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'{{short description|Scottish/Australian/New Zealand wine farmer and politician}} {{EngvarB|date=August 2014}} {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}} {{Infobox officeholder |image =JamesBusbyNZ.jpg |imagesize = 250px | | name =James Busby | caption = | office =[[Resident (title)|British Resident]] in [[New Zealand]] | term_start =March 1833 | term_end =28 January 1840<ref>For a year overlapping 1835–6, Busby shared this office with [[Thomas McDonnell, Snr.|Thomas McDonnell]]</ref> | primeminister = | office2 =[[Bay of Islands]] councillor | term_start2 =1853 | term_end2 =1855 | primeminister2 = | predecessor2 = | successor2 = | office3 =[[Bay of Islands]] councillor<ref>[http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/1966/busby-james/1 James Busby] in 1966 ''An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand'', Manatū Taonga Ministry for Culture and Heritage</ref> | term_start3 =1857 | term_end3 =1863 | primeminister3 = | predecessor3 = | successor3 = | birth_place =Scotland | birth_date ={{birth date|df= yes|1802|2|7}} | death_place =[[Anerley]], [[London]], UK | death_date = {{death date and age|df= yes|1871|7|15|1802|2|7}} | spouse = [[Agnes Busby]] (née Dow; m. 1832) }} '''James Busby''' (7 February 1802 – 15 July 1802) was appointed in 1833 as the [[Resident (title)|British Resident]] in [[New Zealand]], and became involved in drafting both the 1835 [[Declaration of the Independence of New Zealand]] and the 1840 [[Treaty of Waitangi]]. As British Resident, he acted as New Zealand's first jurist and the "originator of law in [[Aotearoa]]", to whom New Zealand owes almost all of its underlying jurisprudence'.<ref name="Jamieson, Nigel 1986 pp. 250-255"> Jamieson, Nigel (1986), "The Charismatic Renewal of Law in Aotearoa", ''New Zealand Law Journal'', July 1986, pp. 250–255 </ref> Busby is also regarded{{by whom?|date=April 2018}} as the [[father of| "father" of]] the [[Australian wine]] industry, as he brought the first collection of vine stock from Spain and France to Australia.<ref name="Oxford">J. Robinson (ed) ''"The Oxford Companion to Wine"'' Third Edition pg 116 Oxford University Press 2006 {{ISBN|0-19-860990-6}}</ref> ==Life== He was born in Scotland, the son of English engineer [[John Busby]] and mother Sarah Kennedy.<ref>{{DNZB|last=Claudia|first=Orange|id=1B54|title=Busby, James – Biography|accessdate=4 April 2011}}</ref> His family emigrated from [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|Britain]] to [[New South Wales]] in 1824. He was a sick cunt. On his arrival in Sydney, Busby was appointed a teacher of [[viticulture]] at the Male Orphans School at Bald Hills near [[Liverpool, New South Wales|Liverpool]]. The school closed in 1850. Busby served out his contract and taught the stipulated two hundred days at the Male Orphans' Farm. Busby then received a [[Land grant#Australia|Grant of Land]] from the [[Governor of New South Wales|Governor]] and after much careful deliberation he chose a block in the Coal River area of the [[Hunter Region]]. In 1828 Busby returned to England, before visiting Spain and France to further his study in [[viticulture]]. Busby returned to Australia in 1828. ===In New Zealand=== Busby married [[Agnes Busby|Agnes]] Dow at Segenhoe, in the Hunter Region, New South Wales, on 1 November 1832. In March 1833 he was appointed by the Colonial Office to the position of [[Resident (title)|British Resident]] of [[New Zealand]] and went to the [[Bay of Islands]] where he arrived in [[HMS Imogene (1831)|H.M.S. ''Imogene'']] on 5 May that year.<ref name="CAR135">{{cite book |last1= Carleton |first1=Hugh |authorlink1= |title= The Life of Henry Williams|url= |format= |accessdate= |year= 1874 |publisher= [[Early New Zealand Books]] (ENZB), University of Auckland Library|location= |language= |isbn= |oclc= |doi= |id= |page=135 |pages= |chapter= Vol. I |chapterurl=http://www.enzb.auckland.ac.nz/document?wid=1038&action=null|quote= |ref= |bibcode= }}</ref> Agnes followed him, arriving in July. A house was completed for him at [[Waitangi, Northland|Waitangi]] where he planted some of the vine stock he had collected in Europe, from which [[vineyard]] wine was being made before his vines were productive in Australia. His duties were to protect British commerce, control, and to mediate between the unruly [[Pākehā