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Kathleen Stock

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Kathleen Stock
OBE
Stock interviewed in 2021
Born
Kathleen Mary Linn Stock

1971 or 1972 (age 52–53)[1]
Aberdeen, Scotland, UK
Education
InstitutionsUniversity of Sussex
ThesisThe Nature and Value of Imaginative Responses to the Fiction Film (2001)
Main interests

Kathleen Mary Linn Stock OBE is a British philosopher and writer. She was a professor of philosophy at the University of Sussex until 2021. She has published academic work on aesthetics, fiction, imagination, sexual objectification, and sexual orientation.[2]

Her views on transgender rights and gender identity have become a contentious issue.[3][4][5][6] In December 2020, she was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in recognition of services to higher education,[7][8] a decision which was subsequently criticised by a group of over 600 academic philosophers who argued that Stock's "harmful rhetoric" contributed to the marginalisation of transgender people.[9][10] In October 2021, she resigned from the University of Sussex.[11] This came after a student campaign took place calling for her dismissal and the university trade union accused the university of "institutional transphobia."[12][13] A group of over 200 academic philosophers from the UK signed an open letter in support of Stock's academic freedom.

Early life and education

Stock was born in Aberdeen,[14] and was raised in Montrose, Scotland, the daughter of a philosophy lecturer at Aberdeen University,[15] and of a newspaper proofreader.[3] Stock read French and philosophy at Exeter College, Oxford, followed by an MA at the University of St Andrews. She then won a scholarship to enable her to study for a PhD in philosophy at the University of Leeds.[3]

Academic career

Following her graduation, Stock briefly taught at the University of Lancaster and the University of East Anglia before joining the University of Sussex in 2003, where she worked as a reader[16] and later a professor of philosophy.[17] On 28 October 2021, the university announced Stock's resignation from the position following controversy around her views on gender identity; the announcement, written by the school's vice-chancellor, expressed regret that Stock did not "feel able to return to work" and that she had been subject to "bullying and harassment".[18]

Stock has written one monograph as well as articles in peer-reviewed academic journals, and has contributed several chapters to edited volumes. She edited Philosophers on Music: Experience, Meaning, and Work (first edition 2007), and together with Katherine Thomson-Jones, she edited New Waves in Aesthetics (2008).[2] In her monograph Only Imagine: Fiction, Interpretation and Imagination (2017), she argues for authorial intentionalism.[19][20]

Stock was the vice-president of the British Society of Aesthetics from 2019[21] to 2020.[22] She has given lectures at the University of York,[23] the Aristotelian Society,[24] the London Aesthetics Forum,[25] the University of Wolverhampton,[26] and the American Society for Aesthetics.[27] On 28 October 2021 Stock resigned from the University of Sussex.[18] Following Stock's resignation, she announced she would be joining the University of Austin as a fellow on a part-time basis without the requirement to move to Austin, Texas.[28][29]

Views on gender self-identification

Stock is acknowledged as a prominent gender-critical feminist.[30][31] She has opposed transgender self-identification in regards to proposed reforms to the 2004 UK Gender Recognition Act, and has argued that allowing self-identification would "threaten a secure understanding of the concept 'lesbian'".[32][33][34][35] She has said that many trans women are "still males with male genitalia, many are sexually attracted to females, and they should not be in places where females undress or sleep in a completely unrestricted way."[36] She has denied opposing trans rights, saying, "I gladly and vocally assert the rights of trans people to live their lives free from fear, violence, harassment or any discrimination" and "I think that discussing female rights is compatible with defending these trans rights".[36]

Students and academics began to criticise Stock's views in 2018, when she spoke against proposed changes to the Gender Recognition Act; the changes would have allowed people of all ages to legally self-identify as a particular gender without the requirement of a psychological or medical diagnosis. She received death threats as a result of her position.[37]

In 2019, Stock signed the "Declaration on Women's Sex-Based Rights" from the Women's Human Rights Campaign (WHRC).[38] In June 2019, Stock was invited to speak at the Aristotelian Society about her views on gender identity. The organization Minorities and Philosophy (MAP) UK and their international counterpart released a joint statement against Stock speaking at the event, saying "Not every item of personal and ideological obsession is worthy of philosophical debate. In particular, scepticism about the rights of marginalised groups and individuals, where issues of life and death are at stake, are not up for debate."[39]

