Examine individual changes

[ 0 => '{{Short description|City using integrated information and communication technology}}', 1 => '{{About||the 2006 film|Smart City (film)|a list of smart cities|List of smart cities}}', 2 => '{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}', 3 => '[[File:Clean mobility instead of dirty traffic.jpg|thumb|Possible scenario of smart and [[sustainable mobility]]]]', 4 => '{{Government by algorithm}}', 5 => 'A '''smart city''' is a technologically modern [[urban area]] that uses different types of [[Electronics|electronic]] methods and sensors to [[data collection|collect specific data]]. Information gained from that [[data]] is used to manage assets, resources and services efficiently; in return, that data is used to improve operations across the city.<ref name="Goldsmith">{{cite news |last1=Goldsmith |first1=Stephen |title=As the Chorus of Dumb City Advocates Increases, How Do We Define the Truly Smart City? |url=https://datasmart.ash.harvard.edu/chorus-dumb-city-advocates-increases-how-do-we-define-truly-smart-city |access-date=27 August 2022 |work=datasmart.ash.harvard.edu |date=September 16, 2021 |language=en}}</ref> This includes data collected from citizens, devices, buildings and assets that is processed and analyzed to monitor and manage traffic and transportation systems, [[Power station|power plants]], utilities, water supply networks, [[waste management|waste]], Criminal investigations,<ref name="Fourtané">{{cite news |last1=Fourtané |first1=Susan |title=Connected Vehicles in Smart Cities: The Future of Transportation |url=https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/connected-vehicles-in-smart-cities-the-future-of-transportation |access-date=27 August 2022 |work=Interesting Engineering.com |date=16 November 2018}}</ref> [[information system]]s, schools, libraries, hospitals, and other community services.<ref>{{cite book|last1=McLaren|first1=Duncan|last2=Agyeman|first2=Julian|title=Sharing Cities: A Case for Truly Smart and Sustainable Cities|date=2015|publisher=MIT Press|isbn=9780262029728|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KhvLCgAAQBAJ&q=smart+cities+and+sustainability|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Musa">{{cite journal |last1=Musa |first1=Sam |title=Smart Cities-A Road Map for Development |journal=IEEE Potentials |date=March 2018 |volume=37 |issue=2 |pages=19–23 |doi=10.1109/MPOT.2016.2566099 |s2cid=3767125 |url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8307785 |access-date=27 August 2022 |issn=1558-1772}}</ref> Smart [[city|cities]] are defined as smart both in the ways in which their [[government]]s harness technology as well as in how they [[surveillance|monitor]], analyze, plan, and govern the city.<ref name="Mills">{{cite journal |last1=Mills |first1=David |last2=Pudney |first2=Steven |last3=Pevcin |first3=Primož |last4=Dvorak |first4=Jaroslav |title=Evidence-Based Public Policy Decision-Making in Smart Cities: Does Extant Theory Support Achievement of City Sustainability Objectives? |journal=Sustainability |date=January 2022 |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=3 |doi=10.3390/su14010003 |language=en |issn=2071-1050|doi-access=free }}</ref> In smart cities the sharing of data in not limited to the city itself but also includes businesses, citizens and other third parties that can benefit from various uses of that data. Sharing data from different systems and sectors creates opportunities for increased understanding and economic benefits.<ref name="Paiho">{{cite journal | url=https://doi.org/10.1049/smc2.12044 | doi=10.1049/smc2.12044 | title=Opportunities of collected city data for smart cities | year=2022 | last1=Paiho | first1=Satu | last2=Tuominen | first2=Pekka | last3=Rökman | first3=Jyri | last4=Ylikerälä | first4=Markus | last5=Pajula | first5=Juha | last6=Siikavirta | first6=Hanne | journal=Iet Smart Cities | volume=4 | issue=4 | pages=275–291 | s2cid=253467923 }}</ref> ', 6 => '', 7 => 'The smart city concept integrates [[information and communication technology]] ('ICT'), and various physical devices connected to the [[Internet of things]] ('IoT') network to optimize the efficiency of city operations and services and connect to citizens.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fastcompany.com/3047795/the-3-generations-of-smart-cities|title=The 3 Generations of Smart Cities|date=10 August 2015|access-date=17 October 2017|archive-date=9 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171009000012/https://www.fastcompany.com/3047795/the-3-generations-of-smart-cities|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Peris-Ortiz|first1=Marta|last2=Bennett|first2=Dag R.|last3=Yábar|first3=Diana Pérez-Bustamante|title=Sustainable Smart Cities: Creating Spaces for Technological, Social and Business Development|date=2016|publisher=Springer|isbn=9783319408958|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AtQ0DQAAQBAJ&q=smart+cities+and+sustainability|language=en|access-date=4 October 2020|archive-date=30 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030003828/https://books.google.com/books?id=AtQ0DQAAQBAJ&q=smart+cities+and+sustainability|url-status=live}}</ref> Smart city technology allows city officials to interact directly with both community and city infrastructure and to monitor what is happening in the city and how the city is evolving. ICT is used to enhance quality, performance and interactivity of urban services, to [[cost reduction|reduce costs]] and [[resource consumption]] and to increase contact between citizens and government.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www1.nyc.gov/site/forward/innovations/smartnyc.page|title=Building a Smart City, Equitable City – NYC Forward|access-date=4 December 2015|archive-date=4 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171204115315/http://www1.nyc.gov/site/forward/innovations/smartnyc.page|url-status=live}}</ref>Smart city applications are developed to manage urban flows and allow for real-time responses.<ref name="Komninos_ch">{{cite book |last1=Komninos |first1=Nicos |title=Smart Cities: Governing, Modelling and Analysing the Transition |chapter=What makes cities intelligent? |editor-last=Deakin | editor-first=Mark |publisher=Taylor and Francis |date=22 August 2013 |page=77 |isbn=978-1135124144 }}</ref> A smart city may therefore be more prepared to respond to challenges than one with a conventional "transactional" relationship with its citizens.<ref>{{harvp|Department for Business, Innovation and Skills|2013|p=7}} "As consumers of private goods and services we have been empowered by the Web and, as citizens, we expect the same quality from our public services. In turn, public authorities are seeking to reduce costs and raise performance by adopting similar approaches in the delivery of public services. However, the concept of a Smart City goes way beyond the transactional relationships between citizen and service provider. It is essentially enabling and encouraging the citizen to become a more active and participative member of the community"</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Chan|first1=Karin|title=What Is A 'Smart City'?|url=https://www.expatriatelifestyle.com/life-and-style/What-Is-A-Smart-City|access-date=23 January 2018|publisher=Expatriate Lifestyle|date=3 April 2017|archive-date=24 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180124135638/https://www.expatriatelifestyle.com/life-and-style/What-Is-A-Smart-City|url-status=live}}</ref> Yet, the term itself remains unclear in its specifics and therefore, open to many interpretations.<ref>{{Cite book|chapter-url=http://sciforum.net/conference/wsf-4/paper/2454|title=MDPI Sciforum – The platform for open scholarly exchange|pages=f004|website=sciforum.net|access-date=16 March 2016|doi=10.3390/wsf-4-f004|chapter=Smart Cities: Contradicting Definitions and Unclear Measures|year=2014|last1=Hunt|first1=Dexter|last2=Rogers|first2=Christopher|last3=Cavada|first3=Marianna|archive-date=22 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322155826/http://sciforum.net/conference/wsf-4/paper/2454|url-status=live|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[List of Smart Cities|Many cities]] have already adopted some sort of smart city technology.', 8 => '', 9 => '==Terminology==', 10 => 'Due to the breadth of technologies that have been implemented under the smart city label, it is difficult to distill a precise definition of a smart city. Deakin and Al Waer<ref name="DeakinAl_jrnl">{{cite journal |title=From Intelligent to Smart Cities |journal=Journal of Intelligent Buildings International: From Intelligent Cities to Smart Cities |editor-last1=Deakin |editor-first1=Mark |editor-last2=Al Waer |editor-first2=Husam |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=140–152 |doi=10.1080/17508975.2011.586671 |year=2011 |s2cid=110580067 |url=http://researchrepository.napier.ac.uk/id/eprint/7295 }}</ref> list four factors that contribute to the definition of a smart city:', 11 => '', 12 => '# The application of a wide range of electronic and digital technologies to communities and cities.', 13 => '# The use of ICT to transform life and working environments within the region.', 14 => '# The embedding of such Information and Communications Technologies in government systems.', 15 => '# The territorialisation of practices that brings ICT and people together to enhance the innovation and knowledge that they offer.', 16 => '', 17 => 'Deakin defines the smart city as one that utilizes ICT to meet the demands of the market (the citizens of the city), and states that community involvement in the process is necessary for a smart city.<ref name="DeakinIntro">{{cite book |last1=Deakin |first1=Mark |title=Smart Cities: Governing, Modelling and Analysing the Transition |chapter=From intelligent to smart cities |editor-last=Deakin | editor-first=Mark |publisher=Taylor and Francis |date=22 August 2013 |page=15 |isbn=978-1135124144 }}</ref> A smart city would thus be a city that not only possesses ICT technology in particular areas, but has also implemented this technology in a manner that positively impacts the local community. ', 18 => '', 19 => 'Alternative definitions include:', 20 => '* Business Dictionary, 6 Nov 2011: "A developed urban area that creates sustainable economic development and high quality of life by excelling in multiple key areas; economy, mobility, environment, people, living, and government. Excelling in these key areas can be done so through strong human capital, social capital, and/or ICT infrastructure."<ref>{{cite web|title=Smart City – Definition|url=http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/smart-city.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111106142857/http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/smart-city.html|archive-date=6 Nov 2011 |access-date=3 November 2014|publisher=BusinessDictionary.com}}</ref>', 21 => '*Caragliu, Del Bo, & Nijkamp, 2011: “A city can be defined as smart when investments in human and social capital and traditional transport and modern ICT infrastructure fuel [[smart growth|sustainable economic growth]] and a high quality of life, with a wise management of natural resources, through participatory governance.”<ref name="Jiang">{{cite journal |last1=Jiang |first1=Huaxiong |last2=Geertman |first2=Stan |last3=Witte |first3=Patrick |title=Smartening urban governance: An evidence‐based perspective |journal=Regional Science Policy & Practice |date=June 2021 |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=744–758 |doi=10.1111/rsp3.12304 |s2cid=225636582 |url=https://rsaiconnect.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/rsp3.12304 |access-date=28 August 2022 |language=en |issn=1757-7802}}</ref><ref name="Caragliu">{{cite journal |last1=Caragliu |first1=Andrea |last2=Del Bo |first2=Chiara |last3=Nijkamp |first3=Peter |title=Smart Cities in Europe |journal=Journal of Urban Technology |date=1 April 2011 |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=65–82 |doi=10.1080/10630732.2011.601117 |s2cid=18753272 |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/10630732.2011.601117 |issn=1063-0732}}</ref>', 22 => '*[[Department for Business, Innovation and Skills]], UK 2013: "[T]he concept is not static: there is no absolute definition of a smart city, no end point, but rather a process, or series of steps, by which cities become more 'liveable' and resilient and, hence, able to respond quicker to new challenges."<ref name="Komninos2019">{{cite book |last1=Komninos |first1=Nicos |title=Smart Cities and Connected Intelligence: Platforms, Ecosystems and Network Effects |date=5 December 2019 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-000-74044-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D_vADwAAQBAJ&pg=PT43 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Smart cities – background paper|publisher=UK Government |author=[[Department for Business, Innovation and Skills]] |year=2013|access-date=3 November 2014 |url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/246019/bis-13-1209-smart-cities-background-paper-digital.