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'{{About|Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan|other organisations with similar names|Jamaat-e-Islami (disambiguation)}} {{EngvarB|date=September 2013}} {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2013}} {{Infobox political party | name = Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan | logo = [[File:Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan Flag.svg|150px]] | colorcode = #00AAE4 | foundation = {{start date|1941|8|26|df=y}} in British India <br /> {{start date and age|1947}} in Pakistan | ideology = [[Islamism]]<br/>[[Social conservatism]]<br/>[[Pan-Islamism]]<br/>[[Islamic democracy]]<br/>[[Anti-capitalism]]<br/>[[Anti-communism]]<br/>[[Anti-liberalism]] | headquarters = Multan Road, Mansoorah, [[Lahore]] | national = [[Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal]] | international = [[Muslim Brotherhood]] <br />[[Jamaat-e-Islami Hind|JI (Hind)]]<br/> [[Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami|JI (Bangladesh)]]<br/> [[Jamaat-e-Islami Kashmir|JI (Kashmir)]] | website = {{URL|http://www.jamaat.org/en/}} {{in lang|en}}<br>{{URL|http://www.jamaat.org/ur}} {{in lang|ur}} | country = Pakistan | native_name = جماعتِ اسلامی | leader1_title = Ameer | leader1_name = [[Siraj ul Haq]]<ref name="ET: Siraj replaces Munawar">{{cite news|title=Sirajul Haq replaces Munawar Hassan as chief of Jamaat-e-Islami|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/689135/sirajul-haq-replaces-munawar-hassan-as-chief-of-jamaat-e-islami/|accessdate=30 March 2014|newspaper=The Express Tribune|date=30 March 2014}}</ref> | leader2_title = General Secretary | leader2_name = [[Ameer ul Azeem]] | leader3_title = Naib Ameer | leader3_name = [[Khurshid Ahmad (Islamic scholar)|Khurshid Ahmed]] | colors = Green, white, blue | founder = [[Sayyid Abul A'la Maududi]] | position = [[Right-wing politics|Right-wing]] to [[Far-right politics|far-right]] | seats1_title = [[Senate of Pakistan|Senate]] | seats1 = {{Composition bar|2|104|hex=#00AAE4}} | seats2_title = [[National Assembly of Pakistan|National Assembly]] | seats2 = {{Composition bar|1|342|hex=#00AAE4}} | seats3_title = [[Provincial Assembly of Balochistan|Balochistan Assembly]] | seats3 = {{Composition bar|0|65|hex=#00AAE4}} | seats5_title = [[Provincial Assembly of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|KPK Assembly]] | seats5 = {{Composition bar|3|145|hex=#00AAE4}} | seats6_title = [[Provincial Assembly of Sindh|Sindh Assembly]] | seats6 = {{Composition bar|1|168|hex=#00AAE4}} | seats7_title = [[Provincial Assembly of Punjab|Punjab Assembly]] | seats7 = {{Composition bar|0|371|hex=#00AAE4}} | seats8_title = [[Gilgit-Baltistan Legislative Assembly|GB Assembly]] | seats8 = {{Composition bar|0|33|hex=#00AAE4}} | seats9_title = [[Azad Kashmir Legislative Assembly|Azad Kashmir Assembly]] | seats9 = {{Composition bar|2|49|hex=#00AAE4}} | symbol = [[File:017-Scale.jpg|150px]] }} {{Deobandi}} {{Islamism sidebar}} '''Jamaat-e-Islami (JI)''', ([[Urdu language|Urdu]]: {{Nastaliq| جماعتِ اسلامی}}, "Islamic Congress"), or simply known as '''Jamaat''', is an [[Islamism|Islamist]] political party based in Pakistan and the Pakistani successor to [[Jamaat-e-Islami]], which was founded in [[colonial India]] in 1941.<ref name="NG336"/> Its objective is the transformation of [[Pakistan]] into an [[Islamic state]], governed by [[Sharia]] law, through a gradual legal, and political process.{{sfnp|Haqqani, Pakistan between Mosque and Military|2005|p=122}} JI strongly opposes [[capitalism]], [[communism]], [[liberalism]], [[Socialism in Pakistan|socialism]] and [[secularism]] as well as economic practices such as offering [[Interest rate|bank interest]]. JI is a [[vanguard party]]: its members form an ''elite'' with "affiliates" and then "sympathizers" beneath them. The party leader is called an ''[[Emir|ameer]]''.<ref name="Adel (2012)"/>{{rp|page=70}} Although it does not have a large popular following, the party is quite influential and considered one of the major Islamic movements in Pakistan, along with [[Deobandi]] and [[Barelvi]] (represented by [[Jamiat Ulema-e Islam (F)|Jamiat Ulema-e Islam]] and [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Pakistan]] respectively).<ref name=roy-88>{{cite book|last1=Roy|first1=Olivier|title=The Failure of Political Islam|url=https://archive.org/details/failureofpolitic00royo|url-access=registration|date=1994|publisher=Harvard University Press|pages=[https://archive.org/details/failureofpolitic00royo/page/88 88]|quote=Islam in Pakistan is divided into three tendencies: the Jamaat, which is the Islamist party and which, although it does not have extensive popular roots, is politically influential; the ''deobandi'', administered by fundamentalists and reformist ulamas; and the Barelvi, which recruits from popular and Sufi Islamic circles.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=bin Mohamed Osman |first1=Mohamed Nawab |title=The Ulama in Pakistani Politics |journal=South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies |volume=32 |issue=2 |year=2009 |pages=230–247 |issn=0085-6401 |doi=10.1080/00856400903049499 |ref={{sfnref|bin Mohamed Osman, The Ulama in Pakistani Politics|2009}}}}</ref> [[Jamaat-e-Islami]] was founded in [[Lahore]], [[British India]] in 1941 by the Muslim theologian and socio-political philosopher, [[Abul Ala Maududi]], who was widely influenced by the [[Sharia]] based reign of the Mughal Emperor [[Aurangzeb]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Jackson|first1=Roy|title=Mawlana Mawdudi and Political Islam: Authority and the Islamic State|date=2010|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781136950360}}</ref> At the time of the [[Indian independence movement]], Maududi and the Jamaat-e-Isami actively worked to [[opposition to the partition of India|oppose the partition of India]].