In 2020, Stock testified before the Women and Equalities Committee of the House of Commons, and gave oral evidence in response to the reform of the Gender Recognition Act.[40]

Journalist Janice Turner wrote in The Times that Stock "teaches trans students, respecting their pronouns, and has written repeatedly in support of their human rights".[41]

In 2021, Stock made a submission to the proposed Higher Education (Freedom of Speech) Bill, highlighting what she described as harassment and a culture of fear and self-censorship in British universities in relation to her gender-critical views concerning "transactivist demands to recognise and prioritise gender identity".[42]

Her 2021 book, Material Girls: Why Reality Matters for Feminism, offers a critical discussion of gender identity theory.[30][43] Her thesis, according to reviewer Christina Patterson, is that there is "a new orthodoxy, one in which sex gives way to feeling, and feeling trumps facts".[44] In the book, Stock supports protective laws for trans people,[45] but opposes, according to The Guardian, "the institutionalisation of the idea that gender identity is all that matters – that how you identify automatically confers all the entitlements of that sex".[46] She describes the law that gives trans people the right to change gender as a legal fiction, a kind of "useful untruth".[47]

In May 2021, Stock was appointed as a trustee of the LGB Alliance.[48]

In January 2023, Stock criticized the UK government's proposed ban on conversion therapy, saying that "Banning conversion therapy for minors will rob trans children of the chance to think again, putting them on a pathway to medical treatment".[49]

Campaign by students at Sussex University

In October 2021, a group describing themselves as queer, trans, and non-binary University of Sussex students began a campaign for Stock to be fired, stating that she was "espousing a bastardised version of radical feminism that excludes and endangers trans people".[50][51][52] Students criticised Stock for being a trustee for LGB Alliance and for signing the declaration of the Women's Human Rights Campaign.[53] The group, Anti Terf Sussex, said Stock was a danger to transgender people and that "We're not up for debate. We cannot be reasoned out of existence".[54] A statement on Instagram said it was from "an anonymous, unaffiliated group of queer, trans and non-binary students who will not allow our community to be slandered and harmed by someone who's [sic] salary comes from our pockets".[52] Police advised Stock to take precautions for her safety, including installing CCTV at her home and using bodyguards on campus.[37][55]

Stock herself said: "Universities aren't places where students should just expect to hear their own thoughts reflected back at them. Arguments should be met by arguments and evidence by evidence, not intimidation or aggression".[54] She said that months previously, she had complained to the University of Sussex, alleging it had failed to protect her and to safeguard her academic freedom.[37]

Supporters of Stock's position

Junior Minister for Women and Equalities Kemi Badenoch, barrister Allison Bailey, and writer Julie Bindel spoke in Stock's defence and University of Sussex vice-chancellor Adam Tickell condemned the campaign as a threat to academic freedom. Announcing an investigation into the protests,[50][51][56][37] the vice-chancellor stated "I'm really concerned that we have masked protesters putting up posters calling for the sacking of somebody for exercising her right to articulate her views",[52] and that the institution had "legal and moral duties to ensure people can speak freely".

A group of over 200 academic philosophers from the UK signed an open letter in support of Stock's academic freedom, and her ability to engage "in open and scholarly debate without fear of harassment."[57][58] Another open letter in support of Stock's academic freedom was signed by legal academics.[59][60]

The Times reported that the head of the Equality and Human Rights Commission, Baroness Falkner of Margravine, "called the attacks on Professor Kathleen Stock disgraceful and said that tougher regulation was needed to protect people from abuse."[54] She said: "The rights of trans people must of course be protected, but the attempt to silence academic freedom of expression is the opposite of what university life is about".[54] Liz Truss, who was the minister for women and equalities at the time, gave Falkner's letter her "full support".[61] Oxford historian Selina Todd described Tickell's statement as paying "lip service to academic freedom while assuring students of the university's 'inclusivity'" and criticised the University and College Union for their silence.[54] The Times published a letter in support of Stock from a group of trans people, saying that they were "appalled that trans rights ... are being used to excuse an unprincipled campaign of harassment and abuse."[62][63][64]

A statement of solidarity signed by hundreds of "academics, retired academics, students, alumni and university/college employees" circulated by the GC Academia Network,[65] a group that describes itself as gender-critical, expressed concerns "about the ongoing erosion of women's sex-based rights in law, policy and practice" and condemns the recent escalation of intimidation by a small group.[66]

