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Shimazu clan

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Shimazu clan
島津氏
The Shimazu clan mon
Home provinceSatsuma
Ōsumi
Hyūga
Parent house Minamoto clan (Seiwa Genji)
FounderShimazu Tadahisa
Final rulerShimazu Tadashige
Current headShimazu Nobuhisa
Founding year12th century (ca. 1196 AD)
Dissolutionstill extant
Ruled until1947, Constitution of Japan renders titles obsolete

The Shimazu clan (Japanese: 島津氏, Hepburn: Shimazu-shi) were the daimyō of the Satsuma han, which spread over Satsuma, Ōsumi and Hyūga provinces in Japan.

The Shimazu were identified as one of the tozama or outsider daimyō families[1] in contrast with the fudai or insider clans which were hereditary vassals or allies of the Tokugawa clan.

History

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Grave of Shimazu family at Mount Kōya.
Samurai of the Satsuma clan, during the Boshin War period (1868–1869)

The Shimazu were descendants of the Seiwa Genji branch of the Minamoto. The Shimazu would become one of the families of Edo period daimyō to have held their territory continuously since the Kamakura period, and would also become, at their peak, the wealthiest and most powerful Tozama daimyō family with an income in excess of 700,000 koku.

The founder, Shimazu Tadahisa (d. 1227), was a son of Shōgun Minamoto no Yoritomo (1147–1199) with the sister of Hiki Yoshikazu. Tadahisa's wife was a daughter of Koremune Hironobu, a descendant of the Hata clan, whose name Tadahisa took at first. He received the domain of Shioda in Shinano Province in 1186 and was then named shugo of Satsuma Province. He sent Honda Sadachika to take possession of the province in his name and accompanied Yoritomo in his expedition to Mutsu in 1189. He went to Satsuma in 1196, subdued the Hyūga and Ōsumi provinces, and built a castle in the Hyūga Province as part of the Shimazu Estate, whose name he also adopted.

Shimazu Yoshihisa (1533–1611) was the 16th Head of Shimazu family and the eldest son of Shimazu Takahisa.[2] In 1586, he succeeded in unifying and controlling the entire Kyushu region. He retired in 1587 after Toyotomi Hideyoshi's Kyushu Campaign.

The 17th head, Yoshihiro (1535–1619), was the daimyō at the time of the Battle of Sekigahara, the establishment of the Tokugawa Shogunate, and the Siege of Osaka.[3] His nephew and successor was Tadatsune.[4] He held significant power during the first two decades of the 17th century, and organized the Shimazu invasion of the Ryūkyū Kingdom (modern-day Okinawa Prefecture) in 1609. The Shōgun allowed this because he wished to appease the Shimazu and prevent potential uprisings after their loss at Sekigahara.[5] The trade benefits thus acquired, and the political prestige of being the only daimyō family to control an entire foreign country secured the Shimazu's position as one of the most powerful daimyō families in Japan at the time. The Shimazu clan was renowned for the loyalty of its retainers and officers, especially during the Sengoku period. Some retainer families, such as the Ijuin and Shirakawa, were determined to defeat any opposition to help expand the power of the Shimazu clan. The Shimazu are also famous for being the first to use teppo (firearms, specifically matchlock arquebuses) on the battlefield in Japan, and began domestic production of the weapons as well. Shimazu battle tactics are known to have been very successful in defeating larger enemy armies, particularly during their campaign to conquer Kyūshū in the 1580s. Their tactics included the luring of the opposition into an ambush on both sides by arquebus troops, creating panic and disorder. Central forces would then be deployed to rout the enemy. In this way, the Shimazu were able to defeat much larger clans such as the Itō, Ryūzōji and Ōtomo. Overall, the Shimazu was a very large and powerful clan due to their strong economy both from domestic production through trade, good organization of government and troops, strong loyalty of retainers and isolation from Honshū.

In 1789, Shigehide (1745–1833)'s daughter became the wife of the 11th shogun, Tokugawa Ienari. In 1856, Nariakira (1809–1858)'s adopted daughter (Tenshō-in) became the wife of the 13th shogun, Tokugawa Iesada.[6]

Hisamitsu (1817–1887), regent of Tadayoshi, was the daimyō of Satsuma at the time of the Boshin War and the Meiji Restoration, in which Satsuma played a major role.[7]

Simplified family tree

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Incorporates information from the Japanese Wikipedia article

