ISO/IEC 646

For the iso646.h header, see C alternative tokens.

ISO/IEC 646 encoding family

ISO/IEC 646 Invariant. Red looped squares (⌘) denote national code points. Other red characters are changed in noteworthy minor modifications.
Standard	ISO/IEC 646, ITU T.50
Classification	7-bit Basic Latin encoding
Preceded by	US-ASCII
Succeeded by	ISO/IEC 8859, ISO/IEC 10646
Other related encoding(s)	DEC NRCS, World System Teletext Adaptations to other alphabets: ELOT 927, Symbol, KOI-7, SRPSCII and MAKSCII, ASMO 449, SI 960

ISO/IEC 646 is a set of ISO/IEC standards, described as Information technology — ISO 7-bit coded character set for information interchange, and developed in cooperation with ASCII at least since 1964. Since its first edition in 1967 it has specified a 7-bit character code from which several national standards are derived.

ISO/IEC 646 was also ratified by ECMA as ECMA-6. The first version of ECMA-6 had been published in 1965, based on work the ECMA's Technical Committee TC1 had carried out since December 1960.

Characters in the ISO/IEC 646 Basic Character Set are invariant characters. Since that portion of ISO/IEC 646, that is the invariant character set shared by all countries, specified only those letters used in the ISO basic Latin alphabet, countries using additional letters needed to create national variants of ISO/IEC 646 to be able to use their native scripts. Since transmission and storage of 8-bit codes was not standard at the time, the national characters had to be made to fit within the constraints of 7 bits, meaning that some characters that appear in ASCII do not appear in other national variants of ISO/IEC 646.

History

Early ASCII (ASA X3.4:1963)

ISO/IEC 646 and its predecessor ASCII (ASA X3.4) largely endorsed existing practice regarding character encodings in the telecommunications industry.

US-ASCII, or ISO/IEC 646:US

As ASCII did not provide a number of characters needed for languages other than English, a number of national variants were made that substituted some less-used characters with needed ones. Due to the incompatibility of the various national variants, an International Reference Version (IRV) of ISO/IEC 646 was introduced, in an attempt to at least restrict the replaced set to the same characters in all variants. The original version (ISO 646 IRV) differed from ASCII only in that code point 0x24, ASCII's dollar sign ($) was replaced by the international currency symbol (¤). The final 1991 version of the code ISO/IEC 646:1991 is also known as ITU T.50, International Reference Alphabet or IRA, formerly International Alphabet No. 5 (IA5). This standard allows users to exercise the 12 variable characters (i.e., two alternative graphic characters and 10 national defined characters). Among these exercises, ISO 646:1991 IRV (International Reference Version) is explicitly defined and identical to ASCII.

The ISO/IEC 8859 series of standards governing 8-bit character encodings supersede the ISO/IEC 646 international standard and its national variants, by providing 96 additional characters with the additional bit and thus avoiding any substitution of ASCII codes. The ISO/IEC 10646 standard, directly related to Unicode, supersedes all of the ISO646 and ISO/IEC 8859 sets with one unified set of character encodings using a larger 21-bit value.

ISO 646:JP

A legacy of ISO/IEC 646 is visible on Windows, where in many East Asian locales the backslash character used in filenames is rendered as ¥ or other characters such as ₩. Despite the fact that a different code for ¥ was available even on the original IBM PC's code page 437, and a separate double-byte code for ¥ is available in Shift JIS (although this often uses alternative mapping), so much text was created with the backslash code used for ¥ (due to Shift_JIS being officially based on ISO 646:JP, although Microsoft maps it as ASCII) that even modern Windows fonts have found it necessary to render the code that way. A similar situation exists with ₩ and EUC-KR. Another legacy is the existence of trigraphs in the C programming language.

Published standards

• ECMA-6 (1965-04-30), first edition (withdrawn)
• ISO/R646-1967 (withdrawn), or ECMA-6 (1967-06), second edition (withdrawn)
• ECMA-6 (1970-07), third edition (withdrawn)
• ISO 646:1972 (withdrawn), or ECMA-6 (1973-08), fourth edition (withdrawn)
• ISO 646:1983 (withdrawn), or ECMA-6 (1984-12, 1985-03), fifth edition (withdrawn)
• ITU-T Recommendation T.50 IA5 (1988-11-25) (withdrawn), or ISO/IEC 646:1991 (in force), or ECMA-6 (1991-12, 1997-08), sixth edition (in force)
• ITU-T Recommendation T.50 IRA (1992-09-18) (in force)

Code page layout

The following table shows the ISO/IEC 646 Invariant character set. Each character is shown with its Unicode equivalent. National code points are gray with the ASCII character that is replaced. Yellow indicates a character that, in some regions, could be combined with a previous character as a diacritic using the backspace character, which may affect glyph choice.

