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{{EngvarB|date=October 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{coord|51|35|18|N|2|59|37|W|display=title}}
[[File:Newport ship.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.3|The Newport ship in the foundations of the [[Riverfront Arts Centre]], 8 September 2002]]
The '''Newport Ship''' is a mid-fifteenth-century sailing vessel discovered by [[archaeologist]]s in June 2002 in the city of [[Newport, Wales|Newport]], [[South East Wales]]. It was found on the west bank of the [[River Usk]], which runs through the [[Newport city centre|city centre]], during the building of the [[Riverfront Arts Centre]]; from which process it sustained some damage. The official name of the vessel is now the '''Newport Medieval Ship''', to help distinguish it from other historical vessels.
The ship was originally around {{convert|116|ft|m|abbr=off}} long and has been estimated to be of 161 [[tons burthen|tons burden]] – that being the number of tuns of [[Bordeaux wine]] that could have stowed in its hold. Vessels of this size were considered 'great ships' by contemporary standards and were typically used for the long-distance trade between Britain, [[Biscay]] and southern [[Iberian Peninsula|Iberia]].{{sfn|Jones|Stone|2018|loc=The shipping industry of the Severn Sea}}
The most likely construction date of the ship is immediately after the winter of 1457/8. This date was obtained by oxygen isotope dendrochronology. An earlier standard [[dendrochronology]] study (measuring the width of annual growth rings) has given a likely felling date of 1449 for the majority of the timbers. This earlier study identified [[Basque Country (greater region)|Basque region]] of Northern Spain as the source of the shipbuilding timber. This is an area well known for its shipbuilding industry at this time. Timbers associated with later phases of repair come from Britain, as do a large number of structural pieces dating from c.1466. These timbers have been associated with the major renovation work being carried out in Newport at the time the vessel foundered. Remnants of a cradle found beneath the ship suggested that it had been berthed for repair but then abandoned after the supports on the starboard side gave way. Many of the artefacts in the ship, such as coins, pottery and plant remains, suggest that it was trading with [[Portugal]] in the 1450s–1460s.
Although there were no initial plans to preserve the ship in its entirety, local people campaigned eagerly to ensure this, leading to the foundation of the Friends of the Newport Ship.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newportship.org/ |title=Home |publisher=Friends of the Newport Ship |access-date=25 October 2022}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=June 2024|reason=I suspect that this target webpage no longer has the material that supported this information.}} Initial estimates suggested that preservation would cost about £3.5 million and this sum was eventually found by the [[Welsh Assembly Government]] and [[Newport City Council]]. All of the ship's timbers have subsequently been raised and transferred to a dedicated industrial unit which the local council describes as "now the biggest wood conservation centre in the UK", where preservation and research continue. Due to its size, it has not been possible to display the ship in the basement of the new arts centre, as was originally proposed.
== Loss of the ship ==
The [[River Usk]] has a large tidal range and it appears that the vessel was deballasted and carefully floated into a side channel or [[pil (placename)|Pîl]] on a very high tide and then situated on a pre-erected cradle made of oak and elm logs. The ship appears to have been undergoing a major refit, as evidenced by the shaping and inserting of British-grown timber (dating to after 1465) into the vessel. However, before this repair work could be completed, the cradle appears to have collapsed, with the ship heeling over onto its starboard side. The subsequent incoming tides appear to have flooded the vessel with silt and water. However, efforts were made to drain, pump out and right the ship, and when these failed attention turned to salvaging the accessible timber and iron (for reuse), along with removing larger items such as anchors, guns and rigging. The salvaging of the vessel involved hacking at the upper works with axes and removing substantial amounts of the lapstrake planking, framing and internal timbers. The salvaged material would have been readily reusable in other ships or building works. During this salvage work, numerous disarticulated timbers accrued in the hold of the vessel.
== Condition, dimensions and structure ==
The excellent condition of the ship's timbers may possibly be due to the low oxygen level in the mud of the River Usk which has inhibited the presence of wood-boring creatures. Some time during its berth the port (left) side of the ship was cut down about {{convert|9|ft|m|abbr=off}} above the keel, but fortuitously this has preserved the correct shape of the hull. The starboard (right) side, which collapsed onto the river mud long ago, together with the ship's frames, has been preserved to almost its full height, although some planking has been distorted by the collapse.
The ship's dimensions have now been estimated at around {{convert|116|ft|m|abbr=off}} in length and around {{convert|27|ft|m|abbr=off}} in width. It had an estimated carrying capacity of 161 '[[Tons burthen|tons burden]]'. That was a contemporary measure of ship size, based on the number of tuns (a size of barrel) of wine a ship could carry. In the 1460s customs accounts of nearby Bristol, vessels of 150+ tons were typically called 'navis' (great ship) and used primarily for the long-distance voyages to southern Europe, particularly Lisbon.{{sfn|Jones|Stone|2018|loc=The shipping industry of the Severn Sea}}
The vessel was [[clinker built]] with each plank overlapping the one below, the lower plank always being on the inside of the one above. The planks of the outer hull were positioned first and, on the Newport Ship, are secured to each other with iron nails driven through the overlap from the outside and then fitted with iron rove plates. The end of each nail was then hammered flat against the rove to produce a tight seal. Gaps along the overlap were secured by [[caulking]] with [[tar]] and animal hair. Hair from horse, cow, sheep and goat has all been identified in the Newport ship. The frames (ribs) of the ship were then fitted inside the hull and secured to the planks. Each framing piece was secured to the [[keel]] (spine) of the ship by having its keel cutout placed over the keel and held by precision of fit. Nails and trenails have not been used in this ship to secure frames to keel. The keel is made of [[beech]], but the rest of the ship is made of [[oak]], although no reason for this has yet been suggested. One possible explanation is a simple shortage of oak compared with beech at the time of construction. The hull planking is radially split oak which has been finished with an [[axe]] or [[adze]]. The keel and frames are also finished with an axe or adze. This contrasts with the stringers, hatch covers, ceiling and deck planks, which were all sawn.{{sfn|Nayling|Jones|2014}}
Inside the frames are [[longeron|stringers]]: longitudinal structural components. Seven runs of stringers were found on the more-preserved starboard side. Between the stringers, the inside of the hull was lined with ceiling planks{{snd}}these are thinner than the stringers and, together with the stringers, serve to stop cargo or ballast from coming into contact with the inside of the external planking of the hull.{{efn|The ceiling planks were, on average, 25mm thick whilst the stringers varied from 48 to 97mm in thickness. The ceiling planks were fastened to the frames with small iron nails, whilst the stringers were connected to the frames with two oak [[trenail|treenails]] of about 30mm diameter at each intersection.{{sfn|Nayling|Jones|2014}}}} Both the stringers and ceiling planks were made of sawn oak, in contrast to the radially split hull planks and the hewn framing. The highest surviving stringer shows evidence of supporting the first deck.{{sfn|Nayling|Jones|2014}}
Cleaning of the timbers has led to the discovery, on the planking of the outer hull, of a series of marks deliberately scribed into the timbers. These appear to be either individual shipwrights' marks or instructions for the positioning of planks or fastenings. The conservation team is hoping that a pattern will emerge as the recording process continues. During mid 2007, the cleaning of barrel-top fragments revealed [[Merchant's mark|merchant marks]]. Some of these may resemble known marks of merchants from the city of [[Bristol]], but this is not proof that they originated there.
