shoura'' (council) elected [[Mian Tufail Mohammad]] (1914 - 2009), the new leader of JI. === Mian Tufail Mohammad (1972 - 1987) === [[File:Mian Tufail Muhammad.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Mian Tufail Muhammad]] After [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]] (1973 - 1977) was elected, the student wing of the Jamaat-e-Islami ([[Islami Jamiat-e-Talaba]]) burned effigies of him in Lahore and declared his election a “black day.” In early 1973, the amir, of the JI even appealed to the army to overthrow Bhutto’s government because of “its inherent moral corruption.”<ref name="HHPBMM2005: 96">[[#HHPBMM2005|Haqqani, ''Pakistan'', 2005]]: p.96</ref> JI "spearheaded" the anti-Bhutto political movement under the religious banner of ''Nizam-i-Mustafa'' (Order of the Prophet). Bhutto attempted to suppress JI through the imprisonment of JI and Islami Jamiat-e-Talaba members. There were electoral irregularities at the 1975 elections with JI members being arrested in order to prevent them from lodging their nomination papers.<ref name="HHPBMM2005: 120">[[#HHPBMM2005|Haqqani, ''Pakistan'', 2005]]: p.120</ref> However, by 1976, JI had 2 million registrants. In the 1977 JI won nine of the 36 seats won by the opposition [[Pakistan National Alliance]]. The opposition considered the election rigged (Bhutto's PPP won 155 out of 200 seats) and Maududi, who had been arrested, called on Islamist parties to commence a campaign of [[civil disobedience]]. The [[Sunni]] led government of [[Saudi Arabia]] intervened to secure Maududi's release from prison warning of revolution in Pakistan. JI assisted the [[Pakistan National Alliance]] (PNA) to oust Bhutto and met with Zia-ul-Haq for ninety minutes on the night before Bhutto was hanged.<ref name="HHPBMM2005: 139">[[#HHPBMM2005|Haqqani, ''Pakistan'', 2005]]: p.139</ref> Initially, JI supported [[General Zia-ul-Haq]] (1977 - 1987).<ref name="HHPBMM2005: 123">[[#HHPBMM2005|Haqqani, ''Pakistan'', 2005]]: p.123</ref> In turn, Zia's use of Islamist rhetoric gave JI importance in public life beyond the size of its membership.<ref name="Osella (2013)">Osella F. and Osella C. [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=ipU-cTz5_JYC&pg=PA479&dq=jamaat+e+islami&hl=en&sa=X&ei=6itSU_7dNovHkwWchICIAw&ved=0CEwQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=jamaat%20e%20islami&f=false "Islamic Reform in South Asia."] Cambridge University Press, 2013 p479. ISBN 1107031753, 9781107031753.</ref> According to journalist Owen Bennett Jones, JI was the "only political party" to offer Zia "consistent support" and was rewarded with jobs for "tens of thousands of Jamaat activists and sympathisers", giving Zia's Islamic agenda power "long after he died."<ref name=jones-16>{{cite book|last1=Jones|first1=Owen Bennett|title=Pakistan : eye of the storm|date=2002|publisher=Yale University Press|location=New Haven and London|pages=16–7|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=t8iYEgPYG_EC&pg=PA17&lpg=PA17&dq=Tens+of+thousands+of+Jamaat+activists+and+sympathisers&source=bl&ots=0znj0JNV-d&sig=k2q58eXd587bOoZtty4oMFE6ZO4&hl=en&sa=X&ei=cp9vVMjQBMecgwTV0oDgBA&ved=0CCAQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Tens%20of%20thousands%20of%20Jamaat%20activists%20and%20sympathisers&f=false|quote=... Zia rewarded the only political party to offer him consistent support, Jamaat-e-Islami. Tens of thousands of Jamaat activists and sympathisers were given jobs in the judiciary, the civil service and other state institutions. These appointments meant Zia's Islamic agenda lived on long after he died.