Examine individual changes

'{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}} {{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}} {{Infobox mountain pass | name = Lipu-Lekh Pass | photo = | photo_caption = | map = India Uttarakhand#China Tibet#Nepal Sudurpashchim Pradesh | elevation_ft = 16780 | elevation_ref = {{sfnp|Walton, Almora District Gazetteer|1911|p=229}} | traversed = | location = Border between Uttarakhand, India and Tibet, China<ref name="LingAbdenur2016"/> | range = [[Himalayas]] | coordinates = {{coord|30.234080|81.028805|type:pass|format=dms|display=title,inline}} | map_relief = 0 | topo = }} {{OSM Location map | coord = {{coord|30.23|81.02}} <!-- Map center --> | float = right | zoom = 10 | width = 275 | height = 275 | caption = The vicinity of the Lipulekh Pass | nolabels = 1 | map-data = Q1499 <!-- Lipulekh Pass --> | mark-coord1 = {{coord|30.2328|81.0284}} | mark1 = Mountain pass 12x12 e.svg | mark-size1 = 12 | label1 = Lipulekh |labela1 = Pass | label-size1 = 10 | label-color1 = hard red | label-pos1 = right | label-offset-x1 = 0 | label-offset-y1 = -5 | mark-title1 = [[Lipulekh Pass]] | mark-description1 = Point on China–India border <!-- Kalapani village --> | mark-coord2 = {{coord|30.2234|80.9123}} | mark2 = Red pog.svg | mark-size2 = 6 | label2 = Kalapani |labela2 = village | label-size2 = 10 | label-color2 = hard red | label-pos2 = top |label-offset-x2 = -8 |label-offset-y2 = 0 | mark-title2 = Kalapani village | mark-description2 = <!-- Burang --> | mark-coord3 = {{coord|30.2962|81.1748}} | mark3 = Red pog.svg | mark-size3 = 6 | label3 = Burang | label-size3 = 10 | label-color3 = hard red | label-pos3 = left |label-offset-x3 = 0 |label-offset-y3 = 0 | mark-title3 = [[Burang Town|Burang]] | mark-description3 = Tibetan town <!-- Gunji village --> | mark-coord4 = {{coord|30.1860407|80.8515430}} | mark4 = Red pog.svg | mark-size4 = 6 | label4 = Gunji | label-size4 = 10 | label-color4 = hard red | label-pos4 = right |label-offset-x4 = 0 |label-offset-y4 = 0 | mark-title4 = [[Gunji, Uttarakhand|Gunji]] | mark-description4 = <!-- P. 6172 --> | mark-coord5 = {{coord|30.1795|80.9417}} | mark5 = Blue Fire.svg | mark-size5 = 12 | label5 = P. 6172 | label-size5 = 10 | label-color5 = hard blue | label-pos5 = bottom |label-offset-x5 = -4 |label-offset-y5 = 0 | mark-title5 = P. 6172 | mark-description5 = <!-- Om Parvat --> | mark-coord6 = {{coord|30.1969443|81.0327243}} | mark6 = Blue Fire.svg | mark-size6 = 12 | label6 = Om Parvat | label-size6 = 10 | label-color6 = hard blue | label-pos6 = bottom |label-offset-x6 = -24 |label-offset-y6 = 0 | mark-title6 = Om Parvat | mark-description6 = Peak on India–Nepal border <!-- Tinkar Pass --> | mark-coord7 = {{coord|30.1941715|81.0397054}} | mark7 = Mountain pass 12x12 ne.svg | mark-size7 = 12 | label7 = Tinkar |labela7 = Pass | label-size7 = 10 | label-color7 = hard red | label-pos7 = right |label-offset-x7 = 0 |label-offset-y7 = -5 | mark-title7 = Tinkar Pass | mark-description7 = Mountain pass on China–Nepal border <!-- Changru --> | mark-coord8 = {{coord|30.1295|80.8834}} | mark8 = Red pog.svg | mark-size8 = 6 | label8 = Changru | label-size8 = 10 | label-color8 = hard red | label-pos8 = top |label-offset-x8 = 15 |label-offset-y8 = 0 | mark-title8 = Changru | mark-description8 = <!-- Tinkar --> | mark-coord9 = {{coord|30.1355|80.9848}} | mark9 = Red pog.svg | mark-size9 = 6 | label9 = Tinkar | label-size9 = 10 | label-color9 = hard red | label-pos9 = top |label-offset-x9 = -4 |label-offset-y9 = 0 | mark-title9 = Tinkar | mark-description9 = <!-- RIVERS --> <!-- Kalapani River --> | mark-coord10 = {{coord|30.23565|80.94821}} <!-- 30.24241|81.00242 --> | mark10 = AS-rzeka-icon.svg | mark-size10 = 11 | label10 = Kalapani |labela10 = River | label-size10 = 10 | label-color10 = hard blue | label-pos10 = bottom |label-offset-x10 = 10 |label-offset-y10 = 0 | mark-title10 = [[Kalapani River]] | mark-description10= Also called Lipu Gad, headwater of Kali <!-- Tinker Khola --> | mark-coord12 = {{coord|30.14814|81.01722}} | mark12 = AS-rzeka-icon.svg | mark-size12 = 11 | label12 = Tinkar |labela12 = Khola | label-size12 = 10 | label-color12 = hard blue | label-pos12 = right |label-offset-x12 = 0 |label-offset-y12 = 0 | mark-title12 = Tinkar Khola | mark-description12 = Tributary of Kali in Nepal <!-- AREAS --> <!-- Kumaon --> | mark-coord20 = {{coord|30.26|80.68}} | mark20 = red pog.svg | mark-size20 = 0 | label20 = KUMAON |labela20 = (INDIA) | label-size20 = 14 | label-color20 = dark grey | label-pos20 = top |label-offset-x20 = 0 |label-offset-y20 = 0 | mark-title20 = [[Kumaon division|Kumaon]] | mark-description20 = Part of [[Uttarakhand]] <!