Examine individual changes

'{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2011}} {{Infobox French commune |name = Poitiers |image coat of arms = Blason ville fr Poitiers (Vienne).svg |image coat of arms size = |coat of arms legend = City coat of arms |city motto = |region = [[Poitou-Charentes]] |department = [[Vienne]] |image = Poitiers hill.jpg |caption = Historic centre of Poitiers with [[Église Sainte-Radegonde-de-Poitiers|Church of Saint-Radegund]], [[Poitiers Cathedral|Cathedral of Saint-Pierre]] and [[Palace of Poitiers|Palace of Justice]] in the background |arrondissement = Poitiers |canton = Prefecture |INSEE = 86194 |postal code = FR86000 |mayor = [[Alain Claeys]] |term = 2008–2014 |intercommunality = Agglomeration community of Poitiers (CAP) |latitude = 46.58 |longitude = 0.34 |elevation m = 75 |elevation min m = 65 |elevation max m = 144 |area km2 = 42.11 |population = 91394 |population date = 2006 }} '''Poitiers''' {{IPA-fr|pwatje||Fr-Paris--Poitiers.ogg}} is a city on the [[Clain|Clain river]] in west-central [[France]]. It is a [[commune in France|commune]] and the capital of the [[Vienne]] [[Departments of France|department]] and of the [[Poitou-Charentes]] [[Regions of France|region]]. Poitiers is a major university centre. The centre of town is picturesque and its streets include predominant historical architecture, especially religious architecture and especially from the [[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]] period. Two major military battles took place near the city: in 732, the [[Battle of Tours|Battle of Poitiers]] (also known as the Battle of Tours), in which the Franks commanded by [[Charles Martel]] halted the expansion of the [[Umayyad Caliphate]], and in 1356, the [[Battle of Poitiers]], a key victory for the English forces during the [[Hundred Years' War]]. This battle's consequences partly provoked [[the Jacquerie]]. ==Geography== ===Location=== The city of Poitiers is strategically situated on the [[Seuil du Poitou]], a shallow gap between the [[Armorican Massif|Armorican]] and the [[Massif Central|Central Massif]]. The Seuil du Poitou connects the [[Aquitaine Basin (geology)|Aquitaine Basin]] to the South to the [[Paris Basin (geology)|Paris Basin]] to the North. This area is an important geographic crossroads in France and Western Europe. fuck you mother fuckers suck a fart out of my ass ===Situation=== Poitiers's primary site sits on a vast promontory between the valleys of the [[Boivre]] and the [[Clain]]. The old town occupies the slopes and the summit of a plateau which rises {{convert|130|ft|m}} above the streams which surround it on three sides. Thus Poitiers benefits from a very strong tactical situation. This was an especially important factor before and throughout the Middle Ages. ==Inhabitants & Demography== Inhabitants of Poitiers are referred as Pictaviens (male) and Pictaviennes (female) from Pictavis, which was the ancient name for the town.<ref>{{cite web|title=Habitants.fr|url=http://www.habitants.fr/habitants_poitiers_86194.html|accessdate=25 April 2011}}</ref> It is not uncommon for inhabitants of Poitiers to call themselves Poitevins or Poitevines, although this denomination can be used for anyone from the [[Poitou]] province. As of 2006, the population of Poitiers was 91,394. One out of three people in Poitiers is under the age of 30 and one out of four residents in Poitiers is a student.{{citation needed|reason=where do the age statistics originate?|date=October 2008}} {{Demography |1936= 44,269 |1954= 52,681 |1962= 62,178 |1968= 71,129 |1975= 81,313 |1982= 79,350 |1990= 78,894 |1999= 83,448 |2006=6969696 ==Climate== The climate in the Poitiers area is mild with mild temperature amplitudes, and adequate rainfall throughout the year. The [[Köppen Climate Classification]] subtype for this type of climate is "[[Köppen climate classification#GROUP C: Mild Temperate/mesothermal climates|Cfb]]" (Marine West Coast Climate/[[Oceanic climate]]).