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James Earl Ray

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James Earl Ray
Mug shot of Ray taken in 1955
Born(1928-03-10)March 10, 1928
Alton, Illinois, United States
DiedApril 23, 1998(1998-04-23) (aged 70)
Nashville, Tennessee, United States
Cause of deathHepatitis C
Parent(s)James Gerald Ray
Lucille Ray[1]
Conviction(s)Murder, prison escape,
armed robbery, burglary
Criminal penalty99 years imprisonment (one year was added after his re-capture for a total of 100 years)

James Earl Ray (March 10, 1928 – April 23, 1998) was a convicted murderer who assassinated Martin Luther King Jr. on April 4, 1968 in Memphis, Tennessee. Ray was convicted on his 41st birthday after entering a guilty plea to forgo a jury trial. Had he been found guilty by jury trial, he would have been eligible for the death penalty.[2]

Sentenced to life imprisonment, he later recanted his confession and tried unsuccessfully to gain access to a retrial. In 1998, Ray died in prison of complications due to chronic hepatitis C infection. He had served 29 years in prison at the time of his death.

Early life

Ray was born to a poor family on March 10, 1928, in Alton, Illinois, the son of Lucille (née Maher) and George Ellis Ray. He had Welsh, Ulster Scots, and Irish ancestry, and was raised Catholic.[3]

In February 1935, Ray's father, known by the nickname Speedy, passed a bad check in Alton, Illinois, then moved to Ewing, Missouri, where the family had to change their name to Raynes to avoid law enforcement.[4] Ray left school at the age of fifteen. He later joined the U.S. Army at the close of World War II and served in Germany, although Ray struggled to adapt to the military's strict codes of conduct.[5]

Initial convictions and first escape from prison

His first conviction for criminal activity, a burglary in California, came in 1949. In 1952 he served two years for the armed robbery of a taxi driver in Illinois. In 1955, he was convicted of mail fraud after stealing money orders in Hannibal, Missouri, and then forging them to take a trip to Florida. He served four years at Leavenworth Federal Penitentiary. In 1959 he was caught stealing $120 in an armed robbery of a St. Louis Kroger store.[6] Ray was sentenced to twenty years in prison for repeated offenses. He escaped from the Missouri State Penitentiary in 1967 by hiding in a truck transporting bread from the prison bakery.[7]

Activity in 1967

Following his escape, Ray stayed on the move throughout the United States and Canada, going first to St. Louis and then on to Chicago, Toronto, Montreal, and Birmingham. When he got to Alabama, Ray stayed long enough to buy a 1966 Ford Mustang and get an Alabama driver's license. He then drove to Mexico, stopping in Acapulco before settling down in Puerto Vallarta on October 19, 1967.[8]

While in Mexico, Ray, using the alias Eric Starvo Galt, attempted to establish himself as a pornography director. Using mail-ordered equipment, he filmed and photographed local prostitutes. Frustrated with his results and jilted by the prostitute with whom he had formed a relationship, Ray left Mexico on or around November 16, 1967.[9]

Ray returned to the United States, arriving in Los Angeles on November 19, 1967. While in L.A., Ray attended a local bartending school and took dancing lessons.[10] His chief interest, however, was the George Wallace presidential campaign. Ray harbored a strong prejudice against black people and was quickly drawn to Wallace's segregationist platform. He spent much of his time in Los Angeles volunteering at the Wallace campaign headquarters in North Hollywood.[11]

He considered emigrating to Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe), where a white minority régime had unilaterally assumed independence from the United Kingdom in 1965.[12] The notion of residing in Rhodesia continued to appeal to Ray for several years afterward, and it was his intended destination after King's assassination. The Rhodesian Government expressed its disapproval.[13]

Activity in early 1968

On March 5, 1968, Ray underwent a facial reconstruction (rhinoplasty), performed by Dr. Russell Hadley.[14] On March 18, 1968, Ray left Los Angeles and began a cross-country drive to Atlanta, Georgia.[15]

