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Greek diaspora

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The Greek diaspora (Template:Lang-el) is a term used to refer to the communities of Greek people living outside of the traditional Greek homelands worldwide, but more commonly in southeast Europe and Asia Minor. Members of the diaspora can be identified as those who themselves, or whose ancestors, migrated from the Greek homelands. [1]

History

Ancient Times

Greek Diaspora 6th c. BC

In ancient times, the trading and colonising activities of the Greek tribes from the Balkans and Asia Minor spread people of Greek culture, religion and language around the Mediterranean and Black Sea basins, establishing Greek city states in Sicily, southern Italy, northern Libya, eastern Spain, the south of France, and the Black sea coasts. Greeks founded more than 400 colonies.[2] Alexander the Great's conquest of the Achaemenid Empire marked the beginning of the Hellenistic period, which was characterized by a new wave of Greek colonization in Asia and Africa, with Greek ruling classes established in Egypt, southwest Asia and northwest India.[3]

Many Greeks migrated to the new Hellenistic cities founded in Alexander's wake, as far away as what are now Uzbekistan, India,[4] and Kuwait.[5] The Hellenistic cities of Seleucia, Antioch and Alexandria were among the largest cities in the world during Hellenistic and Roman times.[6] Under the Roman Empire movement of people spread Greeks across the Empire and in the eastern territories Greek became the lingua franca rather than Latin. The Roman Empire became Christianized in the fourth century AD, and in the Byzantine period practice of the Greek Orthodox form of Christianity became a defining hallmark of Greek identity.[7]

Middle Ages

In the seventh century, Emperor Heraclius adopted Medieval Greek as the official language of the Byzantine Empire. Greeks continued to live around the Levant, Mediterranean and Black Sea maintaining a Greek identity amongst local populations as traders, officials and settlers. Soon after, the Arab-Islamic Caliphate conquered the Levant, Egypt, North Africa and southern Italy from the Byzantine Greeks during the Byzantine–Arab Wars. The Greek populations generally remained in these areas of the Caliphate and helped translate ancient Greek works into Arabic, thus contributing to early Islamic philosophy and science in medieval Islam, which in turn contributed to Byzantine science. Members of the Greek diaspora living under Islamic rule occasionally converted to Islam, most notably Al-Khazini in the 12th century.

Fall of Byzantium and Exodus to Italy

After the Byzantine–Ottoman Wars, which resulted in the fall of Constantinople in 1453 and the Ottoman Empire's conquest of Greek lands, many Greeks fled Constantinople and found refuge in Italy, bringing with them many ancient Greek writings that had been lost in the West. These helped contribute to the European Renaissance. Most of these Greeks settled in Venice, Florence and Rome.

Modern Times

19th Century

During and after the Greek War of Independence, Greeks of the Diaspora were important in establishing the fledgling state, raising funds and awareness abroad. Greek merchant families already had contacts in other countries and during the disturbances many set up home around the Mediterranean (notably Marseilles in France, Livorno, Calabria and Bari in Italy and Alexandria in Egypt), Russia (Odessa and St Petersburg), and Britain (London and Liverpool) from where they traded, typically in textiles and grain. Businesses frequently comprised the whole extended family, and with them they brought schools teaching Greek and the Greek Orthodox church. [8]As markets changed and they became more established, some families grew their operations to become shippers, financed through the local Greek community, notably with the aid of the Ralli or Vagliano Brothers. With economic success the Diaspora expanded further across the Levant, North Africa, India and the USA.[9]

After the Treaty of Constantinople the political situation stabilised somewhat, and some of the displaced families moved back to the newly-independent country to become key figures in cultural, educational and political life, especially in Athens. Finance and assistance from overseas were channelled through these family ties, and helped provide institutions such as the National Library, and sent relief after natural disasters.

20th Century

In the 20th century, many Greeks left the traditional homelands for economic reasons resulting in large migrations from Greece and Cyprus to the United States, Great Britain, Germany, Australia, Canada, Mexico and South Africa, especially after World War II (1939-45), the Greek Civil War (1946-49) and the Turkish Invasion of Cyprus in 1974. [1]

After World War I most Greeks living in the territory of modern Turkey were forced or coerced into leaving areas occupied by Greek people since antiquity. Many came to modern Greece, but The Russian Empire (later USSR) was also a major destination.