<ref>[http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=53370&cityname=Poitiers%2C+Poitou-Charentes%2C+France&units= Climate Summary for Poitiers, France]</ref> {{Weather box |location = Poitiers |single line = Yes |metric first = Yes |Jan high F = 45 |Feb high F = 49 |Mar high F = 55 |Apr high F = 61 |May high F = 67 |Jun high F = 73 |Jul high F = 76 |Aug high F = 77 |Sep high F = 72 |Oct high F = 62 |Nov high F = 51 |Dec high F = 47 |Year high F = 61 |Jan low F = 33 |Feb low F = 34 |Mar low F = 36 |Apr low F = 41 |May low F = 47 |Jun low F = 52 |Jul low F = 56 |Aug low F = 55 |Sep low F = 51 |Oct low F = 45 |Nov low F = 39 |Dec low F = 35 |Year low F = 44 |Jan precipitation inch = 1.7 |Feb precipitation inch = 1.9 |Mar precipitation inch = 2.2 |Apr precipitation inch = 1.9 |May precipitation inch = 2 |Jun precipitation inch = 2 |Jul precipitation inch = 1.8 |Aug precipitation inch = 1.7 |Sep precipitation inch = 1.8 |Oct precipitation inch = 2.9 |Nov precipitation inch = 2.8 |Dec precipitation inch = 2.4 |Year precipitation inch = 25.1 |source 1 = Weatherbase <ref name=Weatherbase> {{cite web |url =http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=53370&cityname=Poitiers- |publisher=Weatherbase |title=Weatherbase.com |year=2013 }} Retrieved on June 26, 2013. </ref> |date=June 2013 }} ==History== ===Antiquity=== Poitiers was founded by the [[Celts|Celtic]] tribe of the [[Pictones]] and was known as the [[oppidum]] ''Lemonum'' before [[Roman Republic|Roman]] influence. The name is said to have come from the Celtic word for [[elm]], ''Lemo''. After Roman influence took over, the town became known as ''Pictavium'', or later "Pictavis", after the original [[Pictones]] inhabitants themselves. There is a rich history of [[archeology|archeological]] finds from the Roman era in Poitiers. In fact until 1857 Poitiers hosted the ruins of a vast Roman [[amphitheatre]], which was larger than that of [[Nîmes]]. Remains of [[Roman bath]]s, built in the 1st century and demolished in the 3rd century, were uncovered in 1877. In 1879 a burial-place and tombs of a number of [[Christian martyrs]] were discovered on the heights to the south-east of the town. The names of some of the Christians had been preserved in paintings and inscriptions. Not far from these tombs is a huge [[dolmen]] (the ''Pierre Levée''), which is {{convert|22|ft|m|disp=flip}} long, {{convert|16|ft|m|disp=flip}} broad and {{convert|7|ft|m|disp=flip}} high, and around which used to be held the great fair of [[Saint Luke]]. The Romans also built at least three [[aqueduct (bridge)|aqueduct]]s. This extensive ensemble of Roman constructions suggests Poitiers was a town of first importance, possibly even the capital of the [[Roman province]] of ''[[Gallia Aquitania]]'' during the 2nd century. As [[Christianity]] was made official and gradually introduced across the [[Roman Empire]] during the 3rd and 4th centuries, the first [[bishop of Poitiers]] from 350 to 367, [[Hilary of Poitiers]] or [[Hilary of Poitiers|Saint Hilarius]], proceeded to evangelize the town. Exiled by an ignorant Emperor, he risked death to return to Poitiers as Bishop after discovering that the Christian "Eastern" Church were not heretics as believed in Rome, but had, rather, reached many of the same conclusions about the Holy Trinity as had the Western Church. The first foundations of the [[Baptistère Saint-Jean]] can be traced to that era of open Christian evangelization. The was named "Doctor of The Church" by Pope Pius IX. In the 4th century, a thick wall 6m wide and 10m high was built around the town. It was {{convert|2.5|km|0|abbr=on}} long and stood lower on the naturally defended east side and at the top of the promontory. Around this time, the town began to be known as Poitiers. Fifty years later Poitiers fell into the