Arriving in Atlanta on March 24, 1968, Ray checked into a rooming house.[16] He eventually bought a map of the city. FBI agents later found this map when they searched the room in which he was staying in Atlanta. On the map, the locations of the church and residence of Martin Luther King Jr. were circled.[17]

Ray was soon on the road again, and drove his Mustang to Birmingham, Alabama. There, on March 30, 1968, he bought a Remington Model 760 Gamemaster .30-06-caliber rifle and a box of 20 cartridges from the Aeromarine Supply Company. He also bought a Redfield 2x-7x scope, which he had mounted to the rifle.[18] He told the store clerks that he was going on a hunting trip with his brother. Ray had continued using the Galt alias after his stint in Mexico, but when he made this purchase, he gave his name as Harvey Lowmeyer.[19]

After buying the rifle and accessories, Ray drove back to Atlanta. An avid newspaper reader, Ray passed his time reading the Atlanta Constitution. The paper reported King's planned return trip to Memphis, Tennessee, which was scheduled for April 1, 1968. On April 2, 1968, Ray packed a bag and drove to Memphis.[20]

Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.

Main article: Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.
F.B.I. most wanted fugitive poster of James Earl Ray
The Lorraine Motel, now known as the National Civil Rights Museum, where King was assassinated

On April 4, 1968, Ray killed Martin Luther King with a single shot fired from his Remington rifle, while King was standing on the second-floor balcony of the Lorraine Motel in Memphis, Tennessee. Shortly after the shot was fired, witnesses saw Ray fleeing from a rooming house across the street from the motel; he had been renting a room in the house at the time. A package was abandoned close to the site that included a rifle and binoculars, both found with Ray's fingerprints.

Apprehension and plea

On the day of the assassination, Ray dashed north by car from Memphis to Canada, arriving in Toronto three days later, where he hid out for over a month and acquired a Canadian passport under the false name of Ramon George Sneyd. He left Toronto in late May on a flight to England.[21] He stayed briefly in Lisbon, and returned to London.[22]

On June 8, 1968, two months after King's death, Ray was arrested at London's Heathrow Airport while trying to leave the United Kingdom on the false Canadian passport. At check-in, the ticket agent noticed the name on his passport—Sneyd—was on a Royal Canadian Mounted Police watchlist.[23]

At the airport, officials noticed that Ray carried another passport under a second name. The UK quickly extradited Ray to Tennessee, where he was charged with King's murder. He confessed to the crime on March 10, 1969, his 41st birthday,[24] and after pleading guilty he was sentenced to 99 years in prison.[25]

Denial of confession

Three days later, he recanted his confession. Ray had entered a guilty plea on the advice of his attorney, Percy Foreman, an effort to avoid the sentence of death. The method of execution in Tennessee at the time was electrocution.

Ray fired Foreman as his attorney, and derisively called him "Percy Fourflusher" thereafter.[citation needed] Ray began claiming that a man he had met in Montreal back in 1967, who used the alias "Raul," had been deeply involved. Instead he asserted that he did not "personally shoot Dr. King," but may have been "partially responsible without knowing it," hinting at a conspiracy. Ray told this version of King's assassination and his own flight in the two months afterwards to William Bradford Huie.

Huie investigated this story and discovered that Ray lied about some details. Ray told Huie that he purposefully left the rifle with his fingerprints on it in plain sight because he wanted to become a famous criminal. Ray was convinced that he would not be caught because he was so smart. Ray believed that Governor of Alabama George Wallace would soon be elected President, and that he would only be confined for a short time.[2] Ray spent the remainder of his life unsuccessfully attempting to withdraw his guilty plea and secure a trial.

Escape from prison

On June 11, 1977, Ray made his second appearance on the FBI Most Wanted Fugitives list, this time as the 351st entry. He and six other convicts had escaped from Brushy Mountain State Penitentiary in Petros, Tennessee, on June 10. They were recaptured on June 13 and returned to prison.[26] A year was added to Ray's previous sentence, increasing it to 100 years.