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180616131902/https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/246019/bis-13-1209-smart-cities-background-paper-digital.pdf|archive-date=16 June 2018}}</ref>', 23 => '*European Commission: "A smart city is a place where traditional networks and services are made more efficient with the use of digital solutions for the benefit of its inhabitants and business."<ref>{{cite web |title=Smart cities |url=https://ec.europa.eu/info/eu-regional-and-urban-development/topics/cities-and-urban-development/city-initiatives/smart-cities_en |website=European Commission |access-date=28 August 2022}}</ref>', 24 => '*[[Frost & Sullivan]] 2014: "We identified eight key aspects that define a smart city: smart governance, smart energy, smart building, smart mobility, smart infrastructure, smart technology, smart healthcare and smart citizen."<ref>{{cite news|author=Sarwant Singh|date=19 June 2014|title=Smart Cities – A$1.5 Trillion Market Opportunity|work=Forbes|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/sarwantsingh/2014/06/19/smart-cities-a-1-5-trillion-market-opportunity/|url-status=live|access-date=4 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141103225622/http://www.forbes.com/sites/sarwantsingh/2014/06/19/smart-cities-a-1-5-trillion-market-opportunity/|archive-date=3 November 2014}}</ref>', 25 => '*Giffinger et al. 2007: "Regional competitiveness, transport and [[Information and Communication Technologies]] economics, natural resources, human and social capital, quality of life, and participation of citizens in the governance of cities."<ref name="Giffinger">{{cite web |url=http://www.smart-cities.eu/download/smart_cities_final_report.pdf |title=Smart cities – Ranking of European medium-sized cities |last1=Giffinger |first1=Rudolf |author2=Christian Fertner |author3=Hans Kramar |author4=Robert Kalasek |author5=Nataša Pichler-Milanovic |author6=Evert Meijers |year=2007 |work=Smart Cities |publisher=Centre of Regional Science |location=Vienna |access-date=13 November 2009 |archive-date=9 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110409165735/http://www.smart-cities.eu/download/smart_cities_final_report.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>', 26 => '*[[Government of India|Indian Government]] 2015: "Smart city offers sustainability in terms of economic activities and employment opportunities to a wide section of its residents, regardless of their level of education, skills or income levels."<ref>{{cite web|title=Draft Concept Note on Smart City Scheme|url=http://indiansmartcities.in/downloads/CONCEPT_NOTE_-3.12.2014__REVISED_AND_LATEST_.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203073844/http://indiansmartcities.in/downloads/CONCEPT_NOTE_-3.12.2014__REVISED_AND_LATEST_.pdf|archive-date=3 February 2015|publisher=Government of India – Ministry of Urban Development}}</ref>', 27 => '* [[Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers]], 23 Apr 2019:<ref name="IEEE"/> "A smart city brings together technology, government and society to enable the following characteristics: a smart economy, smart mobility, a smart environment, smart people, smart living, smart governance."<ref name="Pribyl">{{cite journal |last1=Pribyl |first1=Ondrej |last2=Svitek |first2=Miroslav |last3=Rothkrantz |first3=Leon |title=Intelligent Mobility in Smart Cities |journal=Applied Sciences |date=28 March 2022 |volume=12 |issue=7 |pages=3440 |doi=10.3390/app12073440 |url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/538946789b50361809c1cc111320a4ee/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=2032433 |access-date=28 August 2022|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="IEEE">{{cite web|url=https://www.ieee-pes.org/pes-communities/ieee-smart-cities |title=IEEE Smart Cities|publisher=Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers |date=23 Apr 2019 |archive-date=23 Apr 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423081251/https://www.ieee-pes.org/pes-communities/ieee-smart-cities |url-status=live}}</ref>', 28 => '* [https://doi.org/10.1049/smc2.12044 Paiho et al. 2022]: Smart city is a city that uses technological solutions to improve the management and efficiency of the urban environment. Typically, smart cities are considered being advanced in six fields of actions, namely ‘smart government’, ‘smart economy’, ‘smart environment’, ‘smart living’, ‘smart mobility’ and ‘smart people’.<ref name="Paiho"/>', 29 => '* Smart Cities Council, 1 May 2013 : "A smart city [is] one that has digital technology embedded across all city functions"<ref name="Kline">{{cite news |last1=Kline |first1=Katie |title="Smart Cities" and their pressing issues in the future |url=https://www.iwp.edu/cyber-intelligence-initiative/2019/04/26/smart-cities-and-their-pressing-issues-in-the-future/ |access-date=28 August 2022 |work=The Institute of World Politics |date=26 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://smartcitiescouncil.com/smart-cities-information-center/definitions-and-overviews|quote="The smart city sector is still in the 'I know it when I see it' phase, without a universally agreed definition. The Council defines a smart city as one that has digital technology embedded across all city functions;"|title=Definitions and overviews|publisher=Smart Cities Council |date=1 May 2013|archive-date=3 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141103195827/http://smartcitiescouncil.com/smart-cities-information-center/definitions-and-overviews|url-status=live}}</ref>', 30 => '', 31 => '== Characteristics ==', 32 => 'It has been suggested that a smart city (also community, [[business cluster]], [[urban agglomeration]] or region) uses [[information and communication technologies|information technologies]] to:', 33 => '# Make more efficient use of physical infrastructure (roads, [[built environment]] and other physical assets) through [[artificial intelligence]] and [[data analytics]] in order to support a strong and healthy economic, social, cultural development.<ref name="Hollands">{{cite journal|last=Hollands|first=R. G|year=2008|title=Will the real smart city please stand up?|journal=City |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=303–320 |doi=10.1080/13604810802479126 |s2cid=143073956}}</ref>', 34 => '# Engage effectively with local governance<ref name="Johns">{{cite journal |last1=Johns |first1=Fleur |title=Governance by Data |journal=Annual Review of Law and Social Science |date=13 October 2021 |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=53–71 |doi=10.1146/annurev-lawsocsci-120920-085138 |s2cid=235546816 |url=https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-lawsocsci-120920-085138 |access-date=27 August 2022 |language=en |issn=1550-3585}}</ref> by use of [[open innovation]] processes and [[e-participation]], improving the collective intelligence of the city's institutions through [[e-governance]],<ref name=Komninos_ch /> with emphasis placed on citizen participation and [[co-design]].<ref name="Deakin2007">{{cite journal|author=Deakin, M|year=2007|title=From city of bits to e-topia: taking the thesis on digitally-inclusive regeneration full circle|journal=Journal of Urban Technology|volume=14|issue=3|pages=131–143 |url=http://markdeakin.cgpublisher.com/product/pub.85/prod.395|access-date=3 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160318212436/http://markdeakin.cgpublisher.com/product/pub.85/prod.395/ |archive-date=18 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="DeakinAllwinkle2007">{{cite journal |author=Deakin, M|author2=Allwinkle, S |year=2007 |title=Urban regeneration and sustainable communities: the role of networks, innovation and creativity in building successful partnerships|journal=Journal of Urban Technology|volume=14|issue=1|pages=77–91 |doi=10.1080/10630730701260118|s2cid=153965022 |url=http://researchrepository.napier.ac.uk/id/eprint/1998}}</ref>', 35 => '# Learn, adapt and innovate and thereby respond more effectively and promptly to changing circumstances by improving the intelligence of the city.<ref name=Komninos_ch /><ref>{{cite journal |last=Coe|first=A. |author2=Paquet, G. |author3=Roy, J.|year=2001|title=E-governance and smart communities: a social learning challenge|journal=Social Science Computer Review|volume=19|issue=1|pages=80–93 |url=http://www.gouvernance.ca/publications/00-53.pdf |doi=10.1177/089443930101900107|s2cid=53380562|access-date=3 November 2014|url-status=live|archive-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303233136/http://www.gouvernance.ca/publications/00-53.pdf}}</ref>', 36 => '', 37 => 'They evolve towards a strong integration of all dimensions of [[Intelligence#Human intelligence|human intelligence]], [[collective intelligence]], and also [[artificial intelligence]] within the [[city]].<ref name="Komninos2008">{{cite book|isbn=9780415455923|last=Komninos|first=N.|year=2008|title=Intelligent Cities and Globalisation of Innovation Networks|publisher=Routledge}}</ref>{{rp|112–113}}<ref>{{cite book |author1=Atlee, T. |author2=Pór, George |name-list-style=amp |year=2006 |url=http://www.evolutionarynexus.org/wiki/collective_intelligence_tom_atlee_and_george_p%C3%B3r |title=Evolutionary Nexus: connecting communities for emergence |access-date=6 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019204929/http://www.evolutionarynexus.org/wiki/collective_intelligence_tom_atlee_and_george_p%C3%B3r |archive-date=19 October 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> The intelligence of cities "resides in the increasingly effective combination of digital [[telecommunication network]]s (the nerves), ubiquitously [[embedded intelligence]] (the brains), sensors and [[Smart label|tags]] (the sensory organs), and [[software]] (the knowledge and cognitive competence)".<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.uoc.edu/uocpapers/5/dt/eng/mitchell.html|title=Intelligent cities|journal=e-Journal on the Knowledge Society|year=2007|author=Mitchell, W.|access-date=1 February 2015|archive-date=28 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170228194411/http://www.uoc.edu/uocpapers/5/dt/eng/mitchell.html |url-status=live}}</ref>', 38 => '', 39 => 'These forms of intelligence in smart cities have been demonstrated in three ways', 40 => '[[File:Bletchley Park - Draco2008.jpg|thumbnail|right|Bletchley Park often considered to be the first smart community.]]', 41 => '# '''Orchestration intelligence''':<ref name=Komninos_ch /> Where cities establish institutions and community-based problem solving and collaborations, such as in [[Bletchley Park]], where the Nazi Enigma cipher was decoded by a team led by [[Alan Turing]]. This has been referred to as the first example of a smart city or an intelligent community.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Komninos |first1=Nicos |title=From Intelligent to Smart Cities |journal=Journal of Intelligent Buildings International: From Intelligent Cities to Smart Cities |chapter=Intelligent cities: Variable geometries of spatial intelligence |editor-last=Deakin |editor-first=Mark |editor-last2=Al Waer |editor-first2=Husam |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=140–152 |doi=10.1080/17508975.2011.586671 |year=2011 |s2cid=110580067 }}</ref>', 42 => '# '''Empowerment intelligence''': Cities provide [[open platform]]s, experimental facilities and smart city infrastructure in order to cluster innovation in certain districts. These are seen in the Kista Science City in Stockholm and the Cyberport Zone in Hong Kong. Similar facilities have also been established in [[Melbourne]] and [[Kyiv]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nre.vic.gov.au/melbourne2030online/content/implementation_plans/03b_actions.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530120605/http://www.nre.vic.gov.au/melbourne2030online/content/implementation_plans/03b_actions.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 May 2015 |title=Melbourne 2030 |author=Department of Sustainability and Environment |publisher=State Government of Victoria |date=2005 |access-date=30 May 2015 }}</ref>', 43 => '# '''Instrumentation intelligence''': Where city infrastructure is made smart through [[real-time data]] collection, with analysis and [[predictive modelling]] across city districts. There is much controversy surrounding this, particularly with regards to [[surveillance issues in smart cities]]. Examples of Instrumentation intelligence are those implemented in Amsterdam.