Examine individual changes

[ 0 => 'The '''coups d'état in Venezuela''' have occurred almost since the very foundation of the Republic, throughout the history of [[Venezuela]] on various occasions insurrections, uprisings, or military or civil revolutions were used to overthrow and replace governments, or to change its form and direction, either with force or intimidation, and even trying to use pseudo-legal methods, gradually with the consolidation of a democratic system in the country, this practice was resorted to less and less.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-01-29 |title=Venezuela arrastra más de un siglo de golpes de Estado, ¿por qué? |url=https://www.france24.com/es/20190129-venezuela-historia-golpes-estado-maduro |access-date=2022-07-29 |website=France 24}}</ref>', 1 => '', 2 => 'The first uprising that is remembered in Venezuela took place in 1835 against the government of [[José María Vargas]], by the conservative Congress and [[José Antonio Páez]] and the last was the one that took place on April 11, 2002, which caused the brief overthrow of [[Hugo Chávez]] and the installation of a de facto government by [[Pedro Carmona|Pedro Carmona Estanga]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-12 |title=Historia - 20 aniversario del golpe de Estado a Hugo Chávez, el momento más crítico para el chavismo |url=https://www.france24.com/es/programas/historia/20220412-aniversario-golpe-estado-chavez-historia |access-date=2022-07-29 |website=France 24}}</ref>', 3 => '', 4 => '== List of coups ==', 5 => '{| class="wikitable sortable"', 6 => '|+', 7 => '!#', 8 => '!Coup d'etat', 9 => '!Beginning', 10 => '!End', 11 => '!Duration', 12 => '!Led by', 13 => '!Goverment of', 14 => '!Result', 15 => '|-', 16 => '|1', 17 => '|[[Revolution of the Reforms]]', 18 => '|June 7, 1835', 19 => '|March 1, 1836', 20 => '|279 days', 21 => '|[[Santiago Mariño]], Diego Ibarra, Pedro Briceño Méndez, José Laurencio Silva, [[José María Melo]], [[Louis Peru de Lacroix|Luis Perú de Lacroix]] y [[Pedro Carujo]]', 22 => '|[[José María Vargas]]', 23 => '|Failed insurrection, Vargas is reinstated in his charge', 24 => '|-', 25 => '|2', 26 => '|[[March Revolution (Venezuela)|March Revolution]]', 27 => '|March 1, 1858', 28 => '|March 15, 1858', 29 => '|15 days', 30 => '|[[Julián Castro (Venezuelan politician)|Julián Castro]]', 31 => '|[[José Tadeo Monagas]]', 32 => '|Successful insurrection, Monagas goes into exile.', 33 => '|-', 34 => '|3', 35 => '|[[Restorative Liberal Revolution]]', 36 => '|May 23, 1899', 37 => '|October 23, 1899', 38 => '|154 days', 39 => '|[[Cipriano Castro]]', 40 => '|[[Ignacio Andrade]]', 41 => '|Succesful insurrection, end of the Yellow Liberalism', 42 => '|-', 43 => '|4', 44 => '|[[1908 Venezuelan Coup d'etat|1908 coup d'etat]] ', 45 => '|December 19, 1908', 46 => '|December 19, 1908', 47 => '|1 day', 48 => '|[[Juan Vicente Gómez]], part of the [[National Bolivarian Armed Forces of Venezuela|Venezuelan Armed Forces]]', 49 => '|[[Cipriano Castro]]', 50 => '|Succesful insurrection, beginning of the dicatorship of Juan Vicente Gómez', 51 => '|-', 52 => '|5', 53 => '|[[1945 Venezuelan coup d'état|1945 coup d'etat]]', 54 => '|October 18, 1945', 55 => '|October 18, 1945', 56 => '|1 day', 57 => '|[[Rómulo Betancourt]], [[Marcos Pérez Jiménez]], [[Carlos Delgado Chalbaud]], [[Democratic Action (Venezuela)|Democratic Action]], part of the [[National Bolivarian Armed Forces of Venezuela|Venezuelan Armed Forces]]', 58 => '|[[Isaías Medina Angarita]]', 59 => '|Succesful insurrection, end of the Andean Hegemony.', 60 => '|-', 61 => '|6', 62 => '|[[1948 Venezuelan coup d'état|1948 coup d'etat]]', 63 => '|November 24, 1948', 64 => '|November 24, 1948', 65 => '|1 day', 66 => '|[[Marcos Pérez Jiménez]], [[Carlos Delgado Chalbaud]], [[Luis Felipe Llobera Páez]], part of the [[National Bolivarian Armed Forces of Venezuela|Venezuelan Armed Forces]]', 67 => '|[[Rómulo Gallegos]]', 68 => '|Succesful insurrection, end of the [[El Trienio Adeco|Trienio Adeco]]', 69 => '|-', 70 => '|7', 71 => '|[[1958 Venezuelan coup d'état|1958 coup d'etat]]', 72 => '|January 23, 1958', 73 => '|January 23, 1958', 74 => '|1 day', 75 => '|[[Junta Patriótica]], [[Venezuelan armed forces|Venezuelan Armed Forces]], [[Fabricio Ojeda]], [[Wolfgang Larrazábal]], [[Communist