List of main battle tanks by generation

British Centurion main battle tank

T-55 main battle tank

Main battle tanks are often classified as belonging to a particular generation, although the actual definition and membership in these generations are not defined. Soviet military planners organize tanks with the first generation of tanks up to 1950, and four generations of tanks (with the first main battle tank being the third-generation T-64), while American strategists organize main battle tanks into three generations. The military of the People's Republic of China also recognizes three generations of its own tanks.

In 1973, Rolf Hilmes saw three tank generations and three "intermediate generations", which consisted mainly of upgraded vehicles. The first generation of main battle tanks was based on or influenced by designs of World War II, most notably the Soviet T-34. The second generation was equipped with NBC protection (only sometimes), night-vision devices, a stabilized main gun and at least a mechanical fire-control system. The third generation is in Western parlance determined by the usage of thermal imagers, digital fire-control systems and special (composite) armour (Soviet doctrine, however, de-emphasizes thermal vision and electronic fire control, preferring large-caliber gun and engines of high power).

However, Hilmes acknowledged that tanks cannot be definitively grouped by generations, as each tank-producing country develops and introduces its tanks in tune with its own ideas and needs. He also states that breakdown of postwar tanks by generations is based on timeframe and technical factors, as a basis for further discussion.

First Generation

Name	Year first built	Year entered service	Origin	No. built	Mass	Engine power	Range	Notes
Centurion	1945 (Mk 1)	1946 (Mk 2) 1948 (Mk 3) 1955 (Mk 5)	United Kingdom	4,423	51 tons	650 hp	52–100 km	First "Universal Tank" (MBT) Culmination of the WWII cruiser tanks.
		1953 (C III) 1955 (C V) 1958 (C X)	Sweden	110	52 tons	650 hp	52–100 km	Strv 81 and 101 were the Swedish designations fitted with, Swedish machine guns and instruments.
		1958 (Pz55) 1976 (Pz57)	Switzerland	100 12	52 tons	650 hp	52-100 km	Panzer 55 and 57/60 were the Swiss designations.
		1960 (Meteor) 1970 (Kal Alef) 1975 (Kal Bet) 1980 (Kal Gimel) c.1985 (Kal Dalet)	Israel	390	51 tons	650 hp	52–100 km	Sho't is the Israeli designation of the 105 mm L7 armed Centurion tank.
T-54	1945 (T‑54)	1947 (T‑54) 1955 (T‑54A) 1957 (T‑54B)	Soviet Union	35,000	36 tons	520 hp	330–440 km	USSR's First Generation of MBT.
		1956 (T‑54/T‑54A)	Polish People's Republic	3,000	36 tons	520 hp	330–440 km	Produced under license in Poland.
		1957 (T‑54A)	Czechoslovakia	2,700	36 tons	520 hp	330–440 km	T-54A produced under license in Czechoslovakia.
		1959 (T‑54A)	People's Republic of China	13,000	36 tons	520 hp	450–600 km	Chinese-produced version of the Soviet T-54A tank.
M48 Patton	1951 (T48)	1952 1953 (A1) 1955 (A2) 1957 (A3)	United States	12,000	45–49 tons	750–825 hp	110–480 km	A further development of the M47 Patton tank. America's First generation of MBT
FV4202	1955	—	United Kingdom	3	41 tons	520 hp	50–100 km	Prototype used to develop various concepts later used in the Chieftain.
T-55	1958	1958	Soviet Union	27,500	36 tons	581 hp	400–530 km	Improved T-54.
		1964	Polish People's Republic	7,000	36 tons	581 hp	400–530 km	Produced under license in Poland.
		1964	Czechoslovakia	8,300	36 tons	581 hp	400–530 km	Produced under license in Czechoslovakia.
Type 61	1956	1961	Japan	560	35 tons	570 hp	200 km	First MBT developed and used by the JGSDF, built by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries.