<ref name="Amsterdam">{{cite web |author=Amsterdam Smart City |title=Amsterdam Smart City ~ Projects |url=http://amsterdamsmartcity.com/projects |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120922030047/http://amsterdamsmartcity.com/projects |archive-date=22 September 2012 |access-date=30 May 2015}}</ref> This is realized through:<ref name="Komninos_ch" />', 44 => '## A common [[internet protocol|IP]] infrastructure that is open to researchers to develop applications.', 45 => '## Wireless meters and devices transmit information at the point in time.', 46 => '## A number of homes being provided with [[smart energy meter]]s to become aware of energy consumption and reduce energy usage.', 47 => '## [[Solar power]] [[garbage compactor]]s, [[Charging station|car recharging stations]] and [[energy saving lamp]]s.', 48 => 'Some major fields of intelligent city activation are:', 49 => '{| class="wikitable"', 50 => '|-', 51 => '! Innovation economy', 52 => '! Urban infrastructure', 53 => '! Governance', 54 => '|-', 55 => '| Innovation in industries, clusters, districts of a city', 56 => '| Transport', 57 => '| Administration services to the citizen', 58 => '|-', 59 => '| Knowledge workforce: Education and employment', 60 => '| Energy / Utilities', 61 => '| Participatory and [[direct democracy]]', 62 => '|-', 63 => '| Creation of knowledge-intensive companies', 64 => '| Protection of the environment / Safety', 65 => '| Services to the citizen: Quality of life', 66 => '|-', 67 => '|}', 68 => 'According to David K. Owens, the former executive vice president of the [[Edison Electric Institute]], two key elements that a smart city must have are an integrated communications platform and a "dynamic resilient grid."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://dailyenergyinsider.com/featured/9120-america-needs-smart-grid-investments-pronto-stakeholders-say-naruc-event/|title=America needs smart grid investments pronto, stakeholders say at NARUC event|last=Riley|first=Kim|date=16 November 2017|work=Daily Energy Insider|access-date=11 December 2017|language=en-US|archive-date=28 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190828222613/https://dailyenergyinsider.com/featured/9120-america-needs-smart-grid-investments-pronto-stakeholders-say-naruc-event/|url-status=live}}</ref>', 69 => '', 70 => '== Data collection ==', 71 => 'Smart cities have been conceptualized using the [[OSI model]] of 'layer' abstractions. Smart cities are constructed by connecting the city's public infrastructure with city application systems and passing collected data through three layers, the perception layer, the network layer and the application layer. City application systems then use data to make better decisions when controlling different city infrastructures. The perception layer is where data is collected across the smart city using sensors. This data could be collected through sensors such as cameras, RFID, or GPS positioning. The perception layer sends data it collects using wireless transmissions to the network layer. The network layer is responsible for transporting collected data from the perception layer to the application layer. The network layer utilizes a city's communication infrastructure to send data meaning it can be intercepted by attackers and must be held responsible for keeping collected data and information private. The application layer is responsible for processing the data received from network layer. The application layer uses the data it processes to make decisions on how to control the city infrastructure based on the data it receives.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Su|first1=Kehua|last2=Li|first2=Jie|last3=Fu|first3=Hongbo|date=September 2011|title=Smart city and the applications|url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6066743|journal=2011 International Conference on Electronics, Communications and Control (ICECC)|pages=1028–1031|doi=10.1109/ICECC.2011.6066743|isbn=978-1-4577-0320-1|s2cid=44799646}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Zhao|first1=Kai|last2=Ge|first2=Lina|date=December 2013|title=A Survey on the Internet of Things Security|url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6746513|journal=2013 Ninth International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Security|pages=663–667|doi=10.1109/CIS.2013.145|isbn=978-1-4799-2549-0|s2cid=5271591}}</ref>', 72 => '', 73 => '==Frameworks==', 74 => 'The creation, integration, and adoption of smart city capabilities require a unique set of frameworks to realize the focus areas of opportunity and innovation central to smart city projects. The frameworks can be divided into 5 main dimensions which include numerous related categories of smart city development:<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sharifi |first1=Ayyoob |title=A critical review of selected smart city assessment tools and indicator sets |journal=Journal of Cleaner Production |date=October 2019 |volume=233 |pages=1269–1283 |doi=10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.06.172|s2cid=197777481 }}</ref>', 75 => '', 76 => '===Technology framework===', 77 => 'A smart city relies heavily on the deployment of technology. Different combinations of technological infrastructure interact to form the array of smart city technologies with varying levels of interaction between human and technological systems.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://worldin2019.economist.com/|title=The World in 2050|website=worldin2019.economist.com|language=en|access-date=2019-06-26|archive-date=18 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190618104008/https://worldin2019.economist.com/|url-status=live}}</ref>', 78 => '', 79 => '* '''Digital''': A service oriented infrastructure is required to connect individuals and devices in a smart city. These include innovation services and communication infrastructure. Yovanof, G. S. & Hazapis, G. N. define a digital city as "a connected community that combines broadband communications infrastructure; a flexible, service-oriented computing infrastructure based on open industry standards; and, innovative services to meet the needs of governments and their employees, citizens and businesses."<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Yovanof|first1=Gregory S.|last2=Hazapis|first2=George N.|date=19 March 2009|title=An Architectural Framework and Enabling Wireless Technologies for Digital Cities & Intelligent Urban Environments|journal=Wireless Personal Communications|language=en|volume=49|issue=3|pages=445–463|doi=10.1007/s11277-009-9693-4|s2cid=207258536|issn=0929-6212}}</ref>', 80 => '*'''Intelligent:''' Cognitive technologies, such as [[artificial intelligence]] and [[machine learning]], can be trained on the data generated by connected city devices to identify patterns. The efficacy and impact of particular policy decisions can be quantified by cognitive systems studying the continuous interactions of humans with their urban surroundings.<ref name="Ark">{{cite news |last1=Ark |first1=Tom Vander |title=How Cities Are Getting Smart Using Artificial Intelligence |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/tomvanderark/2018/06/26/how-cities-are-getting-smart-using-artificial-intelligence/#7e6178503803 |access-date=28 August 2022 |work=Forbes |date=June 26, 2018 |language=en}}</ref>', 81 => '*'''Ubiquitous:''' A ubiquitous city provides access to public services through any connected device. U-city is an extension of the digital city concept because of the facility in terms of accessibility to every infrastructure.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Next Generation Society. Technological and Legal Issues|url=https://archive.org/details/nextgenerationso00side|url-access=limited|last1=Anthopoulos|first1=Leonidas|last2=Fitsilis|first2=Panos|date=23 September 2009|publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg|isbn=9783642116292|editor-last=Sideridis|editor-first=Alexander B.|series=Lecture Notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering|pages=[https://archive.org/details/nextgenerationso00side/page/n361 360]–372|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-3-642-11631-5_33|editor-last2=Patrikakis|editor-first2=Charalampos Z.}}</ref>', 82 => '*'''Wired''': The physical components of IT systems are crucial to early-stage smart city development. Wired infrastructure is required to support the IoT and wireless technologies central to more interconnected living.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.smartcitiesworld.net/news/news/smart-cities-are-about-people-2932|title=Smart cities are about people|website=Smart Cities World|language=En|access-date=2019-06-29|archive-date=29 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629040256/https://www.smartcitiesworld.net/news/news/smart-cities-are-about-people-2932|url-status=live}}</ref> A wired city environment provides general access to continually updated digital and physical infrastructure. The latest in telecommunications, [[robotics]], IoT, and various connected technologies can then be deployed to support human capital and productivity.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.urenio.org/wp-content/uploads/2008/11/Intelligent-Cities-Shenzhen-2009-Komninos-Sefertzi.pdf|title=Intelligent Cities: R&D offshoring, web 2.0 product development and globalization of innovation systems|access-date=20 December 2016|archive-date=16 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180516180354/http://www.urenio.org/wp-content/uploads/2008/11/Intelligent-Cities-Shenzhen-2009-Komninos-Sefertzi.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":12" />', 83 => '*'''Hybrid''': A hybrid city is the combination of a physical conurbation and a [[virtual city]] related to the physical space. This relationship can be one of virtual design or the presence of a critical mass of virtual community participants in a physical urban space. Hybrid spaces can serve to actualize future-state projects for smart city services and integration.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.marketingdive.com/news/campaign-trail-why-uber-built-a-virtual-city-to-promote-a-product-that-doe/557301/|title=Campaign Trail: Why Uber built a virtual city to promote a product that doesn't exist yet|website=Marketing Dive|language=en-US|access-date=2019-06-26|archive-date=26 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626205352/https://www.marketingdive.com/news/campaign-trail-why-uber-built-a-virtual-city-to-promote-a-product-that-doe/557301/|url-status=live}}</ref>', 84 => '* '''Information city:''' The multiplicity of interactive devices in a smart city generates a large quantity of data. How that information is interpreted and stored is critical to Smart city growth and security.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/whats-holding-smart-cities-back/|title=What's Holding Smart Cities Back?|last=Nisenbaum|first=Amit|website=Scientific American Blog Network|language=en|access-date=2019-06-29|archive-date=29 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629040251/https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/whats-holding-smart-cities-back/|url-status=live}}</ref>', 85 => '', 86 => '===Human framework===', 87 => 'Smart city initiatives have measurable positive impacts on the quality of life of its citizens and visitors.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/capital-projects-and-infrastructure/our-insights/smart-cities-digital-solutions-for-a-more-livable-future|title=Smart city technology for a more liveable future {{!}} McKinsey|website=www.mckinsey.com|language=en|access-date=2019-06-29|archive-date=26 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626221105/https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/capital-projects-and-infrastructure/our-insights/smart-cities-digital-solutions-for-a-more-livable-future|url-status=live}}</ref> The human framework of a smart city – its economy, knowledge networks, and human support systems – is an important indicator of its success.<ref name=":02"/>', 88 => '', 89 => '* '''Creativity''': Arts and culture initiatives are common focus areas in smart city planning.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.engagingcommunities2005.org/abstracts/Bartlet-%20Leo-final.pdf|title=engagingcommunities2005.org|website=www.engagingcommunities2005.org|access-date=20 December 2016|archive-date=27 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227235327/http://www.engagingcommunities2005.org/abstracts/Bartlet-%20Leo-final.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| first1=Ann | last1=Borda | first2=Jonathan P. | last2=Bowen | author-link2=Jonathan Bowen | chapter=Chapter 27: Smart Cities and Digital Culture: Models of Innovation | publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]] | pages=523–549 | date=2019 | editor1-first=Tula | editor1-last=Giannini | editor-link1=Tula Giannini | editor2-first=Jonathan P. | editor2-last=Bowen | editor-link2=Jonathan Bowen | title=[[Museums and Digital Culture: New Perspectives and Research]] | series=Series on Cultural Computing | doi=10.1007/978-3-319-97457-6_27 | isbn=978-3-319-97456-9 | s2cid=159042161 | issn=2195-9064 }}</ref> Innovation is associated with intellectual curiosity and creativeness, and various projects have demonstrated that knowledge workers participate in a diverse mix of cultural and artistic activities.