Conspiracy allegations

Main article: Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. § Conspiracy theories

Ray had hired Jack Kershaw as his attorney, who promoted Ray's claim that he was not responsible for the shooting, which was said to have been the result of a conspiracy of the otherwise unidentified man named "Raul". Kershaw and his client met with representatives of the United States House Select Committee on Assassinations and convinced the committee to conduct ballistics tests—which ultimately proved inconclusive—that they felt would show that Ray had not fired the fatal shot.[27]

Kershaw claimed the escape was additional proof that Ray had been involved in a conspiracy that had provided him with the outside assistance he would have needed to break out of jail. Kershaw convinced Ray to take a polygraph test as part of an interview with Playboy. The magazine said that the test results showed "that Ray did, in fact, kill Martin Luther King Jr. and that he did so alone." Ray fired Kershaw after discovering the attorney had been paid $11,000 by the magazine in exchange for the interview and hired conspiracy theorist Mark Lane to provide him with legal representation.[27]

Mock trial

In 1997, King's son Dexter had a meeting with Ray and asked him, "I just want to ask you, for the record, um, did you kill my father?" Ray replied, "No. No I didn't," and King told Ray that he, along with the King family, believed him; the King family also urged that Ray be granted a new trial.[28][29][30] Loyd Jowers, a restaurant owner in Memphis, was brought to civil court in December 1999 and sued for being part of a conspiracy to murder Martin Luther King Jr. was found legally liable, and the King family accepted $100 in restitution, an amount chosen to show that they were not pursuing the case for financial gain.

Dr. William Pepper, a friend of King in the last year of his life, represented Ray in a televised mock trial in an attempt to grant him the trial he never received. In November 1999 Pepper represented the King family in a wrongful death civil trial against Loyd Jowers, concluding on December 8.[31] The King family has since concluded that Ray did not have anything to do with the murder of Martin Luther King Jr.[32]

Death

Prior to his death, Ray was transferred to the Lois M. DeBerry Special Needs Facility in Nashville, a maximum security prison with hospital facilities.[33]

Ray died at age 70 on April 23, 1998, at the Columbia Nashville Memorial Hospital from complications related to kidney disease and liver failure caused by hepatitis C.[34]

Ray was survived by seven siblings. His brother Jerry told CNN that his brother did not want to be buried or have his final resting place in the United States because of "the way the government has treated him." The body was cremated and his ashes were flown to Ireland, the home of his maternal family's ancestors.[35] Ten years later, Ray's other brother, John Larry Ray, co-wrote a book with Lyndon Barsten, titled Truth At Last: The Untold Story Behind James Earl Ray and the Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.[28]

