Oudh State
| Oudh State अवध / اودھ | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Princely State of British India | |||||||||
| 1816–1858 | |||||||||
 Flag
 Coat of arms
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 Map showing the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh | |||||||||
| Area | |||||||||
• 1901 | 62,072 km2 (23,966 sq mi) | ||||||||
| Population | |||||||||
• 1901 | 12,833,077 | ||||||||
| History | |||||||||
• British protectorate | 1816 | ||||||||
| 1858 | |||||||||
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This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Missing or empty |title= (help) | |||||||||
The Oudh State or Kingdom of Oudh (Awadh State) was a princely state in the Awadh region during the British Raj until 1856. The now obsolete but once official English-language name of the state, also written in British historical texts as 'Oude', derived from the name of Ayodhya.
The capital of Oudh State was in Faizabad, but the British Agents, officially known as 'residents', had their seat in Lucknow. The Nawab of Oudh, one of the richest native princes, paid for and erected a splendid Residency in Lucknow as a part of a wider programme of civic improvements.[1]
Oudh joined other Indian states in an upheaval against British rule in 1858 during one of the last series of actions in the Indian rebellion of 1857. In the course of this uprising a few detachments of the British Indian Army from the Bombay Presidency overcame the disunited collection of Indian states in a single rapid campaign. Even so, determined rebels continued to wage sporadic guerrilla clashes until the spring of 1859. This ill-fated rebellion is also historically known as the 'Oudh campaign'.[2]
After the British annexation of Oudh, the North Western Provinces became the North Western Provinces and Oudh.[3]
History
In 1732, under Mughal sovereignty, a senior official of the Mughal Empire established a hereditary polity in Oudh. As the power of the Mughals waned, the rulers of Oudh gradually affirmed their own sovereignty. Since the state was located in a prosperous region, the British East India Company soon took notice of the affluence in which the Nawabs of Oudh lived. The result would be direct British interference in the internal state matters of Oudh, and the kingdom became a British protectorate in May 1816. Three years later, in 1819, the ruler of Oudh took the style of Padshah (king), signaling formal independence under the advice of the Marquis of Hastings.
On 7 February 1856 by order of Lord Dalhousie, Governor General of the East India Company, the king of Oudh was deposed, and its kingdom was annexed to British India under the terms of the Doctrine of lapse on the grounds of internal misrule. After Oudh's territory was merged with the North Western Provinces, it formed the larger province of North Western Provinces and Oudh. In 1902, the latter province was renamed the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh, and in 1904 the region within the new United Provinces, corresponding to the former North Western Provinces and Oudh, was renamed the Agra Province.[4]
Between 5 July 1857 and 3 March 1858 there was a brief upheaval by the son of the deposed king joining the Indian Rebellion of 1857. During the rebellion, the British temporarily lost control of the territory; they reestablished their rule over the next eighteen months, during which time there were massacres such as those that had occurred during the Siege of Cawnpore (Kanpur).[5][6]