Second Generation

The second generation had enhanced night-fighting capabilities and in most cases NBC protection. Most western tanks of this generation were armed with the 105 mm Royal Ordnance L7 tank gun or derivatives of it.

Name	Year first built	Year entered service	Origin	No. built	Mass	Engine power	Range	Notes
M60		1959 1962 (A1) 1973 (A2) 1978 (A3)	United States	15,000+	46–52 tons	750 hp	450–500 km	A development of the M48 Patton. M60A2 and M60A3 are sometimes considered as the first intermediate generation. The M60A2 had a new turret housing an M162 152mm gun/launcher.
T-62	1958 (T‑62A)	1961	Soviet Union	22,700+	37 tons	581–620 hp	320–650 km	Development of the T-55, with a new 115mm cannon and enlarged chassis. First tank fitted with a smoothbore gun that could fire APFSDS rounds.
		1978 1992 (II & III) 2000 (IV) 2001 (V)	North Korea	1,200+	40 tons	750 hp	450 km	North Korean copy of the T-62 known as the Ch'onma-ho.
Leopard 1	1961	1965 1970 (A1) 1972 (A2) 1974 (A4) 1980 (A5)	West Germany	4,744	40–42 tons	820 hp	450–600 km	A main battle tank designed and produced in West Germany that first entered service in 1965.
Panzer 61	1957	1965	Switzerland	150	39 tons	630 hp	250 km	Initially developed as the Panzer 58 medium tank and developed and redesignated into the Panzer 61.
MBT-70	1965	—	United States West Germany	14	50 tons	1470–1500 hp	644 km	An American-West German joint project to develop a new main battle tank. Never entered service.
Vickers MBT Mark 1	1964	1965	United Kingdom	376	38 tons	535 hp	480 km	British private venture design for export.
		1965	India	2,200	39 tons	535 hp	530 km	Vijayanta was the Indian license-built version of British Vickers MBT Mark 1.
		1970	Kuwait	70	38 tons	535 hp	480 km	Al Jahra is the Kuwaiti designation for Vickers MBT Mark 1s modified for desert warfare.
AMX 30 / AMX-30E	1966	1966	France	3,571	36–39 tons	700–750 hp	450–500 km	The AMX 30 served as the principal Main Battle Tank (MBT) for the French Army.
		1970	France Francoist Spain	299	36 tons	670 hp	400 km	The AMX-30E was a Spanish development of the AMX-30. 280 units were manufactured by Santa Bárbara Sistemas, between 1974 and 1983.
T-64	1958 (Object‑430)	1963 (T‑64) 1967 (T‑64A) 1976 (T‑64B)	Soviet Union	13,000	38–42 tons	700–1000 hp	500–700 km	World's first composite armoured tank. In Russian military theory, the T-64 is the first vehicle of the third generation.
		1999 (T‑64U / T‑64BM) 2004 (T‑64BM Bulat)	Ukraine		44 tons	850–1000 hp	385 km	Ukrainian modernisation, bringing it to T-84 standard. Fitted with Nizh reactive armour, 9K120 Refleks missile, and a new engine, optics, and fire control system.
FV 4201 Chieftain	1959 (P1‑P7) 1966 (Mk 1)	1967 (Mk 2) 1970 (Mk 3) 1975 (Mk 5, Mk 6, Mk 7, Mk 8) 1979 (Mk 9) 1984 (Mk 10, Mk 11, Mk 12)	United Kingdom	1,896	52–55 tons	650–750 hp	400–500 km	First tank with a supine driver position. Designed to replace both the Centurion, and heavier Conqueror tanks. Chobham armour was tested on the FV 4211.
		1981	United Kingdom Jordan	274		1200 hp		Project 4030 Phase 1 & 2, a development intended for export to Iran, but was cancelled then renegotiated for export to Jordan. Features thickened belly armour, a new engine, transmission, suspension, and cooling system, integrated fire control system and new sights, and a greater fuel capacity.
Magach 3		1967	United States Israel	300	50 tons	750 hp	480 km	Modernized M48A1/A2C/A3 including British 105 mm L7 cannon, low profile commander's cupola, and an upgraded communication suite, engine, and transmission.
Strv 103	1963	1967	Sweden	290	37–43 tons	540–780 hp	390 km	World's first turbine engine equipped tank, the Strv 103 is an indigenous turretless design that uses hydropneumatic hull suspension to aim.