Notes

  1. ^ Jerome, Richard (May 11, 1998). "Dead Silence". People. Retrieved January 4, 2015. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  2. ^ a b Huie, William Bradford (1997). He Slew the Dreamer: My Search for the Truth About James Earl Ray and the Murder of Martin Luther King (Revised ed.). Montgomery: Black Belt Press. ISBN 978-1-57966-005-5.
  3. ^ "Who killed Martin Luther King?: the true story by the alleged assassin - James Earl Ray". Books.google.ca. Retrieved 2015-07-29.
  4. ^ Gerald Posner, Killing The Dream 1998
  5. ^ biography.com
  6. ^ The Martin Luther King Assassination. Books.google.com. Retrieved 2014-06-27.
  7. ^ Gribben, Mark. "James Earl Ray: The Man Who Killed Dr. Martin Luther King, chapter 3". truTV Crime Library. truTV. Archived from the original on June 14, 2006. Retrieved June 25, 2006. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  8. ^ Sides, Hampton (2010). Hellhound on His Trail: The Stalking of Martin Luther King Jr. and the Hunt for His Assassin. New York: Doubleday. ISBN 978-0-385-52392-9., page 27
  9. ^ Sides, p. 33.
  10. ^ Sides, pp. 47–48.
  11. ^ Sides, p. 60.
  12. ^ Sides, pp. 62–63.
  13. ^ Gerald Horne. From the Barrel of a Gun: The United States and the War against Zimbabwe, 1965–1980 (2000 ed.). University of North Carolina Press. p. 24. ISBN 978-0807849033.
  14. ^ Sides, pp. 87–88.
  15. ^ Sides, pp. 90–91.
  16. ^ Sides, p. 98.
  17. ^ Sides, p. 302.
  18. ^ "Report of laboratory, FBI headquarters to Memphis, Apr. 17, 1968, FBI headquarters Murkin file 44-38861" (PDF). The Harold Weisberg Archive. Retrieved May 5, 2015.
  19. ^ Sides, pp. 118–20.
  20. ^ Sides, pp. 128–29.
  21. ^ "Why assassin James Earl Ray returned to Toronto". Thestar.com. 2010-06-06. Retrieved 2014-06-27.
  22. ^ "Seeking answers on King's killer". April 4, 2008.
  23. ^ Borrell, Clive (June 28, 1968). "Ramon Sneyd denies that he killed Dr King". The Times. London, UK. p. 2. Retrieved January 13, 2009.
  24. ^ Waters, David; Charlier, Tom (24 April 1998). "Log Cabin Democrat: King assassin Ray dies after lifelong legal fight 4/24/98". Retrieved December 9, 2014.
  25. ^ "1969: Martin Luther King's killer gets life". On This Day 1950–2005: March 10. British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC). March 10, 1969.
  26. ^ "Federal Bureau of Investigation – History of Knoxville Office". FBI. Archived from the original on May 24, 2008. Retrieved June 25, 2008.
  27. ^ a b Martin, Douglas (September 24, 2010). "Jack Kershaw Is Dead at 96; Challenged Conviction in King's Death". New York Times. Retrieved September 25, 2010.
  28. ^ a b John Ray (brother of James Earl) on Fox at YouTube
  29. ^ Today in History March 27 at YouTube
  30. ^ Sack, Kevin (28 March 1997). "Dr. King's Son Says Family Believes Ray Is Innocent". The New York Times. Retrieved January 4, 2015. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  31. ^ "Memphis Jury Sees Conspiracy in Martin Luther King's Killing". The New York Times. 9 December 1999.
  32. ^ "Partial Transcript of the Martin Luther King Jr. Assassination Conspiracy Trial". The King Center. Retrieved January 17, 2012.
  33. ^ Yellin, Emily (March 28, 1998). "Third Inquiry Affirms Others: Ray Alone Was King's Killer". New York Times. Retrieved March 9, 2017.
  34. ^ Gelder, Lawerence. "James Earl Ray, 70, Killer of Dr. King, Dies in Nashville". www.nytimes.com. Retrieved November 5, 2015.
  35. ^ "Autopsy confirms Ray died of liver failure". CNN. Nashville. April 24, 1998. Retrieved June 25, 2008.

References

Further reading

  • Ray, James Earl, Who Killed Martin Luther King?: The True Story by the Alleged Assassin, Washington D.C.: National Press Books, 1992; ISBN 0-915765-93-4
  • Pepper, William, An Act of State: The Execution of Martin Luther King
  • Posner, Gerald, Killing the Dream: James Earl Ray and the Assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr.
  • Ray, James Earl with Saussy, Tupper, Tennessee Waltz: The Making of a Political Prisoner
  • McMillan, George, The Making of an Assassin
  • Heathrow, John, Why Did He Do It?
  • Melanson, Dr. Philip H., The Martin Luther King Assassination: New Revelations on the Conspiracy and Cover-Up, 1968–1991
  • Green, Jim, Blood and Dishonor on a Badge of Honor
  • Emison, John Avery, "The Martin Luther King Congressional Cover-Up: The Railroading of James Earl Ray," Gretna, LA.: Pelican Publishing, 2014; ISBN 1455619108.
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