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Penn State child sex abuse scandal

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The Penn State sex abuse scandal refers to allegations that former Pennsylvania State University football assistant coach Jerry Sandusky sexually assaulted or had inappropriate contact with at least eight underage boys on or near university property. After an extensive grand jury investigation, Sandusky was indicted on 42 counts of child molestation dating from 1994 to 2009, though the alleged abuse may date as far back as the 1970s.[1]

Per the findings of the investigation, several high-level school officials were charged with perjury,[2] suspended, or dismissed for allegedly covering up the incidents or failing to notify authorities. In the wake of the scandal, school president Graham Spanier was forced to resign, and head football coach Joe Paterno was fired in the middle of the season. Sandusky has denied the allegations.[3]

Background

Sandusky was an assistant coach under head coach Joe Paterno for the Penn State Nittany Lions football team for 31 seasons from 1969 to 1999. For the last 23 of those years, he was the team's defensive coordinator.[4] In 1977, Sandusky founded The Second Mile, a charity formed to help troubled young boys, in State College, Pennsylvania.[5] In 1998, he was investigated for sexual abuse of a child by the University Police, State College Police, Centre County District Attorney, Pennsylvania Department of Public Welfare, and a "child protection agency," but no charges were filed.[6] Sandusky was considered for spearheading a football program at Penn State Altoona in 1998–99, but the idea was scrapped and he retired in 1999.[7] After his retirement as Penn State's defensive coordinator, he remained as a coach emeritus with an office in, and access to, Penn State's football facilities.[8]

Grand jury investigation

The investigation was initiated in the spring of 2008, after the mother of a boy (identified in court papers as "Victim 1"), then a freshman at Central Mountain High School in Clinton County, Pennsylvania, reported that the boy had been sexually abused by Sandusky. According to court papers, Sandusky had been having a relationship involving "inappropriate touching" with Victim 1 since 2005 or 2006, when the boy was 11 or 12. Sandusky had met the boy through the Second Mile program before retiring from the program in 2010.[9][10] Sandusky was also volunteering as an assistant high school football coach at Central at the time of the alleged actions.[11] The investigation included testimony from various individuals at Penn State and The Second Mile. Pennsylvania Attorney General Linda Kelly has said that during the grand jury investigation there was an "uncooperative atmosphere" from some of these officials.[12]

In December 2010, assistant coach Mike McQueary appeared before the grand jury looking into the Victim 1 case. The presentment states that on March 1, 2002, at 9:30 pm, McQueary entered the locker room at the Lasch Football Building at Penn State and heard what he believed to be the sounds of sexual activity coming from the shower. He looked in the shower and "saw a naked boy, Victim 2, whose age he estimated to be ten years old, with his hands up against the wall, being subjected to anal intercourse by a naked Sandusky."[13][14] The next day, McQueary reported the incident to Joe Paterno, who informed Athletic Director Tim Curley and Gary Schultz, senior vice president for finance and business, who oversaw the Penn State police department at the time. Ultimately, the only action taken by Curley and Schultz was to order Sandusky not to bring any children from Second Mile to the football building — an action that was approved by school president Graham Spanier.[4][9] The identity of the boy remains unknown to the authorities.[15]

The presentment states that in their testimony before the grand jury, Paterno, Curley, and Schultz rejected the version of the incident presented by Mike McQueary. Paterno testified that he was only told about Sandusky "fondling or doing something of a sexual nature" to the victim. Curley and Schultz both denied having been told about alleged anal intercourse. Curley denied that McQueary reported anything of sexual nature whatsoever, and described the conduct as merely "horsing around". Graham Spanier likewise testified that he was only apprised of an incident involving Jerry Sandusky and a younger child "horsing around in the shower".[13]

On November 14, 2011, Sandusky's lawyer claimed that he was able to track down Victim 2 and that, according to the child, the incident did not occur as described by McQueary.[16]

Despite Penn State banning Sandusky from bringing boys onto the main campus in 2002, he was allowed to operate a summer camp through his Sandusky Associates company[12] from 2002 to 2008 at Penn State's Behrend satellite campus near Erie, where he had daily contact with boys from fourth grade to high school.[17]

Illustration of victims, people with alleged knowledge of alleged crimes, and official responses as of November 11, 2011