<ref name="Eger">{{cite news |last1=Eger |first1=John M. |title=Creativity in the Smart City Is What Makes a City Really Smart |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/creativity-in-the-smart-c_b_7648342 |access-date=27 August 2022 |work=HuffPost |date=24 July 2015 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Malanga |first1=Steven |title=The Curse of the Creative Class |url=https://www.city-journal.org/html/curse-creative-class-12491.html |website=City Journal |language=en |date=23 December 2015 |access-date=11 August 2018 |archive-date=11 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180811195230/https://www.city-journal.org/html/curse-creative-class-12491.html |url-status=live }}</ref>', 90 => '* '''Learning''': Since mobility is a key area of Smart city development, building a capable workforce through education initiatives is necessary.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|url=https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/partnership/?p=10009|title=United Smart Cities (USC) – United Nations Partnerships for SDGs platform|website=sustainabledevelopment.un.org|access-date=2019-06-29|archive-date=28 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190828222617/https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/partnership/?p=10009|url-status=live}}</ref> A city's learning capacity includes its education system, including available workforce training and support, and its cultural development and exchange.<ref name="Brent">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ucalgary.ca/ejournal/archive/v10-11/v10-11n1Moser-browse.html|title=What is Smart about the Smart Communities Movement?|last=Moser|first=Mary Anne|website=www.ucalgary.ca|publisher=University of Calgary EJournal 10–11(1)|access-date=20 December 2016|archive-date=10 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170210151210/http://www.ucalgary.ca/ejournal/archive/v10-11/v10-11n1Moser-browse.html|url-status=live}}</ref>', 91 => '* '''Humanity:''' Numerous Smart city programs focus on soft infrastructure development, like increasing access to voluntary organizations and designated safe zones.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Glaeser |first1=Edward L. |last2=Berry |first2=Christopher R. |title=Why Are Smart Places Getting Smarter? |url=https://www.hks.harvard.edu/sites/default/files/centers/rappaport/files/brief_divergence.pdf |website=Harvard University |access-date=11 August 2018 |archive-date=28 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190828222613/https://www.hks.harvard.edu/sites/default/files/centers/rappaport/files/brief_divergence.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> This focus on social and relational capital means diversity, inclusion, and ubiquitous access to public services is worked in to city planning.<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last1=Nam |first1=Taewoo| last2=Pardo |first2=Theresa A |title=Conceptualizing Smart City with Dimensions of Technology, People, and Institutions |url=https://www.ctg.albany.edu/media/pubs/pdfs/dgo_2011_smartcity.pdf |department=Center for Technology in Government University at Albany, State University of New York, U.S. |journal=The Proceedings of the 12th Annual International Conference on Digital Government Research }}</ref>', 92 => '* '''Knowledge:''' The development of a [[knowledge economy]] is central to Smart city projects.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.zurich.ibm.com/pdf/isl/infoportal/IBV_SC3_report_GBE03348USEN.pdf|title=Smarter cities for smarter growth: How cities can optimize their systems for the talent-based economy|website=www.zurich.ibm.com|access-date=20 December 2016|archive-date=21 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221090251/https://www.zurich.ibm.com/pdf/isl/infoportal/IBV_SC3_report_GBE03348USEN.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Smart cities seeking to be hubs of economic activity in emerging tech and service sectors stress the value of innovation in city development.<ref name=":12" />', 93 => '', 94 => '===Institutional framework===', 95 => 'According to [[Mary Anne Moser]]<ref name="Brent"/> since the 1990s, the smart communities movement took shape as a strategy to broaden the base of users involved in IT. Members of these Communities are people that share their interest and work in a partnership with government and other institutional organizations to push the use of IT to improve the quality of daily life as a consequence of different worsening in daily actions. [[John M. Eger]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Eger |first1=John M. |title=Smart Growth, Smart Cities, and the Crisis at the Pump A Worldwide Phenomenon |issue=1 |url=https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1552016 |journal=Iways |volume=32 |pages=47–53 |date=1 January 2009 |doi=10.3233/iwa-2009-0164 |access-date=11 August 2018 |archive-date=28 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190828222608/https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1552016 |url-status=live }}</ref> said that a smart community makes a conscious and agreed-upon decision to deploy technology as a catalyst to solving its social and business needs. It is very important to understand that this use of IT and the consequent improvement could be more demanding without the institutional help; indeed institutional involvement is essential to the success of smart community initiatives. Again Moser<ref name="Brent"/> explained that "building and planning a smart community seeks for smart growth"; smart growth is essential for the partnership between citizen and institutional organizations to react to worsening trends in daily issues like traffic congestion, [[school overcrowding]] and air pollution. ', 96 => '', 97 => 'Technological propagation is not an end in itself, but a means to reinventing cities for a new economy and society.<ref name=":12"/><ref name="Eger"/> Smart city initiatives require co-ordination and support from the city government and other governing bodies for their success. As has been noted by [[Fleur Johns]], the increasing and evolving use of data has significant implications at multiple levels of governance. Data and infrastructure include digital platforms, algorithms, and the embedding of information technology in the physical infrastructure of smart cities. Digital technology has the potential to be used in negative as well as positive ways, and its use is inherently political.<ref name="Johns"/> Care needs to be taken to ensure that the development of smart cities does not perpetuate inequalities and exclude marginalized groups in relation to gender,<ref name="Nesti">{{cite journal |last1=Nesti |first1=Giorgia |title=Mainstreaming gender equality in smart cities: Theoretical, methodological and empirical challenges |journal=Information Polity |date=27 August 2019 |volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=289–304 |doi=10.3233/IP-190134 |hdl=11577/3305997 |s2cid=201340073 }}</ref><ref name="Javiera">{{cite journal |last1=Fernanda Medina Macaya |first1=Javiera |last2=Ben Dhaou |first2=Soumaya |last3=Cunha |first3=Maria Alexandra |title=Gendering the Smart Cities:: Addressing gender inequalities in urban spaces |journal=14th International Conference on Theory and Practice of Electronic Governance |date=6 October 2021 |pages=398–405 |doi=10.1145/3494193.3494308 |s2cid=245881057 |url=http://collections.unu.edu/eserv/UNU:8632/t09-p53-76.pdf |access-date=27 August 2022}}</ref> age,<ref name="Li">{{cite journal |last1=Li |first1=Manlin |last2=Woolrych |first2=Ryan |title=Experiences of Older People and Social Inclusion in Relation to Smart "Age-Friendly" Cities: A Case Study of Chongqing, China |journal=Frontiers in Public Health |date=13 December 2021 |volume=9 |pages=779913 |doi=10.3389/fpubh.2021.779913 |pmid=34988053 |pmc=8721664 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Ivan">{{cite journal |last1=Ivan |first1=Loredana |last2=Beu |first2=Dorin |last3=van Hoof |first3=Joost |title=Smart and Age-Friendly Cities in Romania: An Overview of Public Policy and Practice |journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |date=January 2020 |volume=17 |issue=14 |pages=5202 |doi=10.3390/ijerph17145202 |pmid=32708488 |pmc=7400252 |language=en |issn=1660-4601|doi-access=free }}</ref> race, and other human characteristics.<ref name="Shamsuddin">{{cite journal |last1=Shamsuddin |first1=Shomon |last2=Srinivasan |first2=Sumeeta |title=Just Smart or Just and Smart Cities? Assessing the Literature on Housing and Information and Communication Technology |journal=Housing Policy Debate |date=2 January 2021 |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=127–150 |url= https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10511482.2020.1719181?journalCode=rhpd20|doi=10.1080/10511482.2020.1719181 |s2cid=216206034 |access-date=28 August 2022}}</ref>', 98 => '', 99 => 'The importance of these three different dimensions is that only a link among them can make possible the development of a real smart city concept. According to the definition of smart city given by [[Andrea Caragliu]] et al., a city is smart when investments in human/social capital and IT infrastructure fuel [[sustainable growth]] and enhance quality of life, through participatory governance.<ref name="Caragliu"/>', 100 => '', 101 => '===Energy framework===', 102 => 'Smart cities use data and technology to create efficiencies, improve sustainability, create economic development, and enhance quality of life factors for people living and working in the city. A variety of different datasets may need to be integrated to create a smart energy infrastructure.<ref name="Donti">{{cite journal |last1=Donti |first1=Priya L. |last2=Kolter |first2=J. Zico |title=Machine Learning for Sustainable Energy Systems |journal=Annual Review of Environment and Resources |date=18 October 2021 |volume=46 |issue=1 |pages=719–747 |doi=10.1146/annurev-environ-020220-061831 |s2cid=238321691 |url=https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev-environ-020220-061831 |access-date=27 August 2022 |language=en |issn=1543-5938}}</ref> More formally, a smart city is: "An urban area that has securely integrated technology across the information ... and Internet of Things (IoT) sectors to better manage a city’s assets."<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|last=Riley|first=Kim|date=12 June 2017|title=EEI's new board chairman cites smart-city opportunities as convention gets under way|language=en-US|work=Daily Energy Insider|url=https://dailyenergyinsider.com/featured/5732-eeis-new-board-chairman-cites-smart-city-opportunities-convention-gets-way/|url-status=live|access-date=25 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190828222612/https://dailyenergyinsider.com/featured/5732-eeis-new-board-chairman-cites-smart-city-opportunities-convention-gets-way/|archive-date=28 August 2019}}</ref> Employment of smart technologies enables the more efficient application of integrated energy technologies in the city allowing the development of more self-sustaining areas or even [[Positive Energy District]]s that produce more energy than consume.<ref name="Tuominen">{{cite news |last1=Tuominen |first1=Pekka |title=Yes to positive energy districts |url=https://www.vttresearch.com/en/news-and-ideas/yes-positive-energy-districts-how-make-it-happen |access-date=28 August 2022 |work=VTT News - Beyond the Obvious |agency=VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland |date=May 12, 2020 |language=en}}</ref>', 103 => '', 104 => 'A smart city is powered by "smart connections" for various items such as street lighting, [[Building automation|smart buildings]], [[Distributed generation|distributed energy resources]] (DER), [[Data analysis|data analytics]], and smart transportation. Amongst these things, energy is paramount; this is why utility companies play a key role in smart cities. Electric companies, working partnership with city officials, technology companies and a number of other institutions, are among the major players that helped accelerate the growth of America's smart cities.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://dailyenergyinsider.com/featured/5836-pittsburgh-san-diego-city-officials-put-utilities-major-players-smart-city-partnerships/|title=Pittsburgh, San Diego city officials put utilities as major players in smart-city partnerships|last=Riley|first=Kim|date=15 June 2017|work=Daily Energy Insider|access-date=25 September 2017|language=en-US}}</ref>', 105 => '', 106 => '===Data Management framework===', 107 => 'Smart cities employ a combination of data collection, processing, and disseminating technologies in conjunction with networking and computing technologies and data security and privacy measures encouraging the application of innovation to promote the overall quality of life for its citizens and covering dimensions that include: utilities, health, transportation, entertainment and government services.