-- Nepal --> | mark-coord21 = {{coord|30.09|80.95}} | mark21 = red pog.svg | mark-size21 = 0 | label21 = NEPAL | label-size21 = 14 | label-color21 = dark grey | label-pos21 = top |label-offset-x21 = 0 |label-offset-y21 = 0 | mark-title21 = [[Nepal]] | mark-description21 = <!-- Tibet --> | mark-coord22 = {{coord|30.30|81.0}} | mark22 = red pog.svg | mark-size22 = 0 | label22 = TIBET |labela22 = (CHINA) | label-size22 = 14 | label-color22 = dark grey | label-pos22 = top |label-offset-x22 = 0 |label-offset-y22 = 0 | mark-title22 = [[Tibet]] | mark-description22 = Autonomous region of [[China]] }} '''Lipulekh''' is a [[Himalaya]]n [[mountain pass|pass]] on the border between India's [[Uttarakhand]] state and the [[Tibet Autonomous Region|Tibet]] region of China,<ref name="LingAbdenur2016"> {{cite book|last1=Ling|first1=L.H.M.|last2=Abdenur|first2=Adriana Erthal|last3=Banerjee|first3=Payal|title=India China: Rethinking Borders and Security|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IIsxDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA50|date=19 September 2016|publisher=University of Michigan Press|isbn=978-0-472-13006-1|pages=49–50}} </ref> near their [[trijunction]] with [[Nepal]]. Nepal has ongoing claims to the southern side of the pass, called [[Kalapani territory]], which is controlled by [[India]].<ref name=myrepublica/><ref name=kathmandupost/> The pass is near the Chinese trading town of Taklakot ([[Burang Town|Purang]]) in [[Tibet]] and used since ancient times by traders, mendicants and pilgrims transiting between India and Tibet. It is also used by pilgrims to [[Mount Kailash|Kailas]] and [[Manasarovar]]. ==Tourism== This pass links the Byans valley of Uttarakhand, India with the [[Tibet Autonomous Region]] of [[People's Republic of China|China]], and forms the last territorial point in Indian territory. The ''Kailash Mansarovar Yatra'', a Hinduism pilgrimage to [[Mount Kailash]] and [[Lake Manasarovar]], traverses this pass. Lipulekh pass is connected to Chang Lobochahela, near the old trading town of [[Burang Town|Purang]] (Taklakot), in [[Tibet]]. ==India-China Trading Post== The pass was the first Indian border post to be opened for trade with China in 1992. This was followed by the opening of [[Shipki La]], [[Himachal Pradesh]] in 1994 and [[Nathu La]], [[Sikkim]] in 2006. Presently, Lipulekh Pass is open for cross-border trade every year from June through September. Products cleared for export from India include [[jaggery]], [[misri]], [[tobacco]], [[spices]], [[pulse (legume)|pulses]], [[buckwheat|fafar flour]], [[coffee]], [[vegetable oil]], [[ghee]] and various miscellaneous consumable items. The main imports into India include sheep [[wool]], passam, [[sheep]], [[goat]]s, [[borax]], [[yak]] tails, chhirbi (butter) and raw [[silk]]. == India-China BPM (Border Personnel Meeting) point == In 2014, India and China discussed using the pass as an additional official [[Border Personnel Meeting point]] between the [[Indian Army]] and the [[People's Liberation Army]] of [[China]] for regular consultations and interactions between the two armies to improve relations.<ref name=ti1>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Indian-soldiers-prevent-Chinese-troops-from-constructing-road-in-Arunachal/articleshow/44953671.cms|title=Indian soldiers prevent Chinese troops from constructing road in Arunachal|date=Oct 28, 2014|access-date=Nov 11, 2017|newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref> == Nepalese claims == [[File:1879-Survey-of-India-Kalapani-territory.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|An 1879 Survey of India map showing the Kalapani territory as part of Kumaon, India]] {{Main|Kalapani territory}} The Nepalese claims to the southern side of the pass, called [[Kalapani territory]], are based on 1816 Sagauli Treaty between British [[East India Company]] and Nepal. The treaty delimited the boundary along the [[Kali River (Uttarakhand)|Kali River]] (also called the Sharda River and Mahakali River). India claims that the river begins at the Kalapani village as this is where all its tributaries merge. But Nepal claims that it begins from the Lipulekh Pass.<ref>[https://www.deccanherald.com/opinion/main-article/india-nepal-and-the-kalapani-issue-777804.html India, Nepal and the Kalapani issue], Decan Herald, 19 November 2019.</ref> The historical record shows that, some time around 1865, the British shifted the border near Kalapani to the ''watershed'' of the Kalapani river instead of the river itself, thereby claiming the area now called the Kalapani territory.