Party of Venezuela]], [[Democratic Republican Union|Democratic Republican Unión]], [[Democratic Action (Venezuela)|Democrátic Action]]', 76 => '|[[Marcos Pérez Jiménez]]', 77 => '|Succesful insurrection, beginning of the [[Republic of Venezuela|democracy in Venezuela]]', 78 => '|-', 79 => '|8', 80 => '|[[El Barcelonazo]]', 81 => '|June 26, 1961', 82 => '|June 26, 1961', 83 => '|1 day', 84 => '|Luis Alberto Vivas Ramírez, Rubén Massó Perdomo, Tesalio Murillo', 85 => '|[[Rómulo Betancourt|Rómulo Bentacourt]]', 86 => '|Failed insurrection', 87 => '|-', 88 => '|9', 89 => '|[[El Carupanazo]]', 90 => '|May 4, 1962', 91 => '|May 4, 1962', 92 => '|1 day', 93 => '|[[Bolivarian Navy of Venezuela|Marine Infantry Batallion No. 3]], [[Venezuelan National Guard|Detachment No. 77 of the National Guard]], [[corvette captain]], Jesús Teodoro Molina Villegas, [[Major]] Pedro Vegas Castejón, [[Lieutenant]] Héctor Fleming Mendoza ', 94 => '|[[Rómulo Betancourt]]', 95 => '|Failed insurrection', 96 => '|-', 97 => '|10', 98 => '|[[El Porteñazo]]', 99 => '|June 2, 1962', 100 => '|June 3, 1962', 101 => '|2 days', 102 => '|[[Captain (naval)|Captain]] Manuel Ponte Rodríguez, [[Frigate captain|Frigate Captain]] Pedro Medina Silva, [[Corvette captain]] Víctor Hugo Morales ', 103 => '|[[Rómulo Betancourt|Rómulo Bentacourt]]', 104 => '|Failed insurrection', 105 => '|-', 106 => '|11', 107 => '|[[February 1992 Venezuelan coup d'état attempt|February 1992 coup d'etat]]', 108 => '|February 4, 1992', 109 => '|February 4, 1992', 110 => '|1 day', 111 => '|[[Hugo Chávez|Hugo Chavez]], [[Francisco Arias Cárdenas]], Yoel Acosta Chirinos, Jesús Urdaneta, [[Revolutionary Bolivarian Movement-200]]', 112 => '|[[Carlos Andrés Pérez]]', 113 => '|Failed insurrection', 114 => '|-', 115 => '|12', 116 => '|[[November 1992 Venezuelan coup d'état attempt|November 1992 coup d'etat]]', 117 => '|November 27, 1992', 118 => '|November 27, 1992', 119 => '|1 day', 120 => '|Hernán Grüber Odremán, [[Jesse Chacón]], Luis Enrique Cabrera Aguirre, Francisco Visconti Osorio, Venezuelan Revolutionary Party, [[Red Flag Party]]', 121 => '|[[Carlos Andrés Pérez]]', 122 => '|Failed insurrection', 123 => '|-', 124 => '|13', 125 => '|[[2002 Venezuelan coup d'état attempt|2002 coup d'etat]]', 126 => '|April 11, 2002', 127 => '|April 14, 2002', 128 => '|4 days', 129 => '|Part of the [[National Bolivarian Armed Forces of Venezuela|Venezuelan Armed Forces]], [[Confederación de Trabajadores de Venezuela|CTV]], Fedecámaras, civil society, various political parties, during a few hours the country was presided by [[Pedro Carmona|Pedro Carmona Estanga]]', 130 => '|[[Hugo Chávez]]', 131 => '|Failed insurrection. Chávez is reinstated in his charge', 132 => '|}', 133 => '', 134 => '== Revolution of the Reforms (1835) ==', 135 => '{{Main articles|Revolution of the Reforms}}', 136 => 'Rebellion that occurred in Venezuela between June 7, 1835 and 1836, against the government of [[José María Vargas]], the conservative Congress and the power of [[José Antonio Páez]]. It starred [[Santiago Mariño]], Diego Ibarra, Pedro Briceño Méndez, José Laurencio Silva, [[José María Melo]], Blas Bruzual, [[Louis Peru de Lacroix|Luis Perú de Lacroix]] and [[Pedro Carujo]], all patriotic heroes of the Independence and Bolivarianists, except Pedro Carujo who had planned and participated in the [[Septembrine Conspiracy|attack against]] [[Simón Bolívar|Bolívar]], in Bogotá in 1828.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Revolución de las Reformas {{!}} Fundación Empresas Polar |url=https://bibliofep.fundacionempresaspolar.org/dhv/entradas/r/revolucion-de-las-reformas/ |access-date=2022-07-29 |website=bibliofep.fundacionempresaspolar.org}}</ref>', 137 => '', 138 => '== March Revolution (1858) ==', 139 => '{{Main articles|March Revolution (Venezuela)}}', 140 => 'The March Revolution led by [[Julián Castro (Venezuelan politician)|Julián Castro]] in March 1858, constitutes the first rebellion against a constituted authority that has been successful in the republican history of Venezuela. Castro, its main leader, enjoyed the absolute confidence of President [[José Tadeo Monagas]]. In general terms, the fundamental causes of this revolutionary movement were the political abuses and social ills accumulated during the decade in which the brothers José Tadeo Monagas and [[José Gregorio Monagas]] (1848-1858) had governed the country, a period also known in Venezuelan historiography. as of the "Liberal Oligarchy".