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gharaibeh |first1=A. |last2=Salahuddin |first2=M. A. |last3=Hussini |first3=S. J. |last4=Khreishah |first4=A. |last5=Khalil |first5=I. |last6=Guizani |first6=M. |last7=Al-Fuqaha |first7=A. |year=2017 |title=Smart Cities: A Survey on Data Management, Security, and Enabling Technologies |journal=IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials |volume=19 |issue=4 |pages=2456–2501 |doi=10.1109/COMST.2017.2736886|s2cid=206578345 }}</ref>', 108 => '', 109 => '==Roadmap==', 110 => 'A smart city roadmap consists of four/three (the first is a preliminary check) major components:<ref name="Musa"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.publicpower.org/system/files/documents/APPA-Smart-City-Roadmap-FINAL.pdf |title=Creating A Smart City Roadmap For Public Power Utilities |publisher=publicpower.org |access-date=2019-05-14 |archive-date=14 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514112237/https://www.publicpower.org/system/files/documents/APPA-Smart-City-Roadmap-FINAL.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>', 111 => '', 112 => '# Define exactly what is the community: maybe that definition can condition what you are doing in the subsequent steps; it relates to geography, links between cities and countryside and flows of people between them; maybe – even – that in some Countries the definition of City/community that is stated does not correspond effectively to what – in fact – happens in real life.', 113 => '# Study the Community: Before deciding to build a smart city, first we need to know why. This can be done by determining the benefits of such an initiative. Study the community to know the citizens, the business's needs – know the citizens and the community's unique attributes, such as the age of the citizens, their education, hobbies, and attractions of the city.', 114 => '# Develop a smart city Policy: Develop a [[policy]] to drive the initiatives, where roles, responsibilities, objective, and goals, can be defined. Create plans and strategies on how the goals will be achieved.', 115 => '# Engage The Citizens: This can be done by engaging the citizens through the use of [[e-government]] initiatives, [[open data]], sport events, etc.', 116 => '', 117 => 'In short, People, Processes, and Technology (PPT) are the three principles of the success of a smart city initiative. Cities must study their citizens and communities, know the processes, business drivers, create policies, and objectives to meet the citizens' needs. Then, technology can be implemented to meet the citizens' need, in order to improve the quality of life and create real economic opportunities. This requires a holistic customized approach that accounts for city cultures, long-term city planning, and local regulations.<blockquote>"Whether to improve security, resiliency, sustainability, traffic congestion, public safety, or city services, each community may have different reasons for wanting to be smart. But all smart communities share common attributes—and they all are powered by smart connections and by our industry's smarter energy infrastructure. A [[smart grid]] is the foundational piece in building a smart community." – Pat Vincent-Collawn, chairman of the [[Edison Electric Institute]] and president and CEO of [[PNM Resources]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://dailyenergyinsider.com/featured/8322-eei-chairman-pledges-collaborate-communities-powering-technology-support-smart-cities/|title=EEI chairman pledges to collaborate with communities on powering technology to support smart cities|last=Carey|first=Liz|date=2017-10-06|work=Daily Energy Insider|access-date=2017-10-10|language=en-US|archive-date=25 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190225204921/https://dailyenergyinsider.com/featured/8322-eei-chairman-pledges-collaborate-communities-powering-technology-support-smart-cities/|url-status=live}}</ref></blockquote>', 118 => '', 119 => '== History ==', 120 => 'The idea and existence of smart cities is relatively new. Following in the path of "Wired Cities" and "Intelligent Cities", the concept of the smart city is focused on a city’s use of [[Information and communications technology|ICT]] in urban problem-solving. The use of computational statistical analysis by the Community Analysis Bureau in [[Los Angeles]] in the late 1960's<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-06-16|title=Uncovering the Early History of "Big Data" and the "Smart City" in Los Angeles|url=https://boomcalifornia.org/2015/06/16/uncovering-the-early-history-of-big-data-and-the-smart-city-in-la/|access-date=2022-01-07|website=Boom California|language=en-US}}</ref> and the establishment by [[Singapore]] of the National Computer Board in 1981 are cited as among the earliest [[Cybernetics|cybernetic]] interventions into [[urban planning]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Montes|first=Jose|date=2020|title=A Historical View of Smart Cities: Definitions, Features and Tipping Points|url=https://www.ssrn.com/abstract=3637617|journal=SSRN Electronic Journal|language=en|doi=10.2139/ssrn.3637617|s2cid=238125868|issn=1556-5068}}</ref> ', 121 => '', 122 => '[[IBM]] (which counts among its founding patents a method for mechanical tabulation of population statistics for the [[United States Census Bureau]] in [[Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company#Tabulating Machine Company|1897]]), launched its “Smarter Cities” marketing initiative in 2008.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-11-29|title=Smart city: smart story?|url=https://smartcityhub.com/governance-economy/smart-city-smart-story/|access-date=2022-01-07|website=Smart City Hub|language=en-US}}</ref> In 2010, [[Cisco Systems]], with $25 million from the Clinton Foundation, established its Connected Urban Development program in partnership with San Francisco, Amsterdam, and Seoul. In 2011, a Smart City Expo World Congress was held in Barcelona, in which 6000 people from 50 countries attended. The [[European Commission]] in 2012 established the Smart Cities Marketplace, a centralized hub for urban initiatives in the [[European Union]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Creating smart cities together |url=https://smart-cities-marketplace.ec.europa.eu/ |website=Smart Cities Marketplace |access-date=28 August 2022}}</ref> ', 123 => 'The 2015 Chancellor’s Budget for the United Kingdom proposed to invest £140 million in the development of smart cities and the Internet of Things (IoT).<ref name="Doe">{{cite web |last1=Doe |first1=Laurence |title=Budget 2015: IoT and smart cities set for investment |date=27 March 2015 |website=Land Mobile |url=http://www.landmobile.co.uk/news/budget-2015-osborne-announces-40-million-investment-into-smart-cities-and-iot/}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161124094213/http://www.landmobile.co.uk/news/budget-2015-osborne-announces-40-million-investment-into-smart-cities-and-iot |date=24 November 2016 }}</ref>', 124 => '', 125 => 'In 2021, [[China|The People's Republic of China]] took first in all categories of the International AI City Challenge, demonstrating the national commitment to smart city programs – "by some estimates, China has half of the world’s smart cities".<ref name="Johnson">{{Cite magazine|last=Johnson|first=Khari|title=A Global Smart-City Competition Highlights China's Rise in AI|language=en-US|magazine=Wired|url=https://www.wired.com/story/global-smart-city-competition-highlights-china-rise-ai/|access-date=2022-01-07|issn=1059-1028}}</ref> As time goes on the percentage of smart cities in the worlds will keep increasing, and by 2050, up to 70% of the world's population is expected to inhabit a city.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-02-28|title=History of smart cities: Timeline|url=https://www.verdict.co.uk/smart-cities-timeline/|access-date=2021-12-08|website=Verdict|language=en-US}}</ref>', 126 => '', 127 => '==Policies==', 128 => '[[ASEAN Smart Cities Network (ASCN)]] is a collaborative platform which aims to synergise Smart city development efforts across [[ASEAN]] by facilitating cooperation on smart city development, catalysing bankable projects with the private sector, and securing funding and support from ASEAN's external partners. [[Sister city|City diplomacy]] in the context of a smart city is highly stimulated by [[knowledge]], creativity, and innovations<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-3-030-45615-3_14 |title=Burksiene V., Dvorak J., Burbulytė-Tsiskarishvili G. (2020) City Diplomacy in Young Democracies: The Case of the Baltics. In: Amiri S., Sevin E. (eds) City Diplomacy. Palgrave Macmillan Series in Global Public Diplomacy. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-45615-3_14 |isbn=9783030456153 |s2cid=226721234 |access-date=30 May 2021 |archive-date=2 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602214037/https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-3-030-45615-3_14 |url-status=live }}</ref>', 129 => '', 130 => 'The European Union (EU) has devoted constant efforts to devising a strategy for achieving 'smart' [[urban growth]] for its [[metropole|metropolitan]] city-regions.<ref name="Komninos2009">{{cite journal |last=Komninos|first=N. |year=2009|title=Intelligent cities: towards interactive and global innovation environments|journal=International Journal of Innovation and Regional Development|volume=1|issue=4|pages=337 |doi=10.1504/ijird.2009.022726}}</ref>{{rp|337–355}}<ref name="Paskaleva2009">{{cite journal|author=Paskaleva, K|title=Enabling the smart city:The progress of e-city governance in Europe|journal=International Journal of Innovation and Regional Development|volume=1|issue=4|date=25 January 2009|pages=405–422(18)|doi=10.1504/ijird.2009.022730|url=http://elartu.tntu.edu.ua/handle/lib/31308|access-date=21 May 2020|archive-date=16 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200616082818/http://elartu.tntu.edu.ua/handle/lib/31308|url-status=live}}</ref> The EU has developed a range of programmes under "[[Europe 2020#Flagship initiatives|Europe's Digital Agenda]]".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ec.europa.eu/digital-agenda/ |title=Digital Agenda for Europe |author=European Commission |access-date=30 May 2015 |archive-date=30 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530005926/http://ec.europa.eu/digital-agenda/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2010, it highlighted its focus on strengthening innovation and investment in ICT services for the purpose of improving public services and quality of life.<ref name=Paskaleva2009/> [[Arup Group Limited|Arup]] estimates that the [[global market]] for smart urban services will be $400&nbsp;billion per annum by 2020.<ref>{{harvp|Department for Business, Innovation and Skills|2013|p=3}} Arup estimates that the global market for smart urban systems for transport, energy, healthcare, water, food and waste will amount to around $400 Billion pa. by 2020</ref>', 131 => '', 132 => 'The [[Smart Cities Mission]] is a retrofitting and urban renewal program being spearheaded by the Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India. The Government of India has the ambitious vision of developing 100 cities by modernizing existing mid-sized cities.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://smartcities.gov.in/ | title=Smart Cities Mission | publisher=Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India | date=2015 | access-date=3 August 2016 | archive-date=12 February 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170212192239/http://www.smartcities.gov.in/ | url-status=live }}</ref>', 133 => '', 134 => '==Technologies==', 135 => '<!-- Put info on platforms in the commercialisation section-->', 136 => '[[Smart grid]]s are an important technology in smart cities. The improved flexibility of the smart grid permits greater penetration of highly variable renewable energy sources such as solar power and wind power.', 137 => '', 138 => 'Mobile devices (such as [[smartphone]]s and tablets) are another key technology allowing citizens to connect to the smart city services.