<ref name="Oh2007"/><ref name="NG336"/><ref name="Gupta2016"/> In 1947, following the [[partition of India]], the Jamaat split into two organisations, Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan and [[Jamaat-e-Islami Hind]] (the Indian wing).<ref>{{citation |last=Ahmad |first=Irfan |chapter=The Jewish hand: the response of the Jamaat-e-Islami Hind |editor1=Peter van der Veer |editor2=S. Munshi |title=Media, War, and Terrorism: Responses from the Middle East and Asia |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pAm_YptXTPMC&pg=PA138 |publisher=Psychology Press |year=2004 |page=138 |isbn=9780415331401}}</ref>{{sfnp|Guidere, Islamic Fundamentalism|2012|p=223}} Other wings of Jamaat include [[Jamaat-e-Islami Kashmir]], founded in 1953, and [[Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami]], founded in 1975.{{sfnp|Haqqani, Pakistan between Mosque and Military|2005|p=171}} Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan came under severe government repression in 1948, 1953, and 1963.{{sfnp|Nasr, Mawdudi and Islamic Revivalism|1996|p=97}} But, during the early years of the regime of General [[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq]], it served as the "regime's ideological and political arm", with party members holding cabinet portfolios of information and broadcasting, production, and water, power and natural resources.<ref>Kepel, ''Jihad'', (2002), pp.98, 100, 101</ref>{{sfnp|Haqqani, Pakistan between Mosque and Military|2005|p=138}} In 1971, during the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]], JI opposed the independence of Bangladesh.<ref>{{harvp|Schmid|2011|p=600}}; {{harvp|Tomsen|2011|p=240}}</ref> However, in 1975, it established Jamaat-e-Islami Bangladesh with Abbas Ali Khan ([[Joypurhat]]) as the first ameer.{{sfnp|Haqqani, Pakistan between Mosque and Military|2005|p=171}} Since the early 1980s, it has also developed close links with Jamaat-e-Islami Kashmir. ==History== {| class="wikitable" !colspan=3|Growth of JIP<ref name=growth-371>[https://books.google.com/books/about/Encyclopedia_of_Islam_and_the_Muslim_Wor.html?id=OVcUAQAAIAAJ Encyclopedia of Islam & the Muslim World]| By Richard C. Martín| Granite Hill Publishers|2004|p.371</ref> |- !rowspan=1 colspan=1|Year !rowspan=1 colspan=1|Members<br /> (''Arkan'') !rowspan=1 colspan=1|Sympathizers and workers<br />(''Hum-Khayal'') |- |1941||75|| (unknown) |- |1951||659||2,913 |- |1989||5,723||305,792 |- |2003||16,033||4.5 million |- |2017||37000||(unknown) |- !colspan=3|<small>SOURCE: ''Encyclopedia of Islam & the Muslim World'' (2004)</small><ref name=growth-371/> |} ===Syed Abul A'la Maududi (1941–1972)=== Jamaat-e-Islami's founder and leader until 1972, was [[Abul A'la Maududi]], a widely read Islamist philosopher and political commentator, who wrote about the role of Islam in South Asia.<ref name=kepel-34 /> His thought was influenced by many factors including the [[Khilafat Movement]]; [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]]'s ascension at the end of the [[Ottoman Caliphate]]; and the impact of [[Indian Nationalism]], the [[Indian National Congress]] and [[Hindu]]ism on [[Muslim]]s in India. He supported what he called "Islamization from above", through an Islamic state in which sovereignty would be exercised in the name of Allah and Islamic law (''[[sharia]]'') would be implemented. Mawdudi believed politics was "an integral, inseparable part of the Islamic faith, and that the Islamic state that Muslim political action seeks to build" would not only be an act of piety but would also solve the many (seemingly non-religious) social and economic problems that Muslims faced.<ref name=kepel-34/>{{sfnp|Nasr, Vanguard of Islamic Revolution|1994|p=7}} [[File:Secreteriate Jamaat-e-Islami Punjab.jpg|thumb|Jamaat-e-Islami Headquarter in Lahore]] Maududi opposed British rule but also opposed the Muslim nationalist movement (nationalism being un-Islamic) and their plan for a circumscribed "Muslim state". Maududi agitating instead for an "Islamic state" covering the whole of India<ref name=kepel-34>{{cite book|last1=Kepel|first1=Gilles|title=Jihad: on the Trail of Political Islam|date=2002|publisher=Belknap Press|page=34|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OLvTNk75hUoC&q=jamaat+e+islami&pg=PA441|isbn=9781845112578|ref=GKJ2002}}</ref>—this despite the fact Muslims made up only about one quarter of India's population. Jamaat-e-Islami thus actively [[opposition to the partition of India|opposed the partition of India]], with its leader Maulana Abul A'la Maududi arguing that concept violated the Islamic doctrine of the [[ummah]].<ref name="Oh2007"/><ref name="NG336"/><ref name="Gupta2016">{{cite web |last1=Gupta |first1=Shekhar |title=Why Zakir Naik is dangerous |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/column/why-zakir-naik-is-dangerous/20160718.htm |publisher=[[Rediff]] |accessdate=29 April 2020 |language=English}}</ref> The Jamaat-e-Islami saw the partition as creating a temporal border that would divide Muslims from one another.<ref name="Oh2007">{{cite book |last1=Oh |first1=Irene |title=The Rights of God: Islam, Human Rights, and Comparative Ethics |url=https://archive.org/details/rightsgod00ohir |url-access=limited |date=2007 |publisher=Georgetown University Press |isbn=978-1-58901-463-3 |page=[https://archive.org/details/rightsgod00ohir/page/n52 45] |language=English |quote=In the debate over whether Muslims should establish their own state, separate from a Hindu India, Maududi initially argued against such a creation and asserted that the establishment of a political Muslim state defined by borders violated the idea of the universal ''umma''. Citizenship and national borders, which would characterize the new Muslim state, contradicted the notion that Muslims should not be separated by one another by these temporal boundaries. In this milieu, Maududi founded the organization Jama'at-i Islamic. ... The Jama'at for its first few years worked actively to prevent the partition, but once partition became inevitable, it established offices in both Pakistan and India.