Opponents of Stock's position

The Sussex branch of the University and College Union (UCU) strongly criticized the vice-chancellor over his statement, saying that Tickell had not upheld the dignity and respect of trans students and staff.[12] The union said that it stands in solidarity with the students and their right to protest, and that "we urge our management to take a clear and strong stance against transphobia at Sussex."[12] It also called for an investigation into "institutional transphobia" at the University of Sussex. However, it added "we do not endorse the call for any worker to be summarily sacked."[12][13] Responding to the statement, Stock said that it had "effectively ended" her career at Sussex University.[13]

The Shadow Minister for Women and Equalities, Taiwo Owatemi, called UCU's statement "strong and principled" and said she was "greatly concerned by [Stock's] work as a trustee for the LGB Alliance group" which she said should be "rejected by all those who believe in equality."[67]

Shortly after releasing the statement, members of the UCU Sussex branch executive said they had received personal threats, and had their contact details released. A spokesperson on behalf of the UCU's national organisation condemned this and said "these matters are being raised immediately with leadership at the university."[13]

Resignation

After announcing her resignation from the university on 28 October 2021,[68] Stock gave a radio interview on Woman's Hour on 3 November.[18][69] She denied that she is transphobic and explained that her resignation followed attacks on her by colleagues who are opposed to her views and who foster an "extreme" response from their students: "instead of getting involved in arguing with me using reason, evidence – the traditional university methods – they tell their students in lectures that I pose a harm to trans students."[69]

Controversy over appearance at Oxford Union

In April 2023, ahead of a planned appearance by Stock at the Oxford Union on 30 May, the Oxford University LGBTQ+ society expressed dismay that the union had "decided to platform the transphobic and trans exclusionary speaker Kathleen Stock".[70][71]

Subsequently, in May, The Telegraph published a letter from academics endorsing the talk by Stock.[71] The letter said: "Whether or not one agrees with Professor Stock's views, there is no plausible and attractive ideal of academic freedom, or of free speech more generally, which would condemn their expression as outside the bounds of permissible discourse." Over 40 academics and staff signed the letter, including Nigel Biggar and Richard Dawkins.[70]

In response, the LGBTQI+ society organised a letter endorsing opposition to Stock by transgender students.[72] The letter was signed by more than 100 academics and staff and said: "We believe that trans students should not be made to debate their existence. We also refute that this is a free speech issue - disinviting someone is not preventing them from speaking."[72] Stock denied that the existence of trans students was being debated. She said: "We are discussing how the demands of a radical group of trans activists - many of whom are not trans - affect other people. That is not the same thing. I am very clear that trans people deserve full protection under the law."[72]

The talk went ahead on 30 May 2023, albeit with an interruption shortly after the start due to a protestor being glued to the floor wearing a shirt saying "no more dead trans kids". Two other protestors were inside the venue, and many other protestors outside.[73]

Gender Wars

On the same day as the Oxford Union speech, Channel 4 broadcast Gender Wars, a documentary featuring Stock as the main representative of the gender-critical side of "the trans issue".[74] The documentary centred around an earlier speech Stock made during a debate at the Cambridge Union[75] on the "right to offend," which attracted protests and garnered extensive media coverage at the time.[76] The film was criticised for its focus on Stock,[77] but also praised as giving "voice to both sides of the transgender debate".[74]

The Lesbian Project

On 9 March 2023, Stock, alongside tennis player Martina Navratilova and writer Julie Bindel, launched The Lesbian Project.[78][79][80][81] The purpose of the Lesbian Project, according to Stock, is "to put lesbian needs and interests back into focus, to stop lesbians disappearing into the rainbow soup and to give them a non-partisan political voice."[79] Explaining her motivation, Stock said: "Lesbians will always exist but we're in a crisis in which young lesbians don't want to be associated with the word. Some of them want to describe themselves as queer and some of them prefer not to see themselves as women but as non-binary."[78] PinkNews said the Lesbian Project is a "group created exclusively for cisgender lesbians – in reaction to trans inclusion in LGBTQ+ spaces".[80]