Rulers
The rulers of Oudh State belonged to a Shia Muslim dynasty of Persian origin from Nishapur. They were renowned for their secularism and broad outlook.[7]
All rulers used the title of 'Nawab'.[8]
Subadar Nawabs
- 1732 - 19 Mar 1739 Borhan al-Molk Mir Mohammad Amin (b. c.1680 - d. 1739) Musawi Sa`adat `Ali Khan I
- 19 Mar 1739 - 28 Apr 1748 Abu´l Mansur Mohammad Moqim Khan (1st time) (b. c.1708 - d. 1754)
Nawab Wazir al-Mamalik
- 28 Apr 1748 - 13 May 1753 Abu´l Mansur Mohammad Moqim Khan (s.a.) (acting to 29 Jun 1748)
Subadar Nawab
- 5 Nov 1753 - 5 Oct 1754 Abu´l Mansur Mohammad Moqim Khan (s.a.) (2nd time)
- 5 Oct 1754 - 15 Feb 1762 Jalal ad-Din Shoja` ad-Dowla (b. 1732 - d. 1775) Haydar
Nawab Wazir al-Mamalik
- 15 Feb 1762 - 26 Jan 1775 Jalal ad-Din Shoja` ad-Dowla (s.a.) Haydar
- 26 Jan 1775 - 21 Sep 1797 Asaf ad-Dowla Amani (b. 1748 - d. 1797)
- 21 Sep 1797 - 21 Jan 1798 Mirza Wazir `Ali Khan (b. 1780 - d. 1817)
- 21 Jan 1798 - 11 Jul 1814 Yamin ad-Dowla Nazem al-Molk (b. bf.1752 - d. 1814) Sa`adat `Ali Khan II Bahadur
- 11 Jul 1814 - 19 Oct 1818 Ghazi ad-Din Rafa`at ad-Dowla (b. 1769 - d. 1827) Abu´l-Mozaffar Haydar Khan
Kings (title Padshah-e Awadh, Shah-e Zaman)
- 19 Oct 1818 - 19 Oct 1827 Ghazi ad-Din Mo`izz ad-Din (s.a.) Abu´l-Mozaffar Haydar Shah
- 19 Oct 1827 - 7 Jul 1837 Naser ad-Din Haydar Solayman (b. 1803 - d. 1837) Jah Shah
- 7 Jul 1837 - 17 May 1842 Mo`in ad-Din Abu´l-Fath Mohammad (b. 1777 - d. 1842) `Ali Shah
- 17 May 1842 - 13 Feb 1847 Naser ad-Dowla Amjad `Ali Thorayya (b. 1801 - d. 1847) Jah Shah
- 13 Feb 1847 - 7 Feb 1856 Naser ad-Din `Abd al-Mansur (b. 1822 - d. 1887) Mohammad Wajed `Ali Shah
- 5 Jul 1857 - 3 Mar 1858 Berjis Qadr (in rebellion) (b. 1845? - d. 1893)
Residents
- Nathaniel Middleton 1773 - 1774
- John Bristow 1774 - 1776
- Nathaniel Middleton 1776-1779 (second time)
- Purling 1779 - 1780
- John Bristow 1780 - 1781 (second time)
- Nathaniel Middleton 1781 - 1782 (third time)
- John Bristow 1782-1783 (third time)
- Edward Otto Ives 1784 - 1793
- George Frederick Cherry 1793 - 1796
- James Lumsden 1796 - 1799
- W. Scott 1799 - 1804
- John Ulrich Collins 1804 - 1807
- John Baillie 1807 - 1815
- Richard Charles Strachey 1815 - 1817
- J.R. Monckton 1818 - 1820
- Felix Vincent Raper 1820 - 1823
- Mordaunt Ricketts 1823 - 1827
- Thomas Herbert Maddock 1829 - 1831
- John Low 1831 - 1842
- James Caulfield (interí) 1839 - 1841
- William Nott 1841-1843
- George Pollock 1843 - 1844
- Archibald Richmond 1844 - 1849?
- William Henry Sleeman 1849 - 1854
- James Outram 1854 - 1856
See also
- Awadh region
- List of Indian monarchs
- Oudh and Rohilkhand Railway
- Oudh and Tirhut Railway
- Tulsipur State
References
- ^ Davies, Philip, Splendours of the Raj: British Architecture in India, 1660-1947. New York: Penguin Books, 1987
- ^ Michael Edwardes, Battles of the Indian Mutiny, Pan, 1963, ISBN 0-330-02524-4
- ^ Ashutosh Joshi (1 Jan 2008). Town Planning Regeneration of Cities. New India Publishing. p. 237. ISBN 8189422820.
- ^ Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. V 1908, p. 72
- ^ Ben Cahoon. "Princely States of India - Oudh". Worldstatesmen.org. Retrieved 2014-08-08.
- ^ William Barton, The princes of India. Delhi 1983
- ^ bam. "Repertoire On Wajid Ali Shah & Monuments of Avadh - Nawabs of Oudh & their Secularism". Oudh.tripod.com. Retrieved 2014-08-08.
- ^ Ben Cahoon. "List of rulers of Oudh". Worldstatesmen.org. Retrieved 2014-08-08.
26°47′N 82°08′E / 26.78°N 82.13°E
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