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://theconversation.com/with-smart-cities-your-every-step-will-be-recorded-94527 |title=With smart cities, your every step will be recorded |access-date=8 June 2020 |archive-date=8 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608085508/https://theconversation.com/with-smart-cities-your-every-step-will-be-recorded-94527 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thalesgroup.com/en/markets/digital-identity-and-security/iot/inspired/smart-cities |title=Secure, sustainable smart cities and the IoT |access-date=8 June 2020 |archive-date=8 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608085508/https://www.thalesgroup.com/en/markets/digital-identity-and-security/iot/inspired/smart-cities |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.information-age.com/smartphones-not-flying-cars-will-define-smart-cities-future-123462622/ |title=Smartphones – not flying cars – will define the smart cities of the future |date=12 October 2016 |access-date=8 June 2020 |archive-date=8 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608085510/https://www.information-age.com/smartphones-not-flying-cars-will-define-smart-cities-future-123462622/ |url-status=live }}</ref>', 139 => '', 140 => 'Smart cities also rely on [[smart home]]s and specifically, the [[Smart home technology|technology used in them]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Klein |first1=Cornel |last2=Kaefer |first2=Gerald |chapter=From Smart Homes to Smart Cities: Opportunities and Challenges from an Industrial Perspective |title=Next Generation Teletraffic and Wired/Wireless Advanced Networking. NEW2AN 2008 |series=Lecture Notes in Computer Science |volume= 5174 |date=2008 |pages=260 |doi=10.1007/978-3-540-85500-2_24 |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-85500-2_24 |publisher=Springer |location=Berlin, Heidelberg |isbn=978-3-540-85499-9 |language=en}}</ref>', 141 => '<ref>{{Cite book |chapter-url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7380652 |chapter=Smart cities and smart homes: From realization to reality |doi=10.1109/ICGCIoT.2015.7380652 |access-date=8 June 2020 |archive-date=8 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608090010/https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7380652 |url-status=live |title=2015 International Conference on Green Computing and Internet of Things (ICGCIoT) |year=2015 |last1=Mehrotra |first1=Siddharth |last2=Dhande |first2=Rashi |pages=1236–1239 |isbn=978-1-4673-7910-6 |s2cid=14156800 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://hub.beesmart.city/strategy/redefining-the-smart-home-in-smart-cities |title=The Need to Redefine the Smart Home and its Link to Smart Cities |access-date=8 June 2020 |archive-date=8 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608090011/https://hub.beesmart.city/strategy/redefining-the-smart-home-in-smart-cities |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.smartcity.press/how-smart-homes-can-connect-smart-cities/ |title=How smart homes can connect to smart cities |date=8 September 2017 |access-date=8 June 2020 |archive-date=8 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608090008/https://www.smartcity.press/how-smart-homes-can-connect-smart-cities/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://hub.beesmart.city/strategy/redefining-the-smart-home-in-smart-cities |title=Redefining the smart home in smart cities |access-date=8 June 2020 |archive-date=8 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608090011/https://hub.beesmart.city/strategy/redefining-the-smart-home-in-smart-cities |url-status=live }}</ref>', 142 => '', 143 => '[[Bicycle-sharing system]]s are an important element in smart cities.<ref>{{Cite journal |url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8376628 |title=Bike sharing as a key smart city service |date=May 2018 |journal=2018 7th International Conference on Modern Circuits and Systems Technologies (MOCAST) |pages=1–6 |doi=10.1109/MOCAST.2018.8376628 |s2cid=49187242}}</ref>', 144 => '', 145 => '[[Smart mobility]] is also important to smart cities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Smart mobility in smart cities |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/314246043 |access-date=17 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506142438/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/314246043_Smart_Mobility_in_Smart_Cities |archive-date=6 May 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>', 146 => '', 147 => '[[Intelligent transportation system]]s and [[Closed-circuit television|CCTV]] systems are also being developed.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pribadi |first1=Arif |last2=Kumiawan |first2=Fachrul |last3=Hariadi |first3=Mochamad |last4=Nugroho |first4=Supeno Mardi Susiki |title=Urban distribution CCTV for smart city using decision tree methods |journal=2017 International Seminar on Intelligent Technology and Its Applications (ISITIA) |date=August 2017 |pages=21–24 |doi=10.1109/ISITIA.2017.8124048|isbn=978-1-5386-2708-2 |s2cid=194177 }}</ref>', 148 => '', 149 => 'Digital [[Library|libraries]] have been established in several smart cities.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Koukopoulos |first1=Zois |last2=Koukopoulos |first2=Dimitrios |last3=Jung |first3=Jason J. |title=Sustainability Services for Public Libraries within a Smart City Environment |journal=Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Web Intelligence, Mining and Semantics - WIMS2019 |date=2019 |pages=1–12 |doi=10.1145/3326467.3326473 |isbn=9781450361903 |s2cid=160010103 |url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/3326467.3326473}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tripathi |first1=Sneha |last2=Singh |first2=Manendra Kumar |last3=Tripathi |first3=Aditya |title=Smart Library for Smart Cities |journal=SRELS Journal of Information Management |date=7 February 2017 |pages=439–446 |doi=10.17821/srels/2016/v53i6/89406}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Aiyappa |first1=Manu |title=Smart Cities miss key awards as projects move at snail's pace {{!}} Bengaluru News |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/smart-cities-miss-key-awards-as-projects-move-at-snails-pace/articleshow/84001391.cms |access-date=28 August 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=July 1, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.windsorpubliclibrary.com/?page_id=65204 |title=Windsor Public Library: a brick-and-mortar library that also has an ebook lending service |access-date=17 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023075326/https://www.windsorpubliclibrary.com/?page_id=65204 |archive-date=23 October 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.sscldl.com/ |title=Shivamogga Smart City Digital Library |access-date=17 September 2020 |archive-date=22 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210222113332/https://www.sscldl.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tumakuru Digital Library |url=https://tumakurudigitallibrary.in/ |access-date=17 September 2020 |archive-date=15 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715110211/https://tumakurudigitallibrary.in/ |url-status=live}}</ref>', 150 => '', 151 => 'Online collaborative sensor data management platforms are on-line database services that allow sensor owners to register and connect their devices to feed data into an on-line database for storage and allow developers to connect to the database and build their own applications based on that data.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1=Boyle | first1=D. | last2=Yates | first2=D. | last3=Yeatman | first3=E. | title=Urban Sensor Data Streams: London 2013 | doi=10.1109/MIC.2013.85 | journal=IEEE Internet Computing | volume=17 | issue=6 | pages=1 | year=2013 | s2cid=17820999 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=WikiSensing: An Online Collaborative Approach for Sensor Data Management |journal=Sensors|volume=12 |issue=10|pages=13295–13332 |doi=10.3390/s121013295|pmid=23201997 |pmc=3545568 |year=2012 |last1=Silva |first1=Dilshan |last2=Ghanem |first2=Moustafa|last3=Guo |first3=Yike |bibcode=2012Senso..1213295S |doi-access=free}}</ref>', 152 => '', 153 => 'Additional supporting technology and trends include [[remote work]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301408856 |title=Smart cities and telecommuting in Ecuador |access-date=9 June 2020 |archive-date=26 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210326050523/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301408856_Smart_cities_and_telecommuting_in_Ecuador |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://medium.com/swlh/innovation-vs-technology-redefining-smart-in-smart-cities-8e82857d7004 |title=Innovation vs Technology. Redefining "Smart" in Smart-Cities |date=11 October 2019 |access-date=9 June 2020 |archive-date=9 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609105640/https://medium.com/swlh/innovation-vs-technology-redefining-smart-in-smart-cities-8e82857d7004 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://spicefactory.co/blog/2019/10/25/remote-work-future-of-cities/ |title=Remote Work Revolution and the Future of (Smart) Cities |access-date=9 June 2020 |archive-date=9 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609104855/https://spicefactory.co/blog/2019/10/25/remote-work-future-of-cities/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[telehealth]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ceur-ws.org/Vol-2255/paper23.pdf |title=Telecommunication Infrastructures for Telemedicine in Smart Cities |access-date=9 June 2020 |archive-date=24 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224072813/http://ceur-ws.org/Vol-2255/paper23.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://telemedicine.arizona.edu/blog/telemedicine-and-smart-cities |title=Telemedicine and Smart Cities |access-date=9 June 2020 |archive-date=9 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609104905/https://telemedicine.arizona.edu/blog/telemedicine-and-smart-cities |url-status=live }}</ref> the [[blockchain]],<ref>{{Cite book |chapter-url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/8458054/8465506/08465562.pdf|doi=10.1109/SmartIoT.2018.00056 |chapter=Application of Blockchain Technology in Smart City Infrastructure|title=2018 IEEE International Conference on Smart Internet of Things (SmartIoT)|year=2018|last1=Li|first1=Shuling|pages=276–2766|isbn=978-1-5386-8543-3 |s2cid=52288306}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1177/0975425319832392|title=Blockchain and Trust in a Smart City|year=2019 |last1=Kundu|first1=Debasish|journal=Environment and Urbanization ASIA|volume=10|pages=31–43|s2cid=159098611|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[fintech]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://fintechnews.ch/govtech/smart-city-fintech-why/28661/ |title=Why Fintech is an Important Ingredient in Any Smart City Ambition |date=5 July 2019 |access-date=8 June 2020 |archive-date=7 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607153452/https://fintechnews.ch/govtech/smart-city-fintech-why/28661/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[online banking]] technology,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310791133 |title=How Traditional Banks Should Work in Smart City |access-date=8 June 2020 |archive-date=12 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210312232742/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310791133_How_Traditional_Banks_Should_Work_in_Smart_City |url-status=live }}</ref>', 154 => '', 155 => 'Electronic cards (known as [[smart card]]s) are another common component in smart city contexts. These cards possess a unique encrypted identifier that allows the owner to log into a range of government provided services (or [[e-service]]s) without setting up multiple accounts. The single identifier allows governments to aggregate [[big data|data]] [[Mass surveillance|about citizens]] and their preferences to improve the provision of services and to determine common interests of groups. This technology has been implemented in Southampton.<ref name=DeakinAl_jrnl />', 156 => '', 157 => '[[Bollard#Removable bollards|Retractable bollard]]s allow to restrict access inside city centers (i.e. to delivery trucks resupplying outlet stores). Opening and closing of such barriers is traditionally done manually, through an electronic pass<ref>Carbon Zero: Imagining Cities that can save the planet by Alex Steffen, page 54</ref> but can even be done by means of [[Automatic number-plate recognition|ANPR]] cameras connected to the bollard system.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bristolpost.co.uk/news/call-retractable-coffin-bollards-no-2295946 |title=Call for retractable 'coffin' bollards and no-driving zones outside Bristol schools |date=6 December 2018 |access-date=1 September 2020 |archive-date=10 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810083504/https://www.bristolpost.co.uk/news/call-retractable-coffin-bollards-no-2295946 |url-status=live }}</ref>', 158 => '', 159 => 'Energy Data Management Systems (EDMS) can help to save cities [[Energy conservation|energy]] by recording data and using it to increase efficiency.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Smart City Technologies and Solutions to Deliver Better a Living {{!}} COPA-DATA|url=https://www.copadata.com/en/industries/smart-city/smart-city-insights/smart-city-solutions-better-living/|access-date=2021-12-08|website=www.copadata.com|language=en}}</ref>', 160 => '', 161 => '===Cost-benefit analysis of smart city technologies===', 162 => '[[Cost-benefit analysis]] has been done into smart cities and the individual technologies. These can help to assess whether it is economically and ecologically beneficial to implement some technologies at all, and also compare the cost-effectiveness of each technology among each other<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://udspace.udel.edu/handle/19716/23818 |title=Cost-benefit analysis of smart cities technologies and applications |access-date=9 June 2020 |archive-date=9 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609105641/http://udspace.udel.edu/handle/19716/23818 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://dspace.udel.edu/bitstream/handle/19716/23818/Xiong_udel_0060M_13359.