}}</ref> However, Zia failed to deliver timely elections and distanced himself from the JI. When Zia banned [[Students' union|student unions]], [[Islami Jamiat-e-Talaba]] and pro-JI labor unions protested. However, JI did not participate in the [[Pakistan Peoples Party]]'s [[Movement for the Restoration of Democracy]]. JI also supported Zia's [[Jihad]] against the [[Soviet War in Afghanistan]] and its sister party [[Jamiat-e Islami]] led by [[Burhanuddin Rabbani]] became part of the [[Peshawar seven]] that received aid from Saudi Arabia, United States and other jihad supporters.<ref name="Guidere (2012)"/>{{rp|page=272}} Such conundrums caused tension in JI based on conflict between ideology and politics.<ref name="Osella (2013)"/><ref name=kepel-104>{{cite book|last1=Kepel|first1=Gilles|title=Jihad: on the Trail of Political Islam|date=2002|publisher=Belknap Press|page=104|url=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=OLvTNk75hUoC&pg=PA441&dq=jamaat+e+islami&hl=en&sa=X&ei=rYRTU_DpEY7HlAXW4oHwAQ&ved=0CEUQ6AEwBDgo#v=onepage&q=jamaat%20e%20islami&f=false|ISBN=9781845112578|ref=GKJ2002}}</ref> In 1987, Mian Tufail declined further service as head of JI for health reasons and [[Qazi Hussain Ahmad]] was elected. === Qazi Hussain Ahmad (1987 - 2008) === In 1987, when Zia died, the [[Pakistan Muslim League]] formed the [[right-wing]] alliance, [[Islami Jamhoori Ittehad]] (IJI).<ref name="Osella (2013)"/>{{rp|page=180}} In 1990 when [[Nawaz Sharif]] came to power, JI boycotted the cabinet on the basis that the Pakistan Peoples' Party and the Pakistan Muslim League were problematic to equal degrees. In the [[Pakistani general election, 1993|election of 1993]], JI won three seats. In this year, JI was a member of the newly formed All Parties Hurriyat Conference (APHC) which promotes the independence of Jammu and Kashmir from India.<ref name="Guidere (2012)"/>{{rp|page=26}} Prior to this, JI had allegedly set up the Hizb-ul-Mujahideen, a Kashmir liberation militia to oppose the Kashmir Liberation Front which fights for the complete independence of the Kashmir region.<ref name="Guidere (2012)"/>{{rp|page=127}} Ahmad left his position in the Senate in protest against corruption.<ref name="Adel (2012)">Adel G. H. et al (eds.) [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=RS73Xn1Gjv8C&pg=PA67&dq=jamaat+e+islami&hl=en&sa=X&ei=B0tSU5OvEY3pkgWmroDYCA&ved=0CEIQ6AEwBDgK#v=onepage&q=jamaat%20e%20islami&f=false "Muslim Organisations in the Twentieth Century: Selected Entries from Encyclopaedia of the World of Islam."] EWI Press, 2012 p.67 ISBN 1908433094, 9781908433091.</ref> JI then boycotted the [[Pakistani general election, 1997|1997 election]] and therefore lost representation in parliament. However, the party remained politically active, for example, protesting the arrival of the Indian prime minister, [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]], in Lahore. In 1999, [[Pervez Musharraf]] took power in a [[military coup]]. JI, at first, welcomed the general but then objected when Musharraf began to make secular reforms and then again in 2001, when Pakistan joined [[War on terrorism]], alleging Musharraf had betrayed the [[Taliban]]. JI condemned the events of 11 September 2001 but equally condemned the US when Afghanistan was entered.<ref name="Adel (2012)"/>{{rp|page=69}} Some members of [[Al Quaida]], for example, [[Khalid Sheik Mohammed]], were arrested in Pakistan in homes owned by supporters of JI.<ref>Gannon K. [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=GPsnizjHBx4C&pg=PA158&dq=jamaat+e+islami&hl=en&sa=X&ei=B0tSU5OvEY3pkgWmroDYCA&ved=0CFMQ6AEwBzgK#v=onepage&q=jamaat%20e%20islami&f=false "I Is for Infidel: From Holy War to Holy Terror in Afghanistan."] PublicAffairs, 2006 p.158 ISBN 1586484524, 9781586484521.