Kamula–Elevala languages
| Kamula–Elevala | |
|---|---|
| Kamula – Elevala River | |
| Geographic distribution | northern Western Province, Papua New Guinea |
| Linguistic classification | Trans–New Guinea |
| Subdivisions |
|
| Language codes | |
| Glottolog | kamu1264 |
 Map: The Awin–Pa–Kamula languages of New Guinea
The Awin–Pa and Kamula languages
Other Trans–New Guinea languages
Other Papuan languages
Austronesian languages
Uninhabited | |
The Kamula–Elevala languages are a small family of the Trans–New Guinea languages (TNG)
Languages
The languages are just three, Aekyowm (Awin), Pare (Pa) and Kamula. They are not obviously related to each other, but Aekyowm and Pare are closer to each other than to Kamula.[2]
Pronouns
The reconstructed pronouns are 1sg *nɔ, 2sg *ɡo, 3sg *yɔ. Awin and Pare share 2du *gi.
Classification
Stephen Wurm (1975) added Awin and Pa to an expanded Central and South New Guinea branch of TNG, a position reversed by Ross (2005). The connection between Awin–Pa and Kamula was established by Suter & Usher.[3]
Evolution
Proposed Awin–Pa reflexes of proto-Trans-New Guinea (pTNG) etyma:[4]
- kendoke ‘ear’ < *kand(e,i)k[V]
- khatike ‘leg’ < *k(a,o)
- ndok[V], kare ‘skin’ < *(ŋg,k)a(nd,t)apu
- di ‘firewood, fire’ < *inda
- keba ‘head’ < *kV(mb,p)(i,u)tu
- ama ‘mother < *am(a,i)
- di- ‘burn’ < *nj(a,e,i)
References
- Ross, Malcolm (2005). "Pronouns as a preliminary diagnostic for grouping Papuan languages". In Andrew Pawley; Robert Attenborough; Robin Hide; Jack Golson (eds.). Papuan pasts: cultural, linguistic and biological histories of Papuan-speaking peoples. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. pp. 15–66. ISBN 0858835622. OCLC 67292782.
- ^ New Guinea World, Digul River – Ok
- ^ Edgar Suter & Timothy Usher, 2017, 'The Kamula–Elevala Language Family', Language & Linguistics in Melanesia, vol. 25.
- ^ Edgar Suter & Timothy Usher (2017) "The Kamula–Elevala language family", Language and Linguistics in Melanesia 35: 106–131.
- ^ Pawley, Andrew; Hammarström, Harald (2018). "The Trans New Guinea family". In Palmer, Bill (ed.). The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 21–196. ISBN 978-3-11-028642-7.
External links
- Timothy Usher, New Guinea World, Proto–Digul River – Ok
- Usher & Suter, Proto–Kamula – Elevala River