hands of the [[Visigoths|Arian Visigoths]], and became one of the principal residences of their kings. Visigoth King [[Alaric II]] was defeated by [[Clovis I]] at [[Vouillé, Vienne|Vouillé]], not far from Poitiers, in 507, and the town thus came under [[Franks|Frank]]ish dominion. ===Middle Ages=== [[File:PlacedeGaulle Poitiers.JPG|thumb|[[Charles de Gaulle|Charles-de-Gaulle]] place and its medieval heritage]] During most of the [[Early Middle Ages]], the town of Poitiers took advantage of its defensive tactical site and of its location, which was far from the centre of Frankish power. As the seat for an ''[[bishop|évêché]]'' (bishop) since the 4th century, the town was a centre of some importance and the capital of the [[Poitou]] county. At the height of their power, the [[Count of Poitiers|Counts of Poitiers]] governed a large domain, including both [[Aquitaine]] and [[Poitou]]. The first decisive victory of a Christian army over a [[Muslim]] power, the [[Battle of Tours]], was fought by [[Charles Martel]]'s men in the vicinity of Poitiers on 10 October 732. For many historians, it was one of the world's pivotal moments.<ref>Professor of religion [[Huston Smith]] says in ''The World's Religions: Our Great Wisdom Traditions'': "But for their defeat by Charles Martel in the Battle of Tours in 733 {{sic}}, the entire Western world might today be Muslim."</ref> [[Eleanor of Aquitaine]] frequently resided in the town, which she embellished and fortified, and in 1199 entrusted with communal rights. During the [[Hundred Years' War]], the [[Battle of Poitiers (1356)|Battle of Poitiers]], an English victory, was fought near the town of Poitiers on 19 September 1356. Later in the war In 1418, under duress, the royal parliament moved from Paris to Poitiers, where it remained in exile until the Plantagenets finally withdrew from the capital in 1436. During this interval, in 1429 Poitiers was the site of [[Joan of Arc]]'s formal inquest. The [[University of Poitiers]] was founded in 1431. During and after the Reformation, [[John Calvin]] had numerous converts in Poitiers and the town had its share of the violent proceedings which underlined the [[French Wars of Religion|Wars of Religion]] throughout France. In 1569 Poitiers was defended by Gui de Daillon, comte du Lude, against [[Gaspard II de Coligny|Gaspard de Coligny]], who after an unsuccessful bombardment and seven weeks, retired from a siege he had laid to the town. ===16th century=== The type of political organisation existing in Poitiers during the [[late medieval]] or [[early modern]] period can be glimpsed through a speech given on 14 July 1595 by [[Maurice Roatin]], the town's mayor. He compared it to the Roman state, which combined three types of government: [[monarchy]] (rule by one person), [[aristocracy]] (rule by a few), and [[democracy]] (rule by the many). He said the Roman consulate corresponded to Poitiers' mayor, the [[Roman senate]] to the town's peers and ''échevins'', and the democratic element in Rome corresponded to the fact that most important matters "can not be decided except by the advice of the ''Mois et Cent''" (broad council).[[#Notes|¹]] The mayor appears to have been an advocate of a mixed constitution; not all Frenchmen in 1595 would have agreed with him, at least in public; many spoke in favour of [[absolute monarchy]]. The democratic element was not as strong as the mayor's words may seem to imply: in fact, Poitiers was similar to other French cities, Paris, [[Nantes]], [[Marseille]], [[Limoges]], [[La Rochelle]], [[Dijon]], in that the town's governing body (''corps de ville'') was "highly exclusive and oligarchical": a small number of professional and family groups controlled most of the city offices. In Poitiers many of these positions were granted for the lifetime of the office holder.