WZ-122	1970	—	China	Only a few, project cancelled	38 tons	650–680 hp	—	Main battle tank developed by the People's Republic of China. Its development started in March 1970. After several prototypes were built, the plan was set aside in 1974.
Panzer 68	1971	1971	Switzerland	390	41 tons	660 hp	200 km	Swiss Main Battle Tank (MBT) based on the Panzer 61. Improvements consisted of wider tracks, stabilized gun, and replaces the coaxial 20mm gun of early Panzer 61 models with a machine gun
T-72		1973	Soviet Union	25,000	37–45 tons	780–840 hp	460–700 km	Hilmes puts the T-72 in the first intermediate generation. Post-1990's modernized versions are classified as third generation.
Olifant Mk 1 / Mk 2	1974	1976 1985 (1A) 1991 (1B)	South Africa	153	52 tons	650 hp	50–100 km	A South African development of the Centurion Tank.
		2003	South Africa	26	60 tons	1040 hp	500 km
Type 74		1975	Japan	873	38 tons	750 hp	300 km	Hilmes puts the Type 74 in the first intermediate generation.
Magach 5		1976	United States Israel	150	50 tons	750 hp	480 km	M48A5 in the original configuration. Similar to the Magach 3, but had slightly different engine and transmission Continental AVDS-1790-2D and Allison CD-850-6A accordingly. Eventually fitted with Blazer ERA.
Vickers MBT Mark 3		1977	United Kingdom	212	39 tons	720 hp	400 km	A further development of the Vickers Mk I MBT. Developed as a private venture, it has a new fire control system and is powered by a Detroit Diesel 12V-71T turbocharged engine.
TR-77-580		1979	Socialist Republic of Romania	405	42 tons	580 hp	400–450 km	Romanian development of the T-54/55, with an extended chassis and 6 road wheels, originally intended to allow the usage of the same engine as the Leopard 1. The refusal of Krauss-Maffei to deliver technology to a Warsaw Pact member and political desire to reach certain production figures meant that the V-55 engine was retained.
Merkava Mark I / II		1979	Israel	250	63 tons	908 hp	500 km	First Main Battle Tank developed and used by Israel Defense Forces.
		1983	Israel	580	60 tons	908 hp	500 km	Improved Merkava Mark I.
Type 80/88 / Type 96		1980	People's Republic of China	3500	38 tons	730 hp	400–500 km	Variants include the Type 80, Type 85, Type 88.
		1997	China	>2,500	41–43 tons	730–1000 hp	400 km	Domestic version of Type 85-IIM later known as Type 96.
OF-40		1981	Italy	39	46 tons	820 hp	600 km	Main Battle Tank used by United Arab Emirates.
T-55AI Igman		1981	Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia	~20	37–45 tons	780 HP (educated guess)	700 km (educated guess)	Yugoslav upgrade of the T-55A. It shares components with the M-84, a local version of T-72, with whom it was in parallel development. Major improvements included mounting of 2 rails for AT-3 Sagger missiles, a simplified SUV with meteosensor and laser rangefinders from M-84, spaced armor on turret and front body, and smoke dischargers.
T-72M/M1		1981	Czechoslovakia	1700	43.5 tons	850 hp	480 km	Built under licence by ZTS Martin. In Western sources it's often referred to as T-72G. In the late 1980s the tanks produced for the Czechoslovak army and for export were fitted with some improvements from the Soviet T-72A programme, including rubber side skirts (instead of "gill armour") and 902B "Tucha" smoke grenade launchers.
		1982	Polish People's Republic	1610	43.5 tons	850 hp	480 km	This export version of the T-72 was built under license by Bumar-Łabędy in Gliwice starting in 1982. The T-72M was initially fitted with "gill" armor; later the tanks were upgraded with rubber side skirts and 902W "Tucha" smoke grenade launchers. Late production models have an additional 16 mm steel plate welded on the upper glacis plate, like in the T-72M1.
		1989	Soviet Union Ba'athist Iraq	500–750	41.5 tonnes (45.7 short tons)	780 hp	425 km (600 km with fuel barrels)	Iraqi-assembled version of the T-72M1 designated as the Lion of Babylon.