After the Greek Civil War some left wing activists and their families moved to the Communist Countries of Europe due to the political situation. Hungary even founded a whole new village, Beloiannisz for Greek immigrants.

Another country to admit Greeks in large numbers was Sweden, where today over 15,000 Greek-Swedish descendants live (see Greeks in Sweden). While many immigrants returned later, these countries still have numerous first and second generation Greeks who maintain their traditions.[1]

The Arab Nationalism of President Nasser of Egypt led to the expulsion of a large Greek population from that country in the 1950s. Until that point Alexandria had been an important centre of Greek culture since antiquity, with the business life of the city dominated by Greeks.

With the fall of Communism in eastern Europe and the USSR, numbers of Greeks of the Diaspora whose Greek ancestry was "removed" for many generations, immigrated to modern Greece's main urban centres of Athens and Thessaloniki, and also to Cyprus. Movements from Georgia were most numerous.[1]

The term Pontic Greeks is used to refer to those who have come from the countries around the Black Sea.

Greek Nationality

See Greek nationality law for more details.

Any person who is ethnically Greek born outside of Greece may become a Greek citizen through naturalization, providing he/she can prove a parent or grandparent was born as a national of Greece. The Greek ancestor's birth certificate and marriage certificate are required, along with the applicant's birth certificate, and the birth certificates of all generations in between until the relation between the applicant and the person with Greek citizenship is proven.

Today

Important centres of the Greek Diaspora today are Chicago, London, New York, Melbourne and Toronto.[1]

The General Secretariat for Greeks Abroad is a dependency of the Greek Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and has compiled several studies on the Greeks of the diaspora.

The total number of Greeks living outside Greece and Cyprus today is a contentious issue. Where Census figures are available it shows around 3 million Greeks outside of Greece and Cyprus. Estimates provided by the Council of overseas Greeks {SAE} put the figure at around 7 million worldwide. Integration, intermarriage and loss of the Greek language also influence the definition and self-definition of Greeks of the Diaspora.

