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Byzantine Fresco Chapel

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The exterior of the Byzantine Fresco Chapel in Houston

The Byzantine Fresco Chapel is a part of the Menil Collection in Houston, Texas, near the University of St. Thomas, and displays the only intact Byzantine frescoes of this size and importance in the entire western hemisphere. The Byzantine frescoes were taken from the church of St. Evphemianos in Lysi, Cyprus in the 1980s.

In September 2011 the Collection announced that the frescos would be permanently returned to Cyprus in February 2012, following the conclusion of a long-term loan agreement with the Greek Orthodox Church of Cyprus. The future use of the chapel remains undecided. The works had been presented at the museum by agreement with the Church of Cyprus, their owners, but the Church decided not to extend the loan further. They will not return to their orignal home as Lysi is now in Turkish Northern Cyprus, but will be displayed at the Byzantine Museum in Nicosia.[1]

History

The chapel was opened in February 1997 and displays masterworks from the 13th century—a dome with Christ Pantocrator and an apse depicting the Virgin Mary the Panayia. These frescoes were stolen out of a chapel near Lysi in the Turkish-occupied section of Cyprus in the 1980s, cut into 38 pieces, and shipped to Germany by thieves prepared to sell them in the arts black-market.[2]

The 38 fresco fragments were bought from the thieves by the Houston-based Menil Foundation on behalf of the Church of Cyprus, the rightful owner of the frescoes. The Menil Foundation then funded a careful restoration of the paintings.[3] These intact frescoes are unique in the western hemisphere.[3]

The collection

File:Lysi-dome.jpg
Dome from church in Lysi, Cyprus depicting Christ the Pantokrator

The major part of the collection consists of the frescoes of the dome and apse. According to the guide to the museum, "the Lysi dome represents Christ Pantokrator, 'All sovereign'. It defines a space with no beginning and no end."[4] The depiction of Christ gazing directly forward "has driven time out of space. His gaze is transworldly: not looking but all-seeing."[4] By not depicting the Lord below the bust, he is "universal and ubiquitous."[4] Surrounding the figure of Christ is a double row of angels moving towards the throne prepared by God the Father for the Second Coming of Christ. The throne is guarded by the Archangel Michael and Archangel Gabriel and two seraphim. The Virgin Mary leads one line of angels to the throne, while John the Baptist leads the other.

In the apse, the Virgin is depicted as flanked by the two archangels with a medallion on her breast of the infant Christ, symbolizing the Incarnation of Christ.[4]

Architecture

Church within a Museum; the glass and wood chapel that houses the only intact Byzantine frescoes in the Western hemisphere

This innovative 4,000-square-foot (370 m2), $4 million building, was designed by architect François de Menil. The interior combines rough stone, opaque glass, and rich woods, to create a space that is both art museum and spiritual space.[5] The suspended-glass "walls" are not replicas of the chapel that the frescoes were removed from, but create a new context for displaying the icons. In order not to simply replicate the original chapel, de Menil designed "a mediating external building with an embedded steel structure - a 'reliquary box' - which forms a neutral enclosure for a freestanding chapel," according to Christine Slessor in The Architectural Review.[2]

"The Byzantine Chapel Museum is a religious building whose purpose is to restore spiritual significance and function to two thirteenth-century Byzantine Frescoes, a dome and an apse, rescued and restored by the owner … The materiality of the original chapel is shattered and made ephemeral through the fragmented, freestanding sandblasted laminated glass structure which is an abstracted evocation of the original chapel. The infinite is evoked through the play of darkness and light." François de Menil, May, 1997[6]

The Byzantine chapel is oriented to face the cardinal directions - the facades face completely north, south, east and west. The enclosed space measures approximately 116,000 cubic feet (3,300 m3). There are no windows on the surface area of the building, except for a skylight of 1,012 square feet (94.0 m2) of clear, double glazed glass, that permits natural light to pervade the interior.[7]

A rough limestone wall on the outside of the building evoked the rough construction of the original chapel in Cyprus.[2]

See also


References

  1. ^ Houston Culturemap, accessed September 26, 2011
  2. ^ a b c Slessor, Christine. Out of this world - Chapel Museum, Houston, Texas - Glass and Transparency. The Architectural Review. May, 1998.
  3. ^ a b Menil Collection website
  4. ^ a b c d Guide to the Byzantine Fresco Chapel Museum.
  5. ^ Houston Museum District
  6. ^ Laminated Glass News. E.I. Dupont de Nemours Company. August, 2002.
  7. ^ http://www.owlnet.rice.edu/~arch316/byz.pdf Byzantine Frescoe Chapel climatology study by Rice University

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