Indravarman VI
| Indravarman VI | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Raja-di-raja | |||||||||
| King of Champa | |||||||||
| Reign | 1400–1441 | ||||||||
| Predecessor | Simhavarman VI | ||||||||
| Successor | Virabhadravarman | ||||||||
| Born | ? Champa | ||||||||
| Died | 1441 Champa | ||||||||
| |||||||||
| House | Vr̥ṣu dynasty | ||||||||
Indravarman VI, Ba Dich Lai, Chang-pa-ti-lai, Virabhadravarman, or Ngauk Klaung Vijaya was a king of Champa, ruling from 1400 to 1441. He took the regnal name Indravarman when crowned in 1432.
Reign
Vr̥ṣu-Viṣṇujāti Virabhadravarman or Vr̥ṣuvaṁśa was the son of king Simhavarman VI. In 1403, the Vietnamese resumed their hostility and laid siege of capital Vijaya, where they faced defeat and were forced to leave after nine months. In 1405, he filed a memorial to the Ming court, convicting the Dai Ngu king Ho Han Thuong for violating his borders and conducting raids in his kingdom in the previous year.[1] When the Dai Ngu were defeated by the Ming dynasty in 1407, Indravarman managed to reconquer Champa's lost territories south of the Hai Van Pass. He then erected a sitting Śiva statue in Drang Lai, Gia Lai.[2] To celebrate his victory over the Viets, he ordered the establishment of a city called Samṛddhipurī (nowadays An Khe) in 1409.[3]
Indravarman took advantage of declining Khmer Empire to fill up void by attacking Angkor territories, which led Cambodian king Ponhea Yat to seek intervention from the Chinese. In 1408 and 1414, Ming army from recent occupying Jiaozhi (former Dai Viet) poked into Champa and sent a threat to Indravarman, demanding him to cease hostility against Cambodia.
Despite that, in 1421 Indravarman invaded Cambodian territories in the Mekong Delta, and then annexed many parts of it, including the marketplace town of Bien Hoa, and offered a statue of Tribhuvanākrānta (Vishnu) there. That marked the southern most extent of Champa.[4][5]
In order to maintain Đại Việt neutrality, he gave up the important province of Indrapura.[6]: 238–239 [7] Maspero lists Nauk Glaun Vijaya as the son of Jaya Simhavarman VI, which may be the same individual, but states he did not assume his father's reign after his death in 1441. Instead, a nephew, Maha Vijaya, ascended the throne.[8]: 114–115
Family
Indravarman VI belongs to the Vr̥ṣu lineage of Simhavarman VI. His nephew was Maha Vijaya (in Chinese and Vietnamese sources) or Virabhadravarman, there are indicators that two characters may be the same individual.[9]
The city of Samriddhipuri (An Khê)
During Indravarman VI's reign, Cham sphere of influence penetrated deep into the present day Central Highlands. He erected an inscription at the city of Samriddhipuri (now An Khê, Gia Lai province) in 1438 to commemorate his victories over the Viets (yvan) and the Khmer (kvīra). He offered the city inhabitants a Viet princess, Viet war prisoners, a white elephant, and spoilers he had seized from the Dai Viet. In 1435 he ordered the masonry of a Śiva sculpture to symbolize his connections with the highlanders.[10][2]
References
- ^ Zottoli, Brian A. (2011), Reconceptualizing Southern Vietnamese History from the 15th to 18th Centuries: Competition along the Coasts from Guangdong to Cambodia, University of Michigan, p. 68
- ^ a b Griffiths, Arlo (2020). "Études du corpus des inscriptions du Campā, X: Le haut Campā de Gia Lai-Bình Định au xve siècle selon les stèles de Tư Lương (C. 237) et du mont Man Lăng (C. 56)" (PDF). Bulletin de l'École française d'Extrême-Orient. 106: 363–378. doi:10.3406/befeo.2020.6337. S2CID 239231249.
- ^ Golzio, Karl-Heinz (2004), Inscriptions of Campā based on the editions and translations of Abel Bergaigne, Étienne Aymonier, Louis Finot, Édouard Huber and other French scholars and of the work of R. C. Majumdar. Newly presented, with minor corrections of texts and translations, together with calculations of given dates, Shaker Verlag, p. 199
- ^ Golzio, Karl-Heinz (2004), Inscriptions of Campā based on the editions and translations of Abel Bergaigne, Étienne Aymonier, Louis Finot, Édouard Huber and other French scholars and of the work of R. C. Majumdar. Newly presented, with minor corrections of texts and translations, together with calculations of given dates, Shaker Verlag, pp. 199–200
- ^ Griffiths, Arlo; Lepoutre, Amandine; Southworth, William A.; Phần, Thành (2012), The inscriptions of Campā at the Museum of Cham sculpture in Đà Nẵng / Văn khắc Chămpa tại bảo tàng điêu khắc Chăm – Đà Nẵng, Vietnam National University in Ho Chi Minh City Publishing House (published in collaboration with EFEO and the Center for Vietnamese and Southeast Asian Studies, Hồ Chí Minh City)
- ^ Coedès, George (1968). Walter F. Vella (ed.). The Indianized States of Southeast Asia. trans.Susan Brown Cowing. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-0368-1.
- ^ Chapuis, Oscar (1995-08-30). A History of Vietnam: From Hong Bang to Tu Duc. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 978-0-313-29622-2.
- ^ Maspero, G., 2002, The Champa Kingdom, Bangkok: White Lotus Co., Ltd., ISBN 9747534991
- ^ Finot, Louis (1915). "Notes d'épigraphie XIV : Les inscriptions du musée de Hanoi". Bulletin de l'École Française d'Extrême-Orient. 15 (2): 14.
- ^ Griffiths, Arlo; Lepoutre, Amandine; Southworth, William A.; Phần, Thành (2012), The inscriptions of Campā at the Museum of Cham sculpture in Đà Nẵng / Văn khắc Chămpa tại bảo tàng điêu khắc Chăm – Đà Nẵng, Vietnam National University in Ho Chi Minh City Publishing House (published in collaboration with EFEO and the Center for Vietnamese and Southeast Asian Studies, Hồ Chí Minh City), pp. 205–218