==Dating the ship==
The first phase of [[dendrochronology]] showed that most of the timbers used to build the ship originate from the [[Basque Country (greater region)|Basque Country]] of northern Spain dating from c.1449.{{sfn|Jones|Stone|2018|loc=The Newport Medieval Ship: Archaeological Analysis of a Fifteenth Century Merchant Ship}} A later oxygen isotope dendrochronology study of components used in the original construction give a felling date of the winter of 1457/8. Since it was the practice to use green timber in ship construction at this time, the build date is most likely very shortly after this felling date.{{sfn|Nayling|Loader|Bale|Davies|2023}} This date of winter 1457/1458 is confirmed by oxygen isotope dendrochronology analysis of the beech keel (a timber species which, unlike oak, does not have a substantial ring-width dendrochronology database).{{sfn|Nayling|Loader|Bale|Davies|2024}} The precise geographic origin of the original build timber will require further work to develop the dendrochronological database for north-western Spain. At present the best matches are with timber grown in the upland interior of the Basque region of Spain. As the database is expanded, better matches may be found within the same general area.{{sfn|Nayling|Susperregi|2014}}
The discovery in the spring of 2006 of a French "petit blanc" (small white) silver coin inserted into a cut out in the stempost/keel join was a major step forward. Placed, perhaps, as a token of good fortune at the start of the ship's construction, this coin was minted in [[Crémieu]] in the [[Dauphiné|Dauphinois]] region of France between May and July 1447. Tree trunks found under the hull and forming the support for the ship when under repair, have a latest dendrochronology date of the spring of 1468.{{sfn|Nayling|Jones|2014}} This would give the ship a working life span of less than 10 years.{{sfn|Nayling|Loader|Bale|Davies|2023}}
There is circumstantial evidence that by 1469 the ship may have belonged to and been under repair for the [[Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick|Earl of Warwick]]. A letter of authorisation dated 22 November 1469 from Warwick to Thomas Throkmorton, his receiver of [[Glamorgan]] and [[Glywysing|Morgannwg]], authorised various payments for "the making of the ship at Newport" which could be construed as repairs to the badly damaged vessel.{{sfn|Jones|Stone|2018|loc=Newport during the fifteenth century}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newportpast.com/early/port/ship.htm |title=The Newport Ship |website=Newport Past |access-date=25 October 2022}}</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=Despite the apparent qualifications of the author of this blog, it does not meet the standards of a reliable source|date=June 2024}}{{sfn|Friends of Newport Ship|2005}} This association of the ship with known historical figures is questioned as being a common failing of historians when studying archaeological remains. The simplest (though not only) explanation is that this was a ship from the Iberian peninsula that required some repairs whilst in the Bristol area.{{sfn|Hocker|2019}} Research has shown that Newport sometimes had some very large vessels in the fifteenth and sixteenth century, like the Newport Medieval Ship. These were used primarily to serve the long-distance trade of Bristol, which was then the second port of the realm.{{sfn|Jones|Stone|2018|loc=Newport during the fifteenth century}}
==Artefacts==
During excavation several hundred objects were found within the ship, ranging from a stone [[Round shot|cannonball]] to grape seeds and including a damaged [[hour glass]], 13 single shoes of which one is a very expensive shoe, pieces of cork and some Portuguese coins.{{sfn|Head|2017}} The seeds, cork and coins would suggest trade to and from the [[Iberian peninsula]] and the presence of [[Merino]] sheep wool in the caulking material supports this idea; but is not conclusive proof. Members of the Albaola Society based Pasaia, near [[San Sebastián|San Sebastian]] in the [[Basque Country (autonomous community)|Basque region of Spain]], after studying the ship's structural details believe that the ship may have been built by Basque shipwrights, either in the Basque region of Spain or south-western France. Artefacts, including [[Portugal|Portuguese]] coins and ceramic shards, along with waterlogged plant remains indicate strong trading links with Portugal, with a strong possibility that the vessel was Portuguese-crewed. The ceramic shards are nearly all Iberian micaceous red-ware and likely Portuguese in origin. The ceramic assemblage is highly variable in form and also some pieces are soot stained, leading to the conclusion that this material represents crew items as opposed to cargo.
The environmental samples also contained a variety of well-preserved plant, insect and faunal remains. Food-stuffs including walnuts, almonds, hazelnuts, pomegranates, grapes, figs and olives were found, along with over a thousand fish and animal bones. Cod, hake, ling, tusk, herring, blackspot bream, conger, flatfish and Atlantic salmon are just some of the species represented in the fishbone assemblage. Shellfish recovered included oysters, whelks, mussels and cockles. Human fleas, dog fleas and numerous flies were present in the bilges of the ship, as well as some interesting beetles, including the [[woodboring beetle]], which has never been found in the UK before. The animal bone collection primarily consisted of domesticated cattle, goats, sheep and pigs. Archaeologists also found rat bones and quantities of domestic fowl bones. In addition to salted or smoked meats and fish, it is likely that livestock was kept on board, as evidenced by certain grass and plant remains that are suited for animal food and bedding.
==Project progress==
[[File:The Newport Medieval Ship (4) (geograph 5154485).jpg|thumb|Timbers from the Newport ship undergoing conservation, 2008]]
The first stage of the restoration project; the cleaning and recording of the timbers, was completed in April 2008. The timbers were immersed in ordinary mains water, in a series of large shallow tanks. Once the cleaning had been completed the timbers were individually recorded using a FaroArm, a [[Coordinate-measuring machine|portable coordinate measuring machine (CMM)]], and [[Rhinoceros 3D|RHINO software]]. This technology was used to produce 3-dimensional rotatable images of each artefact found in the vessel to submillimeter precision, allowing for the close study of each timber and an accurate recording of any blemishes or damage to the timbers. The Newport ship was one of the first marine archeological projects to pioneer the use of Faro equipment and RHINO software.
The next stage, the conservation of the timbers, which began later in 2008, involved immersing the timbers in [[polyethylene glycol]] (PEG) solution for an extended period. Before this began, some of the timbers required treatment with [[triammonium citrate]] to remove residual iron residues in the nail holes of the outer hull planking. This unexpected additional phase added no more than between fifteen and eighteen months to the project.
In September 2016 all of the ship's timbers completed their PEG treatment cycle and are now being freeze dried to draw out all of the residual water in preparation for the eventual reconstruction of the vessel. As of August 2019, 60% of the timbers have been freeze dried with all the timbers set to be returned by 2021.
A conference entitled "The World of the Newport Ship" was held at the [[University of Bristol]] on 17–18 July 2014, examining the vessel, her significance and her historical context.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bristol.ac.uk/history/research/newportship2014.html |title=Conference: The World of the Newport Ship, 17–18 July 2014 |publisher=University of Bristol |access-date=25 October 2022}}</ref> This led to the production of an edited volume based on the work of the contributors, published by the University of Wales Press.{{sfn|Jones|Stone|2018}}{{page needed|date=October 2022}}
Most current funding for the preservation of the ship comes from the [[Heritage Lottery Fund]] with smaller contributions from the [[National Assembly for Wales]], [[Newport City Council]] and the Friends of Newport Ship.
==Viewing==
The Friends of Newport Ship organises regular open days when the project may be viewed in its current state of restoration along with exhibits to explain the restoration process. Visitors have the opportunity to talk to members of the ship team, and find out about the excavation and the campaign to save the ship, through tours of the facility run by the support group Friends of the Newport Ship. Generally the Ship Centre is open every Friday and Saturday from 10.30-4.0pm, between Easter and the end of October, and then on Saturdays only from spring half term until Easter and for November and early December.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.newportship.org/your-visit/plan-your-visit|title=Plan your visit|publisher=newportship.org|access-date=4 June 2017}}</ref>
==Notes==
{{notelist}}
==References==
{{reflist}}
==Bibliography==
* {{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821104406/http://newportship.org/assets/docs/newsletters/SOS_07.pdf |archive-date=21 August 2016 |url=http://newportship.org/assets/docs/newsletters/SOS_07.pdf |title=Ship's Papers |work=S.O.S.: The Newsletter of the Friends of the Newport Ship |number=7 |date=Autumn 2005 |pages=4–5|ref = {{harvid|Friends of Newport Ship|2005}}}}
* {{cite book|last1=Head|first1=Viv|title=Sailing Ships of the Bristol Channel|date=2017|publisher=Amberley|isbn=978-1445664002|pages=10–12}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Hocker |first1=Fred |title=The World of the Newport Medieval Ship: Trade, politics and shipping in the mid-fifteenth century |journal=The Mariner's Mirror |date=2 January 2019 |volume=105 |issue=1 |pages=93–94 |doi=10.1080/00253359.2019.1559624 |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/00253359.2019.1559624 |access-date=28 February 2024}}
* {{cite book|url=https://www.uwp.co.uk/book/the-world-of-the-newport-medieval-ship/|editor-first1=Evan T. |editor-last1=Jones|editor-first2=Richard |editor-last2=Stone|title=The World of the Newport Medieval Ship: trade, politics and shipping in the mid-fifteenth century|publisher=University of Wales Press|year=2018|isbn=9781786831439}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Nayling |first1=Nigel |last2=Jones |first2=Toby |title=The Newport Medieval Ship, Wales, United Kingdom: The Newport Medieval Ship |journal=International Journal of Nautical Archaeology |date=September 2014 |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=239–278 |doi=10.1111/1095-9270.12053 |url=https://doi.org/10.1111/1095-9270.12053|doi-access=free }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Nayling |first1=Nigel |last2=Loader |first2=Neil J. |last3=Bale |first3=Roderick J. |last4=Davies |first4=Darren |last5=McCarroll |first5=Danny |last6=Daux |first6=Valérie |title=Oxygen Isotope Dendrochronology of the Newport Medieval Ship |journal=International Journal of Nautical Archaeology |date=2 November 2023 |pages=1–9 |doi=10.1080/10572414.2023.2266473 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10572414.2023.2266473 |access-date=22 November 2023|doi-access=free }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Nayling |first1=Nigel |last2=Loader |first2=Neil J. |last3=Bale |first3=Roderick J. |last4=Davies |first4=Darren |last5=McCarroll |first5=Danny |last6=Daux |first6=Valérie |title=Inter-Genus Oxygen Isotope Dendrochronology of the Newport Medieval Ship Keel |journal=International Journal of Nautical Archaeology |date=25 March 2024 |pages=1–6 |doi=10.1080/10572414.2024.2326985}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Nayling |first1=Nigel |last2=Susperregi |first2=Josué |title=Iberian Dendrochronology and the Newport Medieval Ship: Iberian Dendrochronology and the Newport Medieval Ship |journal=International Journal of Nautical Archaeology |date=September 2014 |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=279–291 |doi=10.1111/1095-9270.12052 |url=https://doi.org/10.1111/1095-9270.12052 |access-date=22 November 2023}}
* {{cite book|editor-first=Bob |editor-last=Trett|title=Newport Medieval Ship: A Guide|publisher=[[Newport City Council]] / Friends of the Newport Ship|year=2010|isbn=978-0-9519136-5-9}}
==External links==
{{commons category-inline|Newport Medieval Ship}}
* [http://www.newportship.org/ Friends of the Newport Ship]
* [https://www.newport.gov.uk/ship Newport Ship] at Newport City Council
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/south_east/5042108.stm Medieval ship's recovery on show — BBC], 4 June 2006
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-17708611 Newport medieval ship: a decade of restoration – BBC news video], 13 April 2012
* [http://www.bristol.ac.uk/history/research/newportship2014.html Conference: 'The World of the Newport Ship'], 17–18 July 2014
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ehqp-yIp6hM/ The Newport Medieval Ship in Context: The Life and Times of a 15th Century Merchant Vessel Trading in Western Europe, a presentation by T.N. Jones & N. Nayling], 28 August 2015
[[Category:Archaeology of shipwrecks]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Monmouthshire]]
[[Category:History of Newport, Wales]]
[[Category:Culture in Newport, Wales]]
[[Category:Ships preserved in museums]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Newport, Wales]]
[[Category:2002 archaeological discoveries]]
[[Category:15th-century ships]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{Short description|Medieval ship found in Newport, Wales}}
{{EngvarB|date=October 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{coord|51|35|18|N|2|59|37|W|display=title}}
[[File:Newport ship.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.3|The Newport ship in the foundations of the [[Riverfront Arts Centre]], 8 September 2002]]
The '''Newport Ship''' is a mid-fifteenth-century sailing vessel discovered by [[archaeologist]]s in June 2002 in the city of [[Newport, Wales|Newport]], [[South East Wales]]. It was found on the west bank of the [[River Usk]], which runs through the [[Newport city centre|city centre]], during the building of the [[Riverfront Arts Centre]]; from which process it sustained some damage. The official name of the vessel is now the '''Newport Medieval Ship''', to help distinguish it from other historical vessels.
