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Death to America

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Iranian Protesters Burning US Flag in Tehran, November 2018

Death to America (Template:Lang-fa Marg bar Āmrikā) is an anti-American political slogan and chant which has been in use in Iran since the inception of the Iranian Revolution in 1979.[1] Ayatollah Khomeini, the first leader of the Islamic Republic of Iran, popularized the term.[2] He opposed the chant for radio and television, but not for protests and other occasions.[3]

The literal meaning of the Persian phrase "Marg bar Āmrikā" is "Death to America". In most official Iranian translations, the phrase is translated into English as the less crude "Down with America".[4][5] The chant "Death to America" has come to be employed by various anti-American groups and protesters worldwide.[6] A similar slogan "Death to Israel" (Persian: مرگ بر اسرائیل) is also used, and regularly chanted in Iranian political rallies. Iranian officials generally explain that the slogan in its historical context has been provoked by U.S. government's hostile policies towards Iran and expresses outrage at those policies, and does not wish for literal death for American people themselves.[7] In a speech to university students, Iran's Supreme Leader, Khamenei, interpreted the slogan as "death to the U.S.'s policies, death to arrogance".[8] Following a meeting with Army and Air Force commanders, Khamenei declared that the Iranian people are not against American people, but that "Death to America" means down with American leaders, in this case President Trump, John Bolton, and Pompeo.[9][10]

Overview

A conference named "Long Live Death to America" held on November 3, 2015 at Tehran University explores historical reasons for chanting the slogan.[11]
See also: Iran–United States relations

Following the fall of the pro-American Pahlavi dynasty in early 1979, Iranian protesters regularly shouted "Death to America" and "Death to the Shah" outside the U.S. embassy in Tehran, including the day the embassy was seized on November 4, 1979, which commenced the Iran hostage crisis.[12] Throughout the crisis, Iranians surrounding the embassy chanted "Death to America" and "Death to Carter."[13] When Iran released the remaining 52 American hostages on January 20, 1981, they were led through a gauntlet of students forming parallel lines that shouted "Death to America" as they boarded the airplane that would fly them out of Tehran.[14] "Death to the Soviet Union" and "Death to England" also became popular. The best known variation was "Death to Israel".[15]

Throughout the existence of the Islamic Republic of Iran, the slogan has formed a pillar of its revolutionary values.[4] It is regularly chanted at Friday prayers and other public events, which is often accompanied by a burning of the flag of the United States.[5] These events include the November 4 anniversary of the U.S. embassy seizure, which Iranian leaders declared in 1987 as a national holiday, called "Death to America Day."[16] State-sponsored murals that feature the slogan "Death to America" are common in Iranian cities, particularly Tehran.[17]

However, according to Hashemi Rafsanjani, Khomeini agreed in principle to drop the usage of the slogan in 1984. Rafsanjani's statement was rejected by his hard line opponents who said that "The Imam throughout his life called America 'the Great Satan'. He believed that all the Muslims' problems were caused by America."[18]

According to Politico magazine, following the September 11 attacks, Sayyed Ali Khamenei, the Supreme Leader of Iran, "suspended the usual 'Death to America' chants at Friday prayers" temporarily.[19]

On March 21, 2015, Iran's Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei backed and shouted the phrase 'Death to America' while addressing a public gathering in Iran, during the holiday of Nowruz, the Persian New Year.[20][21][22] In a statement published on his website on November 3, 2015, Khamenei said: "It goes without saying that the slogan does not mean death to the American nation; this slogan means death to the U.S.'s policies, death to arrogance."[23][24]

On June 23, 2017, during Quds Day, protestors chanted "Death to America" and "Death to Israel".[25] On April 25, 2018, Iran announced that a "Death to America" emoji would be included in a domestically produced messaging app.[26] On May 9, 2018, an American flag was burned in the Iranian Parliament amidst chants of 'Death to America' after President Donald Trump withdrew from the nuclear deal with Iran.[27] On November 4, 2018, Louis Farrakhan, the leader of the religious group Nation of Islam, led a "Death to America" chant during a solidarity trip to Iran, ahead of sanctions expected to be imposed by the Trump administration.[28][29]

Many anti-Iranian government protesters, both within Iran and abroad, used similar phrases to demonstrate against the theocratic government, especially during 2019 Iranian protests. Slogans such as "Death to Khamenei" and "Death to Islamic Republic" were chanted in those occasions. Protesters also refused to trample over giant U.S. and Israeli flags that had been painted on the ground of the universities,[30] which was praised by President Donald Trump.[31] At the funeral of Qasem Soleimani, the chant "Death to America" could be heard from many mourners across Baghdad.[32]

Use outside of Iran

The slogan on the flag of the Houthis in Yemen reads, "Allah is the greatest. Death to America. Death to Israel. A curse upon the Jews. Victory to Islam."