Honours

Stock was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2021 New Year Honours for services to higher education.[82] In response, over 600 academics signed a letter criticising the government's decision and expressing concern about a "tendency to mistake transphobic fear mongering for valuable scholarship, and attacks on already marginalised people for courageous exercises of free speech".[56][50] Stock responded that the content of the letter was ridiculous, saying "they accused me of completely wild things like supporting patriarchy and preventing transgender people from accessing medical care, even though I have not said anything about it except when it comes to children".[47] A counter letter defending her was signed by more than 400.[31]

Personal life

Stock is lesbian, having come out later in life;[3] in Material Girls, she describes herself as "a lesbian and... a sex-nonconforming woman".[83] Janice Turner in The Times described her, amongst other terms, as a "left-wing lesbian".[84][41] She lives in Sussex with her partner and two sons from a previous marriage.[3]

Selected works

  • Philosophers on Music: Experience, Meaning, and Work (Oxford University Press, 2007), ed.[85]
  • New Waves in Aesthetics, edited with Katherine Thomson-Jones (Palgrave-Macmillan, 2008).[86]
  • Fantasy, imagination, and film. British Journal of Aesthetics, 2009. 49 (4): 357–369.
  • Fictive Utterance and Imagining. Aristotelian Society Supplementary Volume. 2011, 85 (1): 145–161.
  • Some Reflections on Seeing-as, Metaphor-Grasping and Imagining. Aisthesis: Pratiche, Linguaggi E Saperi Dell'Estetico. 2013, 6 (1): 201–213.
  • Imagining and Fiction: Some Issues. Philosophy Compass. 2013, 8 (10): 887–896.
  • Sexual Objectification. Analysis, 2015, 75 (2): 191–195.
  • Learning from fiction and theories of fictional content. Teorema: International Journal of Philosophy, 2016, (3): 69–83.
  • Only Imagine: Fiction, Interpretation and Imagination (Oxford University Press, 2017).[19][20]
  • Material Girls: Why Reality Matters for Feminism (Fleet, 2021).[44]