<ref>https://www.venezuelatuya.com/historia/revolucion_marzo.htm</ref>', 141 => '', 142 => '== Restorative Liberal Revolution (1899) ==', 143 => '{{Main articles|Restorative Liberal Revolution}}', 144 => 'On May 23, 1899, an invasion of Venezuela led by [[Cipriano Castro]] began from [[Colombia]], which had the purpose of overthrowing the government of President [[Ignacio Andrade]]. This military campaign known as the Restorative Liberal Revolution, Restoring Revolution or the "invasion of the 60s", represented the first massive participation of the Andeans in national politics and the end of the hegemony of [[History of Venezuela (1830–1908)#Guzmán Blanco ascendancy (1870 - 1887)|Yellow Liberalism]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-08-26 |title=Revolución Liberal Restauradora - #Tochadasnetve |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160826133433/http://tochadas.net.ve/revolucion-liberal-restauradora.html |access-date=2022-07-29 |website=web.archive.org}}</ref>', 145 => '', 146 => '== 1908 Coup d'etat ==', 147 => '{{Main articles|1908 Venezuelan Coup d'etat}}', 148 => 'The coup d'état of December 19, 1908, was a movement led by General [[Juan Vicente Gómez]] in Venezuela, by means of which, in the absence of President [[Cipriano Castro]], he took power and would govern dictatorially, either directly by being elected by the president congress or indirectly through civilian puppet governments that obeyed him.', 149 => '', 150 => 'Pleading a conspiracy to assassinate him, Gómez staged the December 1908 coup, leading a brutal dictatorship until his death in 1935.<ref>{{Cite web |title=1908 - Cronología de historia de Venezuela |url=https://bibliofep.fundacionempresaspolar.org/_custom/static/cronologia_hv/zoom/s20/1908-3.html |access-date=2022-07-29 |website=bibliofep.fundacionempresaspolar.org}}</ref>', 151 => '', 152 => '== October 1945 Coup d'etat ==', 153 => '{{Main articles|1945 Venezuelan coup d'état}}', 154 => 'Known by its supporters as the "October Revolution", it was a coup in Venezuela against the government of the president of the republic, [[Isaías Medina Angarita]], carried out by a coalition of the [[National Bolivarian Armed Forces of Venezuela|Armed Forces]] and the [[Democratic Action (Venezuela)|Democratic Action]] political party, resulting in the arrival to the power of [[Rómulo Betancourt]]. One of the most controversial aspects of the events of 1945 was the title of "Revolution" with which the members of Democratic Action baptized what was nothing more than a civic-military coup d'état, whose main leaders were Rómulo Betancourt and [[Marcos Pérez Jiménez]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=19. Lista completa de fallecidos.png |url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/1yw1DDqnd8AUmBBM8tGYleNxq-0LAZY2t/view?usp=embed_facebook |access-date=2022-07-29 |website=Google Docs}}</ref>', 155 => '', 156 => '== 1948 Coup d'etat ==', 157 => '{{Main articles|1948 Venezuelan coup d'état}}', 158 => 'The coup d'état of November 24, 1948 was an insurrection of soldiers and politicians against the democratically elected Venezuelan president [[Rómulo Gallegos]] who was overthrown and forced into exile, in his place a [[Military junta|Military Junta]] was installed, chaired by [[Carlos Delgado Chalbaud]], and integrated also by lieutenant colonels [[Marcos Pérez Jiménez]] and Luis Felipe Llovera Páez, the [[military junta]] after the assassination of Delgado Chalbaud in 1950, he would appoint [[Germán Suárez Flamerich]], who would govern until the results of the [[1952 Venezuelan Constituent Assembly election|1952 elections]] were ignored, by Pérez Jiménez who, being part of the Junta, declared himself the winner of the elections and began a dictatorship that would be overthrown in 1958.<ref name=":0">Lucca, Rafael Arráiz (mayo de 2007). ''Historia Contemporánea de Venezuela. Primer año del ciclo diversificado de la Educación Media''. Caracas. p. 198.