Top 50 countries with the largest Greek populations

Number of Greeks outside of Greece

Rank Country Capital Number of ethnic Greeks Main articles
1 United States United States Washington, D.C. 1,213,807 (2000 census) [10] – an estimated 3,000,000 claim Greek descent [11] Greek American
2 Cyprus Cyprus Nicosia 635,914 (2001 census) [12] - 689,471 (est.)[13] Greek Cypriots, Greek Cypriot diaspora
3 Turkey Turkey Ankara 5,000 (est.) [14] - 600,000 (est.) [15] Greeks in Turkey
4 United Kingdom United Kingdom London 400,000 Greek British
5 Australia Australia Canberra 365,150 (2006 census) [16] - 700,000 (est.)[13] Greek Australian
6 Germany Germany Berlin 320,000 (est.) [17] – 370,000 (est.)[13] Greeks in Germany
7 Canada Canada Ottawa 215,105 (2001 census) [18] – 450,000 (est.)[13] Greek Canadians
8 South Africa South Africa Pretoria 50,000-60,000 [19] - 120,000 (est.) [13] – see also [5] Greeks in South Africa
9 Russia Russia Moscow 97,827 (2002 census) [20] Greeks in Russia
10 Ukraine Ukraine Kiev 91,500 (2001 census) [21] Greeks in Ukraine
11 Albania Albania Tirana 70,000 (est.) [22] Greeks in Albania
12 France France Paris 35,000 (est.) [23] Greeks in France
13 Brazil Brazil Brasilia 25,000 [24] – 30,000 (est.) [25] Greeks in Brazil
14 Argentina Argentina Buenos Aires 20,000 (est.) [13] – 30,000 (est.) [26] Greeks in Argentina
15 Italy Italy Rome 20,000 (est.) [13] – 30,000 (est.) [27] Greeks in Italy
16 Belgium Belgium Brussels 15,742 (2007) [28] – 26,474 (est.) [29] Greeks in Belgium
17 Georgia (country) Georgia Tbilisi 15,166 (2002 census) [30] Greeks in Georgia
18 Serbia Serbia Belgrade 15,000 (est.) [31] Greeks in Serbia
19 Kazakhstan Kazakhstan Astana 12,703 (1999 census) [32] Greeks in Kazakhstan
20 Sweden Sweden Stockholm 12,000 – 15,000 (est.) [33] Greeks in Sweden
21 Uzbekistan Uzbekistan Tashkent 9,500 (est.) [34] Greeks in Uzbekistan
22 Switzerland Switzerland Bern 8,340 (est.) [13] – 11,000 (est.) [35] Greeks in Switzerland
23 Romania Romania Bucharest 6,513 (2002 census) [36] Greeks in Romania
24 Austria Austria Vienna 5,000 (est.) [37] Greeks in Austria
25 New Zealand New Zealand Wellington 4,500 (est.) [38] – 10,000 (est.) [13] Greeks in New Zealand
26 Netherlands Netherlands Amsterdam 4,000 (est.) [13] – 12,500 (est.) [39] Greeks in the Netherlands
27 Egypt Egypt Cairo 3,800 (est.) [40] – 5,000 [24] Greeks in Egypt
28 Bulgaria Bulgaria Sofia 3,408 (2001 census) [41] – 28,500 [42] Greeks in Bulgaria
29 Czech Republic Czech Republic Prague 3,231 (2001 census) [43] – 7,000 (est.) [44] Greeks in the Czech Republic