The ship was originally around {{convert|116|ft|m|abbr=off}} long and has been estimated to be of 161 [[tons burthen|tons burden]] – that being the number of tuns of [[Bordeaux wine]] that could have stowed in its hold. Vessels of this size were considered 'great ships' by contemporary standards and were typically used for the long-distance trade between Britain, [[Biscay]] and southern [[Iberian Peninsula|Iberia]].{{sfn|Jones|Stone|2018|loc=The shipping industry of the Severn Sea}}
The most likely construction date of the ship is immediately after the winter of 1457/8. This date was obtained by oxygen isotope dendrochronology. An earlier standard [[dendrochronology]] study (measuring the width of annual growth rings) has given a likely felling date of 1449 for the majority of the timbers. This earlier study identified [[Basque Country (greater region)|Basque region]] of Northern Spain as the source of the shipbuilding timber. This is an area well known for its shipbuilding industry at this time. Timbers associated with later phases of repair come from Britain, as do a large number of structural pieces dating from c.1466. These timbers have been associated with the major renovation work being carried out in Newport at the time the vessel foundered. Remnants of a cradle found beneath the ship suggested that it had been berthed for repair but then abandoned after the supports on the starboard side gave way. Many of the artefacts in the ship, such as coins, pottery and plant remains, suggest that it was trading with [[Portugal]] in the 1450s–1460s.
Although there were no initial plans to preserve the ship in its entirety, local people campaigned eagerly to ensure this, leading to the foundation of the Friends of the Newport Ship.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newportship.org/ |title=Home |publisher=Friends of the Newport Ship |access-date=25 October 2022}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=June 2024|reason=I suspect that this target webpage no longer has the material that supported this information.}} Initial estimates suggested that preservation would cost about £3.5 million and this sum was eventually found by the [[Welsh Assembly Government]] and [[Newport City Council]]. All of the ship's timbers have subsequently been raised and transferred to a dedicated industrial unit which the local council describes as "now the biggest wood conservation centre in the UK", where preservation and research continue. Due to its size, it has not been possible to display the ship in the basement of the new arts centre, as was originally proposed.
== Loss of the ship ==
The [[River Usk]] has a large tidal range and it appears that the vessel was deballasted and carefully floated into a side channel or [[pil (placename)|Pîl]] on a very high tide and then situated on a pre-erected cradle made of oak and elm logs. This cradle has an earliest date possible of the spring of 1468 (by dendrochronology). The ship appears to have been undergoing a major refit, as evidenced by the shaping and inserting of British-grown timber (dating to after 1465) into the vessel. However, before this repair work could be completed, the cradle appears to have collapsed, with the ship heeling over onto its starboard side. The subsequent incoming tides appear to have flooded the vessel with silt and water. However, efforts were made to drain, pump out and right the ship, and when these failed attention turned to salvaging the accessible timber and iron (for reuse), along with removing larger items such as anchors, guns and rigging. The salvaging of the vessel involved hacking at the upper works with axes and removing substantial amounts of the lapstrake planking, framing and internal timbers. The salvaged material would have been readily reusable in other ships or building works. During this salvage work, numerous disarticulated timbers accrued in the hold of the vessel.{{sfn|Nayling|Jones|2018|p=47}}
== Condition, dimensions and structure ==
The excellent condition of the ship's timbers may possibly be due to the low oxygen level in the mud of the River Usk which has inhibited the presence of wood-boring creatures. Some time during its berth the port (left) side of the ship was cut down about {{convert|9|ft|m|abbr=off}} above the keel, but fortuitously this has preserved the correct shape of the hull. The starboard (right) side, which collapsed onto the river mud long ago, together with the ship's frames, has been preserved to almost its full height, although some planking has been distorted by the collapse.
The ship's dimensions have now been estimated at around {{convert|116|ft|m|abbr=off}} in length and around {{convert|27|ft|m|abbr=off}} in width. It had an estimated carrying capacity of 161 '[[Tons burthen|tons burden]]'. That was a contemporary measure of ship size, based on the number of tuns (a size of barrel) of wine a ship could carry. In the 1460s customs accounts of nearby Bristol, vessels of 150+ tons were typically called 'navis' (great ship) and used primarily for the long-distance voyages to southern Europe, particularly Lisbon.{{sfn|Jones|Stone|2018|loc=The shipping industry of the Severn Sea}}
The vessel was [[clinker built]] with each plank overlapping the one below, the lower plank always being on the inside of the one above. The planks of the outer hull were positioned first and, on the Newport Ship, are secured to each other with iron nails driven through the overlap from the outside and then fitted with iron rove plates. The end of each nail was then hammered flat against the rove to produce a tight seal. Gaps along the overlap were secured by [[caulking]] with [[tar]] and animal hair. Hair from horse, cow, sheep and goat has all been identified in the Newport ship. The frames (ribs) of the ship were then fitted inside the hull and secured to the planks. Each framing piece was secured to the [[keel]] (spine) of the ship by having its keel cutout placed over the keel and held by precision of fit. Nails and trenails have not been used in this ship to secure frames to keel. The keel is made of [[beech]], but the rest of the ship is made of [[oak]], although no reason for this has yet been suggested. One possible explanation is a simple shortage of oak compared with beech at the time of construction. The hull planking is radially split oak which has been finished with an [[axe]] or [[adze]]. The keel and frames are also finished with an axe or adze. This contrasts with the stringers, hatch covers, ceiling and deck planks, which were all sawn.{{sfn|Nayling|Jones|2014}}
Inside the frames are [[longeron|stringers]]: longitudinal structural components. Seven runs of stringers were found on the more-preserved starboard side. Between the stringers, the inside of the hull was lined with ceiling planks{{snd}}these are thinner than the stringers and, together with the stringers, serve to stop cargo or ballast from coming into contact with the inside of the external planking of the hull.{{efn|The ceiling planks were, on average, 25mm thick whilst the stringers varied from 48 to 97mm in thickness. The ceiling planks were fastened to the frames with small iron nails, whilst the stringers were connected to the frames with two oak [[trenail|treenails]] of about 30mm diameter at each intersection.{{sfn|Nayling|Jones|2014}}}} Both the stringers and ceiling planks were made of sawn oak, in contrast to the radially split hull planks and the hewn framing. The highest surviving stringer shows evidence of supporting the first deck.{{sfn|Nayling|Jones|2014}}
Cleaning of the timbers has led to the discovery, on the planking of the outer hull, of a series of marks deliberately scribed into the timbers. These appear to be either individual shipwrights' marks or instructions for the positioning of planks or fastenings. The conservation team is hoping that a pattern will emerge as the recording process continues. During mid 2007, the cleaning of barrel-top fragments revealed [[Merchant's mark|merchant marks]]. Some of these may resemble known marks of merchants from the city of [[Bristol]], but this is not proof that they originated there.