</ref>', 159 => '', 160 => '== January 1958 Coup d'etat ==', 161 => '{{Main articles|1958 Venezuelan coup d'état}}', 162 => 'The Coup d'etat of January 23, 1958, also known as the Civic-Military Governing Board of 1958 or the Overthrow of General [[Marcos Pérez Jiménez]], was a historical event that occurred in Venezuela, through which the dictatorship of General Marcos Pérez Jiménez, who was forced to leave the country for the [[Dominican Republic]] aboard the presidential plane "La Vaca Sagrada". Pérez Jiménez had been holding the position of [[president of Venezuela]] since the early 1950s, with the end of his regime the democratic process began in Venezuela, although before that date there had already been some short experiences or democratic trials such as those of 1947.<ref name=":0" />', 163 => '', 164 => '== El Barcelonazo (June 1961) ==', 165 => '{{Main articles|El Barcelonazo}}', 166 => '', 167 => '== El Carupanazo (May 1962) ==', 168 => '{{Main articles|El Carupanazo}}', 169 => 'El Carupanazo was a military insurrection in Carúpano against President [[Rómulo Betancourt]]. El Carupanazo broke out at midnight on May 4, 1962 in [[Carúpano]] ([[Sucre (state)|Sucre]]), led by the Marine Infantry Battalion No. 3 and the National Guard Detachment No. 77. The Insurgents, under the command of Lieutenant Commander Jesús Teodoro Molina Villegas, Major Pedro Vegas Castejón and Lieutenant Héctor Fleming Mendoza, rose up against the national government, occupying the streets and buildings of the city, the airport and the Radio Carúpano station from where they launched a manifesto on behalf of the Democratic Recovery Movement. Given these facts, Betancourt suspended the guarantees, accused the [[Communist Party of Venezuela|PCV]] and the [[Revolutionary Left Movement (Venezuela)|MIR]] of being involved in the uprising and issued decree no. 752 suspending the operation of both parties throughout the national territory.<ref name=":1">www.venezuelatuya.com/historia/carupanazo_portenazo.htm</ref>', 170 => '', 171 => '== El Porteñazo (June 1962) ==', 172 => '{{Main articles|El Porteñazo}}', 173 => 'The Porteñazo or [[Puerto Cabello]] Insurrection was an uprising at the Puerto Cabello Naval Base. Unlike the "Carupanazo" the "Porteñazo" represented a civic-military conspiracy of much greater magnitude, due to the forces involved, the intensity of the fight and the terrible balance of wounded and dead left behind. At dawn on June 2, 1962, there was an uprising at the naval base of Puerto Cabello ([[Carabobo]]), led by the ship's captain Manuel Ponte Rodríguez, the frigate captain Pedro Medina Silva and the lieutenant commander Víctor Hugo Morales.', 174 => '', 175 => 'Finally, on June 3, the Ministry of Internal Relations announced that since dawn, the Armed Forces loyal to the government had put an end to the rebellion with a balance of more than 400 dead and 700 wounded. Three days later, after the leaders of the uprising were captured, the last stronghold of the insurgents, [[Fortín Solano]], fell. Subsequently, when politicians linked to the [[Communist Party of Venezuela]] were suspected of participating in the "Porteñazo" events, a deepening of the policy of purging officers linked to or suspected of sympathy with the left began in the Armed Forces.<ref name=":1" />', 176 => '', 177 => '== 1992 First Coup d'etat Attempt ==', 178 => '{{Main articles|February 1992 Venezuelan coup d'état attempt}}', 179 => 'On February 4, 1992, a group of soldiers carried out an attempted coup in Venezuela against the then constitutional president [[Carlos Andrés Pérez]]. The attempt did not achieve its objectives and the rebels surrendered. Among the raised officers who commanded this maneuver were, mainly, four army lieutenant colonels: [[Hugo Chávez]], [[Francisco Arias Cárdenas]], Yoel Acosta Chirinos and Jesús Urdaneta.', 180 => '', 181 => 'This event radically transformed Venezuelan political life, introducing new actors on the scene: of these four protagonists, the first was president from 1999 until his death in 2013; however, Arias has also dabbled in politics: he was elected governor of Zulia state, a presidential candidate in 2000, competing with his own former partner (at the time) Hugo Chávez, and again governor of Zulia in 2013 after reconciling with Chávez; Acosta has kept a low profile and Urdaneta has become a critic of the policies carried out by the Chávez government.', 182 => '', 183 => 'All the participants in this action were taken to prison for this action, their case being later dismissed and released two years later, during the presidency of [[Rafael Caldera]].