The Pennsylvania statewide investigating grand jury identified a total of eight boys singled out for sexual advances or assaults by Sandusky from 1994 through 2009, after six more victims were identified:[13][18] Five alleged victims testified that they met Sandusky through The Second Mile; each also stated that they showered with him on the campus. According to the witnesses, the showers included physical contact ranging from hugs and wrestling to, in one case, Sandusky placing the boy's hand on his erect penis.[19]

One child's mother reported the incident to Penn State police when he came home with his hair wet. After an investigation by Detective Ronald Shreffler, Centre County District Attorney Ray Gricar chose not to prosecute. Shreffler testified before the Grand Jury that director of the campus police, Thomas Harmon, told him to drop the case. University police eavesdropped on conversations during which the mother confronted Sandusky about the incident. He admitted to showering with other boys and refused to discontinue the practice. District Attorney Gricar was not available to testify, as he had disappeared in 2005.[13][20]

Victims also commonly reported that Sandusky would place his hand on their thighs or inside the waistband of their underpants. Two recounted oral sex with Sandusky, sometimes culminating in his ejaculation.[13] Penn State janitor James Calhoun reportedly observed Sandusky giving oral sex to an unidentified boy in 2000, but Calhoun is in a nursing home suffering from dementia; he was deemed not competent to testify.[13]

At least 20 of the incidents allegedly took place while Sandusky was still employed by Penn State.[21]

Criminal charges and further investigation

Penn State President Graham Spanier released a statement of support for Curley and Schultz before being forced to resign.

On November 4, 2011, Pennsylvania Attorney General Linda Kelly indicted Sandusky on 40 counts of sex crimes against young boys, following a three-year investigation. Sandusky was arrested on November 5 and charged with seven counts of involuntary deviant sexual intercourse, as well as eight counts of corruption of minors, eight counts of endangering the welfare of a child, seven counts of indecent assault, and other offenses.[22]

Senior vice president Gary Schultz and Athletic Director Tim Curley were found to be not credible by the grand jury. The two administrators were charged with grand jury perjury and failure to report suspected child abuse by Sandusky. The indictment accused Curley and Schultz of not only failing to tell the police, but falsely telling the grand jury that Mike McQueary never informed them of sexual activity.[4][9][23][24] Sandusky is currently free on $250,000 bail pending trial. He could face life in prison if convicted of the charges.[25] [26] Curley and Schultz appeared in a Harrisburg courtroom on November 7, where a judge set bail at $75,000 and required them to surrender their passports.[27]

Penn State officially banned Sandusky from campus on November 6, 2011.[28] Later that day, Tim Curley was placed on administrative leave, and Gary Schultz resigned to go back into retirement.[29]

After the charges came to light, Spanier issued a statement in which he said Curley and Schultz had his unconditional support, and saying they "operate at the highest levels of honesty."[30] Spanier was criticized for expressing support for Curley and Schultz, and failing to express any concern for Sandusky's alleged victims.[4]

Congressman Pat Meehan (R-PA04) asked Education Secretary Arne Duncan to probe whether Penn State violated the Clery Act when it failed to report Sandusky's alleged incidents of child molestation that took place on campus. Duncan announced an investigation into possible Clery Act violations at Penn State, saying that colleges and universities have "a legal and moral responsibility to protect children", and that Penn State's failure to report the alleged abuse would be a "tragedy".[31] The investigation, which began on November 28, could result in fines or the loss of federal student aid if the university is found in violation.[32]

Officials in San Antonio, Texas also began investigating whether Sandusky molested one of the victims at the 1999 Alamo Bowl.[33]

Trustee Kenneth Frazier announced on November 21 that Louis Freeh, former director of the FBI, would lead an internal investigation into the university's actions.[34] Freeh announced that the team assisting him in his investigation would include former FBI agents and federal prosecutors.[35]

On December 7, 2011, Sandusky was arrested following additional charges of sexual abuse.[36]

On December 16, 2011, preliminary hearings were held for Tim Curley and Gary Schultz.[37] Prosecution presented several witnesses. Mike McQueary took the stand again and testified that, on the night of the 2002 incident, he saw a 10- to 12-year-old Caucasian boy standing upright in the shower, facing the wall, and Jerry Sandusky directly behind him, with Sandusky's hands wrapped around the boy's "waist or midsection". McQueary estimated that the boy was roughly a foot shorter than Sandusky. He further stated that he "did not see insertion nor was there any verbiage or protest, screaming or yelling" and denied ever using the words "anal" or "rape" to describe the incident to anybody.[38]

Media reaction and fall out

The Patriot-News of Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, was the first to report on the grand jury investigation, in March 2011.[39] The story did not receive much attention outside of the immediate area,[40] and many readers at the time assailed the newspaper for impugning Sandusky's and Penn State's reputations.[41]

Joe Paterno was heavily criticized for his reaction to the allegations, and was subsequently fired in the middle of the 2011 season.

