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'{{Short description|Nuclides with atomic number of 11 but with different mass numbers}} {{more footnotes needed|date=August 2017}} {{infobox sodium isotopes}} There are 22 isotopes of [[sodium]] (₁₁Na), ranging from {{chem|17|Na}} to {{chem|39|Na}},<ref name="Riken51">{{cite report |last=Ahn |first=D.S. |display-authors=etal |title=New isotope of ³⁹Na and the neutron dripline of neon isotopes using a 345 MeV/nucleon ⁴⁸Ca beam |series=RIKEN Accelerator Progress Reports |volume=51 |pages=82 |date=2018 |url=https://www.nishina.riken.jp/researcher/APR/APR051/pdf/82.pdf}}</ref> and two [[nuclear isomer|isomers]] ({{chem|22m|Na}} and {{chem|24m|Na}}). {{chem|23|Na}} is the only [[stable nuclide|stable]] (and the only [[primordial nuclide|primordial]]) isotope. It is considered a [[monoisotopic element]] and it has a [[standard atomic weight]] of {{val|22.98976928|(2)}}. Sodium has two [[radioactive]] [[Cosmogenic nuclide|cosmogenic]] isotopes ({{chem|22|Na}}, with a [[half-life]] of {{val|2.6019|(6)|u=years}};{{refn|group=nb|name=NUBASE2020 tropical year|Note that NUBASE2020 uses the [[tropical year]] to convert between years and other units of time, not the [[Gregorian year]]. The relationship between years and other time units in NUBASE2020 is as follows: {{nowrap|1=1 y = 365.2422 d = 31 556 926 s}} }} and {{chem|link=Sodium-24|24|Na}}, with a half-life of {{val|14.9560|(15)|u=hours}}). With the exception of those two isotopes, all other isotopes have [[half-life|half-lives]] under a minute, most under a second. The shortest-lived is {{chem|18|Na}}, with a half-life of {{val|1.3|(4)|e=−21}} seconds. Acute neutron radiation exposure (e.g., from a nuclear [[criticality accident]]) converts some of the stable {{chem|23|Na}} in human blood plasma to {{chem|24|Na}}. By measuring the concentration of this isotope, the neutron radiation dosage to the victim can be computed. {{chem|22|Na}} is a [[positron]]-emitting isotope with a remarkably long half-life. It is used to create test-objects and point-sources for [[positron emission tomography]]. == List of isotopes == {{Isotopes table |symbol=Na |refs=NUBASE2020, AME2020 II |notes=m, unc(), mass#, hl#, spin(), spin#, daughter-st, n, p, IT }} |- | {{SimpleNuclide|Sodium|17}} | style="text-align:right" | 11 | style="text-align:right" | 6 | {{val|17.037270|(60)}} | | [[proton emission|p]] | {{SimpleNuclide|Neon|16}} | (1/2+) | | |- | {{SimpleNuclide|Sodium|18}} | style="text-align:right" | 11 | style="text-align:right" | 7 | {{val|18.02688|(10)}} | {{val|1.3|(4)|u=zs}} | p=?<ref group="n" name="decay mode 2">Decay mode shown has been observed, but its intensity is not known experimentally.</ref> | {{SimpleNuclide|Neon|17}} | 1−# | | |- | {{SimpleNuclide|Sodium|19}} | style="text-align:right" | 11 | style="text-align:right" | 8 | {{val|19.013880|(11)}} | > {{val|1|u=as}} | p | {{SimpleNuclide|Neon|18}} | (5/2+) | | |- | rowspan=2|{{SimpleNuclide|Sodium|20}} | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 11 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 9 | rowspan=2|{{val|20.0073543|(12)}} | rowspan=2|{{val|447.9|(2.3)|u=ms}} | β⁺ ({{val|75.0|(4)|u=%}}) | '''{{SimpleNuclide|Neon|20}}''' | rowspan=2|2+ | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β⁺α ({{val|25.0|(4)|u=%}}) | '''{{SimpleNuclide|Oxygen|16}}''' |- | {{SimpleNuclide|Sodium|21}} | style="text-align:right" | 11 | style="text-align:right" | 10 | {{val|20.99765446|(5)}} | {{val|22.4550|(54)|u=s}} | β⁺ | '''{{SimpleNuclide|Neon|21}}''' | 3/2+ | | |- | rowspan=2|[[Sodium-22|{{SimpleNuclide|Sodium|22}}]] | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 11 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 11 | rowspan=2|{{val|21.99443742|(18)}} | rowspan=2|{{val|2.6019|(6)|u=y}}{{refn|group=nb|name=NUBASE2020 tropical year}} | e⁺ ({{val|90.57|(8)|u=%}}) | '''{{SimpleNuclide|Neon|22}}''' | rowspan=2|3+ | rowspan=2|Trace<ref group="n" name="t">[[Cosmogenic nuclide]]</ref> | rowspan=2| |- | [[Electron capture|ε]] ({{val|9.43|(6)|u=%}}) | '''{{SimpleNuclide|Neon|22}}''' |- | style="text-indent:1em" | {{SimpleNuclide|Sodium|22m1}} | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | {{val|583.05|(10)|u=keV}} | {{val|243|(2)|u=ns}} | [[Isomeric transition|IT]] | {{SimpleNuclide|Sodium|22}} | 1+ | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | {{SimpleNuclide|Sodium|22m2}} | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | {{val|657.00|(14)|u=keV}} | {{val|19.6|(7)|u=ps}} | IT | {{SimpleNuclide|Sodium|22}} | 0+ | | |- | {{SimpleNuclide|Sodium|23}} | style="text-align:right" | 11 | style="text-align:right" | 12 | {{val|22.9897692820|(19)}} | colspan=3 align=center|'''Stable''' | 3/2+ | colspan=2 style="text-align:center"|{{val|1}} |- | [[Sodium-24|{{SimpleNuclide|Sodium|24}}]] | style="text-align:right" | 11 | style="text-align:right" | 13 | {{val|23.990963012|(18)}} | {{val|14.9560|(15)|u=h}} | β⁻ | '''{{SimpleNuclide|Magnesium|24}}''' | 4+ | Trace<ref group="n" name="t" /> | |- | rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | {{SimpleNuclide|Sodium|24m}} | rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | {{val|472.2074|(8)|u=keV}} | rowspan=2|{{val|20.18|(10)|u=ms}} | IT ({{val|99.95|u=%}}) | {{SimpleNuclide|Sodium|24}} | rowspan=2|1+ | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β⁻ ({{val|0.05|u=%}}) | '''{{SimpleNuclide|Magnesium|24}}''' |- | {{SimpleNuclide|Sodium|25}} | style="text-align:right" | 11 | style="text-align:right" | 14 | {{val|24.9899540|(13)}} | {{val|59.1|(6)|u=s}} | β⁻ | '''{{SimpleNuclide|Magnesium|25}}''' | 5/2+ | | |- | {{SimpleNuclide|Sodium|26}} | style="text-align:right" | 11 | style="text-align:right" | 15 | {{val|25.992635|(4)}} | {{val|1.07128|(25)|u=s}} | β⁻ | '''{{SimpleNuclide|Magnesium|26}}''' | 3+ | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | {{SimpleNuclide|Sodium|26m}} | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | {{val|82.4|(4)|u=keV}} | {{val|4.35|(16)|u=µs}} | IT | {{SimpleNuclide|Sodium|26}} | 1+ | | |- | rowspan=2|{{SimpleNuclide|Sodium|27}} | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 11 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 16 | rowspan=2| {{val|26.994076|(4)}} | rowspan=2| {{val|301|(6)|u=ms}} | β⁻ ({{val|99.902|(24)|u=%}}) | {{SimpleNuclide|Magnesium|27}} | rowspan=2|5/2+ | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | [[Neutron emission#Beta-delayed