}}</ref><ref name="NG336">{{cite book |last1=Rasheed, Nighat |title=A critical study of the reformist trends in the Indian Muslim society during the nineteenth century |page=336 |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/52379/13/13_chapter%207.pdf#page=74 |accessdate=2 March 2020 |quote=The Jama'at -i-lslami was founded in 1941. Maulana Maududi being its founder strongly opposed the idea of creating Pakistan, a separate Muslim country, by dividing India, but surprisingly after the creation of Pakistan he migrated to Lahore. Again in the beginning he was opposed to and denounced the struggle for Kashmir as un-lslamic, for which he was imprisoned in 1950, but later on in 1965, he changed his views and endorsed the Kashmir war as Jihad. Maulana Maududi took an active part in demanding discriminative legislation and executive action against the Ahmadi sect leading to widespread rioting and violence in Pakistan. He was persecuted arrested and imprisoned for advocating his political ideas through his writings and speeches. During the- military regime from 1958 the Jama'at-iIslami was banned and was revived only in 1962, Maududi was briefly imprisoned. He refused to apologize for his actions or to request clemency from the government. He demanded his freedom to speak and accepted the punishment of death as the will of God. His fierce commitment to his ideals caused his supporters worldwide to rally for his release and the government acceded commuting his death sentence to a term of life imprisonment. Eventually the military government pardoned Maulana Maududi completely.}}</ref> ===Founding of JI in colonial India=== {{Main|Jamaat-e-Islami}} [[Jamaat-e-Islami]] was founded in [[colonial India]] on 26 August 1941, at [[Islamia Park]] in the city of [[Lahore]], before the [[Partition of India]].{{sfnp|Guidere, Islamic Fundamentalism|2012|p=li}} JI began as an [[Islamism|Islamist]] social and political movement. Seventy-five people attended the first meeting and became the first 75 members of the movement. Maulana [[Amin Ahsan Islahi]], Maulana [[Naeem Siddiqui]], Maulana Muhammad Manzoor Naumanai and Maula Abul Hassan Ali Nudvi were among the founders of Jamat e Islami along with Syed Abul Ala Maududi<ref>Edara Manshoraat, Mansora Lahore 1980, pp5-25</ref> Maududi saw his group as a vanguard of Islamic revolution following the footsteps of early Muslims who gathered in Medina to found an Islamic state.<ref name=kepel-34 />{{sfnp|Nasr, Vanguard of Islamic Revolution|1994|p=7}} JI was and is strictly and hierarchically organised in a pyramid-like structure, working toward the common goal of establishing an ideological Islamic society, particularly though educational and social work, under the leadership of its emirs (commanders or leaders).<ref name=growth-371 /> As a vanguard party, its fully-fledged members (''arkan'') are intended to be leaders and devoted to the party, but there is also a category of much more numerous sympathizers and workers (''karkun''). The emir is obliged by the party constitution to consult an assembly called the ''shura''. The JI also developed sub-organisations, such as those for women and students.<ref name="growth-371"/> JI began by volunteering in refugee camps; performing social work; opening hospitals and medical clinics and by gathering the skins of animals sacrificed for [[Eid-ul-Azha]]. JI had a number of unique features. All members, including its founder Mawdudi, uttered the shahadah—the traditional act of converts to Islam—when they joined. This was a symbolic gesture of conversion to a new Islamic perspective, but to some implied that "the Jamaat stood before Muslim society as Islam before [[jahiliyah]]", (pre-Islamic ignorance).<ref>{{harvp|Nasr, Mawdudi and Islamic Revivalism|1996|p=110}}: "All members, including Mawdudi, uttered the shahadah when they joined, in a symbolic gesture of conversion to a new Islamic Perspective."</ref> After Pakistan was formed, it forbade Pakistanis to take an oath of allegiance to the state until it became Islamic, arguing that a Muslim could in clear conscience render allegiance only to God.{{sfnp|Nasr, Mawdudi and Islamic Revivalism|1996|p=42}}{{sfnp|Nasr, Vanguard of Islamic Revolution|1994|pp=119-120}} [[File:Abul ala maududi.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Abul ala Maududi]] ===Pakistan=== ;Creation and early years Following the Partition of India, Maududi and JI migrated from East Punjab to [[Lahore]] in Pakistan. There they volunteered to help the thousands of refugees pouring into the country from India<ref name=Adams-102>Adams, Charles J., "Mawdudi and the Islamic State," in John L. Esposito, ed., ''Voices of Resurgent Islam'', (New York: Oxford University Press, 1983, p.102)</ref>—performing social work; opening hospitals and medical clinics; and by gathering the skins of animals sacrificed for [[Eid-ul-Azha]]. During the prime-ministership of [[Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy]] (September 1956 – October 1957), JI argued for a separate voting system for different religious communities. Suhrawardy convened a session of the National Assembly at [[Dhaka]] and through an alliance with Republicans, his party passed a bill for a mixed voting system. In 1951 it ran candidates for office but did not do well. JI found it was more successful in promoting its cause in the streets.