Lighthorse (American Indian police)
Lighthorse (or Light Horse) is an official or colloquial name for the police forces of federally recognized tribes in the United States. Some tribal governments officially refer to their police as Lighthorse while others do not. Historically, the term referred to the Five Civilized Tribes of the United States' mounted police forces. The Lighthorse were generally organized into companies and assigned to different districts. Perhaps the most famous were the Cherokee Lighthorsemen which had their origins in Georgia.
Cherokee
In 1797, the Cherokees created organizations called "regulating companies" to deal with horse theft and other property crimes. The regulating companies were a mounted tribal police force, empowered to enforce tribal laws. They began to be called "Lighthorsemen" in the 1820s. Their authority expanded to apprehending criminals, whom they turned over to tribal courts for trial and sentencing. The Lighthorsemen's scope was then extended to more serious crimes including murder, rape and robbery. They also enforced the tribal laws against drunkenness.[1] One author asserted that the Cherokees took the force's name from General Henry "Lighthorse Harry" Lee, who got the nickname because his cavalry moved so quickly.[2]
On November 13, 1844, the Cherokee National Council authorized the formation of a lighthorse company. Composed of a captain, a lieutenant and twenty four horsemen. They were to arrest all fugitives from justice in the Cherokee Nation. For several years the lighthorsemen also served as judges and jurors, administering punishments themselves. Usually, they punished those convicted of minor crimes by whipping. In 1874, the Cherokees built a prison at Tahlequah. It was the only Indian Nation to do so.[2]
Choctaw
The Treaty of Doak's Stand in 1820, appropriated US$600 per year to the Choctaw Nation to organize and maintain the Choctaw Lighthorsemen. These men were given the authority to arrest, try and punish those who broke tribal laws. The first corps became operational in 1824.[3] Peter Pitchlynn became the head of this force in 1825.[4] After the Choctaws were forcibly removed to Indian Territory, as part of the Indian Removal (1831-1833), the Lighthorsemen reported to the tribal Chief.[2]
The Choctaw Constitution of 1838 specified that "...It shall be the duty of any of the light horsemen to proclaim to the candidates or their representatives to form into separate lines; the voters forming in a line with such candidates as they wish to elect; and there shall be two or more judges appointed by the Captain of the Light-horse company to determine the number of electors in each line, and their qualifications; and one of said judges shall publicly state the number of voters in each line, and proclaim the person having the highest number elected; and it shall be the duty of the judges of the elections to report to the district clerks the names of the persons elected, and to what office, and by what majority; whose duty it shall be to record the same and inform the district Chief of the result of the election."[5]
According to historian Carolyn Foreman, the treaty stipulated, "...that all men, both white and red, may be compelled to pay their just debts, it is stipulated and agreed, that the sum of two hundred dollars shall be appropriated by the United States, for each district, annually, and placed in the hands of the agent, to pay the expenses incurred in raising and establishing said corps; which is to act as executive officers, in maintaining good order, and compelling bad men to remove from the nation, who are not authorized to live In it by a regular permit from the agent."[4]
Light horsemen rode their own horses and used their own weapons.[6]
Creek
At the outbreak of the Civil War, the Confederate States of America (CSA) made a treaty with the Creek Nation. Among many other provisions, the CSA promised to provide CS$600 per year for the support of lighthorsemen.[7]
During 1882–1883, a group of dissident Creeks led by Isparhecher revolted against the leadership of Principal Chief Samuel Checote. Checote responded by ordering the Creek Lighthorsemen to put down the rebellion. He soon put Pleasant Porter as the leader of the lighthorsemen. Porter and his men were successful in forcing the dissidents to leave Creek territory and take refuge in Sac and Fox territory and later in Kiowa territory. The dissidents found they were unwelcome in both places. They returned to make peace with the majority of the tribe. Porter later became principal chief of the Creek Nation (1899–1907).[8]
Seminole
The Seminoles were the last of the Five Civilized Tribes to establish their own police force. They had no funds for that, and during the American Civil War, the Seminole Government was dysfunctional. In 1876 Governor John Brown hired A. Q. Teague, a young cattle drover from Texas, as the first lighthorseman.[9]
References
- ^ Luna-Firebaugh, Eileen (15 February 2007). Tribal Policing: Asserting Sovereignty, Seeking Justice. University of Arizona Press. ISBN 9780816524341.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) - ^ a b c Burton, Art. T. "Oklahoma's Frontier Indian Police." Archived 2014-04-07 at the Wayback Machine (1996). Retrieved March 30, 2014.
- ^ Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma. "Choctaw Lighthorsemen." Archived 2014-04-14 at the Wayback Machine 2010. Retrieved March 30, 2014.
- ^ a b Foreman, Carolyn Thomas. "The Light-Horse in the Indian Territory." Archived 2012-11-02 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved March 31, 2014.
- ^ ""Constitution of the Choctaw Nation. October 1838." Article 3 Section 8". Archived from the original on 2014-04-07. Retrieved 2014-04-01.
- ^ Mihesuah, Devon Abbott (2009). Choctaw Crime and Punishment, 1884–1907 Archived 2022-04-07 at the Wayback Machine. University of Oklahoma. ISBN 978-0-8061-4052-0. Available on Google Books. Retrieved March 30, 2014.
- ^ "Treaty with the Creek Nation, July 10, 1861." Archived May 17, 2014, at the Wayback Machine Retrieved March 21, 2014.
- ^ Meserve, John Bartlett. Chronicles of Oklahoma "Chief Pleasant Porter." [1] Archived 2015-04-26 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Seminole Light Horse Police". Seminolenation-indianterritory.org. January 18, 2013. Archived from the original on December 9, 2004. Retrieved October 29, 2004.