[[#Notes|²]] The city government in Poitiers based its claims to legitimacy on the theory of government where the mayor and ''échevins'' held jurisdiction of the city's affairs [[fief|in fief]] from the king: that is, they swore allegiance and promised support for him, and in return he granted them local authority. This gave them the advantage of being able to claim that any townsperson who challenged their authority was being disloyal to the king. Every year the mayor and the 24 ''échevins'' would swear an [[oath of allegiance]] "between the hands" of the king or his representative, usually the lieutenant général or the sénéchaussée. For example, in 1567, when [[Maixent Poitevin]] was mayor, king [[Henry III of France|Henry III]] came for a visit, and, although some townspeople grumbled about the licentious behaviour of his entourage, Henry smoothed things over with a warm speech acknowledging their allegiance and thanking them for it.[[#Notes|²]] In this era, the mayor of Poitiers was preceded by sergeants wherever he went, consulted deliberative bodies, carried out their decisions, "heard civil and criminal suits in first instance", tried to ensure that the food supply would be adequate, visited markets.[[#Notes|²]] In the 16th century, Poitiers impressed visitors because of its large size, and important features, including "royal courts, university, prolific printing shops, wealthy religious institutions, cathedral, numerous parishes, markets, impressive domestic architecture, extensive fortifications, and castle."[[#Notes|³]] 16th-century Poitiers is closely associated with the life of [[François Rabelais]] and with the community of [[Bitard]]s. ===17th century=== The town saw less activity during the [[Renaissance]]. Few changes were made in the urban landscape, except for laying way for the ''[[rue de la Tranchée (Poitiers)|rue de la Tranchée]]''. Bridges were built where the inhabitants had used ''[[gués]]''. A few ''[[hôtel particulier|hôtels particuliers]]'' were built at that time, such as the hôtels Jean Baucé, Fumé and Berthelot. Poets [[Joachim du Bellay]] and [[Pierre Ronsard]] met at the [[University of Poitiers]], before leaving for Paris. During the 17th century, many people emigrated from Poitiers and the Poitou to the French settlements in the new world and thus many [[Acadians]] or [[Cajuns]] living in North America today can trace ancestry back to this region. ===18th century=== During the 18th century, the town's activity mainly depended on its administrative functions as a regional centre: Poitiers served as the seat for the regional administration of royal justice, the évêché, the monasteries and the intendance of the ''[[Généralité du Poitou]]''. The [[Vicomte de Blossac]], intendant of Poitou from 1750 to 1784, had a [[French garden]] landscaped in Poitiers. He also had [[Aliénor d'Aquitaine]]'s ancient wall razed and modern [[boulevard]]s were built in its place. ===19th century=== During the 19th century, many army bases were built in Poitiers because of its central and strategic location. Poitiers became a [[garrison|garrison town]], despite its distance from France's borders. The [[Gare de Poitiers|Poitiers train station]] was built in the 1850s, and connected Poitiers to the rest of France. ===20th century and contemporary Poitiers=== Poitiers was bombed during World War II, particularly the area around the railway station which was heavily hit on 13 June 1944. From the late 1950s until the late 1960s when [[Charles de Gaulle]] ended the American military presence, the U.S. Army and U.S. Air Force had an array of military installations in France, including a major Army logistics and communications hub in Poitiers, part of what was called the Communication Zone (ComZ), and consisting of a logistics headquarters and communications agency located at Aboville Caserne, a military compound situated on a hill above the city. Hundreds of graduates ("Military Brats") of Poitiers American High