neutron emission|β⁻n]] ({{val|0.098|(24)|u=%}}) | '''{{SimpleNuclide|Magnesium|26}}''' |- | rowspan=2|{{SimpleNuclide|Sodium|28}} | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 11 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 17 | rowspan=2|{{val|27.998939|(11)}} | rowspan=2|{{val|33.1|(1.3)|u=ms}} | β⁻ ({{val|99.42|(12)|u=%}}) | {{SimpleNuclide|Magnesium|28}} | rowspan=2|1+ | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β⁻n ({{val|0.58|(12)|u=%}}) | {{SimpleNuclide|Magnesium|27}} |- | rowspan=3|{{SimpleNuclide|Sodium|29}} | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 11 | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 18 | rowspan=3|{{val|29.002877|(8)}} | rowspan=3|{{val|43.2|(4)|u=ms}} | β⁻ ({{val|78|u=%}}) | {{SimpleNuclide|Magnesium|29}} | rowspan=3|3/2+ | rowspan=3| | rowspan=3| |- | β⁻n ({{val|22|(3)|u=%}}) | {{SimpleNuclide|Magnesium|28}} |- | β⁻2n ?<ref group="n" name="decay mode 1">Decay mode shown is energetically allowed, but has not been experimentally observed to occur in this nuclide.</ref> | {{SimpleNuclide|Magnesium|27}} ? |- | rowspan=4|{{SimpleNuclide|Sodium|30}} | rowspan=4 style="text-align:right" | 11 | rowspan=4 style="text-align:right" | 19 | rowspan=4|{{val|30.009098|(5)}} | rowspan=4|{{val|45.9|(7)|u=ms}} | β⁻ ({{val|70.2|(2.2)|u=%}}) | {{SimpleNuclide|Magnesium|30}} | rowspan=4|2+ | rowspan=4| | rowspan=4| |- | β⁻n ({{val|28.6|(2.2)|u=%}}) | {{SimpleNuclide|Magnesium|29}} |- | β⁻2n ({{val|1.24|(19)|u=%}}) | {{SimpleNuclide|Magnesium|28}} |- | β⁻α ({{val|5.5e-5|(2)|u=%}}) | {{SimpleNuclide|Neon|26}} |- | rowspan=4|{{SimpleNuclide|Sodium|31}} | rowspan=4 style="text-align:right" | 11 | rowspan=4 style="text-align:right" | 20 | rowspan=4|{{val|31.013147|(15)}} | rowspan=4|{{val|16.8|(3)|u=ms}} | β⁻ (> {{val|63.2|(3.5)|u=%}}) | {{SimpleNuclide|Magnesium|31}} | rowspan=4|3/2+ | rowspan=4| | rowspan=4| |- | β⁻n ({{val|36.0|(3.5)|u=%}}) | {{SimpleNuclide|Magnesium|30}} |- | β⁻2n ({{val|0.73|(9)|u=%}}) | {{SimpleNuclide|Magnesium|29}} |- | β⁻3n (< {{val|0.05|u=%}}) | {{SimpleNuclide|Magnesium|28}} |- | rowspan=3|{{SimpleNuclide|Sodium|32}} | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 11 | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 21 | rowspan=3|{{val|32.020010|(40)}} | rowspan=3|{{val|12.9|(3)|u=ms}} | β⁻ ({{val|66.4|(6.2)|u=%}}) | {{SimpleNuclide|Magnesium|32}} | rowspan=3|(3−) | rowspan=3| | rowspan=3| |- | β⁻n ({{val|26|(6)|u=%}}) | {{SimpleNuclide|Magnesium|31}} |- | β⁻2n ({{val|7.6|(1.5)|u=%}}) | {{SimpleNuclide|Magnesium|30}} |- | rowspan=3|{{SimpleNuclide|Sodium|33}} | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 11 | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 22 | rowspan=3|{{val|33.02553|(48)}} | rowspan=3|{{val|8.2|(4)|u=ms}} | β⁻n ({{val|47|(6)|u=%}}) | {{SimpleNuclide|Magnesium|32}} | rowspan=3|(3/2+) | rowspan=3| | rowspan=3| |- | β⁻ ({{val|40.0|(6.7)|u=%}}) | {{SimpleNuclide|Magnesium|33}} |- | β⁻2n ({{val|13|(3)|u=%}}) | {{SimpleNuclide|Magnesium|31}} |- | rowspan=3|{{SimpleNuclide|Sodium|34}} | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 11 | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 23 | rowspan=3|{{val|34.03401|(64)}} | rowspan=3|{{val|5.5|(1.0)|u=ms}} | β⁻2n (~{{val|50|u=%}}) | {{SimpleNuclide|Magnesium|32}} | rowspan=3|1+ | rowspan=3| | rowspan=3| |- | β⁻ (~{{val|35|u=%}}) | {{SimpleNuclide|Magnesium|34}} |- | β⁻n (~{{val|15|u=%}}) | {{SimpleNuclide|Magnesium|33}} |- | rowspan=3|{{SimpleNuclide|Sodium|35}} | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 11 | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 24 | rowspan=3|{{val|35.04061|(72)}}# | rowspan=3|{{val|1.5|(5)|u=ms}} | β⁻ | {{SimpleNuclide|Magnesium|35}} | rowspan=3|3/2+# | rowspan=3| | rowspan=3| |- | β⁻n ?<ref group="n" name="decay mode 1" /> | {{SimpleNuclide|Magnesium|34}} ? |- | β⁻2n ?<ref group="n" name="decay mode 1" /> | {{SimpleNuclide|Magnesium|33}} ? |- | {{SimpleNuclide|Sodium|36}} | style="text-align:right" | 11 | style="text-align:right" | 25 | {{val|36.04928|(74)}}# | < {{val|180|u=ns}} | n ?<ref group="n" name="decay mode 1" /> | {{SimpleNuclide|Sodium|35}} ? | | | |- | rowspan=3|{{SimpleNuclide|Sodium|37}} | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 11 | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 26 | rowspan=3|{{val|37.05704|(74)}}# | rowspan=3|1#&nbsp;ms [> {{val|1.5|u=µs}}] | β⁻ ?<ref group="n" name="decay mode 1" /> | {{SimpleNuclide|Magnesium|37}} ? | rowspan=3|3/2+# | rowspan=3| | rowspan=3| |- | β⁻n ?<ref group="n" name="decay mode 1" /> | {{SimpleNuclide|Magnesium|36}} ? |- | β⁻2n ?<ref group="n" name="decay mode 1" /> | {{SimpleNuclide|Magnesium|35}} ? |- | {{SimpleNuclide|Sodium|38}} | style="text-align:right" | 11 | style="text-align:right" | 27 | {{val|38.06646|(77)}}# | < {{val|400|u=ns}} | n ?<ref group="n" name="decay mode 1" /> | {{SimpleNuclide|Sodium|37}} ? | | | |- | rowspan=3|{{SimpleNuclide|Sodium|39}}<ref name="Riken51" /> | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 11 | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 28 | rowspan=3|{{val|39.07512|(80)}}# | rowspan=3|1#&nbsp;ms [> {{val|400|u=ns}}] | β⁻ ?<ref group="n" name="decay mode 1" /> | {{SimpleNuclide|Magnesium|39}} ? | rowspan=3|3/2+# | rowspan=3| | rowspan=3| |- | β⁻n ?<ref group="n" name="decay mode 1" /> | {{SimpleNuclide|Magnesium|38}} ? |- | β⁻2n ?<ref group="n" name="decay mode 1" /> | {{SimpleNuclide|Magnesium|37}} ? |- {{Isotopes table/footer}} ==Sodium-22== Sodium-22 is a [[radioactive]] isotope of sodium, undergoing [[positron emission]] to {{chem|link=Isotopes of neon|22|Ne}} with a half-life of {{val|2.6019|(6)|u=years}}. {{chem|22|Na}} is being investigated as an efficient generator of "cold [[positrons]]" ([[antimatter]]) to produce [[muons]] for catalyzing [[Muon-catalyzed fusion|fusion of deuterium]]. It is also commonly used as a positron source in [[positron annihilation spectroscopy]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Saro|first=Matúš|last2=Kršjak|first2=Vladimír|last3=Petriska|first3=Martin|last4=Slugeň|first4=Vladimír|date=2019-07-29|title=Sodium-22 source contribution determination in positron annihilation measurements using GEANT4|url=https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.5119492|journal=AIP Conference Proceedings|volume=2131|issue=1|pages=020039|doi=10.1063/1.5119492|issn=0094-243X}}</ref> ==Sodium-24== Sodium-24 is radioactive<ref><ref>Isotopes of