{{sfnp|Nasr, Mawdudi and Islamic Revivalism|1996|p=43}} The election also occasioned a split in the party with the JI shura passing a resolution in support of the party withdrawing from politics but Maududi arguing for continued involvement. Maududi prevailed and several senior JI leaders resigned in protest. All this strengthened Maududi's position still further and "a cult of personality began to grow up around him."{{sfnp|Nasr, Mawdudi and Islamic Revivalism|1996|p=43}} In 1953, JI led "direct action" against the [[Ahmadiyya]], who the JI believed should be declared non-Muslims. In March 1953 [[Lahore riots of 1953|riots in Lahore]] started leading to looting, arson and the killing of at least 200 Ahmadis and the declaration of selective [[martial law]]. The military leader, [[Azam Khan (general)|Azam Khan]] had Maududi arrested and [[Rahimuddin Khan]] sentenced him to death for [[sedition]] (writing anti-Ahmadiyya pamphlets).Many JI supporters were imprisoned during this time. The [[Constitution of Pakistan of 1956|1956 Constitution]] was adopted after [[Constitution of Pakistan of 1956#Islamic provisions|accommodating]] many of the demands of the JI. Maududi endorsed the constitution and claimed it a victory for Islam.{{sfnp|Nasr, Mawdudi and Islamic Revivalism|1996|p=44}} In 1958, JI formed an alliance with [[Abdul Qayyum Khan]] (Muslim League) and Chudhary Muhammad Ali (Nizam-e-Islami party). The alliance destabilised the presidency of [[Iskander Mirza]] (1956–1958) and Pakistan returned to martial law. The military ruler, the president [[Muhammad Ayub Khan]] (1958–1964), had a modernising agenda and opposed the encroachment of religion into politics. He banned political parties and warned Maududi against continued religio-political activism. JI offices were closed down, funds were confiscated and Maududi was imprisoned in 1964 and 1967.{{sfnp|Nasr, Mawdudi and Islamic Revivalism|1996|p=44}} JI supported the opposition party, the [[Pakistan Democratic Movement]] (PDM). In the 1964–1965 presidential elections, JI supported the opposition leader, [[Fatima Jinnah]], despite its opposition to women in politics.{{sfnp|Nasr, Mawdudi and Islamic Revivalism|1996|p=44}} In 1965, during the [[Indo-Pakistani war]], JI supported the government's call for [[jihad]], presenting patriotic speeches on [[Radio Pakistan]] and seeking support from Arab and Central Asian countries. The group resisted [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]] and [[Maulana Bhashani]]'s socialist program of the time. By the end of 1969, the Jamaat-e-Islami was spearheading a major "campaign for the protection of ideology of Pakistan," which it believed was under threat from atheistic socialists and secularists.{{sfnp|Haqqani, Pakistan between Mosque and Military|2005|p=46}} JI participated in the [[1970 Pakistani general election|1970 general election]]. Its political platform advocated political freedom of the provinces and Islamic law based on the Quran and Sunnah. There would be separation of the powers (judiciary and legislature); basic rights for minorities (such as equal employment opportunities and the ''Bonus Share Scheme'' allowing factory workers to own shares in their employers' companies); and a policy of strong relationships with the [[Muslim world]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2015}} Just prior to the election, [[Nawabzada Nasrullah Khan]] left the alliance leaving JI to run against the [[Pakistan Peoples Party]] and the [[Awami League]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2015}} The party had a disappointing showing when it won only four seats in the national assembly and four in the provincial assembly after fielding 151 candidates.{{sfnp|Nasr, Mawdudi and Islamic Revivalism|1996|p=45}} [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]] won the 1970 election campaign and was strongly opposed by JI who believed he and his socialist ideology were a threat to Islam.{{sfnp|Haqqani, Pakistan between Mosque and Military|2005|p=69}} ;Division JI opposed the [[Awami League]] East Pakistani separatist movement.{{sfnp|Haqqani, Pakistan between Mosque and Military|2005|p=100}} [[Islami Jamiat-e-Talaba]] organised the [[Al-Badar]] to fight the [[Mukti Bahini]] (Bengali liberation forces). In 1971, during the [[Bangladesh liberation war]], JI members may have collaborated with the Pakistani army.<ref>Arefin S. [http://freebanglaebooks.com/bangla-ebook/muktijuddho-71-punished-war-criminals-under-dalal-law/ "Muktijuddho '71: Punished War Criminals Under Dalal Law."] Bangladesh Research and Publications.</ref><ref>[http://www.genocidebangladesh.org/?page_id=14] Bangladesh Genocide Archive website. Accessed 9 March 2013.</ref><ref>Nabi N. [https://books.google.com/books?id=F_OUc-TvGOIC&pg=PA108&dq=jamaat+e+islami&hl=en&sa=X&ei=rYRTU_DpEY7HlAXW4oHwAQ&ved=0CD8Q6AEwAzgo#v=onepage&q=jamaat%20e%20islami&f=false "Bullets of '71: A Freedom Fighter's Story."] AuthorHouse, 2010 p.108 {{ISBN|1452043833}}, 9781452043838.</ref>{{Self-published inline|date=September 2016}}<!-- This is a personal narrative from a self-publisher (AuthorHouse), so not a reliable source. WP:HISTRS describes acceptable sources for history-related articles. Also, this shouldn't be in the lede because it isn't a summary of anything in the article. --> In 1968 Maulana Maududi took leave from Emarat of the Jamaat and Maulana [[Naeem Siddiqui]] became the Ameer of Jamat e Islami for One year, in 1969 Maulana took Charge of the Jumat again. In 1972, Maududi resigned citing poor health and Maulana [[Naeem Siddiqui]] refused to become the Ameer of the Jamaat due to his research activities. Thus in October 1972, the ''Majlis-e-Shoura'' (council) elected [[Mian Tufail Mohammad]] (1914–2009), the new leader of JI.Naeeem Siddiqui was chosen as the General secretary of Jamaat e Islami. ===Mian Tufail Mohammad (1972–1987)=== After [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]] (1973–1977) was elected, the student wing of the Jamaat-e-Islami ([[Islami Jamiat-e-Talaba]]) burned effigies of him in Lahore and declared his election a "black day." In early 1973, the amir, of the JI even appealed to the army to overthrow Bhutto's government because of "its inherent moral corruption."