==Dating the ship==
The first phase of [[dendrochronology]] showed that most of the timbers used to build the ship originate from the [[Basque Country (greater region)|Basque Country]] of northern Spain dating from c.1449.{{sfn|Jones|Stone|2018|loc=The Newport Medieval Ship: Archaeological Analysis of a Fifteenth Century Merchant Ship}} A later oxygen isotope dendrochronology study of components used in the original construction give a felling date of the winter of 1457/8. Since it was the practice to use green timber in ship construction at this time, the build date is most likely very shortly after this felling date.{{sfn|Nayling|Loader|Bale|Davies|2023}} This date of winter 1457/1458 is confirmed by oxygen isotope dendrochronology analysis of the beech keel (a timber species which, unlike oak, does not have a substantial ring-width dendrochronology database).{{sfn|Nayling|Loader|Bale|Davies|2024}} The precise geographic origin of the original build timber will require further work to develop the dendrochronological database for north-western Spain. At present the best matches are with timber grown in the upland interior of the Basque region of Spain. As the database is expanded, better matches may be found within the same general area.{{sfn|Nayling|Susperregi|2014}}
The discovery in the spring of 2006 of a French "petit blanc" (small white) silver coin inserted into a cut out in the stempost/keel join was a major step forward. Placed, perhaps, as a token of good fortune at the start of the ship's construction, this coin was minted in [[Crémieu]] in the [[Dauphiné|Dauphinois]] region of France between May and July 1447. Tree trunks found under the hull and forming the support for the ship when under repair, have a latest dendrochronology date of the spring of 1468.{{sfn|Nayling|Jones|2014}} This would give the ship a working life span of less than 10 years.{{sfn|Nayling|Loader|Bale|Davies|2023}}
There is circumstantial evidence that by 1469 the ship may have belonged to and been under repair for the [[Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick|Earl of Warwick]]. A letter of authorisation dated 22 November 1469 from Warwick to Thomas Throkmorton, his receiver of [[Glamorgan]] and [[Glywysing|Morgannwg]], authorised various payments for "the making of the ship at Newport" which could be construed as repairs to the badly damaged vessel.{{sfn|Jones|Stone|2018|loc=Newport during the fifteenth century}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newportpast.com/early/port/ship.htm |title=The Newport Ship |website=Newport Past |access-date=25 October 2022}}</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=Despite the apparent qualifications of the author of this blog, it does not meet the standards of a reliable source|date=June 2024}}{{sfn|Friends of Newport Ship|2005}} This association of the ship with known historical figures is questioned as being a common failing of historians when studying archaeological remains. The simplest (though not only) explanation is that this was a ship from the Iberian peninsula that required some repairs whilst in the Bristol area.{{sfn|Hocker|2019}} Research has shown that Newport sometimes had some very large vessels in the fifteenth and sixteenth century, like the Newport Medieval Ship. These were used primarily to serve the long-distance trade of Bristol, which was then the second port of the realm.{{sfn|Jones|Stone|2018|loc=Newport during the fifteenth century}}
==Artefacts==
During excavation several hundred objects were found within the ship, ranging from a stone [[Round shot|cannonball]] to grape seeds and including a damaged [[hour glass]], 13 single shoes of which one is a very expensive shoe, pieces of cork and some Portuguese coins.{{sfn|Head|2017}} The seeds, cork and coins would suggest trade to and from the [[Iberian peninsula]] and the presence of [[Merino]] sheep wool in the caulking material supports this idea; but is not conclusive proof. Members of the Albaola Society based Pasaia, near [[San Sebastián|San Sebastian]] in the [[Basque Country (autonomous community)|Basque region of Spain]], after studying the ship's structural details believe that the ship may have been built by Basque shipwrights, either in the Basque region of Spain or south-western France. Artefacts, including [[Portugal|Portuguese]] coins and ceramic shards, along with waterlogged plant remains indicate strong trading links with Portugal, with a strong possibility that the vessel was Portuguese-crewed. The ceramic shards are nearly all Iberian micaceous red-ware and likely Portuguese in origin. The ceramic assemblage is highly variable in form and also some pieces are soot stained, leading to the conclusion that this material represents crew items as opposed to cargo.
The environmental samples also contained a variety of well-preserved plant, insect and faunal remains. Food-stuffs including walnuts, almonds, hazelnuts, pomegranates, grapes, figs and olives were found, along with over a thousand fish and animal bones. Cod, hake, ling, tusk, herring, blackspot bream, conger, flatfish and Atlantic salmon are just some of the species represented in the fishbone assemblage. Shellfish recovered included oysters, whelks, mussels and cockles. Human fleas, dog fleas and numerous flies were present in the bilges of the ship, as well as some interesting beetles, including the [[woodboring beetle]], which has never been found in the UK before. The animal bone collection primarily consisted of domesticated cattle, goats, sheep and pigs. Archaeologists also found rat bones and quantities of domestic fowl bones. In addition to salted or smoked meats and fish, it is likely that livestock was kept on board, as evidenced by certain grass and plant remains that are suited for animal food and bedding.
==Project progress==
[[File:The Newport Medieval Ship (4) (geograph 5154485).jpg|thumb|Timbers from the Newport ship undergoing conservation, 2008]]
The first stage of the restoration project; the cleaning and recording of the timbers, was completed in April 2008. The timbers were immersed in ordinary mains water, in a series of large shallow tanks. Once the cleaning had been completed the timbers were individually recorded using a FaroArm, a [[Coordinate-measuring machine|portable coordinate measuring machine (CMM)]], and [[Rhinoceros 3D|RHINO software]]. This technology was used to produce 3-dimensional rotatable images of each artefact found in the vessel to submillimeter precision, allowing for the close study of each timber and an accurate recording of any blemishes or damage to the timbers. The Newport ship was one of the first marine archeological projects to pioneer the use of Faro equipment and RHINO software.
The next stage, the conservation of the timbers, which began later in 2008, involved immersing the timbers in [[polyethylene glycol]] (PEG) solution for an extended period. Before this began, some of the timbers required treatment with [[triammonium citrate]] to remove residual iron residues in the nail holes of the outer hull planking. This unexpected additional phase added no more than between fifteen and eighteen months to the project.
In September 2016 all of the ship's timbers completed their PEG treatment cycle and are now being freeze dried to draw out all of the residual water in preparation for the eventual reconstruction of the vessel. As of August 2019, 60% of the timbers have been freeze dried with all the timbers set to be returned by 2021.
A conference entitled "The World of the Newport Ship" was held at the [[University of Bristol]] on 17–18 July 2014, examining the vessel, her significance and her historical context.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bristol.ac.uk/history/research/newportship2014.html |title=Conference: The World of the Newport Ship, 17–18 July 2014 |publisher=University of Bristol |access-date=25 October 2022}}</ref> This led to the production of an edited volume based on the work of the contributors, published by the University of Wales Press.{{sfn|Jones|Stone|2018}}{{page needed|date=October 2022}}
Most current funding for the preservation of the ship comes from the [[Heritage Lottery Fund]] with smaller contributions from the [[National Assembly for Wales]], [[Newport City Council]] and the Friends of Newport Ship.
==Viewing==
The Friends of Newport Ship organises regular open days when the project may be viewed in its current state of restoration along with exhibits to explain the restoration process. Visitors have the opportunity to talk to members of the ship team, and find out about the excavation and the campaign to save the ship, through tours of the facility run by the support group Friends of the Newport Ship. Generally the Ship Centre is open every Friday and Saturday from 10.30-4.0pm, between Easter and the end of October, and then on Saturdays only from spring half term until Easter and for November and early December.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.newportship.org/your-visit/plan-your-visit|title=Plan your visit|publisher=newportship.org|access-date=4 June 2017}}</ref>
==Notes==
{{notelist}}
==References==
{{reflist}}
==Bibliography==
* {{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821104406/http://newportship.org/assets/docs/newsletters/SOS_07.pdf |archive-date=21 August 2016 |url=http://newportship.org/assets/docs/newsletters/SOS_07.pdf |title=Ship's Papers |work=S.O.S.: The Newsletter of the Friends of the Newport Ship |number=7 |date=Autumn 2005 |pages=4–5|ref = {{harvid|Friends of Newport Ship|2005}}}}
* {{cite book|last1=Head|first1=Viv|title=Sailing Ships of the Bristol Channel|date=2017|publisher=Amberley|isbn=978-1445664002|pages=10–12}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Hocker |first1=Fred |title=The World of the Newport Medieval Ship: Trade, politics and shipping in the mid-fifteenth century |journal=The Mariner's Mirror |date=2 January 2019 |volume=105 |issue=1 |pages=93–94 |doi=10.1080/00253359.2019.1559624 |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/00253359.2019.1559624 |access-date=28 February 2024}}
* {{cite book|url=https://www.uwp.co.uk/book/the-world-of-the-newport-medieval-ship/|editor-first1=Evan T. |editor-last1=Jones|editor-first2=Richard |editor-last2=Stone|title=The World of the Newport Medieval Ship: trade, politics and shipping in the mid-fifteenth century|publisher=University of Wales Press|year=2018|isbn=9781786831439}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Nayling |first1=Nigel |last2=Jones |first2=Toby |title=The Newport Medieval Ship, Wales, United Kingdom: The Newport Medieval Ship |journal=International Journal of Nautical Archaeology |date=September 2014 |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=239–278 |doi=10.1111/1095-9270.12053 |url=https://doi.org/10.1111/1095-9270.12053|doi-access=free }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Nayling |first1=Nigel |last2=Loader |first2=Neil J. |last3=Bale |first3=Roderick J. |last4=Davies |first4=Darren |last5=McCarroll |first5=Danny |last6=Daux |first6=Valérie |title=Oxygen Isotope Dendrochronology of the Newport Medieval Ship |journal=International Journal of Nautical Archaeology |date=2 November 2023 |pages=1–9 |doi=10.1080/10572414.2023.2266473 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10572414.2023.2266473 |access-date=22 November 2023|doi-access=free }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Nayling |first1=Nigel |last2=Loader |first2=Neil J. |last3=Bale |first3=Roderick J. |last4=Davies |first4=Darren |last5=McCarroll |first5=Danny |last6=Daux |first6=Valérie |title=Inter-Genus Oxygen Isotope Dendrochronology of the Newport Medieval Ship Keel |journal=International Journal of Nautical Archaeology |date=25 March 2024 |pages=1–6 |doi=10.1080/10572414.2024.2326985}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Nayling |first1=Nigel |last2=Susperregi |first2=Josué |title=Iberian Dendrochronology and the Newport Medieval Ship: Iberian Dendrochronology and the Newport Medieval Ship |journal=International Journal of Nautical Archaeology |date=September 2014 |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=279–291 |doi=10.1111/1095-9270.12052 |url=https://doi.org/10.1111/1095-9270.12052 |access-date=22 November 2023}}
