Kingdom of Kumalarang

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Rajahnate of Sanmalan

Ma-i

Sandao

Kedatuan of Dapitan

Sultanate of Maguindanao

Locations of pre-colonial principalities, polities, kingdoms and sultanates in the Philippine archipelago

The Kingdom of Kumalarang or "古麻剌朗" in ancient Chinese texts, is a precolonial Filipino kingdom located on what is now the town of Kumalarang at the Zamboanga Peninsula.^[1]^{[need quotation to verify]}

Kumalarang is listed in the Ming Shilu (the imperial annals of the emperors of the Ming dynasty) among other kingdoms in Insular Southeast Asia (e.g. Malacca, Brunei, Sulu) as a polity that was conferred an imperial seal by the Ming Emperor in the mid-15th century.^[2]

References

^ Scott, William (1984). Prehispanic Source Materials: For the Study of Philippine History (revised ed.). Quezon City: New Day Publishers. p. 66. ISBN 9711002264.
^ Gallop, Annabel Teh (2016). "The Early Use of Seals in the Malay World". Bulletin de l'École française d'Extrême-Orient. 102: 125–163.

[1] Scott, William (1984). Prehispanic Source Materials: For the Study of Philippine History (revised ed.). Quezon City: New Day Publishers. p. 66. ISBN 9711002264.

[2] Gallop, Annabel Teh (2016). "The Early Use of Seals in the Malay World". Bulletin de l'École française d'Extrême-Orient. 102: 125–163.

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