<ref name=":2">Martínez Meucci, Miguel Ángel (2008). ''Golpes de Estado en Venezuela durante el período 1989-2004: Evolución del conflicto y contexto sociopolítico''</ref>', 184 => '', 185 => '== 1992 Second Coup d'etat Attempt ==', 186 => '{{Main articles|November 1992 Venezuelan coup d'état attempt}}', 187 => 'On November 27, 1992, an unsuccessful coup attempt was carried out in Venezuela against the government of then President [[Carlos Andrés Pérez]], just nine months after another attempt in February of the same year. On this occasion, civilians and military participated in the coup. The most prominent names in this attempt were Hernán Grüber Odremán, Luis Enrique Cabrera Aguirre, Francisco Visconti Osorio, and the [[Red Flag Party|Bandera Roja]] and Tercer Camino political parties.<ref name=":2" />', 188 => '', 189 => '== April 2002 Coup d'etat ==', 190 => '{{Main articles|2002 Venezuelan coup d'état attempt}}', 191 => 'A general civic strike lasting more than 3 days, called by union and business organizations opposed to the Government, was carried out throughout the country, in response to the deteriorating economic situation in the country; in which there were international reserves of 10 billion dollars, a cut in public spending by 22% and a devaluation of the currency by 20%, plus the removal of the President of the state oil company [[PDVSA]] by [[Hugo Chávez]] and the a call by Pedro Luis Soto, Colonel of Aviation, to the Armed Forces to "save democracy that is being threatened by Hugo Chávez"; were the antecedents prior to the coup d'état. Similarly, the savage repression by state security forces of a peaceful gathering of nearly 1 million people in the Chuao de Caracas urbanization served as a trigger, as well as the arbitrary imprisonment of some military and civilian leaders who issued a speech before these citizens who were demonstrating, at the same time that then President Chávez fired more than 16,000 workers from the state oil company PDVSA through a national media network.', 192 => '', 193 => 'Trade union and business organizations call for a mass rally for April 11, 2002. This rally turned into a march that traveled the 11 kilometers that separated the site of the call and the Presidential Palace. In the afternoon, once near the seat of government, clashes broke out between members of the Caracas Metropolitan Police, who were guarding the opposition march, and supporters of the President. Snipers stationed at different points shoot at supporters of the opposition and the ruling party. Leaving a balance of 19 dead. The Government immediately accused the opposition of having taken the march without permission to the [[Miraflores Palace]] where there were supporters of the ruling party supporting the Government. While on the other hand those who led the opposition march accused the government of having planned the violent actions.', 194 => '', 195 => 'The President orders the activation of [[Plan Ávila]] to control the situation, but this order is ignored by military commanders who demand the president's resignation. Minutes after the order, President Chávez called for calm in the population on a national radio and television channel; For their part, the private media decided to divide the screen, an action considered by them as an act of journalistic response to the events. While on one screen the President was seen in total calm, on the second screen the chaos caused by the shootings that occurred in Caracas was shown.', 196 => '', 197 => 'In the evening hours of the same April 11, the Minister of Defense, General in Chief Lucas Rincón, announced the request and subsequent acceptance of the resignation of President Hugo Chávez. In the early hours of April 12 at the Miraflores Palace, [[Hugo Chávez]] surrenders to the insurgent military and is fired by his ministers and other Palace workers; then he is taken to military installations located in Caracas. A few minutes after Chávez's arrest, [[Pedro Carmona|Pedro Carmona Estanga]] announces to the country on national television that President Chávez has resigned, and that the military have