In addition to the invariant set restrictions, 0x23 is restricted to be either # or £ and 0x24 is restricted to be either $ or ¤ in ECMA-6:1991, equivalent to ISO/IEC 646:1991. However, these restrictions are not followed by all national variants.

ISO/IEC 646(-INV)

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Variant codes and descriptions

ISO/IEC 646 national variants

Some national variants of ISO/IEC 646 are as follows:

Code	ISO-IR	ISO/IEC ESC	Approved	National Standard	Description
CA	121	ESC 2/8 7/7	ISO 646	CSA Z243.4-1985-1	Canada (No. 1 alternative, with "î") (French, classical) (Code page 1020)
CA2	122	ESC 2/8 7/8	ISO 646	CSA Z243.4-1985-2	Canada (No. 2 alternative, with "É") (French, reformed orthography)
CN	57	ESC 2/8 5/4	?	GB/T 1988-80	People's Republic of China (Basic Latin)
CU	151	ESC 2/8 2/1 4/1	ISO 646	NC 99-10:81 / NC NC00-10:81	Cuba (Spanish)
DANO	9-1	ESC 2/8 4/5	SIS?	NATS-DANO	Norway and Denmark (journalistic texts). Invariant code point 0x22 is displayed as «, (compare " in the IRV). It is, however, still considered a double quotation mark. Accompanies SEFI (NATS-SEFI).
DE	21	ESC 2/8 4/11	ISO 646	DIN 66003	Germany (German) (Code page 1011, 20106)
DK	—		?	DS 2089	Denmark (Danish) (Code page 1017)
ES	17	ESC 2/8 5/10	ECMA	Olivetti	Spanish (international) (Code page 1023)
ES2	85	ESC 2/8 6/8	ECMA	IBM	Spain (Basque, Castilian, Catalan, Galician) (Code page 1014)
FI	10		ISO 646	SFS 4017	Finland (basic version) (Code page 1018)
FR	69	ESC 2/8 6/6	ISO 646	AFNOR NF Z 62010-1982	France (French) (Code page 1010)
FR1	25	ESC 2/8 5/2	ISO 646	AFNOR NF Z 62010-1973	France (obsolete since April 1985) (Code page 1104)
GB	4	ESC 2/8 4/1	ISO 646	BS 4730	United Kingdom (English) (Code page 1013)
HU	86	ESC 2/8 6/9	ISO 646	MSZ 7795/3	Hungary (Hungarian)
IE	207		?	NSAI 433:1996	Ireland (Irish)
INV	170	ESC 2/8 2/1 4/2	ISO 646	ISO 646:1983	Invariant subset
(IRV)	2	ESC 2/8 4/0	ISO 646	ISO 646:1973	International Reference Version. 0x7E as an overline (ISO-IR-002).
	?	?	ISO 646	ISO 646:1983	International Reference Version. 0x7E as a tilde (Code page 1009, 20105).
	ISO 646:1991 International Reference Version matches the US variant (see below).
IS	?		?	?	Iceland (Icelandic)
IT	15	ESC 2/8 5/9	ECMA	UNI 0204-70 / Olivetti?	Italian (Code page 1012)
JP	14	ESC 2/8 4/10	ISO 646	JIS C 6220:1969-ro	Japan (Romaji) (Code page 895). Also used as an 8-bit code with the corresponding Katakana supplementary set.
JP-OCR-B	92	ESC 2/8 6/14	ISO 646	JIS C 6229-1984-b	Japan (OCR-B)
KR	—		?	KS C 5636-1989	South Korea
MT	—		?	?	Malta (Maltese, English)
NL	—		ECMA	IBM	Netherlands (Dutch) (Code page 1019)
NO	60	ESC 2/8 6/0	ISO 646	NS 4551 version 1	Norway (Code page 1016)
NO2	61	ESC 2/8 6/1	ISO 646	NS 4551 version 2	Norway (obsolete since June 1987) (Code page 20108)
pl	—			BN-74/3101-01	Poland (Polish has 18 letters with diacritical marks, but only 9 lowercase letters are normalized due to code space reasons.)
PT	16	ESC 2/8 4/12	ECMA	Olivetti	Portuguese (international)
PT2	84	ESC 2/8 6/7	ECMA	IBM	Portugal (Portuguese, Spanish) (Code page 1015)
SE	10	ESC 2/8 4/7	ISO 646	SEN 850200 Annex B, SIS 63 61 27	Sweden (basic Swedish) (Code page 1018, D47)
SE2	11	ESC 2/8 4/8	ISO 646	SEN 850200 Annex C, SIS 63 61 27	Sweden (extended Swedish for names) (Code page 20107, E47)
SEFI	8-1	ESC 2/8 4/3	SIS	NATS-SEFI	Sweden and Finland (journalistic texts). Accompanies DANO (NATS-DANO).
T.61-7bit	102	ESC 2/8 7/5	?	ITU/CCITT T.61 Recommendation	International (Teletex). Also used with the corresponding supplementary set as an 8-bit code.
TW	—		?	CNS 5205-1996	Republic of China (Taiwan)
US / (IRV)	6	ESC 2/8 4/2	ISO 646	ANSI X3.4-1968 and ISO 646:1983 (also IRV in ISO/IEC 646:1991)	United States (ASCII, Code page 367, 20127)
YU	141	ESC 2/8 7/10	ISO 646	JUS I.B1.002 (YUSCII)	former Yugoslavia (Croatian, Slovene, Serbian, Bosnian)
INIS	49	ESC 2/8 5/7	IAEA	INIS	ISO 646 IRV subset