School, a school operated by the Department of Defense School System (DODDS), have gone on to successful careers, including the recent commander-in-chief of U.S. Special Forces Command, Army General Bryan (Doug) Brown. The Caserne also housed a full support community, with a theater, commissary, recreation facilities and an affiliate radio station of the American Forces Network, Europe, headquartered in Frankfurt (now [[Mannheim, Germany]]). {{citation needed|date=September 2013}} The town benefited from industrial ''[[décentralisation]]'' in the 1970s, for instance with the installation during that decade of the [[Michelin]] and [[Schlumberger|Compagnie des compteurs Schlumberger]] [[factory|factories]]. The ''[[Futuroscope]]'' [[theme park|theme-park]] and research park project, built in 1986–1987 in nearby [[Chasseneuil-du-Poitou]], after an idea by [[René Monory]], consolidated Poitiers' place as a [[tourism|touristic]] destination and as a modern university centre, and opened the town to the era of information technology. {{citation needed|date=September 2013}} ==Landmarks and Attractions== [[File:Saint Hilaire Poitiers 2.jpg|thumb|Église St-Hilaire-le-Grand<br>Poitiers]] * [[Baptistère Saint-Jean]] (4th century) – the oldest church in France * [[Palace of Poitiers]] – the seat of the [[Dukes of Aquitaine]] * [[Église Notre-Dame-la-Grande]] – oldest [[romanesque architecture]] church in Europe * [[Poitiers Cathedral|Cathédrale Saint-Pierre]], Poitiers's [[cathedral]] (12th century) * [[Musée Sainte-Croix]], the largest museum in Poitiers * [[Église Sainte-Radegonde-de-Poitiers]] * [[Église Saint-Hilaire-le-Grand]] (11th century) * [[Hypogée des Dunes]] (underground chapel) * [[Jardin des Plantes de Poitiers]], a park and [[botanical garden]] * [[Église de Montierneuf]] * [[:fr:Ancien Théâtre Municipal de Poitiers|Théâtre Municipal de Poitiers]], by the French architect [[:fr:Édouard Lardillier|Édouard Lardillier]] * [[Futuroscope|Parc du Futuroscope]] (European Park of the Moving Image, some {{convert|10|km|mi|abbr=on}} north of Poitiers; theme is visual communication technology in ultramodern buildings) * Le Confort Moderne [[File:PoitiersEglise Notre Dame.JPG|left|thumb|Église [[Église Notre-Dame-la-Grande|Notre-Dame la Grande]]]] ==Sports== The [[Stade Poitevin]], founded in 1900, is a multi-sports club, which fields several top-level teams in a variety of sports. These include a [[volleyball]] team that play in the French Pro A volleyball league, a [[basketball]] team, an amateur [[Association football|football]] team and a professional [[Rugby football|rugby]] team (as of the 2008–2009 season.) The [[Poitiers Basket 86|PB86]] or Poitiers Basket 86 (www.pb86.fr) play in the French Pro A basketball league. In the 2009–10 season, three Americans played for PB86: Rasheed Wright, Kenny Younger and Tommy Gunn. The team played the French championship playoffs in the 2009–10 season and was the Pro B French Champion for the 2008–2009 season. The team's communication strategy is considered by some to be one of the best in the French basketball league. [[Brian Joubert]], the [[figure skating]] champion, practices at an ice rink in Poitiers and lives with his family in the city. ==Tourism== Historic churches, in particular Romanesque church buildings, are the main attraction inside Poitiers itself. The town's centre is picturesque, with generally well-preserved architecture and a recently re-zoned pedestrian area. There are numerous shops, cafes and restaurants in the town centre. Since 1987, Poitiers' tourist industry has indirectly benefited from the ''[[Futuroscope]]'' theme-park and research park in nearby [[Chasseneuil-du-Poitou]]. The centre of town receives visits in complement to the theme-park and benefits from a larger proportion of European tourists, notably from the United Kingdom. In conjunction, Poitiers' tourism has directly