</ref><ref>Spencer R. [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=xGE5YshINtMC&pg=PA244&dq=jamaat+e+islami&hl=en&sa=X&ei=rYRTU_DpEY7HlAXW4oHwAQ&ved=0CEsQ6AEwBTgo#v=onepage&q=jamaat%20e%20islami&f=false "Onward Muslim Soldiers: How Jihad Still Threatens America and the West."] Regnery Publishing, 2003 p.244 ISBN 0895261006, 9780895261007.</ref> In 2002, JI made an alliance of religious parties called [[Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal]] (MMA) (United Council of Action) and won 53 seats, including most of those representing the [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] Province.<ref name="Guidere (2012)">Guidere M. [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=tCvhzGiDMYsC&pg=PA356&dq=jamaat+e+islami&hl=en&sa=X&ei=B0tSU5OvEY3pkgWmroDYCA&ved=0CDwQ6AEwAzgK#v=onepage&q=jamaat%20e%20islami&f=false "Historical Dictionary of Islamic Fundamentalism."] Scarecrow Press, 2012 p356 ISBN 0810879654, 9780810879652.</ref> JI continued its opposition to the War on terrorism, particularly the presence of American troops and agencies in Pakistan. JI also called for restoration of judiciary. [[Qazi Hussain Ahmad]] gave his resignation from the National Assembly when visiting the camp of victims of an attack in [[Lal Masjid]]. In 2006, JI opposed the [[Women's Protection Bill]] saying it did not need to be scrapped but instead, be applied in a fairer way and more and be more clearly understood by judges. Ahmed said, : "Those who oppose [these] laws are only trying to run away from Islam...These laws do not affect women adversely. Our system wants to protect women from unnecessary worry and save them the trouble of appearing in court."<ref name="HHPBMM2005: 145">[[#HHPBMM2005|Haqqani, ''Pakistan'', 2005]]: p.145</ref> Samia Raheel Qazi, MP and daughter of Ahmed stated, :"We have been against the bill from the start. The [[Hudood Ordinance]] was devised by a highly qualified group of [[Ulema]], and is beyond question". At least during the time of Ahmad, the position of JI on revolutionary action was that it was not ready to turn to extra-legal action but that its objectives are definite (''qat'i'') but its methods are "open to interpretation and adaptation (''ijtihadi'')" based on the "exigencies of the moment".<ref>Based on interviews with a number of JI leaders, especially Khalil Ahmadu'l-Hamidi by Seyyed [[Vali Reza Nasr]], (in Nasr, ''Maududi and the making of Islamic Revivalism'', p.76)</ref> === Sayyed Munawer Hassan (2008 - 2014) === In 2008, JI and [[Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf]] again boycotted the [[Pakistani general election, 2008|elections]]. Ahmad declined reelection and [[Syed Munawar Hassan]] became ameer. === Siraj ul Haq (2014–present) === [[File:Siraj ul Haq 2014-04-01 01-08.jpeg|thumb|upright=1.2|Siraj ul Haq]] On 30 March 2014, [[Siraj ul Haq]] became ameer.<ref name="ET: Siraj replaces Munawar"/> He resigned from his role as senior minister of the [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] Province. This coincided with a drone attack on [[Madrassa]], [[Bajour Agency]]. == Organizations == JI provides unions for doctors, teachers, lawyers, farmers, workers and women, for example, [[Islami Jamiat-e-Talaba]] (IJT) and Islami Jamaat-e-Talibaat (its female branch)<ref name="Guidere (2012)"/>{{rp|page=181}} a [[Students' union]] and [[Shabab e Milli]], a youth group. The party has a number of publications from affiliated agencies such as Idara Marif-e-Islami, Lahore, the Islamic Research Academy, Karachi, Idara Taleemi Tehqeeq, Lahore, the Mehran Academy, and the [[Institute of Regional Studies]]. The "Islami Nizamat-e-Taleem" led by [[Abdul Ghafoor Ahmed]], is an educational body that includes 63 Baithak schools. ''Rabita-ul-Madaris Al-Islamia'' supports 164 JI [[Madrasa]]s. JI also operates the "Hira Pakistan Project" and "Al Ghazali Trust". The Al-Khidmat Foundation is JI's humanitarian [[NGO]]. Its predecessor, organised in the mid 1990s was the Al-Khidmat Trust. The foundation administers schools, women's vocational centres, adult literacy programs, hospitals and mobile chemists and other welfare programs. In this respect, JI interacts with the general market.