National derivatives

Some national character sets also exist which are based on ISO/IEC 646 but do not strictly follow its invariant set (see also § Derivatives for other alphabets):

Character set	ISO-IR	ISO ESC	Approved	National Standard	Description
BS_viewdata	47	ESC 2/8 5/6		British Post Office	Viewdata and Teletext. Viewdata square (⌗) substituted for normally invariant underscore (_) which cannot be displayed on the target hardware. This is actually the encoding of Microsoft's WST_Engl.
GR / greek7	88	ESC 2/8 6/10	?	HOS ELOT 927	Greece (withdrawn in November 1986). Uses Greek letters in place of Roman ones and hence is not strictly speaking an ISO 646 variant.
greek7-old	18	ESC 2/8 5/11	ECMA	?	Greek graphic set. Similar in concept to greek7, but uses a different mapping of letters. Also, the upper case follows the lower case.
Latin-Greek	19	ESC 2/8 5/12	ECMA	?	Latin-Greek combined graphics (capitals only). Follows greek7-old, but includes Latin capitals without modification, and Greek capitals over the Latin lower case.
Latin-Greek-1	27	ESC 2/8 5/5	ECMA	Honeywell-Bull	Latin-Greek mixed graphics (Greek capitals only). Visually unifies Greek capitals with Latin capitals where possible, and adds the remaining Greek capitals. Unlike the other Greek versions, all Basic Latin letters remain intact. Replaces invariant punctuation as well as national characters, however, and hence is still not strictly speaking an ISO 646 variant.
swi	—		ECMA	Olivetti	Switzerland (French, German) (Code page 1021) Invariant code point 0x5F is changed from _ to è. Is a DEC NRCS variant, closely related to ISO 646, but lacks a fully ISO 646 compliant equivalent.

Control characters

All the variants listed above are solely graphical character sets, and are to be used with a C0 control character set such as listed in the following table:

ISO-IR	ISO ESC	Approved	Description
1	ESC 2/1 4/0	ISO 646	ISO 646 controls ("ASCII controls")
7	ESC 2/1 4/1	ISO 646	Scandinavian newspaper (NATS) controls
26	ESC 2/1 4/3	ISO 646	IPTC controls

Associated supplementary character sets

The following table lists supplementary graphical character sets defined by the same standard as specific ISO/IEC 646 variants. These would be selected by using a mechanism such as shift out or the NATS super shift (single shift), or by setting the eighth bit in environments where one was available:

ISO-IR	ISO/IEC ESC	National Standard	Description
8-2	ESC 2/8 4/4	NATS-SEFI-ADD	Supplementary code used with NATS-SEFI.
9-2	ESC 2/8 4/6	NATS-DANO-ADD	Supplementary code used with NATS-DANO.
13	ESC 2/8 4/9	JIS C 6220:1969-jp	Katakana, used as a supplementary code with ISO-646-JP.
103	ESC 2/8 7/6	ITU/CCITT T.61 Recommendation, Supplementary Set	Supplementary code used with T.61.

Variant comparison chart

The specifics of the changes for some of these variants are given in the following table. Character assignments unchanged across all listed variants (i.e. which remain the same as ASCII) are not shown.