Supporters of Hezbollah, the Shi'a Islamic militant group based in Lebanon that is closely aligned to Iran, regularly chant "Death to America" in street demonstrations.[33] A week before the March 20, 2003 U.S. invasion of Iraq, Hezbollah Secretary General Hassan Nasrallah declared, "In the past, when the Marines were in Beirut, we screamed, 'Death to America!' Today, when the region is being filled with hundreds of thousands of American soldiers, 'Death to America!' was, is and will stay our slogan."[34]

The slogan of the Houthis, a Shiite rebel group in Yemen also supported by Iran,[35] is "God is Great, Death to America, Death to Israel, A curse upon the Jews, Victory to Islam."[36]

Interpretation and meaning

Mohammad Nahavandian, chief of staff for Iranian President Hassan Rouhani has said that:

If you go and ask anyone who uses that slogan [...] what he is against, it is interference in Iran's policies by overthrowing a nationally elected prime minister at the time of Mossadegh. For them, what they are against is the kind of government who shoots an airplane full of innocent passengers" (referring to Iran Air flight 655, an Iranian airliner shot down by an American naval vessel). "For them, it's not the people of America, per se. For them, they are opposed to that sort of policy, that sort of attitude, that sort of arrogance. It's not a nation. It's a system of behavior."[37]

"Regarding the words 'Death to America', we mean American politics, not the American people", says Hussein al Hamran, head of Foreign Relations for Ansar Allah (Houthis).[38] Ali al-Bukhayti, a former spokesperson and official media face of the Houthis, has said: "We do not really want death to anyone. The slogan is simply against the interference of those governments [i.e. US, and Israel]".[39]

Iranian president Hassan Rouhani has also dismissed the literal interpretation of the slogan, stating that the slogan is to express opposition to US intrusive policies rather than hatred against American people.[40][41]

Law professor David Luban sees the slogan as a literal call for attacks on America such as the September 11 attacks.[42]

On 8 February 2019, Ali Khamenei stated "Death to America means death to Trump, Bolton and Pompeo. We criticize American politicians who are managing that country. Iranian nation are not against American people."[9]

Travel writer Rick Steves records a taxi driver in Tehran exclaiming "Death to traffic!" in English, explaining that "when something frustrates us and we have no control over it, this is what we say". Steves compares the phrase to non-literal use of the word damn in American English.[43]