30 Moldova Moldova Chişinău 3,000 (est.) [45] Greeks in Moldova
31 Hungary Hungary Budapest 2,509 (2001 census) [46] – 6,000 (est.) [47] Greeks in Hungary
32 Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnia and Herzegovina Sarajevo 1,900 (est.) [48] Greeks in Bosnia and Herzegovina
33 Lebanon Lebanon Beirut 1,500-2,500 (est.) [13][49] Greeks in Lebanon
34 Oman Oman Muscat 1,500 (est.) [13] Greeks in Oman
35 Poland Poland Warsaw 1,404 (2002 census) [50] Greeks in Poland
36 Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia Riyadh 1,300 (est.) [13] Greeks in Saudi Arabia
37 Luxembourg Luxembourg Luxembourg 1,200 [13] – 2,000 (est.) [51] Greeks in Luxembourg
38 Cameroon Cameroon Yaoundé 1,200 (est.) [52] Greeks in Cameroon
39 Armenia Armenia Yerevan 1,176 (2002 census) [53] Greeks in Armenia
40 Venezuela Venezuela Caracas 1,148 (est.) [54] Greeks in Venezuela
41 Zimbabwe Zimbabwe Harare 1,100 (est.) [55] Greeks in Zimbabwe
42 Uruguay Uruguay Montevideo 1,000 (est.) [52] – 2,000 (est.) [56] Greeks in Uruguay
43 Chile Chile Santiago 1,000 (est.) [52] – 1,500 (est.) [57] Greeks in Chile
44 Mexico Mexico Mexico City 1,000 (est.) [58] Greek Mexican
45 Syria Syria Damascus 1,000 (est.) [52] Greeks in Syria
46 Panama Panama Panama City 800 (est.) [52] – 1,000 (est.) [56] Greeks in Panama
47 Zambia Zambia Lusaka 800 (est.) [59] Greeks in Zambia
48 Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyzstan Bishkek 650 – 700 (est.) [60] Greeks in Kyrgyzstan
49 Denmark Denmark Copenhagen 500 (est.) [52] – 1,000 (est.) [61] Greeks in Denmark
50 Ethiopia Ethiopia Addis Ababa 500 (est.) [62] Greeks in Ethiopia
51 North Macedonia Republic of Macedonia Skopje 422 (2002 census) [63] Greeks in the Republic of Macedonia
52 Jordan Jordan Amman 400 (est.) [52] – 600 (est.) [64] Greeks in Jordan
53 Norway Norway Oslo 350 (est.) [65] Greeks in Norway
54 Democratic Republic of the Congo Democratic Republic of the Congo (ex. Zaire) Kinshasa 300 (est.) [66] Greeks in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
55 Spain Spain Madrid 300 (est.) [52] – 1,500 – 2,000 (est.) [67] Greeks in Spain
56 The Bahamas Bahamas Nassau 300 (est.) [52] Greeks in the Bahamas
57 Nigeria Nigeria Abuja 300 (est.) [68] Greeks in Nigeria
58 Tanzania Tanzania Dodoma 300 (est.) [52] Greeks in Tanzania
59 Barbados Barbados Bridgetown 300 (est.) [69] Greeks in Barbados
60 The Gambia The Gambia Banjul 300 (est.) [70] Greeks in The Gambia
61 Costa Rica Costa Rica San José 290 (est.)[71]; 80 (est.) [72] Greeks in Costa Rica
62 Israel Israel Jerusalem 250 – 300 (est.) [73]