benefited from the TGV high-speed rail link to Paris. ==Transport== [[Gare de Poitiers|Poitiers' railway station]] lies on the [[TGV Atlantique]] line between Paris and [[Bordeaux]]. The station is in the valley to the west of the old town centre. Services run to [[Angoulême]], [[Limoges]] and [[La Rochelle]] in addition to Paris and Bordeaux. The direct [[TGV]] puts Poitiers 1h40 from Paris' [[Gare Montparnasse]]. [[Poitiers - Biard Airport]] is located {{convert|2.4|km|mi}} west of Poitiers with flights to [[Lyon-Saint Exupéry Airport|Lyon-Saint Exupéry]], [[London-Stansted]], [[Edinburgh Airport|Edinburgh]] and Shannon, Ireland on Ryanair. Urban transportation in Poitiers is provided by a company called Vitalis. Regional ground transportation in the department of the [[Vienne]] is provided by private bus companies such as "Ligne en Vienne". Rail transportation in the region is provided by the public [[TER Poitou-Charentes]] (regional express train). From January 2009 to December 2012, Poitiers' town centre went through deep changes to make it less accessible to motor vehicles. The project, named "Projet Coeur d'Agglo", focused on re-thinking the way people use individual cars to access the town centre and as an everyday way of transportation. On September 29, 2010, 12 streets were permanently closed off to motor vehicles and transformed into an entirely pedestrian zone. Eventually, a new line of fast buses will be added around 2017. {{Panorama |image = File:Poitiers_Panorama.jpeg |fullwidth = 12779 |fullheight = 2180 |caption = Panoramic view of Poitiers at sunset. |height = 300}} ==Education== The city of Poitiers has a very old tradition as a university centre, starting in the Middle Ages. The [[University of Poitiers]] was established in 1431 as the second oldest university in France, and has welcomed many famous philosophers and scientists throughout the ages (notably [[François Rabelais]]; [[René Descartes]]; [[Francis Bacon]]). Today Poitiers is one of the biggest university towns in France; in fact it has more students per inhabitant than any other large town or city in France. All around, there are over 27,000 university students in Poitiers, nearly 4,000 of which are foreigners, hailing from 117 countries. The University covers all major fields from [[sciences]] to [[geography]], [[history]], [[languages]] [[economics]] and [[law]]. The [[law degree]] at the [[University of Poitiers]] is considered to be one of the best in France. The program was ranked second by ''l'Étudiant magazine'' in 2005.{{citation needed|reason=find link to article if possible|date=October 2008}} In addition to the University, Poitiers also hosts two engineering schools and two business schools: *the [[École nationale supérieure de mécanique et d'aérotechnique]] (ENSMA) *the [[École nationale supérieure d'ingénieurs de Poitiers]] (ENSIP) *the [[École supérieure de commerce et management|France Business School]] (FBS) *the [[IAE Poitiers|Institut d'Administration des Entreprises de Poitiers]] (IAE). Since 2001, the city of Poitiers has hosted the first cycle of "the South America, Spain and Portugal" program from the [[Paris Institute of Political Studies]]. ==International relations== {{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in France}} ===Twin towns – Sister cities=== Poitiers is [[town twinning|twinned]] with: {| class="wikitable" |- valign="top" | *[[Northampton]], United Kingdom *[[Marburg]], Germany *[[Lafayette, Louisiana]], United States || *[[Coimbra]], Portugal<ref name="Coimbra Twinning">{{cite web|url=http://www.cm-coimbra.pt/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=62&Itemid=128|title=Acordos de Geminação|publisher=© 2009 [http://www.cm-coimbra.pt/ Câmara Municipal de Coimbra] – Praça 8 de Maio – 3000-300 Coimbra |language=Portuguese|accessdate=25 June 2009}}</ref> *[[Yaroslavl]], Russia *[[Iaşi]], Romania || *[[Azrou]], Morocco *[[Moundou]], Chad *[[Eggelsberg]], Austria |} ==Notable people== This is a list of people of interest who were born or resided in Poitiers: *[[Hilary of Poitiers]] (c300–367), elected bishop of Poitiers around the year 350, exiled and returned to die there *[[Charles Martel]], French general who defeated the Muslim [[Umayyad]] army in the [[Battle of Tours]] in 732 *[[François Rabelais]], [[Renaissance]] writer and [[Humanism|humanist]] *[[Pope Clement V]] *[[St. Venantius Fortunatus]], 6th-century [[Latin]] poet and [[hymn]]odist and Bishop in the Roman Catholic Church *[[Beatification|Blessed]] [[Marie Louise Trichet]] *[[William Longchamp]], buried at the abbey of Le Pin, 1197 *[[René Descartes]] studied law at the University of Poitiers *Saint [[Louis de Montfort]] *[[Michel Aco]], the explorer, was born in Poitiers.<ref name="Marquis 1607-1896">{{cite book | title = Who Was Who in America, Historical Volume, 1607–1896 | publisher=[[Marquis Who's Who]] | year = 1967}}</ref> *[[Paul Rougnon]], composer and professor at the Conservatoire de Paris *[[Fernand Fau]], born in Poitiers in 1858, French illustrator and cartoonist *[[Louis Vierne]], organist & composer, eventually at the Notre Dame cathedral, Paris. *[[Camille Guérin]], born in Poitiers in 1872, discovered a [[vaccine]] against [[tuberculosis]] with [[Albert Calmette]] in 1924 *[[Michel Foucault]], French [[philosopher]] *[[Joël Robuchon]], born in Poitiers in 1945, French [[chef]] and [[restaurateur]] *[[Jean-Pierre Raffarin]], French politician and [[senator]] for [[Vienne]], former [[Prime Minister of France]] (2002–2005) *[[Jean-Pierre Thiollet]], born in Poitiers in 1956, French author *[[Maryse Ewanje-Epee]] athlete *[[Monique Ewanje-Epee]] athlete *[[Mahyar Monshipour]], Ex [[World Boxing Association]] Super bantamweight champion in 2003–2006. *[[Simon Pagenaud]] race car driver *[[Bruce Inkango]] footballer *[[Elsa N'Guessan]] swimmer *[[Brian Joubert]], French [[ice skating]] [[champion]] *[[Francis N'Ganga]] footballer *[[Romain Édouard]] chess player and [[grandmaster (chess)|grandmaster]] *[[Ribar Baikoua]] basketball player *[[Yassine Jebbour]] footballer ==See also== *[[Communes of the Vienne department]] *[[The works of Maxime Real del Sarte]] ==References== *[http://www.insee.fr/en/home/home_page.asp INSEE] *{{EB1911}} ===Bibliography=== # ''Archives communales de Poitiers'', reg. 54, pp.&nbsp;211–213; in Harry J. Bernstein, ''Between Crown and Community: Politics and Civic Culture in Sixteenth-Century Poitiers. 2004, Ithica N.Y., USA: Cornell University Press, p.&nbsp;22. # Harry J. Bernstein, ''Between Crown and Community: Politics and Civic Culture in Sixteenth-Century Poitiers. 2004, Ithaca N.Y., USA: Cornell University Press, p.&nbsp;22–30. # ''ibid''., p.&nbsp;2. ===Notes=== {{reflist|colwidth=30em}} ==External links== {{Commons category|Poitiers}} * [http://www.poitiers.fr Official website of the City of Poitiers] * [http://www.agglo-poitiers.fr website CAP] * [http://www.vienne.pref.gouv.fr Prefecture of the Vienne.] * [http://www.vitalis-poitiers.fr Official website Vitalis (Urban Transportation)] * [http://www.cg86.fr/114-transports.htm Official website Ligne en Vienne (Vienne transportation)] * [http://www.ter-sncf.com/Regions/poitou_charentes/fr/ Official website TER Poitou-Charentes] * [http://www.gares-en-mouvement.com/gare.php?gare=frpis Official Website of the train station in Poitiers] * [http://www.ot-poitiers.fr Site of the Tourist Office of Poitiers] * [http://www.univ-poitiers.fr/ The University of Poitiers website] * [http://www.paradoxplace.com/Photo%20Pages/France/West/Poitiers_Poitou_Charentes/Poitiers/Poitiers_Overview.htm Poitiers – History, Churches, Streets and Museum] {{Préfectures of départements of France}} {{Prefectures of regions of France}} {{Vienne communes}} [[Category:Poitiers| ]] [[Category:Prefectures in France]]'