Joe Paterno was not accused of legal wrongdoing by the grand jury, since he fulfilled his obligation to report the incident to his immediate supervisor, Curley, and he also reported it to Gary Schultz, who oversaw the campus police at the time.[13] However, he was criticized for not reporting the incident to police, or at least seeing to it that it was reported.[42] Several advocates for sexual abuse victims have called for charges to be brought against him for not contacting the police himself,[43] despite the fact that he complied with the law by informing his superiors of the incident.[44] After McQueary was identified as the graduate assistant who reported the 2002 incident, he was criticized for not intervening to protect the boy from Sandusky (an accusation McQueary has since disputed[45]), as well as for not reporting the incident to police himself.[46][47] On November 7, Pennsylvania state police Commissioner Frank Noonan said that though some may have fulfilled their legal obligation to report suspected abuse, "somebody has to question about what I would consider the moral requirements for a human being that knows of sexual things that are taking place with a child." Noonan added that anyone who knows about suspected abuse, "whether you're a football coach or a university president or the guy sweeping the building," has "a moral responsibility to call us."[48] Paterno said McQueary informed him that "he had witnessed an incident in the shower ... but he at no time related to me the very specific actions contained in the Grand Jury report."[49] Paterno was uncertain if being more graphic would have made a difference. "And to be frank with you I don’t know that it would have done any good, because I never heard of, of, rape and a man," said Paterno.[50][51]

Further, criticism of Penn State leadership and Paterno himself, including calls for his dismissal, followed reports of these arrests for their role in "protecting Penn State’s brand instead of a child",[52][53] and allowing Sandusky to retain emeritus status and unfettered access to the university's football program and facilities, despite knowledge of the allegations of sexual abuse.[4] In an interview with New York City radio station WFAN, sports reporter Kim Jones, a Penn State alumna, stated that, "I can't believe [Paterno's] heart is that black, where he simply never thought about [Sandusky's 2002 incident] again and never thought about those poor kids who were looking for a male mentor, a strong man in their life."[54] Former sports commentator Keith Olbermann called for Paterno to be immediately fired, saying that "he failed all of the kids—the kid kids and the player kids—he purported to be protecting."[55] In an editorial for the Centre Daily Times, literary critic Robert Bernard Hass, a Penn State alumnus, compared Joe Paterno's downfall to a Greek tragedy and suggested that despite Paterno's many good deeds, pride and age contributed to his failure to report the incident to police.[56]

On November 8, 2011, The Patriot-News of Harrisburg published a rare full-page, front-page editorial calling for the immediate resignation of Penn State President Graham Spanier; it also called for this to be Joe Paterno's last season.[57] The same day, an editorial in the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette called for the resignations of both Joe Paterno and his assistant coach Mike McQueary.[58]

Sandusky gave his first interview since being arrested on November 14. In a phone interview with NBC's Bob Costas on Rock Center with Brian Williams, Sandusky denied the allegations, though he admitted showering with teenage boys and inadvertently touching them "without intent of sexual contact."[3] The interview received substantial coverage in the media, particularly regarding the manner in which Sandusky answered Costas when asked if he is sexually attracted to young boys:[59][60][61]

COSTAS: "Are you sexually attracted to young boys, to underage boys?"

SANDUSKY: "Am I sexually attracted to underage boys?"
COSTAS: "Yes."