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |title=COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS OF SMART CITIES TECHNOLOGIES AND APPLICATIONS |access-date=9 June 2020 |archive-date=9 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609105642/http://dspace.udel.edu/bitstream/handle/19716/23818/Xiong_udel_0060M_13359.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/340344518 |title=The Cost Benefit Analysis for the Concept of a Smart City: How to Measure the Efficiency of Smart Solutions? |access-date=9 June 2020 |archive-date=6 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606113445/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/340344518_The_Cost_Benefit_Analysis_for_the_Concept_of_a_Smart_City_How_to_Measure_the_Efficiency_of_Smart_Solutions |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |title=The Cost Benefit Analysis for the Concept of a Smart City: How to Measure the Efficiency of Smart Solutions? |year=2020 |doi=10.3390/su12072663 |doi-access=free |last1=Turečková |first1=Kamila |last2=Nevima |first2=Jan |journal=Sustainability |volume=12 |issue=7 |page=2663 }}</ref>', 163 => '', 164 => '==Commercialization==', 165 => 'Large IT, telecommunication and energy management companies such as [[Apple Inc.|Apple]], [[Baidu]], [[Alibaba Group|Alibaba]], [[Tencent]], [[Huawei]], [[Google]], [[Microsoft]], [[Cisco]], [[IBM]], and [[Schneider Electric]] launched market initiatives for intelligent cities.', 166 => '', 167 => '* Baidu is working on [[Apolong|Apollo]], a self-driving technology<ref name="forbes.com">{{Cite web |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/rebeccafannin/2019/08/23/baidu-alibaba-tencent-clash-to-lead-chinas-tech-future-while-a-new-b-arises/ |title=Baidu, Alibaba, Tencent Clash To Lead China's Tech Future While A New 'B' Arises |website=[[Forbes]] |access-date=3 June 2020 |archive-date=3 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603170852/https://www.forbes.com/sites/rebeccafannin/2019/08/23/baidu-alibaba-tencent-clash-to-lead-chinas-tech-future-while-a-new-b-arises/ |url-status=live }}</ref>', 168 => '* Alibaba has created the [[City Brain]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.alibabacloud.com/solutions/intelligence-brain/city |title=City Brain |access-date=3 June 2020 |archive-date=3 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603170824/https://www.alibabacloud.com/solutions/intelligence-brain/city |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333456538 |title=The City Brain: Practice of Large-Scale Artificial Intelligence in the Real World |access-date=4 June 2020 |archive-date=13 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210313035758/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333456538_The_City_Brain_Practice_of_Large-Scale_Artificial_Intelligence_in_the_Real_World |url-status=live }}</ref>', 169 => '* Tencent is working on medical technology,<ref name="forbes.com"/> such as WeChat Intelligent Healthcare, Tencent Doctorwork, and [[artificial intelligence in healthcare|AI Medical Innovation System (AIMIS)]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://technode.com/2018/02/11/tencent-medical-ecosystem/ |title=How Tencent's medical ecosystem is shaping the future of China's healthcare |date=11 February 2018 |access-date=3 June 2020 |archive-date=3 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603165928/https://technode.com/2018/02/11/tencent-medical-ecosystem/ |url-status=live }}</ref>', 170 => '* Huawei has its [[Safe City]] Compact Solution which focuses on improving safety in cities<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://e.huawei.com/en/news/smart-cities/201810150942 |title=Huawei Announces Safe City Compact Solution to Protect Citizens in Small and Medium Cities |access-date=3 June 2020 |archive-date=3 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603170858/https://e.huawei.com/en/news/smart-cities/201810150942 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/future/bespoke/specials/connected-world/government.html |title=Safe cities: Using smart tech for public security |access-date=3 June 2020 |archive-date=10 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200210042218/http://www.bbc.com/future/bespoke/specials/connected-world/government.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last=Hillman | first=Jonathan E. | title=Watching Huawei's "Safe Cities" | website=Center for Strategic and International Studies | date=2019-11-04 | url=https://www.csis.org/analysis/watching-huaweis-safe-cities | access-date=2020-11-02 | archive-date=19 October 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201019214841/https://www.csis.org/analysis/watching-huaweis-safe-cities | url-status=live }}</ref>', 171 => '* Google's subsidiary [[Sidewalk Labs]] is focusing on smart cities', 172 => '* Microsoft has [[Microsoft CityNext|CityNext]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://partner.microsoft.com/en-us/solutions/citynext |title=Innovative solutions for smart cities |access-date=3 June 2020 |archive-date=3 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603165929/https://partner.microsoft.com/en-us/solutions/citynext |url-status=live }}</ref>', 173 => '* Cisco, launched the global "Intelligent Urbanization" initiative<ref>{{cite web|url=http://newsroom.cisco.com/dlls/2009/prod_021209c.html|title=Network as the Next Utility for 'Intelligent Urbanisation' |publisher=CISCO|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141215022011/http://newsroom.cisco.com/dlls/2009/prod_021209c.html|archive-date=15 December 2014}}</ref> to help cities using the network as the fourth utility for integrated city management, better [[quality of life]] for citizens, and economic development. ', 174 => '* IBM announced its [[Smarter Cities Challenge]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibm.com/ibm/ideasfromibm/us/smartplanet/topics/cities/20090309/index.shtml?&re=spfprogram|title=About IBM|publisher=IBM|date=8 May 2017|access-date=31 January 2015|archive-date=6 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606113457/https://www.ibm.com/id-en/about?re=spfprogram|url-status=live}}</ref> to stimulate [[economic growth]] and quality of life in cities and metropolitan areas with the activation of new approaches of thinking and acting in the [[urban ecosystem]]. ', 175 => '* Schneider Electric is working on [[Schneider Electric#EcoStruxure|EcoStruxure]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://blog.se.com/smart-cities/2017/12/07/ecostruxure-smart-cities-smart-city-technology-starts-operational-level/ |title=EcoStruxure for Smart Cities: Smart City Technology Starts at the Operational Level |access-date=3 June 2020 |archive-date=3 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603170832/https://blog.se.com/smart-cities/2017/12/07/ecostruxure-smart-cities-smart-city-technology-starts-operational-level/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.se.com/in/en/work/solutions/for-business/smart-cities/ |title=Smart Cities Solutions |access-date=3 June 2020 |archive-date=3 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603170826/https://www.se.com/in/en/work/solutions/for-business/smart-cities/ |url-status=live }}</ref>', 176 => '* Sensor developers and startup companies{{Clarify|Which ?|date=June 2020}} are also continually developing new smart city applications.', 177 => '', 178 => '==Research==', 179 => 'University research labs developed prototypes for intelligent cities. ', 180 => '* IGLUS is an [[action research]] project led by [[EPFL]] focused on developing [[governance]] systems for urban [[infrastructures]]. IGLUS announced a [[MOOC]] through [[Coursera]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://iglus.org/smart-cities-mooc|title=Smart cities MOOC – IGLUS|website=iglus.org|access-date=10 June 2016|archive-date=9 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809231054/http://iglus.org/smart-cities-mooc|url-status=live}}</ref>', 181 => '* ''[[MIT]] Smart Cities Lab''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cities.media.mit.edu/|title=MIT Cities|publisher=MIT|access-date=13 November 2009|archive-date=20 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720000644/http://cities.media.mit.edu/|url-status=live}}</ref> focuses upon intelligent, [[sustainable building]]s, mobility systems (GreenWheel [[electric bicycle]], [[mobility on demand]], [[CityCar]], [[Robot locomotion|Wheel Robots]]); ', 182 => '* the ''IntelCities''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://intelcities.iti.gr/intelcities|title=IntelCities|work=Intelcities project|access-date=31 January 2015|archive-date=13 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160913104349/http://intelcities.iti.gr/intelcities/|url-status=live}}</ref> research consortium for electronic government, planning systems and citizen participation; [[URENIO]] developed intelligent city platforms for the [[innovation economy]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.urenio.org/platforms/index.html|title=Intelligent City Platforms|publisher=URENIO|access-date=5 November 2014|archive-date=21 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141221045007/http://www.urenio.org/platforms/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> focusing on strategic intelligence, [[technology transfer]], collaborative innovation, and incubation, while it promotes intelligent cities research and planning;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.urenio.org|title=Home|publisher=URENIO|access-date=5 November 2014|archive-date=4 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141104214302/http://www.urenio.org/|url-status=live}}</ref>', 183 => '* the ''Smart Cities Academic Network''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.smartcities.info/aim|title=AIM|work=Smart Cities project|access-date=31 January 2015|archive-date=27 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171127121325/http://www.smartcities.info/aim|url-status=dead}}</ref> is working on e-governance and e-services in the North Sea region. ', 184 => '* The MK:Smart project<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=The MK:Smart Project|url=http://www.mksmart.org|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151121211315/http://www.mksmart.org/|archive-date=21 November 2015|access-date=27 October 2015|website=www.mksmart.org}}</ref> is focusing on issues of sustainable [[energy use]], [[water use]] and [[transport infrastructure]] alongside exploring how to promote citizen engagement<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title = Our MK: Helping make Milton Keynes a smarter, greener city|url = http://www.ourmk.org|website = www.ourmk.org|access-date = 27 October 2015|archive-date = 17 November 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151117221316/https://ourmk.org/|url-status = live}}</ref> alongside educating citizens about smart cities.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url = http://urbandataschool.com|title = The Urban Date School|access-date = 27 October 2015|website = The Urban Data School|archive-date = 21 April 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160421104431/http://www.urbandataschool.com/|url-status = live}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title = Smart Cities|url = https://www.futurelearn.com/courses/smart-cities|website = FutureLearn|access-date = 27 October 2015|url-status = live|archive-date = 17 November 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151117064130/https://www.futurelearn.com/courses/smart-cities}}</ref>', 185 => '* Laboratory for AI, Machine Learning, Business & Data Analytics (LAMBDA) at [[Tel Aviv University]] focuses on Digital Life, [[Smart Transportation]] and Human Mobility Patterns in smart Cities.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Ben-Gal I, Weinstock S, Singer G, Bambos N |date=2019 |title=Clustering Users by Their Mobility Behavioral Patterns |url=http://www.eng.tau.ac.il/~bengal/TKDD1304-45.pdf |journal=ACM Transactions on Knowledge Discovery from Data |volume=13 |issue=4 |doi=10.1145/3322126 |s2cid=201881580 |at=Article 45 |access-date=14 October 2019 |url-status=live |archive-date=14 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191014204156/http://www.eng.tau.ac.il/~bengal/TKDD1304-45.pdf}}</ref>', 186 => '* Research journals in this area include the UK [[Institution of Engineering and Technology|IET]] ''Smart Cities'', which was launched in 2018.