<ref name="Osella (2013)"/>{{rp|page=480}} ===Connections with insurgents=== Jama'ati is said to have close links to many terrorist and banned outfits of Pakistan. The most notable connection is with the [[Tehreek-e-Nafaz-e-Shariat-e-Mohammadi]]. This terrorist organization grew as an offshoot of Jammat e Islami and was founded by [[Sufi Muhammad]] in 1992 after he left Jamaat-e-Islami.<ref name="satp"/><ref name=nasirsa>{{cite news | last = Nasir | first = Sohail Abdul | title = Religious Organization TNSM Re-Emerges in Pakistan | journal = Terrorism Focus | volume = 3 | issue = 19 | publisher = [[The Jamestown Foundation]] | date = 2006-05-17 | url = <!-- dead link - http://www.jamestown.org/programs/gta/single/?tx_ttnews[tt_news]=740&tx_ttnews[backPid]=239&no_cache=1 --> | accessdate = 2009-02-09}}</ref> When the founder was imprisoned on January 15, 2002, [[Maulana Fazlullah]], his son-in-law, assumed leadership of the group.In the aftermath of the 2007 [[siege of Lal Masjid]], Fazlullah's forces and [[Baitullah Mehsud]]'s [[Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan]] (TTP) formed an alliance. Fazlullah and his army reportedly received orders from Mehsud.<ref name=rehmatk>{{cite news | last = Rehmat | first = Kamran | title = Swat: Pakistan's lost paradise | publisher = ''[[Al Jazeera]]'' | location = Islamabad | date = 2009-01-27 | url = http://english.aljazeera.net/focus/2009/01/200912512351598892.html | accessdate = 2009-02-03}}</ref> After the death of [[Hakimullah Mehsud]] in a drone attack, Fazlullah was appointed as the new "Amir" (Chief) of the [[Tehrik-e-Taliban Pakistan]] on 7 November 2013.<ref name=reuters071113>{{cite web|last=Mujtaba |first=Haji |url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/11/07/us-pakistan-taliban-idUSBRE9A60OR20131107 |title=No more peace talks, 'Mullah Radio' tells Pakistan |publisher=Reuters |date=7 November 2013 |accessdate=2013-11-08}}</ref><ref name=Bajoria/><ref name=abbash/> In a May 2010 interview, U.S. Gen. David Petraeus described the TTP's relationship with other militant groups as difficult to decipher: "There is clearly a symbiotic relationship between all of these different organizations: al-Qaeda, the Pakistani Taliban, the Afghan Taliban, TNSM [Tehreek-e-Nafaz-e-Shariat-e-Mohammadi]. And it's very difficult to parse and to try to distinguish between them. They support each other, they coordinate with each other, sometimes they compete with each other, [and] sometimes they even fight each other. But at the end of the day, there is quite a relationship between them." <ref name=Bajoria>{{cite web| last = Bajoria| first = Jayshree | title = Pakistan's New Generation of Terrorists | publisher = Council on Foreign Relations| date = 6 February 2008| url = http://www.cfr.org/publication/15422/pakistans_new_generation_of_terrorists.html?breadcrumb=%2Fbios%2F13611%2Fjayshree_bajoria%3Fgroupby%3D1%26hide%3D1%26id%3D13611%26filter%3D456| accessdate =30 March 2009}}</ref><ref name=abbash/><ref name=gall2009327>{{cite news | author =[[Carlotta Gall]], Ismail Khan, [[Pir Zubair Shah]] and Taimoor Shah| title = Pakistani and Afghan Taliban Unify in Face of U.S. Influx |work=New York Times| date = 26 March 2009| url = http://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/27/world/asia/27taliban.html| accessdate =27 March 2009}}</ref> According to another source, TNSM and Jamaat-e-Islami (JI) seem to have been locked in a turf war in the [[Malakand District]] of Pakistan, and the Jamaat-Ulema-e-Islam, JI, and TNSM are in conflict with each other in the tribal areas for power and influence.