  • I. Shimazu Iehisa, 1st Lord of Satsuma (cr. 1601) (1576–1638; r. 1601–1638)
    • II. Mitsuhisa, 2nd Lord of Satsuma (1616–1695; r. 1638–1687)
      • Tsunahisa (1632-1673)
        • III. Tsunataka, 3rd Lord of Satsuma (1650–1704; r. 1687–1704)
          • IV. Yoshitaka, 4th Lord of Satsuma (1675–1747; r. 1704–1721)
            • V. Tsugutoyo, 5th Lord of Satsuma (1702–1760; r. 1721–1746)
              • VI. Munenobu, 6th Lord of Satsuma (1728–1749; r. 1746–1749)
              • VII. Shigetoshi, 7th Lord of Satsuma (1729–1755; r. 1749–1755)
                • VIII. Shigehide, 8th Lord of Satsuma (1745–1833; r. 1755–1787)
                  • IX. Narinobu, 9th Lord of Satsuma (1774–1841; r. 1787–1809)
                    • X. Narioki, 10th Lord of Satsuma (1791–1858; r. 1809–1851)
                      • XI. Nariakira, 11th Lord of Satsuma (1809–1858; r. 1851–1858)
                      • Hisamitsu, 1st head and Prince of the Shimazu-Tamari line (Shimazu-Tamari line cr. 1871; cr. 1st Prince 1884) (1817–1887)
                        • Tadayoshi, 12th Lord of Satsuma, 1st Prince Shimazu (1840–1897; r. 1858–1869, Governor of Kagoshima 1869–1871, created 1st Prince 1884)
                          • Tadashige, 13th family head, 2nd Prince Shimazu (1886–1968; 13th family head 1897–1968, 2nd Prince Shimazu 1897–1947)
                            • Tadahide, 14th family head (1912–1996; 14th family head 1968–1996)
                              • Nobuhisa, 15th family head (1938–; 15th family head 1996–)
                                • Tadahiro (1972- )
                        • Tadasumi, 2nd head and Prince of the Shimazu-Tamari line (1855–1915; 2nd head and Prince 1887–1915)
                          • Tadatsugu, 3rd head and Prince of the Shimazu-Tamari line (1903–1990; 3rd head 1915–1990; 3rd Prince 1915–1947)
                            • Tadahiro, 4th head of the Shimazu-Tamari line (1933–; 4th head 1990–)
                              • Tadami (1961 - )
                                • Tadayoshi (1993 - )

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Order of succession

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  1. Shimazu Tadahisa
  2. Shimazu Tadatoki[9]
  3. Shimazu Hisatsune[9]
  4. Shimazu Tadamune
  5. Shimazu Sadahisa[9]
  6. Shimazu Ujihisa
  7. Shimazu Motohisa
  8. Shimazu Hisatoyo
  9. Shimazu Tadakuni
  10. Shimazu Tatsuhisa
  11. Shimazu Tadamasa
  12. Shimazu Tadaharu
  13. Shimazu Tadataka
  14. Shimazu Katsuhisa
  15. Shimazu Takahisa[10]
  16. Shimazu Yoshihisa[11]
  17. Shimazu Yoshihiro[3]
  18. Shimazu Tadatsune[4]
  19. Shimazu Mitsuhisa
  20. Shimazu Tsunataka
  21. Shimazu Yoshitaka
  22. Shimazu Tsugutoyo
  23. Shimazu Munenobu
  24. Shimazu Shigetoshi
  25. Shimazu Shigehide[12]
  26. Shimazu Narinobu
  27. Shimazu Narioki
  28. Shimazu Nariakira[13]
  29. Shimazu Tadayoshi (with his father, Shimazu Hisamitsu,[7] as regent)
  30. Shimazu Tadashige
  31. Shimazu Tadahide
  32. Shimazu Nobuhisa(Chairman of the Shimazu limited)

Other members

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Important retainers

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The Shimazu shichi-tō comprised the seven most significant vassal families—the Niiro, Hokugō, Ijuin,[15] Machida, Kawakami, Ata and Kajiki.[16]

Sengoku period

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Edo period

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See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ Appert, Georges et al. (1888). Ancien Japon, pp. 77., p. 77, at Google Books
  2. ^ "島津義久" (in Japanese). コトバンク. Retrieved 25 July 2019.
  3. ^ a b Nussbaum, Louis Frédéric et al. (2005). "Shimazu Yoshihiro" in Japan encyclopedia, p. 860., p. 860, at Google Books; n.b., Louis-Frédéric is pseudonym of Louis-Frédéric Nussbaum, see Deutsche Nationalbibliothek Authority File Archived 2012-05-24 at archive.today.
  4. ^ a b Nussbaum, "Shimazu Tadatsune" at p. 860., p. 860, at Google Books
  5. ^ Kerr, George H. (2000). Okinawa: the History of an Island People, p. 158., p. 158, at Google Books
  6. ^ "広大院（十一代将軍家斉の妻として徳川家に仕えた島津家出身の茂姫）". Ibusuki Net. Retrieved 12 November 2024.
  7. ^ a b Nussbaum, "Shimazu Hisamitsu" at p. 861., p. 861, at Google Books
  8. ^ Shimazu genealogy
  9. ^ a b c Kerr, p. 58., p. 58, at Google Books
  10. ^ Nussbaum, "Shimazu Takahisa" at p. 860., p. 860, at Google Books
  11. ^ Kerr, p. 153., p. 153, at Google Books
  12. ^ Nussbaum, "Shimazu Shigehide" at p. 246., p. 246, at Google Books
  13. ^ Nussbaum, "Shimazu Nariakira" at p. 861., p. 861, at Google Books
  14. ^ Nussbaum, "Shimazu Shigehide" at p. 861., p. 861, at Google Books
  15. ^ Nussbaum, "Ijuin" at p. 375., p. 375, at Google Books
  16. ^ Papinot, Jacques. (2003). Nobiliare du Japon, p. 55.
  17. ^ Chamberlain, Basil Hall. "The Luchu Islands and their Inhabitants," The Geographical Journal, No. 4, Vol. 5 (April 1895), p. 309.
  18. ^ a b Nussbaum, "Shō" at pp. 805-806., p. 805, at Google Books
  19. ^ Nussbaum, "Saigō Takamori" at pp. 805-806., p. 805, at Google Books

References

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