For ease of comparison, variants detailed include national variants of ISO/IEC 646, DEC's closely related National Replacement Character Set (NRCS) series used on VT200 terminals, the related European World System Teletext encoding series defined in ETS 300 706, and a few other closely related encodings based on ISO/IEC 646. Individual code charts are linked from the second column. The cells with non-white background emphasize the differences from US-ASCII (also the Basic Latin subset of ISO/IEC 10646 and Unicode).

Several characters could be used as combining characters, when preceded or followed with a backspace C0 control. This is attested in the code charts for IRV, GB, FR1, CA, and CA2, which note that "',^ would behave as the diaeresis, acute accent, cedilla, and circumflex (rather than quotation marks, a comma, and an upward arrowhead) when preceded or followed by a backspace. The tilde character (~) was similarly introduced as a diacritic (˜). This encoding method originated in the typewriter/teletype era when use of backspace would overstamp a glyph, and may be considered deprecated.

Later, when wider character sets gained more acceptance, ISO/IEC 8859, vendor-specific character sets and eventually Unicode became the preferred methods of coding most of these variants.

Variant Code	Code Chart	Characters for each ISO 646 / NRCS compatible or derived charset
US / IRV (1991)	ISO-IR-006	!	"	#	$	&	:	?	@	[	\	]	^	_	`	{	|	}	~
Older International Reference Versions
IRV (1973)	ISO-IR-002	!	"	#	¤	&	:	?	@	[	\	]	^	_	`	{	|	}	‾
IRV (1983)	CP01009	!	"	#	¤	&	:	?	@	[	\	]	^	_	`	{	|	}	~
Invariant and other IRV subsets
INV	ISO-IR-170	!	"			&	:	?						_
INV (NRCS)	---	!	"		$	&	:	?
INV (Teletext)	ETS WST	!	"			&	:	?
INIS Subset	ISO-IR-049				$		:			[		]					|
T.61	ISO-IR-102	!	"	#	¤	&	:	?	@	[		]		_			|
East Asian
JP	ISO-IR-014	!	"	#	$	&	:	?	@	[	¥	]	^	_	`	{	|	}	‾
JP-OCR-B	ISO-IR-092	!	"	#	$	&	:	?	@	[	¥	]	^	_		{	|	}
KR	(KS X 1003)	!	"	#	$	&	:	?	@	[	₩	]	^	_	`	{	|	}	‾
CN	ISO-IR-057	!	"	#	¥	&	:	?	@	[	\	]	^	_	`	{	|	}	‾
TW	(CNS 5205)	!	"	#	$	&	:	?	@	[	\	]	^	_	`	{	|	}	‾
British and Irish
GB	ISO-IR-004	!	"	£	$	&	:	?	@	[	\	]	^	_	`	{	|	}	‾
GB (NRCS)	CP01101	!	"	£	$	&	:	?	@	[	\	]	^	_	`	{	|	}	~
Viewdata	ISO-IR-047	!	"	£	$	&	:	?	@	←	½	→	↑	⌗	―	¼	‖	¾	÷
IE	ISO-IR-207	!	"	£	$	&	:	?	Ó	É	Í	Ú	Á	_	ó	é	í	ú	á
Italophone or Francophone
IT	ISO-IR-015	!	"	£	$	&	:	?	§	°	ç	é	^	_	ù	à	ò	è	ì
IT (Teletext)	ETS WST	!	"	£	$	&	:	?	é	°	ç	→	↑	⌗	ù	à	ò	è	ì
FR (1983)	ISO-IR-069	!	"	£	$	&	:	?	à	°	ç	§	^	_	µ	é	ù	è	¨
FR (1973)	ISO-IR-025	!	"	£	$	&	:	?	à	°	ç	§	^	_	`	é	ù	è	¨