{{sfnp|Haqqani, Pakistan between Mosque and Military|2005|p=96}} JI "spearheaded" the anti-Bhutto political movement under the religious banner of ''Nizam-i-Mustafa'' (Order of the Prophet). Bhutto attempted to suppress JI through the imprisonment of JI and Islami Jamiat-e-Talaba members. There were electoral irregularities at the 1975 elections with JI members being arrested in order to prevent them from lodging their nomination papers.{{sfnp|Haqqani, Pakistan between Mosque and Military|2005|p=120}} However, by 1976, JI had 2 million registrants. In the 1977 JI won nine of the 36 seats won by the opposition [[Pakistan National Alliance]]. The opposition considered the election rigged (Bhutto's PPP won 155 out of 200 seats) and Maududi, who had been arrested, called on Islamist parties to commence a campaign of [[civil disobedience]]. The [[Sunni]] led government of [[Saudi Arabia]] intervened to secure Maududi's release from prison warning of revolution in Pakistan. JI assisted the [[Pakistan National Alliance]] (PNA) to oust Bhutto and met with Zia-ul-Haq for ninety minutes on the night before Bhutto was hanged.{{sfnp|Haqqani, Pakistan between Mosque and Military|2005|p=139}} Initially, JI supported [[General Zia-ul-Haq]] (1977–1987).{{sfnp|Haqqani, Pakistan between Mosque and Military|2005|p=123}} In turn, Zia's use of Islamist rhetoric gave JI importance in public life beyond the size of its membership.<ref name="Osella (2013)">{{citation |last=Iqtidar |first=Humeira |chapter=Secularism Beyond the State |editor1=Filippo Osella |editor2=Caroline Osella |title=Islamic Reform in South Asia |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ipU-cTz5_JYC&pg=PA479 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2013 |page=479 |isbn=9781107031753}}</ref> According to journalist Owen Bennett Jones, JI was the "only political party" to offer Zia "consistent support" and was rewarded with jobs for "tens of thousands of Jamaat activists and sympathisers", giving Zia's Islamic agenda power "long after he died."<ref name=jones-16>{{cite book|last1=Jones|first1=Owen Bennett|title=Pakistan : eye of the storm|date=2002|publisher=Yale University Press|location=New Haven and London|pages=16–7|isbn=9780300097603|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t8iYEgPYG_EC&q=Tens+of+thousands+of+Jamaat+activists+and+sympathisers&pg=PA17|quote=... Zia rewarded the only political party to offer him consistent support, Jamaat-e-Islami. Tens of thousands of Jamaat activists and sympathisers were given jobs in the judiciary, the civil service and other state institutions. These appointments meant Zia's Islamic agenda lived on long after he died.}}</ref> However, Zia failed to deliver timely elections and distanced himself from the JI. When Zia banned [[Students' union|student unions]], [[Islami Jamiat-e-Talaba]] and pro-JI labour unions protested. However, JI did not participate in the [[Pakistan Peoples Party]]'s [[Movement for the Restoration of Democracy]]. JI also supported Zia's [[Jihad]] against the [[Soviet–Afghan War]] and its sister party [[Jamiat-e Islami]] led by [[Burhanuddin Rabbani]] became part of the [[Peshawar Seven]] that received aid from Saudi Arabia, United States and other jihad supporters.{{sfnp|Guidere, Islamic Fundamentalism|2012|p=272}} Such conundrums caused tension in JI based on conflict between ideology and politics.<ref name="Osella (2013)"/><ref name=kepel-104>{{cite book|last1=Kepel|first1=Gilles|title=Jihad: on the Trail of Political Islam|date=2002|publisher=Belknap Press|page=104 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OLvTNk75hUoC&q=jamaat+e+islami&pg=PA441 |isbn=9781845112578|ref=GKJ2002}}</ref> In 1987, Mian Tufail declined further service as head of JI for health reasons and [[Qazi Hussain Ahmad]] was elected. === Qazi Hussain Ahmad (1987–2008) === In 1987, when Zia died, the [[Pakistan Muslim League]] formed the [[right-wing]] alliance, [[Islami Jamhoori Ittehad]] (IJI).<ref>{{citation |last=Haniffa |first=Farzana |chapter=Piety as Politics amongst Muslim Women in Contemporary Sri Lanka |editor1=Filippo Osella |editor2=Caroline Osella |title=Islamic Reform in South Asia |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ipU-cTz5_JYC&pg=PA180 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2013 |page=180 |isbn=9781107031753}}</ref> In 1990 when [[Nawaz Sharif]] came to power, JI boycotted the cabinet on the basis that the Pakistan Peoples' Party and the Pakistan Muslim League were problematic to equal degrees. In the [[1993 Pakistani general election|election of 1993]], JI won three seats. In this year, JI was a member of the newly formed All Parties Hurriyat Conference (APHC) which promotes the independence of Jammu and Kashmir from India.{{sfnp|Guidere, Islamic Fundamentalism|2012|p=26}} Prior to this, JI had allegedly set up the Hizb-ul-Mujahideen, a Kashmir liberation militia to oppose the Kashmir Liberation Front which fights for the complete independence of the Kashmir region.