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Sodium-glucose transport proteins

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solute carrier family 5 (sodium/glucose cotransporter), member 1
Identifiers
SymbolSLC5A1
Alt. symbolsSGLT1
NCBI gene6523
HGNC11036
OMIM182380
RefSeqNM_000343
UniProtP13866
Other data
LocusChr. 22 q13.1
Search for
StructuresSwiss-model
DomainsInterPro

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solute carrier family 5 (sodium/glucose cotransporter), member 2
Identifiers
SymbolSLC5A2
Alt. symbolsSGLT2
NCBI gene6524
HGNC11037
OMIM182381
RefSeqNM_003041
UniProtP31639
Other data
LocusChr. 16 p11.2
Search for
StructuresSwiss-model
DomainsInterPro

Template:FixBunching Sodium-dependent glucose cotransporters are a family of glucose transporter found in the intestinal mucosa of the small intestine (SGLT1) and the proximal tubule of the nephron (SGLT2 and SGLT1). They contribute to renal glucose reabsorption.

Types

SGLT1 and SGLT2 are members of the SLC5A gene family.

Gene Proximal tubule
tissue distribution[1]		 Na+:Glucose
Co-transport ratio		 contribution to glucose
reabsorption[2]
SGLT1 S3 segment 2:1 98%
SGLT2 predominately in the
S1 and S2 segments		 1:1 2%

Including SGLT1 and SGLT2, there are total seven members in the human protein family SLC5A, several of which may also be sodium-glucose transporters.[3]

Function

These proteins use the energy from a downhill sodium gradient to transport glucose across the apical membrane against an uphill glucose gradient. Therefore, these co-transporters are an example of secondary active transport. (The GLUT uniporters then transport the glucose across the basolateral membrane, into the peritubular capillaries.) Both SGLT1 and SGLT2 are known as symporters since both sodium and glucose are transported in the same direction across the membrane.

Discovery of sodium-glucose cotransport

In August 1960, in Prague, Robert K. Crane presented for the first time his discovery of the sodium-glucose cotransport as the mechanism for intestinal glucose absorption.[4]

Crane's discovery of cotransport was the first ever proposal of flux coupling in biology.[5][6]

Cloning of the sodium-glucose cotransporter SGLT1

Co-transport proteins of mammalian cell membranes had eluded efforts of purification with classical biochemical methods until the late 1980's. These proteins had proven difficult to isolate since they contain hydrophilic and hydrophobic sequences and exist in membranes only in very low abundance (<0.2% of membrane proteins). The rabbit form of SGLT1 was the first mammalian co-transport protein ever to be cloned and sequenced and this scientific break-through was reported in 1987. To circumvent the difficulties with traditional isolation methods, Swiss-born biochemist Matthias Hediger and his collaborators at UCLA used a novel technique of expression cloning. They size-fractionated large amounts of rabbit intestinal mRNA with a preparative gel electrophoresis device developed by Hediger. These size fractions were then sequentially injected into Xenopus oocytes to ultimately find the RNA species that induced the expression of sodium-glucose cotransport.[7]

See also

References

  1. ^ Wright EM, Hirayama BA, Loo DF (2007). "Active sugar transport in health and disease". J. Intern. Med. 261 (1): 32–43. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2796.2006.01746.x. PMID 17222166. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  2. ^ Wright EM (2001). "Renal Na(+)-glucose cotransporters". Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 280 (1): F10–8. PMID 11133510. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  3. ^ Ensembl release 48: Homo sapiens Ensembl protein family ENSF00000000509
  4. ^ Miller D, Bihler I (1961). "The restrictions on possible mechanisms of intestinal transport of sugars". In Kleinzeller A. Kotyk A (ed.). Membrane Transport and Metabolism. Proceedings of a Symposium held in Prague, August 22–27, 1960. Czech Academy of Sciences & Academic Press. pp. 439–449.
  5. ^ Wright EM, Turk E (2004). "The sodium/glucose cotransport family SLC5". Pflugers Arch. 447 (5): 510–8. doi:10.1007/s00424-003-1063-6. PMID 12748858. Crane in 1961 was the first to formulate the cotransport concept to explain active transport [7]. Specifically, he proposed that the accumulation of glucose in the intestinal epithelium across the brush border membrane was coupled to downhill Na+ transport cross the brush border. This hypothesis was rapidly tested, refined and extended [to] encompass the active transport of a diverse range of molecules and ions into virtually every cell type. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  6. ^ Boyd CA (2008). "Facts, fantasies and fun in epithelial physiology". Exp. Physiol. 93 (3): 303–14. doi:10.1113/expphysiol.2007.037523. PMID 18192340. p. 304. "the insight from this time that remains in all current text books is the notion of Robert Crane published originally as an appendix to a symposium paper published in 1960 (Crane et al. 1960). The key point here was 'flux coupling', the cotransport of sodium and glucose in the apical membrane of the small intestinal epithelial cell. Half a century later this idea has turned into one of the most studied of all transporter proteins (SGLT1), the sodium–glucose cotransporter. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  7. ^ Hediger MA, Coady MJ, Ikeda TS, Wright EM (1987). "Expression cloning and cDNA sequencing of the Na+/glucose co-transporter". Nature. 330 (6146): 379–81. doi:10.1038/330379a0. PMID 2446136.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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