References

  1. ^ Woods, Judith (28 May 2023). "Kathleen Stock: 'No matter what I say, to trans people I'll always be a villain'". The Telegraph. London. Retrieved 28 May 2023.
  2. ^ a b "Kathleen Stock (University of Sussex): Publications". PhilPeople. 8 October 2021. Archived from the original on 8 October 2021.
  3. ^ a b c d e Moorhead, Joanna (22 May 2021). "Kathleen Stock: taboo around gender identity has chilling effect on academics". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 22 May 2021. Retrieved 30 May 2021. What she says she opposes, though, is the institutionalisation of the idea that gender identity is all that matters – that how you identify automatically confers all the entitlements of that sex.
  4. ^ Badshah, Nadeem (7 October 2021). "University defends 'academic freedoms' after calls to sack professor". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 7 October 2021. Retrieved 8 October 2021. A university has said it will not tolerate threats to "academic freedoms" after a professor faced calls to be sacked over her views on gender identification.
  5. ^ Lawrie, Eleanor (8 October 2021). "University of Sussex backs professor in free speech row". BBC News. Archived from the original on 8 October 2021. Retrieved 8 October 2021. The University of Sussex's vice chancellor has defended a professor after protesters tried to have her sacked for her views on gender identity.
  6. ^ Grove, Jack (7 January 2020). "Kathleen Stock: life on the front line of transgender rights debate". Times Higher Education (THE). London. Archived from the original on 7 January 2020. Retrieved 8 October 2021. "It is quite a strange situation to work somewhere where people make it clear that they loathe you," reflected Kathleen Stock, professor of philosophy at the University of Sussex, on the backlash she faced for her views on gender identification.
  7. ^ "Order of the British Empire". The London Gazette. 30 December 2020. Retrieved 24 October 2021.
  8. ^ "University of Sussex professor awarded OBE" (Press release). University of Sussex. 5 January 2021. Retrieved 24 October 2021.
  9. ^ Parsons, Vic (6 January 2021). "Outraged academics condemn government for handing anti-trans professor Kathleen Stock an OBE". PinkNews. Retrieved 13 October 2021.
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  22. ^ "About the Society". The British Society of Aesthetics. 2019. Archived from the original on 26 September 2020.
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  27. ^ "67th Annual Meeting" (PDF). The American Society for Aesthetics. October 2009. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 October 2021.
  28. ^ Swerling, Gabriella (8 November 2021). "Kathleen Stock takes job at anti-cancel culture university that welcomes 'thought criminals'". The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 8 November 2021.
  29. ^ Strimpel, Zoe (14 November 2021). "Inside the 'university of dangerous ideas'". The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 14 November 2021.
  30. ^ a b O'Malley, Stella (27 April 2021). "Material Girls: Why Reality Matters for Feminism by Kathleen Stock review". Evening Standard. Archived from the original on 27 April 2021. Retrieved 30 May 2021.
  31. ^ a b "A backlash against gender ideology is starting in universities". The Economist. 5 June 2021. Archived from the original on 4 December 2021. Retrieved 14 October 2021. When Kathleen Stock, a professor of philosophy at Sussex University and one of Britain's most prominent gender-critical academics, was given a government award for services to education last December, hundreds of academics from around the world signed an open letter denouncing her. More than 400 signed a counter letter in her defence.
  32. ^ "Changing the concept of "woman" will cause unintended harms". The Economist. 6 July 2018. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
  33. ^ "Channel 4 sparks backlash over Gender Wars doc with anti-trans Kathleen Stock: 'No way can this be good'". PinkNews. 18 April 2023.
  34. ^ "A conversation with Kathleen Stock on Transgender Identity". The Badger. 15 September 2018. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
  35. ^ Fazackerley, Anna (30 October 2018). "UK universities struggle to deal with 'toxic' trans rights row". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 3 March 2019. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
  36. ^ a b Doherty-Cove, Jody (5 July 2018). "'Trans women are still males with male genitalia' - university lecturer airs controversial views". The Argus. Retrieved 2 January 2021.
  37. ^ a b c d Griffiths, Sian (10 October 2021). "Kathleen Stock, the Sussex University professor in trans row, urged to get bodyguards". The Sunday Times. Archived from the original on 11 October 2021. Retrieved 16 October 2021.
  38. ^ Parsons, Vic (14 October 2021). "Universities union backs trans rights in row over anti-trans prof Kathleen Stock". PinkNews.
  39. ^ Burns, Katelyn (5 September 2019). "The rise of anti-trans "radical" feminists, explained". Vox. Retrieved 19 October 2021.
  40. ^ "Women and Equalities Committee – Oral evidence: Reform of the Gender Recognition Act, HC 884". House of Commons. Parliament of the United Kingdom. 9 December 2020. Archived from the original on 9 October 2021. Retrieved 16 October 2021.
  41. ^ a b le Duc, Frank (12 October 2021). "Trans row professor accuses union of ending her career at Sussex University". Brighton and Hove News. Retrieved 21 October 2021.