(non-Jewish Greek only)

Greeks in Israel
63 Sudan Sudan Khartoum 250 (est.) [74] Greeks in Sudan
64 Azerbaijan Azerbaijan Baku 250 – 300 (est.) [73] Greeks in Azerbaijan
65 Lithuania Lithuania Vilnius 250 (est.) [75] Greeks in Lithuania
66 Malawi Malawi Lilongwe 200 (est.) [76] Greeks in Malawi
67 Colombia Colombia Bogotá, D.C. 200 (est.) [52] Greeks in Colombia
68 Republic of Ireland Ireland Dublin 200 (est.) [52] – for further information, see [6] Greeks in Ireland
69 Kenya Kenya Nairobi 200 (est.) [52] Greeks in Kenya
70 United Arab Emirates United Arab Emirates Abu Dhabi 200 (est.) [52] Greeks in the United Arab Emirates
71 Morocco Morocco Rabat 180 (est.) [72] Greeks in Morocco
72 Peru Peru Lima 150 (est.) [72] – 350 (est.) [77] Greeks in Peru
73 Portugal Portugal Lisbon 150 (est.) [72] – 240 (est.) [78] Greeks in Portugal
74 Botswana Botswana Gaborone 150 (est.) [72] Greeks in Botswana
75 Djibouti Djibouti Djibouti City 150 (est.) [72] Greeks in Djibouti
76 Estonia Estonia Tallinn 150 (est.) [79] Greeks in Estonia
77 Finland Finland Helsinki 150 (est.) [80] Greeks in Finland
78 Hong Kong Hong Kong – 150 (est.) [72] Greeks in Hong Kong
79 South Korea South Korea Seoul 100-150 (est.) [81] Greeks in South Korea
80 Kuwait Kuwait Kuwait City 140 (est.) [82] Greeks in Kuwait
81 Latvia Latvia Riga 100 (est.) [83] Greeks in Latvia
82 Japan Japan Tokyo 100 (est) [72] – 300 (est.) [84] Greeks in Japan
83 Bolivia Bolivia La Paz 100 (est.) [85] Greeks in Bolivia
84 China People's Republic of China Beijing 100 (est.) [86] Greeks in China
85 Indonesia Indonesia Jakarta 72 (est.) [87] Greeks in Indonesia
86 Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea Port Moresby 70 (est.) [72] Greeks in Papua New Guinea
87 Iran Iran Tehran 60 (est.) [72] – 80 (est.) [88] Greeks in Iran
88 Ivory Coast Côte d'Ivoire Yamoussoukro 60 (est.) [72] Greeks in Côte d'Ivoire
89 Madagascar Madagascar Antananarivo 60 (est.) [72] Greeks in Madagascar
90 Slovenia Slovenia Ljubljana 54 (2002 census) [89] Greeks in Slovenia
91 Croatia Croatia Zagreb 50 (est.) [90] Greeks in Croatia
92 Tunisia Tunisia Tunis 50 (est.) [72] Greeks in Tunisia
93 Senegal Senegal Dakar 50 (est.) [72] Greeks in Senegal
94 Thailand Thailand Bangkok 50 (mainly made out of businessmen)[91] Greeks in Thailand
95 Central African Republic Central African Republic Bangui 40 (est.) [72] Greeks in the Central African Republic
96 Qatar Qatar Doha 40 (est.) [72] Greeks in Qatar
97 Singapore Singapore – 40 (est.) [92] Greeks in Singapore
98 Malta Malta Valletta 35 – 40 (est.) [93] Greeks in Malta
99 Cuba Cuba Havana 30 (est.) [72] Greeks in Cuba
100 Algeria Algeria Algiers 30 (est.) [72] Greeks in Algeria
101 Eritrea Eritrea Asmara 30 (est.) [72] Greeks in Eritrea
102 Slovakia Slovakia Bratislava 100 [94] Greeks in Slovakia
103 Paraguay Paraguay Asunción 20 (est.) [72] – 25 (est.) [92] Greeks in Paraguay
104 Chad Chad N'Djamena 20 (est.) [72] Greeks in Chad
105 Ecuador Ecuador Quito 20 (est.) [72] Greeks in Ecuador
106 Guatemala Guatemala Guatemala City 20 (est.) [72] Greeks in Guatemala
107 Mozambique Mozambique Maputo 20 (est.) [72] Greeks in Mozambique
108 Namibia Namibia Windhoek 20 (est.) [72] Greeks in Namibia
109 Togo Togo Lomé 20 (est.) [72] Greeks in Togo
110 Taiwan Taiwan Taipei 20 (est.) [72] Greeks in Taiwan
111 Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Brazzaville 10 (est.) [72] Greeks in the Republic of the Congo
112 Belarus Belarus Minsk unknown – for further information, see [7] Greeks in Belarus
113  Philippines Manila 22,000 (estimated)[citation needed] Greeks in the Phillippines
114 Pakistan Pakistan Karachi, Islamabad, Chitral 18,000-35,000 (estimated)[citation needed] Greeks in Pakistan
115 Dominican Republic Dominican Republic Santo Domingo 14 (est.) [95] Greeks in the Dominican Republic
116 Vietnam Vietnam Hanoi 10 (est.) [96] Greeks in Vietnam