sodium</ref></ref> and can be created from common sodium-23 by [[neutron activation]]. With a half-life of {{val|14.9560|(15)|u=hours}}, {{chem|24|Na}} decays to {{chem|link=Isotopes of magnesium|24|Mg}} by emission of an [[electron]] and two [[gamma ray]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/science/sodium-24|title=sodium-24|publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]}}</ref><ref name="neutron-dose-assessment"/> Exposure of the human body to intense [[neutron radiation]] creates {{chem|24|Na}} in the [[blood plasma]]. Measurements of its quantity can be done to determine the absorbed radiation dose of a patient.<ref name="neutron-dose-assessment">{{cite journal|title=Neutron dose assessment using samples of human blood and hair |first1=Daniela |last1=Ekendahl |first2=Peter |last2=Rubovič |first3=Pavel |last3=Žlebčík |first4=Ivan |last4=Hupka |first5=Ondřej |last5=Huml |first6=Věra |last6=Bečková |first7=Helena |last7=Malá |date=7 November 2019 |doi=10.1093/rpd/ncz202|journal=Radiation Protection Dosimetry|volume=186|issue=2–3|pages=202–205}}</ref> This can be used to determine the type of medical treatment required. When sodium is used as coolant in [[fast breeder reactor]]s, {{chem|24|Na}} is created, which makes the coolant radioactive. When the {{chem|24|Na}} decays, it causes a buildup of magnesium in the coolant. Since the half life is short, the {{chem|24|Na}} portion of the coolant ceases to be radioactive within a few days after removal from the reactor. Leakage of the hot sodium from the primary loop may cause radioactive fires,<ref>[https://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/Publications/PDF/te_1180_prn.pdf Unusual occurrences during LMFR operation], Proceedings of a Technical Committee meeting held in Vienna, 9–13 November 1998, [[International Atomic Energy Agency|IAEA]]. Pages 84, 122.</ref> as it can ignite in contact with air (and explodes in contact with water). For this reason the primary cooling loop is within a containment vessel. Sodium has been proposed as a casing for a [[salted bomb]], as it would convert to {{chem|24|Na}} and produce intense gamma-ray emissions for a few days.<ref>{{cite news|work = [[Time (magazine)|Time]]|url = http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,828877,00.html|title = Science: fy for Doomsday|date = November 24, 1961|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160314102436/http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,828877,00.html|url-status = live|url-access = subscription|archive-date = March 14, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | first=W. H. | last=Clark | title=Chemical and Thermonuclear Explosives | journal=[[Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists]] | year=1961 | volume=17 | issue=9 | pages=356–360 | doi=10.1080/00963402.1961.11454268}}</ref> ==Notes== {{reflist|group=nb}} == References == {{reflist}} ==External links== *[https://web.archive.org/web/20070712011829/http://ie.lbl.gov/education/parent/Na_iso.htm Sodium isotopes data from ''The Berkeley Laboratory Isotopes Project's''] {{Navbox element isotopes}} [[Category:Isotopes of sodium| ]] [[Category:Sodium]] [[Category:Lists of isotopes by element|Sodium]]'