SANDUSKY: "Sexually attracted, you know, I enjoy young people. I love to be around them. But no I'm not sexually attracted to young boys."
[62][63][64]

In the days following the interview, several potential victims contacted State College lawyer Andy Shubin to tell their stories, with one claiming Sandusky had abused him in the 1970s.[1][65]

In an effort to illuminate how the events and alleged coverup could have occurred at the university, the media began run various accounts of the isolated an insular nature of Penn State,[66][67][68][69] as well as the "cult of personality" and power of Joe Paterno.[70][71][72][73] Former employees of Penn State, including a former vice president of student affairs, Vickey Triponey,[74][75] and a former football grad assistant, Matt Paknis,[76][77] stepped forward to critique the power and influence of the school's football program. Further stories detailed the loss of sponsorships,[78] the damage to Penn State's merchandise sales,[79] brand,[80] student admissions,[81][82] and the impact of the scandal on recent graduates.[83][84]

Response

The allegations have impacted personnel and operations for both Penn State and The Second Mile. Penn State has responded in various ways, such as removing Sandusky's image from a mural near the college,[85] and renaming an ice cream flavor which had been created in his honor.[86][87]

The university has also responded by ousting both Joe Paterno and Graham Spanier, as well as placing Mike McQueary on indefinite paid administrative leave.[88][89]

During the week after Paterno's firing, the Big Ten Conference removed his name from the championship trophy for its conference championship game, renaming it the Stagg Championship Trophy. The inaugural game was scheduled for December 2011, and the trophy was originally named the Stagg-Paterno Championship Trophy after Paterno and Amos Alonzo Stagg, a college football pioneer.[90][91] In addition, the Maxwell Football Club announced that the Joseph V. Paterno Award, presented to the college football coach of the year, would be discontinued.[92]

In anticipation of further fallout, Penn State's Aa1 revenue-bond rating was "placed on review for possible downgrade" by Moody's Investors Service because of the scandal's possible effects on the university's finances.[93] However, in February 2012, Moody removed Penn State from its "watchlist for possible downgrades" and confirmed its Aa1 bond rating, although it did assign a "negative outlook" within that rating class because of "ongoing uncertainty".[94]

Jack Raykovitz, the longtime president and CEO of The Second Mile, announced his resignation on November 14.[95] In addition, the United States Congressional program Angels in Adoption, subsequently rescinded its earlier 2002 award to Sandusky for his work with The Second Mile "in light of the serious allegations against him, and to preserve the integrity of the Angels in Adoption program."[96][97]

Victim One has withdrawn from Central Mountain High School due to bullying,[98] and the boy's mother has stated that the high school did not do enough to prevent the fallout.[99]

In January, 2012, new university president Rodney Erickson traveled for a week to speak with alumni in Pittsburgh, Philadelphia, and New York in an attempt to repair the university's image.[100] At the meetings, Erickson received harsh criticism from alumni over the firing of Joe Paterno,[101][102][103] and also received widespread criticism from the media for attempting to shift the focus away from the university.[104][105][106][107][108][109][110]

Penn State reported that the school had spent $3.2 million on investigations, public relations, and legal advice in response to the scandal through the middle of February, 2012.[111]

Student response

Downtown State College was the location of the November 9–10 student protest.

A few Penn State students, angered over Spanier's role in the 2002 incident as well as his statement of support for Curley and Schultz, created a Facebook page, "Fire Graham Spanier", to call on Penn State's Board of Trustees to fire Spanier.[112] An online petition at change.org calling for Spanier's ouster garnered over 1,700 signatures in four days.[113]

After Paterno's ouster was announced on live television, students and non-students protested near the Penn State campus.[114] Sources estimate that thousands of students and non-students gathered to support Paterno, with some tipping over a WTAJ news truck.[115] Some police officers used a "chemical spray" to disperse the demonstrators.[114] No major injuries were reported.[116] Approximately $20,000 in damages resulted from the riot, with police criticizing the timing of the announcement at 10 pm in the evening as exarcebating the situation.[117]

On November 10, a group of Penn State alumni set up and announced ProudPSUforRAINN,[118] a fundraiser for the anti-sexual violence network RAINN with a goal of $500,000, stating:

"After having so closely identified with all things Penn State over the past 15 years, the recent events have shaken our beliefs – and those of other alumni – to the core. Simply put, Penn State is way bigger than the alleged actions of a few people. To honor the victims, our goal is to raise over $500,000 – one dollar for each of Penn State’s 557,000 alumni."[118][119][120]

As of 2:00 pm the next day, they had raised over $113,000 and as of 3:00 pm the following Sunday, over $320,000.[119] Students also planned a candlelight vigil on the lawn of Old Main with over 10,000 planning on attending.[120][121] Former NFL player and Penn State alum, sports broadcaster LaVar Arrington spoke at the event which attracted an estimated ten thousand.<ref name=ap_vigil>{{cite news|title=Candlelight vigil draws thousands at Penn State, tries to brighten university’s dark

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