  42. ^ "Higher Education (Freedom of Speech) Bill – Written evidence submitted by Professor Kathleen Stock OBE, Philosophy, University of Sussex (HEFSB11)". House of Commons. Parliament of the United Kingdom. 6 September 2021. Archived from the original on 9 October 2021. Retrieved 16 October 2021. For the past three years, I have been writing for both public and academic audiences on matters of controversy in the area of sex, gender, and feminism: specifically, about transactivist political demands to recognise and prioritise gender identity, and what I view as the adverse relation of those demands to the welfare of women, children, and gay people.
  43. ^ Bindel, Julie (15 May 2021). "The gender identity issue: Kathleen Stock puts her head above the parapet". The Spectator. Archived from the original on 13 May 2021. Retrieved 30 May 2021.
  44. ^ a b Patterson, Christina (25 April 2021). "Material Girls by Kathleen Stock, review — a controversial look at transgender issues". The Sunday Times. Archived from the original on 25 April 2021. Retrieved 25 April 2021.
  45. ^ O'Grady, Jane (30 April 2021). "If biological sex is a myth, so is evolution". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 1 May 2021. Retrieved 30 May 2021.
  46. ^ Moorhead, Joanna (22 May 2021). "Kathleen Stock: taboo around gender identity has chilling effect on academics". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 22 May 2021. Retrieved 30 May 2021.
  47. ^ a b Tande, Mikkel Ihle (30 July 2021). "Hun ble i januar anklaget for transfobi av 600 kolleger. Nå har professoren skrevet bok". Aftenposten (in Norwegian Bokmål). Oslo. Archived from the original on 13 October 2021. Retrieved 13 October 2021.
  48. ^ "LGB ALLIANCE". GOV.UK. Charity Commission for England and Wales. Retrieved 15 October 2021.
  49. ^ Stock, Kathleen (16 January 2023). "It's children who will pay for this surrender to the Stonewall trans agenda". The Telegraph.
  50. ^ a b c Kelleher, Patrick (7 October 2021). "Students demand Sussex uni fire anti-trans professor Kathleen Stock: 'We've f**king had enough'". PinkNews. Retrieved 12 October 2021.
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  53. ^ "Kathleen Stock resigns: Trans students accuse Sussex Uni of depicting them as 'powerful political operators'". iNews. Retrieved 4 December 2021.
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  55. ^ "Une universitaire britannique accusée de transphobie dénonce une campagne de " harcèlement "". KOMITID (in French). 11 October 2021. Retrieved 12 October 2021.
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  57. ^ Lambert, Harry (20 October 2021). "Kathleen Stock and Sussex University: the war over academic freedom". New Statesman. Retrieved 21 October 2021.
  58. ^ Green, Daniel (17 October 2021). "Academics rally round transgender row professor amid 'harassment campaign'". The Argus. Retrieved 21 October 2021.
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  60. ^ "Open Letter to Sussex University from legal academics". Open Letter to Sussex University from legal academics. Retrieved 10 November 2021.
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  62. ^ Sally Weale, "Campus in the spotlight: how Sussex became focus of row over trans rights", The Guardian, 16 October 2021
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  68. ^ Adams, Richard (28 October 2021). "Sussex professor resigns after transgender rights row". the Guardian. Retrieved 14 May 2022.
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  71. ^ a b Clarence-Smith, Louisa (16 May 2023). "Free speech in peril as trans row engulfs Oxford University". The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 27 May 2023.
  72. ^ a b c Dunkley, Elaine; McSorley, Christina (26 May 2023). "Oxford split over Kathleen Stock's invite to Union debate". BBC News. Retrieved 27 May 2023.
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  74. ^ a b Mangan, Lucy (30 May 2023). "Gender Wars review – you'd need hundreds more of these shows to truly address the issues around trans rights". The Guardian. Retrieved 31 May 2023.
  75. ^ Dowell, Ben (30 May 2023). "Viewing Guide – Gender Wars". The Times. Retrieved 30 May 2023.
  76. ^ Zakharia, Nai (18 November 2022). "Stock Wins Debate At Union". UnHerd. Retrieved 31 May 2023.
  77. ^ Baska, Maggie (30 May 2023). "Gender Wars: Channel 4's controversial doc 'adds fuel to anti-trans fire', contributors say". Pink News. Retrieved 31 May 2023.
  78. ^ a b Llewellyn Smith, Julia (9 March 2023). "Kathleen Stock: 'Lesbians are in crisis – younger women don't like the word'". The Telegraph. Retrieved 18 March 2023.
  79. ^ a b Stock, Kathleen (12 March 2023). "I came out late – only to find that lesbians had slipped to the back of the queue". The Observer. ISSN 0029-7712. Retrieved 18 March 2023.
  80. ^ a b Perry, Sophie (17 March 2023). "New trans-exclusionary Lesbian Project accidentally uses trans couple's image". PinkNews. Retrieved 18 March 2023.
  81. ^ Fox, Aline (9 March 2023). "Martina Navratilova 'proud' to be patron of new Lesbian Project". independent.co.uk. Independent. Retrieved 25 November 2024.
  82. ^ "No. 63218". The London Gazette (Supplement). 31 December 2020. p. N14.
  83. ^ Stock, K. (2021). Material Girls: Why Reality Matters for Feminism (1st ed.). London, England: Fleet. p. 40. ISBN 978-0349726601. OCLC 1256389145.
  84. ^ Turner, Janice. "The silent majority must stand up to student bullies". The Times. ISSN 0140-0460. Retrieved 14 November 2021.
  85. ^ Trivedi, Saam (2009). "Philosophers on Music: Experience, Meaning, and Work". British Journal of Aesthetics. 49 (1): 91–93. doi:10.1093/aesthj/ayn050. ISSN 0007-0904.
  86. ^ Seeley, W. P. (May 2010). "New Waves in Aesthetics". The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism. 68 (2): 188–191. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6245.2010.01403_7.x.
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