* {{cite book|editor-first=Bob |editor-last=Trett|title=Newport Medieval Ship: A Guide|publisher=[[Newport City Council]] / Friends of the Newport Ship|year=2010|isbn=978-0-9519136-5-9}}
==External links==
{{commons category-inline|Newport Medieval Ship}}
* [http://www.newportship.org/ Friends of the Newport Ship]
* [https://www.newport.gov.uk/ship Newport Ship] at Newport City Council
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/south_east/5042108.stm Medieval ship's recovery on show — BBC], 4 June 2006
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-17708611 Newport medieval ship: a decade of restoration – BBC news video], 13 April 2012
* [http://www.bristol.ac.uk/history/research/newportship2014.html Conference: 'The World of the Newport Ship'], 17–18 July 2014
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ehqp-yIp6hM/ The Newport Medieval Ship in Context: The Life and Times of a 15th Century Merchant Vessel Trading in Western Europe, a presentation by T.N. Jones & N. Nayling], 28 August 2015
[[Category:Archaeology of shipwrecks]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Monmouthshire]]
[[Category:History of Newport, Wales]]
[[Category:Culture in Newport, Wales]]
[[Category:Ships preserved in museums]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Newport, Wales]]
[[Category:2002 archaeological discoveries]]
[[Category:15th-century ships]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -14,5 +14,5 @@
== Loss of the ship ==
-The [[River Usk]] has a large tidal range and it appears that the vessel was deballasted and carefully floated into a side channel or [[pil (placename)|Pîl]] on a very high tide and then situated on a pre-erected cradle made of oak and elm logs. The ship appears to have been undergoing a major refit, as evidenced by the shaping and inserting of British-grown timber (dating to after 1465) into the vessel. However, before this repair work could be completed, the cradle appears to have collapsed, with the ship heeling over onto its starboard side. The subsequent incoming tides appear to have flooded the vessel with silt and water. However, efforts were made to drain, pump out and right the ship, and when these failed attention turned to salvaging the accessible timber and iron (for reuse), along with removing larger items such as anchors, guns and rigging. The salvaging of the vessel involved hacking at the upper works with axes and removing substantial amounts of the lapstrake planking, framing and internal timbers. The salvaged material would have been readily reusable in other ships or building works. During this salvage work, numerous disarticulated timbers accrued in the hold of the vessel.
+The [[River Usk]] has a large tidal range and it appears that the vessel was deballasted and carefully floated into a side channel or [[pil (placename)|Pîl]] on a very high tide and then situated on a pre-erected cradle made of oak and elm logs. This cradle has an earliest date possible of the spring of 1468 (by dendrochronology). The ship appears to have been undergoing a major refit, as evidenced by the shaping and inserting of British-grown timber (dating to after 1465) into the vessel. However, before this repair work could be completed, the cradle appears to have collapsed, with the ship heeling over onto its starboard side. The subsequent incoming tides appear to have flooded the vessel with silt and water. However, efforts were made to drain, pump out and right the ship, and when these failed attention turned to salvaging the accessible timber and iron (for reuse), along with removing larger items such as anchors, guns and rigging. The salvaging of the vessel involved hacking at the upper works with axes and removing substantial amounts of the lapstrake planking, framing and internal timbers. The salvaged material would have been readily reusable in other ships or building works. During this salvage work, numerous disarticulated timbers accrued in the hold of the vessel.{{sfn|Nayling|Jones|2018|p=47}}
== Condition, dimensions and structure ==
' |
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0 => 'The [[River Usk]] has a large tidal range and it appears that the vessel was deballasted and carefully floated into a side channel or [[pil (placename)|Pîl]] on a very high tide and then situated on a pre-erected cradle made of oak and elm logs. This cradle has an earliest date possible of the spring of 1468 (by dendrochronology). The ship appears to have been undergoing a major refit, as evidenced by the shaping and inserting of British-grown timber (dating to after 1465) into the vessel. However, before this repair work could be completed, the cradle appears to have collapsed, with the ship heeling over onto its starboard side. The subsequent incoming tides appear to have flooded the vessel with silt and water. However, efforts were made to drain, pump out and right the ship, and when these failed attention turned to salvaging the accessible timber and iron (for reuse), along with removing larger items such as anchors, guns and rigging. The salvaging of the vessel involved hacking at the upper works with axes and removing substantial amounts of the lapstrake planking, framing and internal timbers. The salvaged material would have been readily reusable in other ships or building works. During this salvage work, numerous disarticulated timbers accrued in the hold of the vessel.{{sfn|Nayling|Jones|2018|p=47}}'
] |
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0 => 'The [[River Usk]] has a large tidal range and it appears that the vessel was deballasted and carefully floated into a side channel or [[pil (placename)|Pîl]] on a very high tide and then situated on a pre-erected cradle made of oak and elm logs. The ship appears to have been undergoing a major refit, as evidenced by the shaping and inserting of British-grown timber (dating to after 1465) into the vessel. However, before this repair work could be completed, the cradle appears to have collapsed, with the ship heeling over onto its starboard side. The subsequent incoming tides appear to have flooded the vessel with silt and water. However, efforts were made to drain, pump out and right the ship, and when these failed attention turned to salvaging the accessible timber and iron (for reuse), along with removing larger items such as anchors, guns and rigging. The salvaging of the vessel involved hacking at the upper works with axes and removing substantial amounts of the lapstrake planking, framing and internal timbers. The salvaged material would have been readily reusable in other ships or building works. During this salvage work, numerous disarticulated timbers accrued in the hold of the vessel.'
] |
Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medieval ship found in Newport, Wales</div>
<p>
<span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Newport_Ship&params=51_35_18_N_2_59_37_W_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">51°35′18″N</span> <span class="longitude">2°59′37″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">51.58833°N 2.99361°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">51.58833; -2.99361</span></span></span></a></span></span>
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Newport_ship.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Newport_ship.jpg/290px-Newport_ship.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Newport_ship.jpg/435px-Newport_ship.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Newport_ship.jpg/580px-Newport_ship.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>The Newport ship in the foundations of the <a href="/wiki/Riverfront_Arts_Centre" title="Riverfront Arts Centre">Riverfront Arts Centre</a>, 8 September 2002</figcaption></figure>
<p>The <b>Newport Ship</b> is a mid-fifteenth-century sailing vessel discovered by <a href="/wiki/Archaeologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeologist">archaeologists</a> in June 2002 in the city of <a href="/wiki/Newport,_Wales" title="Newport, Wales">Newport</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_East_Wales" title="South East Wales">South East Wales</a>. It was found on the west bank of the <a href="/wiki/River_Usk" title="River Usk">River Usk</a>, which runs through the <a href="/wiki/Newport_city_centre" title="Newport city centre">city centre</a>, during the building of the <a href="/wiki/Riverfront_Arts_Centre" title="Riverfront Arts Centre">Riverfront Arts Centre</a>; from which process it sustained some damage. The official name of the vessel is now the <b>Newport Medieval Ship</b>, to help distinguish it from other historical vessels.
</p><p>The ship was originally around 116 feet (35 metres) long and has been estimated to be of 161 <a href="/wiki/Tons_burthen" class="mw-redirect" title="Tons burthen">tons burden</a> – that being the number of tuns of <a href="/wiki/Bordeaux_wine" title="Bordeaux wine">Bordeaux wine</a> that could have stowed in its hold. Vessels of this size were considered 'great ships' by contemporary standards and were typically used for the long-distance trade between Britain, <a href="/wiki/Biscay" title="Biscay">Biscay</a> and southern <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesStone2018The_shipping_industry_of_the_Severn_Sea_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesStone2018The_shipping_industry_of_the_Severn_Sea-1">[1]</a></sup>
</p><p>The most likely construction date of the ship is immediately after the winter of 1457/8. This date was obtained by oxygen isotope dendrochronology. An earlier standard <a href="/wiki/Dendrochronology" title="Dendrochronology">dendrochronology</a> study (measuring the width of annual growth rings) has given a likely felling date of 1449 for the majority of the timbers. This earlier study identified <a href="/wiki/Basque_Country_(greater_region)" title="Basque Country (greater region)">Basque region</a> of Northern Spain as the source of the shipbuilding timber. This is an area well known for its shipbuilding industry at this time. Timbers associated with later phases of repair come from Britain, as do a large number of structural pieces dating from c.1466. These timbers have been associated with the major renovation work being carried out in Newport at the time the vessel foundered. Remnants of a cradle found beneath the ship suggested that it had been berthed for repair but then abandoned after the supports on the starboard side gave way. Many of the artefacts in the ship, such as coins, pottery and plant remains, suggest that it was trading with <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> in the 1450s–1460s.