FR Teletext	ETS WST	!	"	é	ï	&	:	?	à	ë	ê	ù	î	⌗	è	â	ô	û	ç
CA	ISO-IR-121	!	"	#	$	&	:	?	à	â	ç	ê	î	_	ô	é	ù	è	û
CA2	ISO-IR-122	!	"	#	$	&	:	?	à	â	ç	ê	É	_	ô	é	ù	è	û
Francophone-Germanophone
swi (NRCS)	CP01021	!	"	ù	$	&	:	?	à	é	ç	ê	î	è	ô	ä	ö	ü	û
Germanophone
DE	ISO-IR-021	!	"	#	$	&	:	?	§	Ä	Ö	Ü	^	_	`	ä	ö	ü	ß
Nordic (Eastern) and Baltic
FI / SE	ISO-IR-010	!	"	#	¤	&	:	?	@	Ä	Ö	Å	^	_	`	ä	ö	å	‾
SE2	ISO-IR-011	!	"	#	¤	&	:	?	É	Ä	Ö	Å	Ü	_	é	ä	ö	å	ü
SE (NRCS)	CP01106	!	"	#	$	&	:	?	É	Ä	Ö	Å	Ü	_	é	ä	ö	å	ü
FI (NRCS)	CP01103	!	"	#	$	&	:	?	@	Ä	Ö	Å	Ü	_	é	ä	ö	å	ü
SEFI (NATS)	ISO-IR-008-1	!	"	#	$	&	:	?		Ä	Ö	Å	■	_		ä	ö	å	–
EE (Teletext)	ETS WST	!	"	#	õ	&	:	?	Š	Ä	Ö	Ž	Ü	Õ	š	ä	ö	ž	ü
LV / LT (Teletext)	ETS WST	!	"	#	$	&	:	?	Š	ė	ę	Ž	č	ū	š	ą	ų	ž	į
Nordic (Western)
DK	CP01017	!	"	#	¤	&	:	?	@	Æ	Ø	Å	Ü	_	`	æ	ø	å	ü
DK/NO (NRCS)	CP01105	!	"	#	$	&	:	?	Ä	Æ	Ø	Å	Ü	_	ä	æ	ø	å	ü
DK/NO-alt (NRCS)	CP01107	!	"	#	$	&	:	?	@	Æ	Ø	Å	^	_	`	æ	ø	å	~
NO	ISO-IR-060	!	"	#	$	&	:	?	@	Æ	Ø	Å	^	_	`	æ	ø	å	‾
NO2	ISO-IR-061	!	"	§	$	&	:	?	@	Æ	Ø	Å	^	_	`	æ	ø	å	|
DANO (NATS)	ISO-IR-009-1	!	«	»	$	&	:	?		Æ	Ø	Å	■	_		æ	ø	å	–
IS		!	"	#	¤	&	:	?	Ð	Þ	\	Æ	Ö	_	ð	þ	|	æ	ö
Hispanophone
ES	ISO-IR-017	!	"	£	$	&	:	?	§	¡	Ñ	¿	^	_	`	°	ñ	ç	~
ES2	ISO-IR-085	!	"	#	$	&	:	?	·	¡	Ñ	Ç	¿	_	`	´	ñ	ç	¨
CU	ISO-IR-151	!	"	#	¤	&	:	?	@	¡	Ñ	]	¿	_	`	´	ñ	[	¨
Hispanophone-Lusophone
ES/PT Teletext	ETS WST	!	"	ç	$	&	:	?	¡	á	é	í	ó	ú	¿	ü	ñ	è	à
Lusophone
PT	ISO-IR-016	!	"	#	$	&	:	?	§	Ã	Ç	Õ	^	_	`	ã	ç	õ	°
PT2	ISO-IR-084	!	"	#	$	&	:	?	´	Ã	Ç	Õ	^	_	`	ã	ç	õ	~
PT (NRCS)	---	!	"	#	$	&	:	?	@	Ã	Ç	Õ	^	_	`	ã	ç	õ	~
Greek
Latin-GR mixed	ISO-IR-027	Ξ	"	Γ	¤	&	Ψ	Π	Δ	Ω	Θ	Φ	Λ	Σ	`	{	|	}	‾
ISO-IR-088 (GR / ELOT 927), ISO-IR-018 and ISO-IR-019 replace Roman letters with Greek letters and are detailed in a separate chart.
Slavic (Latin script)
YU	ISO-IR-141	!	"	#	$	&	:	?	Ž	Š	Đ	Ć	Č	_	ž	š	đ	ć	č
YU Teletext	ETS WST	!	"	#	Ë	&	:	?	Č	Ć	Ž	Đ	Š	ë	č	ć	ž	đ	š
YU-alt Teletext	ETS WST	!	"	#	$	&	:	?	Č	Ć	Ž	Đ	Š	ë	č	ć	ž	đ	š
CS/CZ/SK (Teletext)	ETS WST	!	"	#	ů	&	:	?	č	ť	ž	ý	í	ř	é	á	ě	ú	š
PL	BN-74/3101-01	!	"	#	zł	&	:	?	ę	ź	\	ń	ś	_	ą	ó	ł	ż	ć
PL Teletext	ETS WST	!	"	#	ń	&	:	?	ą	Ƶ	Ś	Ł	ć	ó	ę	ż	ś	ł	ź
Adaptations for the Cyrillic script replace Roman letters and are detailed in a separate chart
Other
NL	CP01019	!	"	#	$	&	:	?	@	[	\	]	^	_	`	{	|	}	‾
NL NRCS	CP01102	!	"	£	$	&	:	?	¾	ij	½	|	^	_	`	¨	ƒ	¼	´
HU	ISO-IR-086	!	"	#	¤	&	:	?	Á	É	Ö	Ü	^	_	á	é	ö	ü	˝
MT	CP03041	!	"	#	$	&	:	?	@	ġ	ż	ħ	^	_	ċ	Ġ	Ż	Ħ	Ċ
RO (Teletext)	ETS WST	!	"	#	¤	&	:	?	Ţ	Â	Ş	Ă	Î	ı	ţ	â	ş	ă	î
TR (VT420)		ı	"	#	$	ğ	:	?	İ	Ş	Ö	Ç	Ü	_	Ğ	ş	ö	ç	ü
TR (Teletext)	ETS WST	!	"	TL	ğ	&	:	?	İ	Ş	Ö	Ç	Ü	Ğ	ı	ş	ö	ç	ü