{{sfnp|Guidere, Islamic Fundamentalism|2012|p=127}} Ahmad left his position in the Senate in protest against corruption. === Successful long march against Bhutto's government === On 20 July 1996, Qazi Hussain Ahmed announced to start protests against government alleging corruption. Qazi Hussain resigned from the Senate on 27 September and announced the start of a long march against Benazir government. The protest started on 27 October 1996 by Jamaat-e-Islami and opposition parties. On 4 November 1996, Bhutto's government was dismissed by President Leghari primarily because of corruption.<ref name="Adel (2012)">{{citation |last=Salim |first=Muhammad Said |chapter=India: Jamaat-e-Islami |editor1=Gholamali Haddad Adel |editor2=Mohammad Jafar Elmi |editor3=Hassan Taromi-Rad |title=Muslim Organisations in the Twentieth Century: Selected Entries from Encyclopaedia of the World of Islam |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RS73Xn1Gjv8C&pg=PA67 |year=2012 |publisher=EWI Press |isbn=978-1-908433-09-1 |pages=67–}}</ref> JI then boycotted the [[1997 Pakistani general election|1997 election]] and therefore lost representation in parliament. However, the party remained politically active, for example, protesting the arrival of the Indian prime minister, [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]], in Lahore. In 1999, [[Pervez Musharraf]] took power in a [[military coup]]. JI, at first, welcomed the general but then objected when Musharraf began to make secular reforms and then again in 2001, when Pakistan joined the [[War on Terror]], alleging Musharraf had betrayed the [[Taliban]]. JI condemned the events of 11 September 2001 but equally condemned the US when Afghanistan was entered.<ref name="Adel (2012)"/>{{rp|page=69}} Some members of [[Al-Qaeda]], for example, [[Khalid Sheik Mohammed]], were arrested in Pakistan in homes owned by supporters of JI.<ref name="Gannon2006">{{citation |last=Gannon |first=Kathy |title=I is for Infidel: From Holy War to Holy Terror in Afghanistan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GPsnizjHBx4C&pg=PA158 |year=2006 |publisher=PublicAffairs |isbn=978-1-58648-452-1 |pages=158–}}</ref><ref name="Spencer2003">{{citation |last=Spencer |first=Robert |title=Onward Muslim Soldiers: How Jihad Still Threatens America and the West |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xGE5YshINtMC&pg=PA244 |year=2003 |publisher=Regnery Pub. |isbn=978-0-89526-100-7 |pages=244–}}</ref> In 2002, JI made an alliance of religious parties called [[Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal]] (MMA) (United Council of Action) and won 53 seats, including most of those representing the [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] Province.{{sfnp|Guidere, Islamic Fundamentalism|2012|p=356}} JI continued its opposition to the War on terrorism, particularly the presence of American troops and agencies in Pakistan. JI also called for restoration of judiciary. [[Qazi Hussain Ahmad]] gave his resignation from the National Assembly when visiting the camp of victims of an attack in [[Lal Masjid, Islamabad|Lal Masjid]]. In 2006, JI opposed the [[Women's Protection Bill]] saying it did not need to be scrapped but instead, be applied in a fairer way and more and be more clearly understood by judges. Ahmed said, : "Those who oppose [these] laws are only trying to run away from Islam. ... These laws do not affect women adversely. Our system wants to protect women from unnecessary worry and save them the trouble of appearing in court."{{sfnp|Haqqani, Pakistan between Mosque and Military|2005|p=145}} Samia Raheel Qazi, MP and daughter of Ahmed stated, :"We have been against the bill from the start. The [[Hudood Ordinance]] was devised by a highly qualified group of [[Ulema]], and is beyond question". At least during the time of Ahmad, the position of JI on revolutionary action was that it was not ready to turn to extra-legal action but that its objectives are definite (''qat'i'') but its methods are "open to interpretation and adaptation (''ijtihadi'')" based on the "exigencies of the moment".<ref>Based on interviews with a number of JI leaders, especially Khalil Ahmadu'l-Hamidi by Seyyed [[Vali Reza Nasr]] (in {{harvnb|Nasr, Mawdudi and Islamic Revivalism|p=76}})</ref> ===Sayyed Munawer Hassan (2008–2014)=== In 2008, JI and [[Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf]] again boycotted the [[2008 Pakistani general election|elections]]. Ahmad declined reelection and [[Syed Munawar Hassan]] became ameer. ===Siraj ul Haq (2014–present)=== On 30 March 2014, [[Siraj ul Haq]] became ameer.<ref name="ET: Siraj replaces Munawar"/> He resigned from his role as senior minister of the [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] Province. This coincided with a drone attack on [[Madrassa]], [[Bajour Agency]]. == Organisations == JI provides unions for doctors, teachers, lawyers, farmers, workers and women, for example, [[Islami Jamiat-e-Talaba]] (IJT) and Islami Jamaat-e-Talibaat (its female branch){{sfnp|Guidere, Islamic Fundamentalism|2012|p=181}} a [[Students' union]] and [[Shabab e Milli]], a youth group. The party has a number of publications from affiliated agencies such as Idara Marif-e-Islami, Lahore, the Islamic Research Academy, Karachi, Idara Taleemi Tehqeeq, Lahore, the Mehran Academy, and the [[Institute of Regional Studies]]. Its print media publications number 22, including the daily ''[[Jasarat]]'', weekly ''Friday Special'', weekly ''Asia'', monthly ''Tarjumanul Quran'' and fortnightly ''Jihad-e-Kashmir'',<ref>''Journal of the International Relations and Affairs Group'', Volume V, Issue II, Issue 2, p. 250</ref> with ''Jasarat'' in particular having a circulation of 50,000.