asked him to lead a Provisional Government until free elections where the new Government is elected. Constitutional. However, President Chávez later stated that he never signed his resignation and that he was kidnapped.', 198 => '', 199 => 'On the afternoon of the 12th, the president of the federation of business associations, [[Pedro Carmona|Pedro Carmona Estanga]], supported by the insurgent military and various sectors of civil society, assumes the Presidency of the Republic through a controversial and illegal decree that dismissed all executive officials that made up the national public powers ([[Supreme Tribunal of Justice (Venezuela)|TSJ]], [[National Electoral Council (Venezuela)|CNE]], [[National Assembly (Venezuela)|National Assembly of Venezuela]], [[Prosecutor's office|Prosecutor's Office]], [[Ombudsman]], [[Comptroller|Comptroller's Office]], [[Ministries]]) and local (mayors, governors, deputies to municipal and state parliaments) from their positions and also allowed the Provisional Government appoint the new members of all the previous positions; It also changed the name of the country from "Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela" to "Republic of Venezuela" and committed the Provisional Government to convene free, secret and universal general elections for all elected positions and also promised to hand over power to the new Government. Constitutional Court resulting from said elections and to be accountable to it. The decree was called the Act of Constitution of the Government of Democratic Transition and National Unity, which was signed by 400 people who were present at the Miraflores Palace, and supported more by the insurgent military.', 200 => '', 201 => 'On the morning of April 13, the political police, following orders from the Provisional Government, persecuted the representatives of the ousted government to make them pay before the Venezuelan justice system and protected a group of demonstrators who were attacking the Cuban Embassy in Caracas (this due to that the police could not in any way break into any embassy of another country, but they also did not break up the protesters who attacked it).', 202 => '', 203 => 'That same day an operation is launched to restore constitutional order. The then attorney general of the Republic, [[Isaías Rodríguez]], declares that a coup d'état has occurred since, among other things, there is no physical evidence of his resignation, however the national television stations take it off the air. Relatives of [[Hugo Chávez]] denounced the situation before international media. On the 13th, [[Raúl Baduel]], Chief of the Army Garrison of the city of Maracay, 100 kilometers from the capital, ignores the new government and contacts the military loyal to Hugo Chávez. Supporters of the deposed President hold demonstrations in [[Caracas]] demanding his return. The [[Miraflores Palace]] was taken over by troops loyal to Chavez. This, who had been transferred from one military installation to another (located on [[La Orchila Island]]) during the last 48 hours, is rescued and taken back to Caracas, where he again assumes command.', 204 => '', 205 => 'About 8 months later, the [[Supreme Court of Justice of Venezuela]] ruled that what happened was not a "coup d'état" but a "power vacuum", based on what was previously affirmed by the highest military authority in the country, General-in-Chief [[Lucas Rincón Romero]], affected by the Chávez government. For this reason, the masterminds of said military uprising were not imprisoned or sentenced, nor were the civilians who supported it, except for those cases in which the commission of common crimes against officials of the temporarily deposed government or against public property or private.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Folha Online - Especial - 2002 - Venezuela |url=https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/folha/especial/2002/venezuela/o_golpe.shtml |access-date=2022-07-29 |website=www1.folha.uol.com.br}}</ref><ref name=":2" />', 206 => '', 207 => '== See Also ==', 208 => '', 209 => '* [[Venezuelan Civil Wars]]', 210 => '* [[Caracazo]]', 211 => '* [[History of Venezuela]]', 212 => '* [[Politics of Venezuela]]', 213 => '* [[Elections in Venezuela]]', 214 => '', 215 => '== References ==' ]