See also

References

  1. ^ Vanessa Martin (2003). Creating An Islamic State: Khomeini and the Making of a New Iran. p. 152. ISBN 9781860649004.
  2. ^ Philip Herbst (2003). Talking Terrorism: A Dictionary of the Loaded Language of Political Violence. p. 6.
  3. ^ Arash Karami: Khomeini Orders Media to End ‘Death to America’ Chant Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine, Iran Pulse, October 13, 2013
  4. ^ a b "The politics of 'Death to America'". The Washington Post. 8 October 2013.
  5. ^ a b "Iran's hardliners planning 'Death to America' rally on anniversary of US Embassy attack". The National. 22 October 2013.
  6. ^ Herbst, p. 6-7
  7. ^ ""Death to America" and the Iran Deal". New Yorker. 30 July 2015.
  8. ^ Melvin, Don (5 November 2015). "Iranian leader: 'Death to America' refers to policies, not the nation". CNN. Retrieved 9 December 2015.
  9. ^ a b Erdbrink, Thomas. "'Death to America' Means 'Death to Trump'". nytimes. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
  10. ^ "Down with USA' means down with Trump, Bolton, and Pompeo". english.khamenei. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
  11. ^ "» عکس/سعید جلیلی در همایش زنده باد مرگ بر آمریکا | مرگ بر آمریکا | قرارگاه سایبری صیانت از شعار مردمی مرگ بر آمریکا". margbaramerica.net. Retrieved 2017-06-24.
  12. ^ David Patrick Houghton (2001). US Foreign Policy and the Iran Hostage Crisis. p. 51. ISBN 9780521805094.
  13. ^ Mark Bowden (2006). Guests of the Ayatollah: The First Battle in America's War with Militant Islam. Atlantic Monthly Press. p. 221, 245. death to america.
  14. ^ Bowden, p. 584
  15. ^ Taylor, Adam (4 November 2015). "Why 'Death to America' won't go away". The Washington Post. Retrieved 5 February 2018.
  16. ^ "Millions Of Iranians Demonstrate Against U.S." Associated Press. 3 November 1987.
  17. ^ Lina Khatib (2012). Image Politics in the Middle East: The Role of the Visual in Political Struggle. p. 81-83. ISBN 9781848852822.
  18. ^ Khomeini 'sought to drop Death to America chant', Guardian, Robert Tait, 20 August 2007
  19. ^ 34 Years of Getting to No with Iran. Politico Magazine. Barbara Slavin. November 19, 2013. Permanent Archived Link. Permanent Archived Link at WebCite. Retrieved and archived on July 4th, 2016.
  20. ^ "'Death to America': Iran's Supreme Leader accuses the US of 'bullying'". Euronews. Retrieved 21 March 2015.
  21. ^ "Iran's supreme leader screams 'Death to America' amid ongoing nuclear talks". New York Post. Retrieved 23 March 2015.
  22. ^ "Obama downplays Iran 'death to America' remarks, toes hard line on Benjamin Netanyahu". The Washington Times. Retrieved 23 March 2015.
  23. ^ Dehghan, Saeed (November 3, 2015). "Iran's Ayatollah clarifies that 'death to America' slogan refers to policies". The Guardian. Retrieved 6 November 2015.
  24. ^ Vinograd, Cassandra (3 November 2015). "Iran's Ayatollah Ali Khamenei Explains 'Death to America' Slogan". NBC News. Retrieved 6 November 2015.
  25. ^ "'Death to Israel.', 'Death to America' at Iranian parade". Arutz Sheva. June 23, 2017.
  26. ^ "'Death to America' emoji reportedly included in Iran messaging app". CNBC. April 25, 2018.
  27. ^ Iran lawmakers shout 'death to America,' burn U.S. flag after Trump nixes nuclear deal usatoday.com
  28. ^ Parke, Caleb (November 5, 2018). "Louis Farrakhan, Nation of Islam leader, leads 'Death to America' chant in Iran". Fox News.
  29. ^ Renowned antisemite louis farrakhan chants death to america on solidarity trip to Iran algemeiner.com
  30. ^ Iran protests: Crowds in Tehran refuse to walk on U.S. and Israeli flags
  31. ^ Trump hails Iran protesters for not trampling US flag, Hurriyet Daily News
  32. ^ "Mourners shout 'Death to America' at funeral for Iranian general". ITV News. Retrieved 2020-01-04.
  33. ^ Wistrich, Robert (5 January 2010). A Lethal Obsession: Anti-Semitism from Antiquity to the Global Jihad. p. 974. ISBN 9781588368997.
  34. ^ "Hezbollah Vows Anew to Target Americans". Los Angeles Times. 17 April 2003.
  35. ^ "With Arms for Yemen Rebels, Iran Seeks Wider Mideast Role". The New York Times. 15 March 2012.
  36. ^ "Yemen's 'Death to America' rebels bring calm to northern Yemen". The Christian Science Monitor. 28 October 2012.
  37. ^ ""Death to America" and the Iran Deal". New Yorker. 30 July 2015.
  38. ^ "Yemen in crisis". Esquire. 4 Jun 2015. Retrieved 5 September 2015.
  39. ^ "Photo Essay: Rise of the Houthis". Newsweek. 9 February 2015. Retrieved 27 March 2015.
  40. ^ "به برجام نه ماده‌ای اضافه می‌شود و نه تبصره‌ای/ در صحبت‌های ترامپ جز فحاشی و اتهامات واهی حرف دیگری وجود نداشت/ ملت ایران در برابر هیچ قدرتی سر تسلیم فرود نمی‌آورد". PressTV.
  41. ^ "'Death to America' chants not personal, Rouhani says". Retrieved 2017-10-15.
  42. ^ Luban, David. "The war on terrorism and the end of human rights." Philosophy & Public Policy Quarterly 22.3 (2002): 9-14.
  43. ^ Steves, Rick (2018). Travel as a Political Act. Avalon Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8133-5116-2.
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