Related encoding families

National Replacement Character Set

Main article: National Replacement Character Set

The National Replacement Character Set (NRCS) is a family of 7-bit encodings introduced in 1983 by DEC with the VT200 series of computer terminals. It is closely related to ISO/IEC 646, being based on a similar invariant subset of ASCII, differing in retaining $ as invariant but not _ (although most NRCS variants retain the _, and hence comply with the ISO/IEC 646 invariant set). Most NRCS variants are closely related to corresponding national ISO/IEC 646 variants where they exist, with the exception of the Dutch variant.

World System Teletext

Further information: World System Teletext and Teletext character set

The European telecommunications standard ETS 300 706, "Enhanced Teletext specification", defines Latin, Greek, Cyrillic, Arabic, and Hebrew code sets with several national variants for both Latin and Cyrillic. Like NRCS and ISO/IEC 646, within the Latin variants, the family of encodings known as the G0 set are based on a similar invariant subset of ASCII, but do not retain either $ nor _ as invariant. Unlike NRCS, variants often differ considerably from corresponding national ISO/IEC 646 variants.

HP

HP has code page 1054, which adds the medium shade (▒, U+2592) at 0x7F. Code page 1052 replaces a few ASCII characters from code page 1054.

Code page 1052

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▒

  Differences from ASCII

Derivatives for other alphabets

See also: Clip font

Some 7-bit character sets for non-Latin alphabets are derived from the ISO/IEC 646 standard: these do not themselves constitute ISO/IEC 646 due to not following its invariant code points (often replacing the letters of at least one case), due to supporting differing alphabets which the set of national code points provide insufficient encoding space for. Examples include:

• 7-bit Turkmen (ISO-IR-230).
• 7-bit Greek.
  • In ELOT 927 (ISO-IR-088), the Greek alphabet is mapped in alphabetical order (except for the final-sigma) to positions 0x61–0x71 and 0x73–0x79, on top of the Latin lowercase letters.
  • ISO-IR-018 maps the Greek alphabet over both letter cases using a different scheme (not in alphabetical order, but trying where possible to match Greek letters over Roman letters which correspond in some sense), and ISO-IR-019 maps the Greek uppercase alphabet over the Latin lowercase letters using the same scheme as ISO-IR-018.
  • The lower half of the Symbol font character encoding uses its own scheme for mapping Greek letters of both cases over the ASCII Roman letters, also trying to map Greek letters over Roman letters which correspond in some sense, but making different decisions in this regard (see chart below). It also replaces invariant code points 0x22 and 0x27 and five national code points with mathematical symbols. Although not intended for use in typesetting Greek prose, it is sometimes used for that purpose.
  • ISO-IR-027 (detailed in the chart above rather than below) includes the Latin alphabet unchanged, but adds some Greek capital letters which cannot be represented with Latin-script homoglyphs; while it is explicitly based on ISO/IEC 646, some of these are mapped to code points which are invariant in ISO/IEC 646 (0x21, 0x3A, and 0x3F), and it is therefore not a true ISO/IEC 646 variant.
  • The World System Teletext encoding for Greek uses yet another scheme of mapping Greek letters in alphabetical order over the ASCII letters of both cases, notably including several letters with diacritics.
• 7-bit Cyrillic
  • KOI-7 or Short KOI, used for Russian. The Cyrillic characters are mapped to positions 0x60–0x7E, on top of the Latin lowercase letters, matching homologous letters where possible (where в is mapped to w, not v). Superseded by the KOI-8 variants.
  • SRPSCII and MAKSCII, Cyrillic variants of YUSCII (the Latin variant is YU/ISO-IR-141 in the chart above), used for Serbian and Macedonian respectively. Largely homologous to the Latin variant of YUSCII (following Serbian digraphia rules), except for Љ (lj), Њ (nj), Џ (dž), and ѕ (dz), which correspond to digraphs in Latin-script orthography, and are mapped over letters which are not used in Serbian or Macedonian (q, w, x, y).
  • The G0 sets for the World System Teletext encodings for Russian/Bulgarian and Ukrainian use G0 sets similar to KOI-7 with some modifications. The corresponding G0 set for Serbian Cyrillic uses a scheme based on the Teletext encoding for Latin-script Serbo-Croatian and Slovene, as opposed to the significantly different YUSCII.
• 7-bit Hebrew, SI 960. The Hebrew alphabet is mapped to positions 0x60–0x7A, on top of the lowercase Latin letters (and grave accent for aleph). 7-bit Hebrew was always stored in visual order. This mapping with the high bit set, i.e. with the Hebrew letters in 0xE0–0xFA, is ISO/IEC 8859-8. The World System Teletext encoding for Hebrew uses the same letter mappings, but uses BS_Viewdata as its base encoding (whereas SI 960 uses US-ASCII) and includes a shekel sign at 0x7B.
• 7-bit Arabic, ASMO 449 (ISO-IR-089). The Arabic alphabet is mapped to positions 0x41–0x5A and 0x60–0x6A, on top of both uppercase and lowercase Latin letters.

A comparison of some of these encodings is below. Only one case is shown, except in instances where the cases are mapped to different letters. In such instances, the mapping with the smallest code is shown first. Possible transcriptions are given for some letters; where this is omitted, the letter can be considered to correspond to the Roman one which it is mapped over.