</p><p>Although there were no initial plans to preserve the ship in its entirety, local people campaigned eagerly to ensure this, leading to the foundation of the Friends of the Newport Ship.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="I suspect that this target webpage no longer has the material that supported this information. (June 2024)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> Initial estimates suggested that preservation would cost about £3.5 million and this sum was eventually found by the <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Assembly_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh Assembly Government">Welsh Assembly Government</a> and <a href="/wiki/Newport_City_Council" title="Newport City Council">Newport City Council</a>. All of the ship's timbers have subsequently been raised and transferred to a dedicated industrial unit which the local council describes as "now the biggest wood conservation centre in the UK", where preservation and research continue. Due to its size, it has not been possible to display the ship in the basement of the new arts centre, as was originally proposed.
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Loss_of_the_ship"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Loss of the ship</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Condition,_dimensions_and_structure"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Condition, dimensions and structure</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Dating_the_ship"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Dating the ship</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Artefacts"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Artefacts</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Project_progress"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Project progress</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Viewing"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Viewing</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Bibliography"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Bibliography</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Loss_of_the_ship">Loss of the ship</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newport_Ship&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Loss of the ship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>The <a href="/wiki/River_Usk" title="River Usk">River Usk</a> has a large tidal range and it appears that the vessel was deballasted and carefully floated into a side channel or <a href="/wiki/Pil_(placename)" title="Pil (placename)">Pîl</a> on a very high tide and then situated on a pre-erected cradle made of oak and elm logs. This cradle has an earliest date possible of the spring of 1468 (by dendrochronology). The ship appears to have been undergoing a major refit, as evidenced by the shaping and inserting of British-grown timber (dating to after 1465) into the vessel. However, before this repair work could be completed, the cradle appears to have collapsed, with the ship heeling over onto its starboard side. The subsequent incoming tides appear to have flooded the vessel with silt and water. However, efforts were made to drain, pump out and right the ship, and when these failed attention turned to salvaging the accessible timber and iron (for reuse), along with removing larger items such as anchors, guns and rigging. The salvaging of the vessel involved hacking at the upper works with axes and removing substantial amounts of the lapstrake planking, framing and internal timbers. The salvaged material would have been readily reusable in other ships or building works. During this salvage work, numerous disarticulated timbers accrued in the hold of the vessel.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENaylingJones201847_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaylingJones201847-3">[3]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span id="Condition.2C_dimensions_and_structure"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Condition,_dimensions_and_structure">Condition, dimensions and structure</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newport_Ship&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Condition, dimensions and structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>The excellent condition of the ship's timbers may possibly be due to the low oxygen level in the mud of the River Usk which has inhibited the presence of wood-boring creatures. Some time during its berth the port (left) side of the ship was cut down about 9 feet (2.7 metres) above the keel, but fortuitously this has preserved the correct shape of the hull. The starboard (right) side, which collapsed onto the river mud long ago, together with the ship's frames, has been preserved to almost its full height, although some planking has been distorted by the collapse.
</p><p>The ship's dimensions have now been estimated at around 116 feet (35 metres) in length and around 27 feet (8.2 metres) in width. It had an estimated carrying capacity of 161 '<a href="/wiki/Tons_burthen" class="mw-redirect" title="Tons burthen">tons burden</a>'. That was a contemporary measure of ship size, based on the number of tuns (a size of barrel) of wine a ship could carry. In the 1460s customs accounts of nearby Bristol, vessels of 150+ tons were typically called 'navis' (great ship) and used primarily for the long-distance voyages to southern Europe, particularly Lisbon.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesStone2018The_shipping_industry_of_the_Severn_Sea_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesStone2018The_shipping_industry_of_the_Severn_Sea-1">[1]</a></sup>
</p><p>The vessel was <a href="/wiki/Clinker_built" class="mw-redirect" title="Clinker built">clinker built</a> with each plank overlapping the one below, the lower plank always being on the inside of the one above. The planks of the outer hull were positioned first and, on the Newport Ship, are secured to each other with iron nails driven through the overlap from the outside and then fitted with iron rove plates. The end of each nail was then hammered flat against the rove to produce a tight seal. Gaps along the overlap were secured by <a href="/wiki/Caulking" class="mw-redirect" title="Caulking">caulking</a> with <a href="/wiki/Tar" title="Tar">tar</a> and animal hair. Hair from horse, cow, sheep and goat has all been identified in the Newport ship. The frames (ribs) of the ship were then fitted inside the hull and secured to the planks. Each framing piece was secured to the <a href="/wiki/Keel" title="Keel">keel</a> (spine) of the ship by having its keel cutout placed over the keel and held by precision of fit. Nails and trenails have not been used in this ship to secure frames to keel. The keel is made of <a href="/wiki/Beech" title="Beech">beech</a>, but the rest of the ship is made of <a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">oak</a>, although no reason for this has yet been suggested. One possible explanation is a simple shortage of oak compared with beech at the time of construction. The hull planking is radially split oak which has been finished with an <a href="/wiki/Axe" title="Axe">axe</a> or <a href="/wiki/Adze" title="Adze">adze</a>. The keel and frames are also finished with an axe or adze. This contrasts with the stringers, hatch covers, ceiling and deck planks, which were all sawn.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENaylingJones2014_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaylingJones2014-4">[4]</a></sup>
</p><p>Inside the frames are <a href="/wiki/Longeron" title="Longeron">stringers</a>: longitudinal structural components. Seven runs of stringers were found on the more-preserved starboard side. Between the stringers, the inside of the hull was lined with ceiling planks – these are thinner than the stringers and, together with the stringers, serve to stop cargo or ballast from coming into contact with the inside of the external planking of the hull.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[a]</a></sup> Both the stringers and ceiling planks were made of sawn oak, in contrast to the radially split hull planks and the hewn framing. The highest surviving stringer shows evidence of supporting the first deck.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENaylingJones2014_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaylingJones2014-4">[4]</a></sup>
</p><p>Cleaning of the timbers has led to the discovery, on the planking of the outer hull, of a series of marks deliberately scribed into the timbers. These appear to be either individual shipwrights' marks or instructions for the positioning of planks or fastenings. The conservation team is hoping that a pattern will emerge as the recording process continues. During mid 2007, the cleaning of barrel-top fragments revealed <a href="/wiki/Merchant%27s_mark" title="Merchant's mark">merchant marks</a>. Some of these may resemble known marks of merchants from the city of <a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a>, but this is not proof that they originated there.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Dating_the_ship">Dating the ship</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newport_Ship&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Dating the ship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>The first phase of <a href="/wiki/Dendrochronology" title="Dendrochronology">dendrochronology</a> showed that most of the timbers used to build the ship originate from the <a href="/wiki/Basque_Country_(greater_region)" title="Basque Country (greater region)">Basque Country</a> of northern Spain dating from c.1449.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesStone2018The_Newport_Medieval_Ship:_Archaeological_Analysis_of_a_Fifteenth_Century_Merchant_Ship_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesStone2018The_Newport_Medieval_Ship:_Archaeological_Analysis_of_a_Fifteenth_Century_Merchant_Ship-6">[5]</a></sup> A later oxygen isotope dendrochronology study of components used in the original construction give a felling date of the winter of 1457/8. Since it was the practice to use green timber in ship construction at this time, the build date is most likely very shortly after this felling date.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENaylingLoaderBaleDavies2023_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaylingLoaderBaleDavies2023-7">[6]</a></sup> This date of winter 1457/1458 is confirmed by oxygen isotope dendrochronology analysis of the beech keel (a timber species which, unlike oak, does not have a substantial ring-width dendrochronology database).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENaylingLoaderBaleDavies2024_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaylingLoaderBaleDavies2024-8">[7]</a></sup> The precise geographic origin of the original build timber will require further work to develop the dendrochronological database for north-western Spain. At present the best matches are with timber grown in the upland interior of the Basque region of Spain. As the database is expanded, better matches may be found within the same general area.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENaylingSusperregi2014_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaylingSusperregi2014-9">[8]</a></sup>
</p><p>The discovery in the spring of 2006 of a French "petit blanc" (small white) silver coin inserted into a cut out in the stempost/keel join was a major step forward. Placed, perhaps, as a token of good fortune at the start of the ship's construction, this coin was minted in <a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A9mieu" title="Crémieu">Crémieu</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Dauphin%C3%A9" title="Dauphiné">Dauphinois</a> region of France between May and July 1447. Tree trunks found under the hull and forming the support for the ship when under repair, have a latest dendrochronology date of the spring of 1468.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENaylingJones2014_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaylingJones2014-4">[4]</a></sup> This would give the ship a working life span of less than 10 years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENaylingLoaderBaleDavies2023_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaylingLoaderBaleDavies2023-7">[6]</a></sup>
</p><p>There is circumstantial evidence that by 1469 the ship may have belonged to and been under repair for the <a href="/wiki/Richard_Neville,_16th_Earl_of_Warwick" title="Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick">Earl of Warwick</a>. A letter of authorisation dated 22 November 1469 from Warwick to Thomas Throkmorton, his receiver of <a href="/wiki/Glamorgan" title="Glamorgan">Glamorgan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Glywysing" title="Glywysing">Morgannwg</a>, authorised various payments for "the making of the ship at Newport" which could be construed as repairs to the badly damaged vessel.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesStone2018Newport_during_the_fifteenth_century_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesStone2018Newport_during_the_fifteenth_century-10">[9]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="Despite the apparent qualifications of the author of this blog, it does not meet the standards of a reliable source (June 2024)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriends_of_Newport_Ship2005_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriends_of_Newport_Ship2005-12">[11]</a></sup> This association of the ship with known historical figures is questioned as being a common failing of historians when studying archaeological remains. The simplest (though not only) explanation is that this was a ship from the Iberian peninsula that required some repairs whilst in the Bristol area.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHocker2019_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHocker2019-13">[12]</a></sup> Research has shown that Newport sometimes had some very large vessels in the fifteenth and sixteenth century, like the Newport Medieval Ship. These were used primarily to serve the long-distance trade of Bristol, which was then the second port of the realm.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesStone2018Newport_during_the_fifteenth_century_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesStone2018Newport_during_the_fifteenth_century-10">[9]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Artefacts">Artefacts</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newport_Ship&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Artefacts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>During excavation several hundred objects were found within the ship, ranging from a stone <a href="/wiki/Round_shot" title="Round shot">cannonball</a> to grape seeds and including a damaged <a href="/wiki/Hour_glass" class="mw-redirect" title="Hour glass">hour glass</a>, 13 single shoes of which one is a very expensive shoe, pieces of cork and some Portuguese coins.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHead2017_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHead2017-14">[13]</a></sup> The seeds, cork and coins would suggest trade to and from the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Iberian peninsula">Iberian peninsula</a> and the presence of <a href="/wiki/Merino" title="Merino">Merino</a> sheep wool in the caulking material supports this idea; but is not conclusive proof. Members of the Albaola Society based Pasaia, near <a href="/wiki/San_Sebasti%C3%A1n" title="San Sebastián">San Sebastian</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Basque_Country_(autonomous_community)" title="Basque Country (autonomous community)">Basque region of Spain</a>, after studying the ship's structural details believe that the ship may have been built by Basque shipwrights, either in the Basque region of Spain or south-western France. Artefacts, including <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portuguese</a> coins and ceramic shards, along with waterlogged plant remains indicate strong trading links with Portugal, with a strong possibility that the vessel was Portuguese-crewed. The ceramic shards are nearly all Iberian micaceous red-ware and likely Portuguese in origin. The ceramic assemblage is highly variable in form and also some pieces are soot stained, leading to the conclusion that this material represents crew items as opposed to cargo.