<ref>[[Praveen Swamy]], "Roads to perdition?: the politics and practice of Islamist terrorism in India" in K. Warikoo (ed.), ''Religion and Security in South and Central Asia'', Routledge, 2010, p. 64</ref> The Islami Nizamat-e-Taleem, led by [[Abdul Ghafoor Ahmed]], is an educational body that includes 63 Baithak schools. ''Rabita-ul-Madaris Al-Islamia'' supports 164 JI [[madrasa]]s. JI also operates the [[Hira Schools (Pakistan)]] Project and Al Ghazali Trust. The foundation administers schools, women's vocational centres, adult literacy programs, hospitals and mobile chemists and other welfare programs. In this respect, JI interacts with the general market.<ref>{{citation |last=Iqtidar |first=Humeira |chapter=Secularism Beyond the State |editor1=Filippo Osella |editor2=Caroline Osella |title=Islamic Reform in South Asia |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ipU-cTz5_JYC&pg=PA480 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2013 |page=480 |isbn=9781107031753}}</ref> In total, there are around 1000 registered madrasas affiliated with the JeI in Pakistan, the province of [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] having most of them, with some 245 or nearly a quarter of the total.<ref>Masooda Bano, ''The Rational Believer: Choices and Decisions in the Madrasas of Pakistan'', Cornell University Press (2012), pp. 70-71</ref> ===Connections with insurgents=== Jama'ati is said to have close links to many banned outfits of Pakistan. The most notable connection is with the [[Tehreek-e-Nafaz-e-Shariat-e-Mohammadi]]. This militant organisation grew as an offshoot of Jammat e Islami and was founded by [[Sufi Muhammad]] in 1992 after he left Jamaat-e-Islami.<ref name=satp> {{cite web | title = Tehreek-e-Nafaz-e-Shariat-e-Mohammadi (Movement for the Enforcement of Islamic Laws) | publisher = South Asia Terrorism Portal | url = http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/pakistan/terroristoutfits/TNSM.htm | accessdate = 18 February 2009}} </ref><ref name=jand> {{cite news|last=Jan |first=Delawar |title=Nizam-e-Adl Regulation for Malakand, Kohistan announced |publisher=The News International |date=17 February 2009 |url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=20372 |accessdate=30 April 2009 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090616085917/http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=20372 |archivedate=16 June 2009 }} </ref><ref name=nasirsa> {{cite news |last=Nasir |first=Sohail Abdul |title=Religious Organization TNSM Re-Emerges in Pakistan |journal=Terrorism Focus |volume=3 |issue=19 |publisher=[[The Jamestown Foundation]] |date=17 May 2006 |url=http://www.jamestown.org/programs/gta/single/?tx_ttnews[tt_news]=740&tx_ttnews[backPid]=239&no_cache=1 |accessdate=9 February 2009 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903120850/http://www.jamestown.org/programs/gta/single/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=497&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=180&no_cache=1 |archivedate= 3 September 2014 }}</ref> When the founder was imprisoned on 15 January 2002, [[Maulana Fazlullah]], his son-in-law, assumed leadership of the group. In the aftermath of the 2007 [[siege of Lal Masjid]], Fazlullah's forces and [[Baitullah Mehsud]]'s [[Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan]] (TTP) formed an alliance. Fazlullah and his army reportedly received orders from Mehsud.<ref name=rehmatk> {{cite news | last = Rehmat | first = Kamran | title = Swat: Pakistan's lost paradise | publisher = [[Al Jazeera]] | location = Islamabad | date = 27 January 2009 | url = http://english.aljazeera.net/focus/2009/01/200912512351598892.html | accessdate = 3 February 2009}} </ref> After the death of [[Hakimullah Mehsud]] in a drone attack, Fazlullah was appointed as the new "Amir" (Chief) of the [[Tehrik-e-Taliban Pakistan]] on 7 November 2013.<ref name=reuters071113>{{cite news|last=Mujtaba |first=Haji |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/11/07/us-pakistan-taliban-idUSBRE9A60OR20131107 |title=No more peace talks, 'Mullah Radio' tells Pakistan |work=Reuters |date=7 November 2013 |accessdate=8 November 2013}}</ref><ref name=Bajoria/><ref name="jamestown-black">{{cite news|url=http://www.jamestown.org/single/?no_cache=1&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=986#.VTP_1fzF-ZM|title=The Black-Turbaned Brigade: The Rise of TNSM in Pakistan|author=Hassan Abbas|publisher=Jamestown Foundation|date=12 April 2006|accessdate=19 April 2015}}</ref> In a May 2010 interview, U.S. Gen. David Petraeus described the TTP's relationship with other militant groups as difficult to decipher: "There is clearly a symbiotic relationship between all of these different organizations: al-Qaeda, the Pakistani Taliban, the Afghan Taliban, TNSM [Tehreek-e-Nafaz-e-Shariat-e-Mohammadi]. And it's very difficult to parse and to try to distinguish between them. They support each other, they coordinate with each other, sometimes they compete with each other, [and] sometimes they even fight each other. But at the end of the day, there is quite a relationship between them." <ref name=Bajoria>{{cite web| last = Bajoria| first = Jayshree| title = Pakistan's New Generation of Terrorists| publisher = Council on Foreign Relations| date = 6 February 2008| url = http://www.cfr.org/publication/15422/pakistans_new_generation_of_terrorists.html?breadcrumb=%2Fbios%2F13611%2Fjayshree_bajoria%3Fgroupby%3D1%26hide%3D1%26id%3D13611%26filter%3D456| accessdate = 30 March 2009| url-status = dead| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090514060717/http://www.cfr.org/publication/15422/pakistans_new_generation_of_terrorists.html?breadcrumb=%2Fbios%2F13611%2Fjayshree_bajoria%3Fgroupby%3D1&hide=1&id=13611&filter=456| archivedate = 14 May 2009| df = dmy-all}}</ref><ref name=gall2009327>{{cite news | author =[[Carlotta Gall]], Ismail Khan, [[Pir Zubair Shah]] and Taimoor Shah| title = Pakistani and Afghan Taliban Unify in Face of U.S. Influx |work=New York Times| date = 26 March 2009| url = https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/27/world/asia/27taliban.html| accessdate =27 March 2009}}</ref> According to another source, TNSM and Jamaat-e-Islami (JI) seem to have been locked in a turf war in the [[Malakand District]] of Pakistan, and the Jamaat-Ulema-e-Islam, JI, and TNSM are in conflict with each other in the tribal areas for power and influence.