<ref name="District Almora map">{{citation |first1=Mangal Siddhi |last1=Manandhar |first2=Hriday Lal |last2=Koirala |title=Nepal-India Boundary Issue: River Kali as International Boundary |journal=Tribhuvan University Journal |volume=23 |number=1 |date=June 2001 |url=https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/TUJ/article/view/4550/3782 |pages=3–4}}: "The map 'District Almora' published by the Survey of India [during 1865–1869] for the first time shifted the boundary further east beyond even the Lipu Khola (Map-5). The new boundary moving away from Lipu Khola follows the southern divide of Pankhagadh Khola and then moves north along the ridge."</ref> This is consistent with the British position that the Kali River begins only from the Kalapani springs,<ref name="Almora British territory">{{citation |first=Edwin Thomas |last=Atkinson |title=The Himalayan Gazetteer, Volume 3, Part 2 |publisher=Cosmo Publications |year=1981 |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.15260/page/n5 |via=archive.org |orig-year=first published 1884 |pages=381–382}}: "The drainage area of the Kalapani lies ''wholly within British territory'', but a short way below the springs the Kali forms the boundary with Nepal." (Emphasis added)</ref> which meant that the agreement of Sugauli did not apply to the region above the springs.<ref>{{citation |first=Alok Kumar |last=Gupta |title=The Context of New-Nepal: Challenges and Opportunities for India |journal=Indian Journal of Asian Affairs |volume=22 |number=1/2 |date=2009 |pages=57–73 |jstor=41950496}}: "India holds that the river Kali begins from the meeting point of the Lipu Gad with the stream from Kalapani springs." (p.&nbsp;63); See also [http://www.ipcs.org/comm_select.php?articleNo=422 Kalapani: A Bone of Contention Between India and Nepal], Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies, 2000</ref> After the Indian prime minister's visit to China in 2015, India and China agreed to open a trading post in Lipulekh, raising objections from Nepal.<ref name=myrepublica> {{citation |title= Resolve Lipu-Lekh Pass dispute: House panel to govt |newspaper=Republica |date=28 June 2018 |url=http://admin.myrepublica.com/politics/story/22453/resolve-lipu-lekh-pass-dispute-house-panel-to-govt.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180628044315/http://admin.myrepublica.com/politics/story/22453/resolve-lipu-lekh-pass-dispute-house-panel-to-govt.html |archive-date=28 June 2018}} </ref><ref name=kathmandupost> [https://kathmandupost.com/miscellaneous/2015/07/09/lipulekh-dispute-ucpn-m-writes-to-pm-koirala-indian-pm-modi-chinese-prez-xi Lipulekh dispute: UCPN (M) writes to PM Koirala, Indian PM Modi & Chinese Prez Xi], The Kathmandu Post, 9 July 2015. </ref> The Nepalese parliament stated that 'it violates Nepal's sovereign rights over the disputed territory'.<ref>[http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/nepal-objects-to-india-china-trade-pact-via-lipu-lekh-pass/articleshow/47604908.cms Nepal objects to India-China trade pact via Lipu-Lekh Pass], The Economic Times, 9 June 2015.</ref> Nepal now intends to resolve the issue via diplomatic means with India.<ref name="tele">{{cite news |title=Post-J&K map ache spreads to Nepal |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/post-j-k-map-ache-spreads-to-nepal/cid/1717705 |access-date=15 November 2019 |publisher=Telegraph India |date=8 November 2019}}</ref> ==See also== *[[Nathu La]] *[[Shipki La]] *[[Dharchula]] ==References== {{Reflist|30em}} == Bibliography == * {{citation |editor-first=H. G. |editor-last=Walton |title=Almora: A Gazetteer |series=District Gazetteers of the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh |volume=35 |publisher=Government Press, United Provinces |year=1911 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.181493/page/n3 |via=archive.org |ref={{sfnref|Walton, Almora District Gazetteer|1911}}}} ==External links== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20180628124729/https://www.panoramio.com/user/1734505?with_photo_id=23464252 Photographs of the Lipulekh Pass] {{Mountain passes of India}} {{Mountain passes of China}} [[Category:Cities and towns in Pithoragarh district]] [[Category:China–India border crossings]] [[Category:Geography of Pithoragarh district]] [[Category:Mountain passes of Uttarakhand]] [[Category:Mountain passes of Tibet]] [[Category:Mountain passes of the Himalayas]] [[Category:Territorial disputes of Nepal]]'