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/journals/iet-smc |title=IET Smart Cities |access-date=28 May 2019|archive-date=28 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190528064046/https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/journals/iet-smc|url-status=live}}</ref>', 187 => '', 188 => '==Criticism==', 189 => '{{See also|Surveillance issues in smart cities}}', 190 => 'The criticisms of smart cities revolve around:<ref name="Hollands"/>', 191 => '* The high level of [[big data]] collection and analytics has raised questions regarding [[surveillance issues in smart cities|surveillance in smart cities]], particularly as it relates to [[predictive policing]] and abuse by law enforcement. ', 192 => '* A bias in strategic interest may lead to ignoring non-ICT centered modes of promising urban development.<ref>{{cite book|author=Greenfield, A.|year=2013|title=Against the Smart City. |location=London|publisher=Verso |asin=B00FHQ5DBS}}</ref>', 193 => '* A smart city, as a scientifically planned city, would defy the fact that real development in cities is often haphazard and participatory. In that line of criticism, the smart city is seen as unattractive for citizens as they "can deaden and stupefy the people who live in its all-efficient embrace".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/dec/04/smart-city-rio-songdo-masdar|title=No one likes a city that's too smart|last=Sennett |first=Richard|date=4 December 2012|work=The Guardian|access-date=17 March 2017|archive-date=18 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318004523/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/dec/04/smart-city-rio-songdo-masdar|url-status=live}}</ref> ', 194 => '* The focus of the concept of smart city may lead to an underestimation of the possible negative effects of the development of the new technological and networked infrastructures needed for a city to be smart.<ref>{{cite book |author=Graham, S.|author2=Marvin, S. |year=1996|title=Telecommunications and the city: electronic spaces, urban place|location=London|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9780203430453}}</ref>', 195 => '* As a [[globalization|globalized]] [[business model]] is based on [[capital mobility]], following a business-oriented model may result in a losing long-term strategy: "The 'spatial fix' inevitably means that mobile capital can often 'write its own deals' to come to town, only to move on when it receives a better deal elsewhere. This is no less true for the smart city than it was for the industrial, [or] manufacturing city."<ref name="Hollands"/>', 196 => '*In the smart city environment there are many threats that affect the privacy of individuals. The technology is involved in scanning, identification, checking the current location, including time and direction of movement. Residents may feel that they are constantly monitored and controlled.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rubisz|first=Szymon|date=2020|title=Some Issues with the Right to Privacy in Smart Cities |journal=Scientific Papers of Silesian University of Technology – Organization and Management Series |volume=2020|language=en|issue=147|pages=237–246|doi=10.29119/1641-3466.2020.147.18|s2cid=232592742}}</ref>', 197 => '* As of August 2018, the discussion on smart cities centers around the usage and implementation of technology rather than on the inhabitants of the cities and how they can be involved in the process.<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1007/s12599-018-0535-3 | volume=60 | title=Smart Cities: A Review and Analysis of Stakeholders' Literature | year=2018 | journal=Business & Information Systems Engineering | pages=197–213 | last1 = Marrone | first1 = Mauricio | last2 = Hammerle | first2 = Mara| issue=3 | s2cid=207433624 }}</ref>', 198 => '*Especially in low-income countries, smart cities are irrelevant to the urban population which lives in poverty with limited access to basic services. A focus on smart cities may worsen inequality and marginalization.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Watson|first=Vanessa|s2cid=154398313|date=6 December 2013 |title=African urban fantasies: dreams or nightmares?|journal=Environment and Urbanization|volume=26 |issue=1|pages=215–231 |doi=10.1177/0956247813513705 |issn=0956-2478}}</ref>', 199 => '*If a smart city strategy is not planned for people with accessibility problems, such as persons with disabilities affecting mobility, vision, hearing, and cognitive function, the implementation of new technologies could create new barriers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.technologyreview.com/s/612712/smart-cities-coule-be-lousy-if-you-have-a-disability/|title=Smart cities could be lousy to live in if you have a disability |last=Woyke|first=Elizabeth |website=MIT Technology Review|language=en|access-date=2019-03-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190305211109/https://www.technologyreview.com/s/612712/smart-cities-coule-be-lousy-if-you-have-a-disability/|archive-date=5 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>', 200 => '*Digitalization can have a significant environmental footprint and there is potential for the externalization of environmental costs onto outside communities.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Lange |first1=Steffen|last2=Pohl|first2=Johanna |last3=Santarius|first3=Tilman|date=2020-10-01 |title=Digitalization and energy consumption. Does ICT reduce energy demand?|journal=Ecological Economics |volume=176|pages=106760 |doi=10.1016/j.ecolecon.2020.106760|s2cid=224947774 |issn=0921-8009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Morley|first1=Janine|last2=Widdicks|first2=Kelly|last3=Hazas|first3=Mike|date=2018-04-01 |title=Digitalisation, energy and data demand: The impact of Internet traffic on overall and peak electricity consumption|journal=Energy Research & Social Science|volume=38|pages=128–137 |doi=10.1016/j.erss.2018.01.018|issn=2214-6296}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Sovacool|first1=Benjamin K. |last2=Hook|first2=Andrew |last3=Martiskainen|first3=Mari|last4=Brock|first4=Andrea|last5=Turnheim |first5=Bruno|date=2020-01-01|title=The decarbonisation divide: Contextualizing landscapes of low-carbon exploitation and toxicity in Africa |journal=Global Environmental Change|volume=60|pages=102028 |doi=10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2019.102028|s2cid=214411810|issn=0959-3780}}</ref>', 201 => '*Smart city can be used as a slogan only for land revenue generation, especially in the Global South.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zhou |first1=Yong |last2=Xiao |first2=Fan |last3=Deng |first3=Weipeng |title=Is smart city a slogan? Evidence from China |journal=Asian Geographer |date=23 March 2022 |pages=1–18 |doi=10.1080/10225706.2022.2052734}}</ref>', 202 => '', 203 => '==See also==', 204 => '{{Commons category}}', 205 => '{{div col|colwidth=22em}}', 206 => '* [[Carfree city]]', 207 => '* [[Career-oriented social networking market]]', 208 => '* [[Connected car]]', 209 => '* [[Community-driven development]]', 210 => '* [[Eco-cities]]', 211 => '* [[Energy informatics]]', 212 => '* [[Global brain]]', 213 => '* [[Government by algorithm]]', 214 => '* [[Intelligent environment]]', 215 => '* [[Intelligent transportation system]]', 216 => '* [[Municipal wireless network]]', 217 => '* [[Net metering]]', 218 => '* [[Pervasive informatics]]', 219 => '* [[Planned community]]', 220 => '* [[Resilient city]]', 221 => '* [[Short food supply chains]]', 222 => '* [[Smart grid]]', 223 => '* [[Smart highway]]', 224 => '* [[Smart port]]', 225 => '* [[Smart village]]', 226 => '* [[Sustainable city]]', 227 => '* [[Urban computing]]', 228 => '* [[Urban farming]]', 229 => '* [[Urban informatics]]', 230 => '* [[Urban vitality]]', 231 => '* [[Vertical farming]]', 232 => '{{div col end}}', 233 => '', 234 => '==References==', 235 => '{{Reflist}}', 236 => '', 237 => '==Further reading==', 238 => '<!-- ordered by year of publication, oldest to most recent -->', 239 => '* {{cite book|author=Shepard, Mark|title=Sentient City: Ubiquitous Computing, Architecture, and the Future of Urban Space. New York City|work=[[Architectural League of New York]]|year=2011|isbn=978-0262515863}}', 240 => '* {{cite journal|author=Batty, M.|title=Smart Cities of the Future|journal=European Physical Journal ST|volume=214|pages=481–518|doi=10.1140/epjst/e2012-01703-3|year=2012|display-authors=etal|bibcode=2012EPJST.214..481B|doi-access=free}}', 241 => '* {{cite journal |last1=Stratigea |first1=Anastasia |title=The concept of 'smart cities'. Towards community development? |journal=Networks and Communication Studies |date=30 October 2012 |volume=36 |issue=3/4 |pages=375–388 |doi=10.4000/netcom.1105 |url=https://doi.org/10.4000/netcom.1105 |access-date=28 August 2022}}', 242 => '* {{Cite book|title=Smart Cities: Big Data, Civic Hackers, and the Quest for a New Utopia|author-last=Townsend|author-first= Antony |year=2013 |publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|isbn=978-0393082876}}', 243 => '* {{cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/337549/14-820-what-are-future-cities.pdf|title=What are future cities – origins, meaning and uses|last1=Moir |first1=E.|last2=Moonen |first2=T. |last3=Clark |first3=C.|publisher=Foresight Future of Cities Project and [[Future Cities Catapult]]|year=2014}}', 244 => '* {{cite journal |last1=Viitanen |first1=J. |last2=Kingston |first2=R. |year=2014 |title=Smart cities and green growth – outsourcing democratic and environmental resilience to the global technology sector |journal=Environment and Planning A |volume=46 |issue=4 |pages=803–819 |doi=10.1068/a46242|s2cid=145283799 |url=http://polired.upm.es/index.php/ciur/article/view/3498 }}', 245 => '* {{cite magazine |magazine=The Atlantic |date=10 July 2015 |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2015/07/when-you-give-a-tree-an-email-address/398210/ |first=Adrienne |last=LaFrance |title=When You Give a Tree an Email Address}}', 246 => '* {{cite book |last1=Caragliu |first1=Andrea |last2=D Bo |first2=Chiara |last3=Kourtit |first3=Karima |last4=Nijkamp |first4=Peter |chapter=Smart Cities |title=International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences |date=1 January 2015 |pages=113–117 |doi=10.1016/b978-0-08-097086-8.74017-7 |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.74017-7 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=9780080970875 |language=en|edition=Second }}', 247 => '* {{cite journal |author-link1=Saraju Mohanty |first1=Saraju P. |last1=Mohanty |first2= Uma |last2=Choppali |first3= Elias |last3= Kougianos |url=http://www.smohanty.org/Publications_Journals/2016/Mohanty_IEEE-CEM_2016-July_Smart-Cities.pdf |title=Everything You wanted to Know about Smart Cities |journal=IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine |volume=6 |issue=3 |date=July 2016 |pages=60–70|doi=10.1109/MCE.2016.2556879 |s2cid=206450227 }}', 248 => '* {{cite journal |last1=Borsekova |first1=Kamila |last2=Vanova |first2=Anna |last3=Vitalisova |first3=Katarina |title=The Power of Communities in Smart Urban Development |journal=Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences |date=June 2016 |volume=223 |pages=51–57 |doi=10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.05.289 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877042816303688}}', 249 => '* {{citation |last=Hamilton |first=Emily |date=October 31, 2016 |title=The Benefits and Risks of Policymakers' Use of Smart City Technologies |publisher=Mercatus Center at George Mason University |url=https://www.mercatus.org/publications/urban-economics/benefits-and-risks-policymakers-use-smart-city-technology}}', 250 => '* {{cite journal |last1=Cavada |first1=M. |display-authors=etal |year=2016 |title=Do smart cities realise their potential for lower carbon dioxide emissions? |journal=Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Engineering Sustainability |volume=169 |issue=6 |pages=243–252 |doi=10.1680/jensu.15.00032}}', 251 => '* {{cite web|url=https://www.atis.org/smart-cities-roadmap/|title=Smart Cities Technology Roadmap|date=April 2017 |website=Alliance for Telecommunications Industry Solutions |access-date=28 July 2017}}', 252 => '* {{cite book |last1=Del Signore |first1=Marcella |title=Urban Machines : public space in a digital culture |date=2018 |location=[Trento] |isbn=9788898774289}}', 253 => '* {{cite journal |last1=Zhou |first1=Yong |last2=Xiao |first2=Fan |last3=Deng |first3=Weipeng |title=Is smart city a slogan? Evidence from China |journal=Asian Geographer |date=23 March 2022 |pages=1–18 |doi=10.1080/10225706.2022.2052734}}', 254 => '', 255 => '==External links==', 256 => '* [http://www.bsigroup.com/en-GB/smart-cities/ British Standards Institute initiative on Smart Cities]', 257 => '* [https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/future-of-cities Future of Cities] UK government 'Foresight' project on cities', 258 => '', 259 => '{{Ambient intelligence}}', 260 => '{{Cities}}', 261 => '', 262 => '[[Category:Smart cities| ]]', 263 => '[[Category:Urban studies and planning terminology]]', 264 => '[[Category:Government by algorithm]]' ]