<ref name=mapping>{{cite web|title=Tehreek Nifaz-e-Shariat Mohammadi|url=http://web.stanford.edu/group/mappingmilitants/cgi-bin/groups/view/411|website=Mapping Militant Organizations|publisher=Stanford University|accessdate=29 December 2014}}</ref> == Leaders == * [[Abul A'la Maududi]] (1940 - 1972) * [[Mian Tufail Mohammad]] (1972 - 1987) * [[Qazi Hussain Ahmad]] (1987 - 2008) * [[Syed Munawar Hassan]] (2008 - 2014) * [[Siraj ul Haq]] (2014–present) * [[Khurram Murad]] * [[Liaqat Baloch]] * [[Khurshid Ahmad (Islamic scholar)]] * [[Mohammad Kamal]] * [[Mian Aslam]] ==See also== * [[Israr Ahmed]] * [[Javed Ahmed Ghamdi]] * [[Sayed Ahmad Khan]] * [[Amin Ahsan Islahi]] * [[Allamah]] [[Delwar Hossain Sayeedi]] * [[Abdul Qader Molla]] * [[Motiur Rahman Nizami]] == References == {{Reflist}} *{{cite book|last1=Nasr|first1=Seyyed Vali Reza Nasr|title=Mawdudi and the Making of Islamic Revivalism|date=1996|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford, New York|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I07ykFUoKTUC&pg=PA50&lpg=PA50&dq=islam+was+a+revolutionary+ideology+and+a+dynamic+movement&source=bl&ots=J1x_GeBzIB&sig=LcQqo9cmK_TCohtC6t9klPMGt7w&hl=en&sa=X&ei=1qSMVJneBoOYyASS04GQDA&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=islam%20was%20a%20revolutionary%20ideology%20and%20a%20dynamic%20movement&f=false |ref=SVRN1996}} *{{cite book|last1=Haqqani|first1=Husain|title=Pakistan: Between Mosque and Miltary|date=2005|publisher=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.|page=46|url=http://www.pakhtunkhwa.pk/sites/default/files/Publications/Pakistan%20between%20Mosque%20and%20Military%20by%20Hussain%20Haqqani%20%281%29.pdf|ref=HHPBMM2005}} == External links == * {{Official website|http://jamaat.org}} {{en icon}} * [http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/pakistan/ji.htm Profile: Jamaat-e-Islami & Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi] GlobalSecurity.org * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/4470254.stm Bangladesh ruling party expels MP] [[BBC]], 25 November 2005 * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/4320078.stm Pakistan rulers claim poll boost] [[BBC]], 7 October 2005 * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/4156808.stm Who's afraid of the six-party alliance?] [[BBC]], 17 August 2005 * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/4155474.stm Pakistan 'hate' paper crackdown] [[BBC]], 16 August 2005 * [http://www.guardian.co.uk/religion/Story/0,,1548826,00.html Radical links of UK's 'moderate' Muslim group] [[Martin Bright]], [[The Observer]], 14 August 2005 * [http://www.fas.org/irp/congress/1993_rpt/house_repub_report.html Congressional Report: The New Islamist International](from [[Federation of American Scientists|FAS]] site) [[Bill McCollum]], US Congressional Task Force on Terrorism and Unconventional Warfare, 1 February 1993. * [http://tanzeem.org Tanzeem-e-Islami (Tehreek-e-Khilafah)] {{Pakistani political parties}} {{IslamismSA}} {{Islamism}} {{Pakistan topics}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Jamaat-E-Islami}} [[Category:Far-right political parties in Pakistan]] [[Category:Islam in Pakistan]] [[Category:Islamic organizations]] [[Category:Islamist groups]] [[Category:Jamaat-e-Islami|*Main]] [[Category:Political parties established in 1941]] [[Category:Right-wing populism]]'