settlers]] and [[Māori people|Māori]] in New Zealand. However, he was not provided with any resources to impose this authority. After an unregistered New Zealand ship was seized in Australia, Busby proposed that New Zealand should have a [[Flag of New Zealand|national flag]]. A selection of three or four designs was sent from Australia, and [[Māori people|Māori]] chiefs chose one at a meeting at his residency on 20 March 1834; see [[United Tribes of New Zealand]]. ====Independence and Treaty of Waitangi==== In 1835 Busby learned that Baron [[Charles Philippe Hippolyte de Thierry]], a [[France|Frenchman]], was proposing to declare French [[sovereignty]] over New Zealand. He drafted the [[Declaration of the Independence of New Zealand]] and at a meeting in October signed it together with 35 chiefs from the northern part of New Zealand. After the arrival of [[William Hobson]] in 1840, Busby co-authored with him the [[Treaty of Waitangi]]. It was first signed on 5 and 6 February 1840 on the lawn outside his residence. Busby and his family left Waitangi that year. He declined an offer for a position in the new colonial government, and instead focused on farming interests, but became entangled in litigation over his own land titles: the [[New Zealand Banking Company]] seized his Waitangi property without giving Busby's debtors an opportunity to pay what they owed, and [[Governor Grey]] expropriated Busby's land at [[Whangarei]].<ref name="Jamieson, Nigel 1986 pp. 250-255"/> He also edited a newspaper and served as a member of the [[Auckland Provincial Council]]. He contested the [[New Zealand general election, 1860–61| 1860 general election]] for a seat in the [[New Zealand House of Representatives |House of Representatives]] for the [[Bay of Islands (New Zealand electorate)|Bay of Islands]] electorate, but was unsuccessful.<ref> {{cite news|title= Page 6 Advertisements Column 1 |url= http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&cl=search&d=DSC18601207.2.30.1|accessdate= 4 June 2010|newspaper= [[Daily Southern Cross]]|volume= XVII |issue= 1356 |date= 7 December 1860|page= 6}} </ref> ===Later life=== He died in 1871 in [[Anerley]], England after travelling back for an eye operation,<ref>NZ History.net.nz, James Busby, http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/people/james-busby</ref> and is buried at [[West Norwood Cemetery]] in London. His wife returned to New Zealand where she died, at [[Pakaraka]] in 1889, and is buried at [[Paihia]]. The [[Treaty house|Waitangi property]], on which the [[Treaty of Waitangi|Treaty]] was signed, was derelict until the 1930s, when it was purchased by the [[Governor-General of New Zealand|Governor-General]] of the day, [[Viscount Bledisloe]] and donated to the nation. == Published writings == * ''Treatise on the Culture of the Vine'' (1825) * ''A Manual of Plain Directions for Planting and Cultivating Vineyards and for Making Wine in New South Wales'' (Sydney 1830) * ''Journal of a Tour through some of the vineyards of Spain and France'' (Sydney 1833) ==See also== * [[Treaty of Waitangi]] * [[Australian wine]] * [[New Zealand wine]] * [[List of wine personalities]] ==References== {{reflist}} == External links == {{sisterlinks|d=Q1186349|c=Category:James Busby|s=Author:James Busby|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|wikt=no|q=no|species=no}} * [http://www.asap.unimelb.edu.au/bsparcs/biogs/P000283b.htm James Busby, Melbourne University] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110827000341/http://www.waitangi.net.nz/ Waitangi Treaty Grounds] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20061209155734/http://www.fownc.org/newsletters/no48.shtml Newsletter 48, Friends of West Norwood Cemetery] {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Busby, James}} [[Category:1801 births]] [[Category:1871 deaths]] [[Category:19th-century Australian businesspeople]] [[Category:19th-century New Zealand businesspeople]] [[Category:19th-century Scottish businesspeople]] [[Category:Australian people of English descent]] [[Category:Australian people of Scottish descent]] [[Category:People from the Bay of Islands]] [[Category:Wine merchants]] [[Category:Treaty of Waitangi]] [[Category:Burials at West Norwood Cemetery]] [[Category:New Zealand people of Scottish descent]] [[Category:New Zealand people of English descent]] [[Category:independence activists]]'