</p><p>The environmental samples also contained a variety of well-preserved plant, insect and faunal remains. Food-stuffs including walnuts, almonds, hazelnuts, pomegranates, grapes, figs and olives were found, along with over a thousand fish and animal bones. Cod, hake, ling, tusk, herring, blackspot bream, conger, flatfish and Atlantic salmon are just some of the species represented in the fishbone assemblage. Shellfish recovered included oysters, whelks, mussels and cockles. Human fleas, dog fleas and numerous flies were present in the bilges of the ship, as well as some interesting beetles, including the <a href="/wiki/Woodboring_beetle" title="Woodboring beetle">woodboring beetle</a>, which has never been found in the UK before. The animal bone collection primarily consisted of domesticated cattle, goats, sheep and pigs. Archaeologists also found rat bones and quantities of domestic fowl bones. In addition to salted or smoked meats and fish, it is likely that livestock was kept on board, as evidenced by certain grass and plant remains that are suited for animal food and bedding.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Project_progress">Project progress</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newport_Ship&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Project progress"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Newport_Medieval_Ship_(4)_(geograph_5154485).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/The_Newport_Medieval_Ship_%284%29_%28geograph_5154485%29.jpg/220px-The_Newport_Medieval_Ship_%284%29_%28geograph_5154485%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/The_Newport_Medieval_Ship_%284%29_%28geograph_5154485%29.jpg/330px-The_Newport_Medieval_Ship_%284%29_%28geograph_5154485%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/The_Newport_Medieval_Ship_%284%29_%28geograph_5154485%29.jpg/440px-The_Newport_Medieval_Ship_%284%29_%28geograph_5154485%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Timbers from the Newport ship undergoing conservation, 2008</figcaption></figure>
<p>The first stage of the restoration project; the cleaning and recording of the timbers, was completed in April 2008. The timbers were immersed in ordinary mains water, in a series of large shallow tanks. Once the cleaning had been completed the timbers were individually recorded using a FaroArm, a <a href="/wiki/Coordinate-measuring_machine" title="Coordinate-measuring machine">portable coordinate measuring machine (CMM)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rhinoceros_3D" title="Rhinoceros 3D">RHINO software</a>. This technology was used to produce 3-dimensional rotatable images of each artefact found in the vessel to submillimeter precision, allowing for the close study of each timber and an accurate recording of any blemishes or damage to the timbers. The Newport ship was one of the first marine archeological projects to pioneer the use of Faro equipment and RHINO software.
</p><p>The next stage, the conservation of the timbers, which began later in 2008, involved immersing the timbers in <a href="/wiki/Polyethylene_glycol" title="Polyethylene glycol">polyethylene glycol</a> (PEG) solution for an extended period. Before this began, some of the timbers required treatment with <a href="/wiki/Triammonium_citrate" title="Triammonium citrate">triammonium citrate</a> to remove residual iron residues in the nail holes of the outer hull planking. This unexpected additional phase added no more than between fifteen and eighteen months to the project.
</p><p>In September 2016 all of the ship's timbers completed their PEG treatment cycle and are now being freeze dried to draw out all of the residual water in preparation for the eventual reconstruction of the vessel. As of August 2019, 60% of the timbers have been freeze dried with all the timbers set to be returned by 2021.
</p><p>A conference entitled "The World of the Newport Ship" was held at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bristol" title="University of Bristol">University of Bristol</a> on 17–18 July 2014, examining the vessel, her significance and her historical context.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a></sup> This led to the production of an edited volume based on the work of the contributors, published by the University of Wales Press.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesStone2018_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesStone2018-16">[15]</a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (October 2022)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p><p>Most current funding for the preservation of the ship comes from the <a href="/wiki/Heritage_Lottery_Fund" class="mw-redirect" title="Heritage Lottery Fund">Heritage Lottery Fund</a> with smaller contributions from the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_for_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly for Wales">National Assembly for Wales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Newport_City_Council" title="Newport City Council">Newport City Council</a> and the Friends of Newport Ship.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Viewing">Viewing</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newport_Ship&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Viewing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>The Friends of Newport Ship organises regular open days when the project may be viewed in its current state of restoration along with exhibits to explain the restoration process. Visitors have the opportunity to talk to members of the ship team, and find out about the excavation and the campaign to save the ship, through tours of the facility run by the support group Friends of the Newport Ship. Generally the Ship Centre is open every Friday and Saturday from 10.30-4.0pm, between Easter and the end of October, and then on Saturdays only from spring half term until Easter and for November and early December.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newport_Ship&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The ceiling planks were, on average, 25mm thick whilst the stringers varied from 48 to 97mm in thickness. The ceiling planks were fastened to the frames with small iron nails, whilst the stringers were connected to the frames with two oak <a href="/wiki/Trenail" class="mw-redirect" title="Trenail">treenails</a> of about 30mm diameter at each intersection.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENaylingJones2014_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaylingJones2014-4">[4]</a></sup></span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newport_Ship&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesStone2018The_shipping_industry_of_the_Severn_Sea-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesStone2018The_shipping_industry_of_the_Severn_Sea_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesStone2018The_shipping_industry_of_the_Severn_Sea_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJonesStone2018">Jones & Stone 2018</a>, The shipping industry of the Severn Sea.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1215172403">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#2C882D;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newportship.org/">"Home"</a>. Friends of the Newport Ship<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Home&rft.pub=Friends+of+the+Newport+Ship&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newportship.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewport+Ship" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENaylingJones201847-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENaylingJones201847_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNaylingJones2018">Nayling & Jones 2018</a>, p. 47.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFNaylingJones2018 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENaylingJones2014-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENaylingJones2014_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENaylingJones2014_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENaylingJones2014_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENaylingJones2014_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNaylingJones2014">Nayling & Jones 2014</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesStone2018The_Newport_Medieval_Ship:_Archaeological_Analysis_of_a_Fifteenth_Century_Merchant_Ship-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesStone2018The_Newport_Medieval_Ship:_Archaeological_Analysis_of_a_Fifteenth_Century_Merchant_Ship_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJonesStone2018">Jones & Stone 2018</a>, The Newport Medieval Ship: Archaeological Analysis of a Fifteenth Century Merchant Ship.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENaylingLoaderBaleDavies2023-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENaylingLoaderBaleDavies2023_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENaylingLoaderBaleDavies2023_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNaylingLoaderBaleDavies2023">Nayling et al. 2023</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENaylingLoaderBaleDavies2024-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENaylingLoaderBaleDavies2024_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNaylingLoaderBaleDavies2024">Nayling et al. 2024</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENaylingSusperregi2014-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENaylingSusperregi2014_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNaylingSusperregi2014">Nayling & Susperregi 2014</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesStone2018Newport_during_the_fifteenth_century-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesStone2018Newport_during_the_fifteenth_century_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesStone2018Newport_during_the_fifteenth_century_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJonesStone2018">Jones & Stone 2018</a>, Newport during the fifteenth century.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newportpast.com/early/port/ship.htm">"The Newport Ship"</a>. <i>Newport Past</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Newport+Past&rft.atitle=The+Newport+Ship&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newportpast.com%2Fearly%2Fport%2Fship.