<ref name=mapping>{{cite web|title=Tehreek Nifaz-e-Shariat Mohammadi|url=http://web.stanford.edu/group/mappingmilitants/cgi-bin/groups/view/411|website=Mapping Militant Organizations|publisher=Stanford University|accessdate=29 December 2014}}</ref> == Leaders == * [[Abul A'la Maududi]] (1940–1972) *[[Naeem siddiqui]] * [[Mian Tufail Mohammad]] (1972–1987) * [[Qazi Hussain Ahmad]] (1987–2008) * [[Syed Munawar Hassan]] (2008–2014) * [[Siraj ul Haq]] (2014–present) * [[Khurram Murad]] * [[Liaqat Baloch]] * [[Khurshid Ahmad (Islamic scholar)]] ==See also== * [[Naeem Siddiqui]] * [[Israr Ahmed]] * [[Sayed Ahmad Khan]] * [[Amin Ahsan Islahi]] * [[Allamah]] [[Delwar Hossain Sayeedi]] * [[Abdul Qader Molla]] * [[Motiur Rahman Nizami]] * [[Merajuddin Khan]] اسلام علیکم سر کچھ لوگ آپ کی پارڈی کا نام استعمال کر رے ہیں وہ لوگ قبضے مافیا کے لوگ ہیں جن کا سربراہ شہذاد کاٹھ ہیں جو کے جماعت اسلامی کا نام استعمال کر کے لوگوں کو بیوقوف بنا رہے ہیں ان کے کیخلاف فورآ قانونی کاروائی کرے مراد بروہی گوٹھ کے نام سے زمین بیچ ریے ہیں اور معمار کے جماعت اسلامی کے آفیس کو استعمال کر رے ہیں ان لوگوں نے بہت سے لوگوں کے ساتھ فراڈ کیا ہے آپ لوگ اس کے کیخلاف فوری کاروائی کریں اور باقی لوگوں کو متاثر ہونے سے بچائیں ہمیں پبلیک ایڈ کمیٹی بلوایا جاے تاکہ ہم آپنے ثبوت آپ کے سامنے رکھ سکے == Bibliography == * {{citation |last=Guidere |first=M. |title=Historical Dictionary of Islamic Fundamentalism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tCvhzGiDMYsC&pg=PA356 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |year=2012 |isbn=9780810879652 |ref={{sfnref|Guidere, Islamic Fundamentalism|2012}}}} * {{citation |editor-last=Schmid |editor-first=Alex |title=The Routledge Handbook of Terrorism Research |year=2011 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-41157-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_PXpFxKRsHgC |ref={{sfnRef|Schmid|2011}} }} * {{citation |last=Tomsen |first=Peter |title=The Wars of Afghanistan: Messianic Terrorism, Tribal Conflicts, and the Failures of Great Powers |year=2011 |publisher=Public Affairs |isbn=978-1-58648-763-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=86w4DgAAQBAJ |ref=harv}} * {{citation |last1=Nasr |first1=Seyyed Vali Reza Nasr |authorlink=Vali Reza Nasr |title=The Vanguard of the Islamic Revolution: the Jamaat-i Islami of Pakistan |date=1994 |publisher=I.B.Tauris |isbn=9780520083691 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5LWepMdh7OkC |ref={{sfnref|Nasr, Vanguard of Islamic Revolution|1994}}}} * {{citation |last1=Nasr |first1=Seyyed Vali Reza Nasr |authorlink=Vali Reza Nasr |title=Mawdudi and the Making of Islamic Revivalism |date=1996 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford, New York |isbn=9780195357110 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I07ykFUoKTUC |ref={{sfnref|Nasr, Mawdudi and Islamic Revivalism|1996}}}} * {{citation |last1=Haqqani |first1=Husain |authorlink=Husain Haqqani |title=Pakistan: Between Mosque and Military |date=2005 |publisher=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. |url=http://www.pakhtunkhwa.pk/sites/default/files/Publications/Pakistan%20between%20Mosque%20and%20Military%20by%20Hussain%20Haqqani%20%281%29.pdf |ref={{sfnref|Haqqani, Pakistan between Mosque and Military|2005}}}} == External links == * {{Official website|http://www.jamaat.org/en}} {{in lang|en}} * {{Official website|http://www.jamaat.org/ur}} {{in lang|ur}} * [http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/pakistan/ji.htm Profile: Jamaat-e-Islami & Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi] GlobalSecurity.org * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/4470254.stm Bangladesh ruling party expels MP] [[BBC]], 25 November 2005 * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/4320078.stm Pakistan rulers claim poll boost] [[BBC]], 7 October 2005 * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/4156808.stm Who's afraid of the six-party alliance?] [[BBC]], 17 August 2005 * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/4155474.stm Pakistan 'hate' paper crackdown] [[BBC]], 16 August 2005 * [https://www.theguardian.com/religion/Story/0,,1548826,00.html Radical links of UK's 'moderate' Muslim group] [[Martin Bright]], [[The Observer]], 14 August 2005 * [https://fas.org/irp/congress/1993_rpt/house_repub_report.html Congressional Report: The New Islamist International](from [[Federation of American Scientists|FAS]] site) [[Bill McCollum]], US Congressional Task Force on Terrorism and Unconventional Warfare, 1 February 1993. * [http://tanzeem.org Tanzeem-e-Islami (Tehreek-e-Khilafah)] {{Pakistani political parties}} {{IslamismSA}} {{Islamism}} {{Pakistan topics}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Jamaat-E-Islami}} [[Category:Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan| ]] [[Category:Islamic organisations based in Pakistan]] [[Category:Political parties established in 1947]] [[Category:Islamic democratic political parties]] [[Category:Anti-capitalist organizations]] [[Category:Anti-communist organizations]] [[Category:Anti-communist parties]] [[Category:Anti-capitalist political parties]] [[Category:Far-right political parties in Pakistan]] [[Category:Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal]] [[Category:1947 establishments in Pakistan]] [[Category:1940s in Islam]]'