English (ASCII)	Cyrillic alphabets						Greek alphabet				Hebrew
	Semi-transliterative								Naturally ordered
	Russian (KOI-7)	Russian, Bulgarian (WST RU/BG)	Ukrainian (WST UKR)	Serbian (SRPSCII)	Macedonian (MAKSCII)	Serbian, Macedonian (WST SRP)	Greek (Symbol)	Greek (IR-18)	Greek (ELOT 927)	Greek (WST EL)	Hebrew (SI 960)
@ `	Ю (ju/yu)	Ю (ju/yu)	Ю (ju/yu)	Ж (ž)	Ж (ž)	Ч (č)	≅ ‾	´ `	@ `	ΐ ΰ	א (ʾ/ʔ)
A	А	А (a/á)	А	А	А	А	Α	Α	Α	Α	ב (b)
B	Б	Б	Б	Б	Б	Б	Β	Β	Β	Β	ג (g)
C	Ц (c/ts)	Ц (c/ts)	Ц (c/ts)	Ц (c/ts)	Ц (c/ts)	Ц (c/ts)	Χ (ch/kh)	Ψ (ps)	Γ (g)	Γ (g)	ד (d)
D	Д	Д	Д	Д	Д	Д	Δ	Δ	Δ	Δ	ה (h)
E	Е (je/ye)	Е (je/ye)	Е (e)	Е (e)	Е (e)	Е (e)	Ε	Ε	Ε	Ε	ו‬ (w)
F	Ф	Ф	Ф	Ф	Ф	Ф	Φ (ph/f)	Φ (ph/f)	Ζ (z)	Ζ (z)	ז (z)
G	Г	Г	Г	Г	Г	Γ	Γ	Γ	Η (ē)	Η (ē)	ח (ch/kh)
H	Х (h/kh/ch)	Х (h/kh/ch)	Х (h/kh/ch)	Х (h/kh/ch)	Х (h/kh/ch)	Х (h/kh/ch)	Η (ē)	Η (ē)	Θ (th)	Θ (th)	ט (tt)
I	И	И	И (y)	И	И	И	Ι	Ι	Ι	Ι	י (j/y)
J	Й (j/y)	Й (j/y)	Й (j/y)	Ј (j/y)	Ј (j/y)	Ј (j/y)	ϑ (th) ϕ (ph/f)	Ξ (x/ks)		Κ (k)	ך (k final)
K	К	К	К	К	К	К	Κ	Κ	Κ	Λ (l)	כ
L	Л	Л	Л	Л	Л	Л	Λ	Λ	Λ	Μ (m)	ל
M	М	М	М	М	М	М	Μ	Μ	Μ	Ν (n)	ם (m final)
N	Н	Н	Н	Н	Н	Н	Ν	Ν	Ν	Ξ (x/ks)	מ (m)
O	О	О	О	О	О	О	Ο	Ο	Ξ (x/ks)	Ο	ן (n final)
P	П	П	П	П	П	П	Π	Π	Ο (o)	Π	נ (n)
Q	Я (ja/ya)	Я (ja/ya)	Я (ja/ya)	Љ (lj/ly)	Љ (lj/ly)	Ќ (Ḱ/kj)	Θ (th)	ͺ (i)	Π (p)	Ρ (r)	ס (s)
R	Р	Р	Р	Р	Р	Р	Ρ	Ρ	Ρ	ʹ ς (s final)	ע (ʽ/ŋ)
S	С	С	С	С	С	С	Σ	Σ	Σ	Σ	ף (p final)
T	Т	Т	Т	Т	Т	Т	Τ	Τ	Τ	Τ	פ (p)
U	У	У	У	У	У	У	Υ	Θ (th)	Υ	Υ	ץ (ṣ/ts final)
V	Ж (ž)	Ж (ž)	Ж (ž)	В	В	В	ς (s final) ϖ (p)	Ω (ō)	Φ (f/ph)	Φ (f/ph)	צ (ṣ/ts)
W	В (v)	В (v)	В (v)	Њ (nj/ny/ñ)	Њ (nj/ny/ñ)	Ѓ (ǵ/gj)	Ω (ō)	ς (s final)	ς (s final)	Χ (ch/kh)	ק (q)
X	Ь (’)	Ь (’)	Ь (’)	Џ (dž)	Џ (dž)	Љ (lj/ly)	Ξ	Χ (ch/kh)	Χ (ch/kh)	Ψ (ps)	ר (r)
Y	Ы (y/ı)	Ъ (″/ǎ/ŭ)	І (i)	Ѕ (dz)	Ѕ (dz)	Њ (nj/ny/ñ)	Ψ (ps)	Υ (u)	Ψ (ps)	Ω (ō)	ש (š/sh)
Z	З	З	З	З	З	З	Ζ	Ζ	Ω (ō)	Ϊ	ת (t)
[ {	Ш (š/sh)	Ш (š/sh)	Ш (š/sh)	Ш (š/sh)	Ш (š/sh)	Ћ (ć)	[ {	῏ ῟	[ {	Ϋ	[ {
\ |	Э (e)	Э (e)	Є (je/ye)	Ђ (đ/dj)	Ѓ (ǵ/gj)	Ж (ž)	∴ |	᾿ ῾ (h)	\ |	ά ό	\ |
] }	Щ (šč)	Щ (šč)	Щ (šč)	Ћ (ć)	Ќ (Ḱ/kj)	Ђ (đ/dj)	] }	῎ ῞	] }	έ ύ	] }
^ ~	Ч (č)	Ч (č)	Ч (č)	Ч (č)	Ч (č)	Ш (š/sh)	⊥ ~	˜ ¨	^ ‾	ή ώ	^ ‾
_	Ъ (″)	Ы (y/ı)	Ї (ji/yi)	_	_	Џ (dž)	_	_	_	ί	_

See also

• ISO/IEC 2022 Information technology: Character code structure and extension techniques
• ISO/IEC 6937 (ANSI)
• ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 2

Further reading

• Fischer, Eric, ed. (1975) [1972]. Source documents on the history of character codes, 1972–1975 (Compilation). Archived from the original on 2020-06-07. Retrieved 2020-06-07{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) (79 pages) including: Bemer, Robert William (1972). "a view of the history of the ISO character set". Honeywell Computer Journal. 6 (4). Phoenix, Arizona, USA: Honeywell Information Systems: 274–286, 287–291. (13+5 pages) and many other documents and correspondence.

External links

• ISO/IEC 646:1991 Information technology — ISO 7-bit coded character set for information interchange
• Zeichensatz nach ISO 646 (ASCII) (in German)
• History at GNU Aspell website
• ISO646 Character Tables Character Tables by Koichi Yasuoka (安岡孝) (see Domestic ISO646 Character Tables and Quasi-ISO646 Character Tables)
• Turkish Text Deasciifier a tool (based on statistical pentagram analysis of the Turkish language) which reverts an ASCII'fied Turkish text by determining the appropriate (but ambiguous) diacritics normally needed in Turkish but missing in the US-ASCII set.