		1982	India	1900	41.5 tons	780 hp	425 km	Indian version of the T-72M1 designated as the Ajeya MK1. In parallel with buying various T-72M off-the-shelf from the Soviet Union, India also launched domestic production at Heavy Vehicles Factory. The Ajeya MK2 is a further development with ERA and 6 smoke dischargers on each side.
T-55 Enigma		1982	Ba'athist Iraq	8	41 tons	520 hp	300 km	Modernized T-55, Type 59, and Type 69 tanks used by Iraqi Armed Forces.
Type 69/79		1982	People's Republic of China	3200	37 tons	580 hp	440 km	A further development of the Type 59. Most advanced Type 79 variant was equipped with a 105 mm rifled gun which was also found on the Type 80 tank.
AMX-32	1982	—	France	6	38–40 tons	800 hp	530 km	The AMX-32 was a French prototype main battle tank developed by AMX and APX during the late 1970s as an export tank to fit in a specific market niche of nations with smaller defence budgets.
Tanque Argentino Mediano		1983	Argentina	280	31 tons	720 hp	590–800 km	Medium tank (main battle tank) in service with the Argentine Army.
Bernardini MB-3 Tamoyo	1983	—	Brazil	Only a few	30 tons	500 hp	550 km	Designed by Bernardini; it never passed beyond the prototype stage. The final model, the Tamoyo III was armed with a NATO 105 mm L7 rifled main gun.
TR-85		1986	Socialist Republic of Romania	617	42.2 tons	830 hp	400 km	Main battle tank based on the TR-77-580, designed for the Romanian Land Forces. 227 TR-85s were in service in 2017.
		1997	Romania	54	50 tons	860 hp	400 km	TR-85M1 Bizonul ("the Bison") was a modernization of the TR-85 which began in 1996 to bring it up to date with other NATO countries.
CM-11 Brave Tiger / CM-12		1990	Taiwan	450	50 tons	750 hp	480 km	Variant based on the M60 Patton and M48 Patton.
		1990	Taiwan	100	49 tons	750 hp	203 km	Variant from M48 Patton.
M-55S		1992	Soviet UnionSlovenia Israel	30	38 tons	600 hp	580 km	T-54/T-55 modernization developed by STO RAVNE and Elbit Systems. Slovenia modernized the 30 T-55 tanks in its inventory. The last was modernized to the M-55S standard in May 1999.
Zulfiqar I		1994	Iran	400	52 tons	780–1000 hp	450 km	Over 150 built, not including 6 prototypes.
Type 72Z		1997	Iran	400	36 tons	780 hp	440 km	A highly modernized version of the Type 59 and T-54/T-55 tanks with upgrades carried out by the Iranian Defense Industries Organization.
Al-Zarrar		2004	China Pakistan	750	44 tons	730 hp	450 km	An upgrade of Pakistan's aging Chinese Type 59 tanks, developed with Ukrainian assistance and manufactured by Heavy Industries Taxila, fitted with a 125 mm smoothbore gun.
Ramses II		2005	Egypt	425	48 tons	908 hp	530 km	A heavily modernized T-55 main battle tank designed for and used by the Egyptian Armed Forces.
Tifon 2a	2010	—	Ukraine Peru	4	46 tons	1050 hp	—	Main battle tank based on the Soviet T-54/55 tank, developed and manufactured jointly by the Peruvian company DICSAC and the Kharkiv Morozov Machine Building Design Bureau. Trials/Development only.
Sabalan		2014	Iran	170	50 tons	750 hp	500 km	Iranian upgrade of the M47 Patton, It has side skirts and a new turret fitted with a 105-mm gun, laser range finder, new fire control system and communication equipment. Never used in active service.
Type 59G(BD) Durjoy		2015	China Bangladesh	174	42 tons	730 hp	450 km	An upgraded variant of the Chinese Type 59 tank for the Bangladesh Army.
T-55AGM	2016	—	Ukraine	4	46 tons	850 hp	—	Ukrainian T-54/T-55 modernization bringing them up to T-80 standard. It can also be applied to the Type 59 and T-62. Fitted with a two-stroke opposed piston supercharged diesel engine, automated movement control system with steering handlebar control, additional passive protection, ERA, countermeasures system, new fire suppression system, autoloader and an anti-aircraft machine gun that can be aimed and fired from within the turret.