Well known Greeks of the Diaspora

Well known people in the Greek diaspora include:

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e Richard Clogg, The Greek diaspora in the twentieth century, 2000, Macmillan, ISBN 0333600479
  2. ^ Early development of Greek society
  3. ^ Hellenistic Civilization
  4. ^ "Menander became the ruler of a kingdom extending along the coast of western India, including the whole of Saurashtra and the harbour Barukaccha. His territory also included Mathura, the Punjab, Gandhara and the Kabul Valley", Bussagli p101
  5. ^ Failaka Island
  6. ^ http://www.princeton.edu/~pswpc/pdfs/morris/120509.pdf
  7. ^ Peregrine Horden, Nicholas Purcell, The Corrupting Sea: A Study of Mediterranean History,2000, Blackwell Publishin, ISBN 0631218904
  8. ^ Ina Baghdiantz McCabe, Gelina Harlaftis, Iōanna Pepelasē Minoglou, Diaspora Entrepreneurial Networks: Four Centuries of History, 2000, p.147, Macmillan, ISBN 0333600479
  9. ^ Vassilis Kardasis, Diaspora Merchants in the Black Sea: The Greeks in Southern Russia, 1775-1861,2001, Lexington Books, ISBN 0739102451
  10. ^ United States of America: 2000 census
  11. ^ United States Department of State: Background Note: Greece
  12. ^ 2001 census, in Cypriot government-controlled area.
  13. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Greeks around the Globe (they are quoting the statistics of the General Secretariat for Greeks Abroad as on October 12, 2004)
  14. ^ 5,000 belong to the Greek Orthodox community of Istanbul, according to "Ethnic Greeks of Istanbul convene", Athens News Agency, 2 July 2006.
  15. ^ There are 600,000 Greek-speaking people in Turkey according to the Columbia Encyclopedia [1], although this figure may include Turkish-identifying Greek Muslims.
  16. ^ Australian Bureau of Statistics 2006: [2]
  17. ^ Germany: Greek population in Germany
  18. ^ See List of Canadians by ethnicity
  19. ^ Greek Foreign Ministry: [3]
  20. ^ Norwegian Institute of International Affairs: Centre for Russian Studies: 2002 census
  21. ^ State Statistics Committee of Ukraine: 2001 census
  22. ^ UNPO: Greek Minority in Albania
  23. ^ Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs: France: The Greek Community
  24. ^ a b Γενικα Στοιχεια Διασπορασ
  25. ^ Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Brazil: The Greek Community
  26. ^ Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Argentina: The Greek Community
  27. ^ Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Italy: The Greek Community
  28. ^ Ecodata: Greek Citizens
  29. ^ Npdata:Greek Ancestry
  30. ^ Eurominority: Greeks in Georgia
  31. ^ Glas Javnosti: Nama su samo Srbi braća
  32. ^ Japan External Trade Organization: Institute of Developing Economies: Ethnodemographic situation in Kazakhstan
  33. ^ Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Sweden: The Greek Community
  34. ^ Central Asia – Caucasus analyst: Greeks in Uzbekistan
  35. ^ Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Switzerland: The Greek Community
  36. ^ ClubAfaceri: 2002 (Romanian) census
  37. ^ Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Austria: The Greek Community
  38. ^ Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs: New Zealand: The Greek Community
  39. ^ According to the Netherlands Statistical Service, quoted by: Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Netherlands: The Greek Community
  40. ^ Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Egypt: The Greek Community
  41. ^ Republic of Bulgaria: National Statistical Institute: 2001 census
  42. ^ Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Bulgaria: The Greek Community
  43. ^ Office of the Czech Republic Government: Report on the Situation of National Minorities in the Czech Republic in 2001
  44. ^ According to the Association of Greek Communities in the Czech Republic quoted by the Office of the Czech Republic Government: Report on the Situation of National Minorities in the Czech Republic in 2001
  45. ^ Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Moldova
  46. ^ Hungarian Central Statistical Office: 2001 census
  47. ^ Eurominority: Greeks in Hungary
  48. ^ Ethnic people groups of Bosnia and Herzegovina
  49. ^ Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Lebanon
  50. ^ See Demographics of Poland
  51. ^ Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Luxembourg: The Greek Community
  52. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Greeks around the Globe (they are quoting the statistics of the General Secretariat for Greeks Abroad as on October 12, 2004)
  53. ^ National Statistical Service of the Republic of Armenia: 2002 census
  54. ^ Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Venezuela: The Greek Community
  55. ^ Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Zimbabwe: The Greek Community
  56. ^ a b Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Uruguay: The Greek Community
  57. ^ Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Chile: The Greek Community
  58. ^ Comunidad Helenica de Mexico: The Greek side of Mexico
  59. ^ Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Zambia
  60. ^ Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Kyrgyzstan: The Greek Community
  61. ^ Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Denmark: The Greek Community
  62. ^ Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Ethiopia: The Greek Community
  63. ^ State Statistical Office of the Republic of Macedonia: FYROM - State Statistical Office, [4]
  64. ^ Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Jordan: The Greek Community
  65. ^ Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Norway: The Greek Community
  66. ^ Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Democratic Republic of Congo: The Greek Community
  67. ^ Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Spain: The Greek Community
  68. ^ Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Nigeria: The Greek Community
  69. ^ Greek ethnic populations in all countries
  70. ^ Ethnic people groups of the Gambia
  71. ^ Los Griegos en Costa Rica
  72. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab Greeks around the Globe (they are quoting the statistics of the General Secretariat for Greeks Abroad as on October 12, 2004)
  73. ^ a b Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Azerbaijan: The Greek Community
  74. ^ Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Sudan: The Greek Community
  75. ^ Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Lithuania: The Greek Community
  76. ^ Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Malawi: The Greek Community
  77. ^ Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Peru: The Greek Community
  78. ^ Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Portugal: The Greek Community
  79. ^ Estonian Statistical Office: Estonia: The Greek Community
  80. ^ Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Finland: The Greek Community
  81. ^ Greek-South Korea relations
  82. ^ Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Kuwait: The Greek Community
  83. ^ Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Latvia: The Greek Community
  84. ^ Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Japan: The Greek Community
  85. ^ Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Bolivia: The Greek Community
  86. ^ Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs: China: The Greek Community
  87. ^ Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Indonesia: The Greek Community
  88. ^ Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Iran: The Greek Community
  89. ^ Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia: Census of population, households and housing 2002
  90. ^ Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Croatia: The Greek Community
  91. ^ Greece-Thailand relations
  92. ^ a b Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Singapore: The Greek Community
  93. ^ Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Malta: The Greek Community
  94. ^ Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Slovakia
  95. ^ Dominican Republic-Greece relations
  96. ^ Greek-Vietnamese relations
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