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewport+Ship" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriends_of_Newport_Ship2005-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriends_of_Newport_Ship2005_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFriends_of_Newport_Ship2005">Friends of Newport Ship 2005</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHocker2019-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHocker2019_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHocker2019">Hocker 2019</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHead2017-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHead2017_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHead2017">Head 2017</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bristol.ac.uk/history/research/newportship2014.html">"Conference: The World of the Newport Ship, 17–18 July 2014"</a>. University of Bristol<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Conference%3A+The+World+of+the+Newport+Ship%2C+17%E2%80%9318+July+2014&rft.pub=University+of+Bristol&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bristol.ac.uk%2Fhistory%2Fresearch%2Fnewportship2014.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewport+Ship" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesStone2018-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesStone2018_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJonesStone2018">Jones & Stone 2018</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newportship.org/your-visit/plan-your-visit">"Plan your visit"</a>. newportship.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Plan+your+visit&rft.pub=newportship.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newportship.org%2Fyour-visit%2Fplan-your-visit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewport+Ship" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Bibliography">Bibliography</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newport_Ship&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFFriends_of_Newport_Ship2005" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160821104406/http://newportship.org/assets/docs/newsletters/SOS_07.pdf">"Ship's Papers"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>S.O.S.: The Newsletter of the Friends of the Newport Ship</i>. Autumn 2005. pp. 4–5. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newportship.org/assets/docs/newsletters/SOS_07.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 21 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=S.O.S.%3A+The+Newsletter+of+the+Friends+of+the+Newport+Ship&rft.atitle=Ship%27s+Papers&rft.ssn=fall&rft.pages=4-5&rft.date=2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewportship.org%2Fassets%2Fdocs%2Fnewsletters%2FSOS_07.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewport+Ship" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFHead2017" class="citation book cs1">Head, Viv (2017). <i>Sailing Ships of the Bristol Channel</i>. Amberley. pp. 10–12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1445664002" title="Special:BookSources/978-1445664002"><bdi>978-1445664002</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sailing+Ships+of+the+Bristol+Channel&rft.pages=10-12&rft.pub=Amberley&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1445664002&rft.aulast=Head&rft.aufirst=Viv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewport+Ship" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFHocker2019" class="citation journal cs1">Hocker, Fred (2 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/00253359.2019.1559624">"The World of the Newport Medieval Ship: Trade, politics and shipping in the mid-fifteenth century"</a>. <i>The Mariner's Mirror</i>. <b>105</b> (1): 93–94. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00253359.2019.1559624">10.1080/00253359.2019.1559624</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Mariner%27s+Mirror&rft.atitle=The+World+of+the+Newport+Medieval+Ship%3A+Trade%2C+politics+and+shipping+in+the+mid-%EF%AC%81fteenth+century&rft.volume=105&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=93-94&rft.date=2019-01-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00253359.2019.1559624&rft.aulast=Hocker&rft.aufirst=Fred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%2F00253359.2019.1559624&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewport+Ship" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFJonesStone2018" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Evan T.; Stone, Richard, eds. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uwp.co.uk/book/the-world-of-the-newport-medieval-ship/"><i>The World of the Newport Medieval Ship: trade, politics and shipping in the mid-fifteenth century</i></a>. University of Wales Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781786831439" title="Special:BookSources/9781786831439"><bdi>9781786831439</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+of+the+Newport+Medieval+Ship%3A+trade%2C+politics+and+shipping+in+the+mid-fifteenth+century&rft.pub=University+of+Wales+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9781786831439&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uwp.co.uk%2Fbook%2Fthe-world-of-the-newport-medieval-ship%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewport+Ship" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFNaylingJones2014" class="citation journal cs1">Nayling, Nigel; Jones, Toby (September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111/1095-9270.12053">"The Newport Medieval Ship, Wales, United Kingdom: The Newport Medieval Ship"</a>. <i>International Journal of Nautical Archaeology</i>. <b>43</b> (2): 239–278. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1095-9270.12053">10.1111/1095-9270.12053</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Nautical+Archaeology&rft.atitle=The+Newport+Medieval+Ship%2C+Wales%2C+United+Kingdom%3A+The+Newport+Medieval+Ship&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=239-278&rft.date=2014-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1095-9270.12053&rft.aulast=Nayling&rft.aufirst=Nigel&rft.au=Jones%2C+Toby&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%2F1095-9270.12053&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewport+Ship" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFNaylingLoaderBaleDavies2023" class="citation journal cs1">Nayling, Nigel; Loader, Neil J.; Bale, Roderick J.; Davies, Darren; McCarroll, Danny; Daux, Valérie (2 November 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10572414.2023.2266473">"Oxygen Isotope Dendrochronology of the Newport Medieval Ship"</a>. <i>International Journal of Nautical Archaeology</i>: 1–9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10572414.2023.2266473">10.1080/10572414.2023.2266473</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Nautical+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Oxygen+Isotope+Dendrochronology+of+the+Newport+Medieval+Ship&rft.pages=1-9&rft.date=2023-11-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10572414.2023.2266473&rft.aulast=Nayling&rft.aufirst=Nigel&rft.au=Loader%2C+Neil+J.&rft.au=Bale%2C+Roderick+J.&rft.au=Davies%2C+Darren&rft.au=McCarroll%2C+Danny&rft.au=Daux%2C+Val%C3%A9rie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F10572414.2023.2266473&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewport+Ship" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFNaylingLoaderBaleDavies2024" class="citation journal cs1">Nayling, Nigel; Loader, Neil J.; Bale, Roderick J.; Davies, Darren; McCarroll, Danny; Daux, Valérie (25 March 2024). "Inter-Genus Oxygen Isotope Dendrochronology of the Newport Medieval Ship Keel". <i>International Journal of Nautical Archaeology</i>: 1–6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10572414.2024.2326985">10.1080/10572414.2024.2326985</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Nautical+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Inter-Genus+Oxygen+Isotope+Dendrochronology+of+the+Newport+Medieval+Ship+Keel&rft.pages=1-6&rft.date=2024-03-25&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10572414.2024.2326985&rft.aulast=Nayling&rft.aufirst=Nigel&rft.au=Loader%2C+Neil+J.&rft.au=Bale%2C+Roderick+J.&rft.au=Davies%2C+Darren&rft.au=McCarroll%2C+Danny&rft.au=Daux%2C+Val%C3%A9rie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewport+Ship" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFNaylingSusperregi2014" class="citation journal cs1">Nayling, Nigel; Susperregi, Josué (September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111/1095-9270.12052">"Iberian Dendrochronology and the Newport Medieval Ship: Iberian Dendrochronology and the Newport Medieval Ship"</a>. <i>International Journal of Nautical Archaeology</i>. <b>43</b> (2): 279–291. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1095-9270.12052">10.1111/1095-9270.12052</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Nautical+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Iberian+Dendrochronology+and+the+Newport+Medieval+Ship%3A+Iberian+Dendrochronology+and+the+Newport+Medieval+Ship&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=279-291&rft.date=2014-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1095-9270.12052&rft.aulast=Nayling&rft.aufirst=Nigel&rft.au=Susperregi%2C+Josu%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%2F1095-9270.12052&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewport+Ship" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFTrett2010" class="citation book cs1">Trett, Bob, ed. (2010). <i>Newport Medieval Ship: A Guide</i>. <a href="/wiki/Newport_City_Council" title="Newport City Council">Newport City Council</a> / Friends of the Newport Ship. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9519136-5-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9519136-5-9"><bdi>978-0-9519136-5-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Newport+Medieval+Ship%3A+A+Guide&rft.pub=Newport+City+Council+%2F+Friends+of+the+Newport+Ship&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-9519136-5-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewport+Ship" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newport_Ship&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Newport_Medieval_Ship" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Newport Medieval Ship">Newport Medieval Ship</a> at Wikimedia Commons
</p>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newportship.org/">Friends of the Newport Ship</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newport.gov.uk/ship">Newport Ship</a> at Newport City Council</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/south_east/5042108.stm">Medieval ship's recovery on show — BBC</a>, 4 June 2006</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-17708611">Newport medieval ship: a decade of restoration – BBC news video</a>, 13 April 2012</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bristol.ac.uk/history/research/newportship2014.html">Conference: 'The World of the Newport Ship'</a>, 17–18 July 2014</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ehqp-yIp6hM/">The Newport Medieval Ship in Context: The Life and Times of a 15th Century Merchant Vessel Trading in Western Europe, a presentation by T.N. Jones & N. Nayling</a>, 28 August 2015</li></ul></div>' |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | '1718490795' |