Third Generation

The third generation of main battle tanks is characterized by composite armour and computer stabilized fire control systems, which allow firing on the move as well as very high first hit probability on targets up to 2,000 meters away.

Name	Year first built	Year entered service	Origin	No. built	Mass	Engine Power	Notes
T-80 / T-84		1976	Soviet Union	>5400	42.5–46 tons	700–1000 hp	First tank solely equipped with a turbine engine (the Strv 103 used a diesel engine alongside a turbine). Early models are considered as intermediate second generation, while T-80U (1985) onwards are third generation.
	1985	1987	Ukraine	500–800	46 tons	1000 hp	T-80UD Bereza is a Ukrainian version with diesel 6TD engine and remote-controlled antiaircraft machine gun.
		1999	Ukraine	55	46 tons	1200 hp	The T-84 is a further development of the T-80UD. The T-84U is an upgrade with new side skirts, Kontakt-5 ERA, muzzle reference system and some other improvements.
		2000	Ukraine	10	51 tons	1200–1500 hp	The T-84 Oplot is a T-84U with a new welded turret and separate crew and ammunition compartments with blowout panels on the ammunition compartment, and a new bustle-mounted autoloader.
Leopard 2		1979	West Germany	3600	~60 tons	1500 hp	Development of the Leopard 2 began in 1970. It is armed with a fully-stabilized Rheinmetall RH-M-120 120 mm smoothbore gun.
		1987	Switzerland	380	~60 tons	1500 hp	License manufactured in Switzerland of the Leopard 2A4. It includes Swiss-built 7.5 mm MG 87 machine guns, communications equipment, and improved NBC protection system. Designated Panzer 87.
		1997	Sweden	120	~60 tons	1500 hp	The Stridsvagn 122 is based on the German Leopard 2 Imp utilizing newer technology such as command-, control-, and fire-control systems, as well as reinforced armour.
		2003	Germany Spain	219	69 tons	1500 hp	The Leopard 2E is derived from the Leopard 2A6, with greater armour protection, developed as a co-production between the defence industries of Spain and Germany.
		2006	Greece	170	~60 tons	1500 hp	The Leopard 2 HEL is a derivative of the Leopard 2A6 that was ordered by the Greek Army in 2003. Around 170 tanks were delivered between 2006 and 2009. A total of 140 were built in Greece by ELBO, which delivered the first units in late 2006.
		2007	Germany Canada	20	~60 tons	1500 hp	The Leopard 2A6M CAN is a Canadian variant of the Leopard 2A6M. Significant modifications include distinctive black boxes mounted on the rear of the turret bustle, and stand-off slat armour. The first tanks configured in this variant were 20 loaned from the German Bundeswehr in an effort to increase firepower and protection given to Canadian troops operating in the south of Afghanistan. The loaned tanks retain their German MG3 machine gun, the ex-Dutch tanks are also expected to retain their FN MAG machine guns due to commonality with Canadian stocks of C6 GPMG, itself a variant of the FN MAG.
MBT-80	1980	—	United Kingdom	17	62 tons	1500 hp	The FV4601 MBT-80 was a British experimental third-generation main battle tank, designed in the late 1970s to replace the Chieftain tank. It was eventually cancelled in favour of the Challenger 1, itself an evolution of the Chieftain design.
M1 Abrams		1980	United States	10,400	60–74 tons	1500 hp	Production began (at Chrysler) in 1979. M1A1 production began (at General Dynamics) in 1985, and featured a pressurized NBC system, rear bustle rack, redesigned blow-off panels and the M256 cannon. The M1A2 began production in 1986 and entered service in 1992. The M1A2 offers the commander an independent hunter-killer thermal sight anddepleted uranium armor. In 1992 the System Enhancement Package (SEP) upgraded it to third-generation DU armor with graphite coating.
Challenger 1		1983	United Kingdom	420	62–70 tons	1200 hp	Replaced FV 4201 Chieftain. The Challenger 1 is armed with a fully-stabilized British L11A5 120 mm rifled gun, an improved version of the Chieftain's gun. The Challenger 1 is powered by a Rolls-Royce Condor V12 turbocharged diesel engine.
AMX-40	1983	—	France	4	44 tons	1100 hp	The AMX-40 was developed by GIAT as an export tank to replace the AMX-32. Designed to be inexpensive for militaries with smaller defence budgets, the AMX-40 featured a lightly armoured hull and good mobility reminiscent of previous French MBTs with a 120 mm cannon. It however failed to attract interest and sales, and was discontinued in 1990.
M-84		1984	Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia	650	41.5 tons	1000 hp	The M-84 is essentially a license-built Soviet T-72 with a number of Yugoslavian sub-systems. Production began in 1983 and first entered service in 1984. By 1992 over 600 had been built. Currently operational with some countries of the former Yugoslavia and Kuwait.
	1991	—	Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia	2		1200 hp	The M-91 Vihor is a Yugoslav prototype, based on the M-84, which is in turn a domestic copy of the T-72. Due to the Disintegration of Yugoslavia, it never entered production, and only a few prototypes were made for testing. Its development later led to the M-95 Degman.
	1995	—	Croatia	2	48.5 tons	1200 hp	The M-95 Degman is a Croatian main battle tank prototype, developed by the Đuro Đaković and derived from the M-91 Vihor tank which is turn based in the M-84 tank, a Yugoslav copy of the T-72. It did not enter full production.
		2004	Serbia	~5	45 tons	1200 hp	The M-84AS is an upgraded Yugoslav version of the M-84 tank. M-84AS is sometimes referred to as M-84AB1 and M-2001.
		2018	Croatia	2 prototypes		1200 hp	The M-84D is an upgraded version of the M-84 with improvements to its armor, armament, mobility and electronics. 75 to be upgraded, possibly replacing the 125mm 2A46 gun with a NATO 120mm gun.
		2017	Serbia	10	45 tons	1000–1200 hp	The M-84AS1 and M-84AS2 are substantially modernized versions of the M-84 main battle tank designed by the Military Technical Institute and produced by Technical Overhauling Institute "Čačak" in Serbia. First presented in 2017. Improved revisions were presented in 2020 and 2021.
EE-T1 Osório	1985	—	Brazil	2 prototypes	40.9–43.7 tons	1100 hp	The EE-T1 Osório was a Brazilian prototype developed by Engesa. Intended to be sold first to Arab and other Third World countries, enabling the Brazilian Army to later place its own orders without having to fund development costs. Initially privately funded by Engesa, but cashflow issues led to the Brazilian government extending a loan to assist the program. It was never adopted for service.
K1 Tank / K1A1		1987	South Korea	1027	51.1 tons	1200 hp	First Main Battle Tank in use with the Republic of Korea Armed Forces, designed by General Dynamics.
		2001	South Korea	484	53.2 tons	1200 hp	Referred to as the "Type 88" by American engineers. The K1A1 is an improved version of the K1 88-Tank, developed by Hyundai Rotem. It is similar to the US M1A1 Abrams in terms of firepower and protection. Production began in 1996, however it only entered service with the ROK Army in 2001. Production ceased in 2010. A total of 484 of these tanks were built.
TR-125		1987	Socialist Republic of Romania	5–10	50 tons	900 hp	Prototype main battle tank is a redesigned T-72 made with Romanian components only. It is now designated P-125 (P stands for Prototype).
Merkava Mark III / IV		1989	Israel	780			As of 2022, the Merkava III was retired from active service but is still the most numerous tank in the IDF's arsenal. Compared to the Mark II, it has upgrades to the drivetrain, powertrain, armament, and electronic systems. The most prominent addition was the incorporation of the locally developed IMI 120 mm gun.
		2004	Israel	360			It is a further development of the Merkava Mark 3. In 2014 it was reported, that Israel will begin exporting a number of these tanks to an undisclosed customer, possibly Colombia.
Type 90		1990	Japan	341			Development commenced in 1976. Intended to replace the Type 61 medium tanks in service with JGSDF. Developed by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries in cooperation with German Krauss-Maffei and MaK tank manufacturers. It is armed with RH-M-120 120 mm smoothbore gun, produced under license by Japan Steel Works. It fires HEAT-MP and APFSDS-T rounds, but is compatible with all standard NATO 120 mm tank ammunition.
Pokpung-ho II		1992	North Korea	200–500			A further development of Ch'onma-Ho. The tank may incorporate technology found in the T-62, T-72, and Ch'onma-ho MBTs. The P'okp'ung-ho is only known to be used in North Korea.
Leclerc		1992	France	862			Replaced AMX 30. Development began in 1978 with prototypes ready in 1989, production started in 1991 by GIAT Industries. Named in honor of Philippe Leclerc, commander of French armored division during WW2. It is in service with France (406) and United Arab Emirates (388).
Tank Technology Demonstrator (TTD)	1992	—	South Africa	1			A prototype main battle tank completed in the early 1990s. It used some German Leopard 2 technology and was intended to replace ageing South African MBTs. It never went into service because of limited funding. Some of the TTD subsystems were applied to the Olifant Mk 2.
T-90		1992	Russia	750–1,000			Deep modernization of the T-72B; originally introduced into service in October 1992 as T-72BU, but simultaneously renamed as the T-90.
T-72M2 Moderna	1993	—	Slovakia	1			A further development of the T-72M1A. Development was completed but without any order for tank fleet modernization.
PT-91 Twardy		1995	Poland	281			A development of the T-72M1. The PT-91 Twardy is an improved variant of the Soviet T-72. Production for Poland was completed in 2002. A total of 233 tanks were delivered. Malaysia ordered 48 PT-91M Pendekar which were delivered in 2007-2009.
		2016	Poland	—			The PT-16 is a further development of PT-91 Twardy. Claimed proposed upgrades include improved armor, armament, and mobility. Only non functional mock-up ever built. Prototype never built.
Ariete		1995	Italy	200			The Ariete was developed by Iveco and OTO Melara. Named in honor of the Italian Ariete armored division, which fought during WW2. It was intended to replace ageing fleet of M60A1 in service with Italian Army. First prototype was revealed in 1986 and six pre-production vehicles were built in 1989. It entered service with Italian army in 1995. Italy operates 200 of this type.
Zulfiqar II	1997	—	Iran	Few prototypes			Further development of the Zulfiqar I. It is an interim MBT, which served as a test bed for the Zulfiqar III. It had an extended hull and was fitted with new engine. It also has a new turret with sloping front and bustle at the rear. Prototype, never entered service.
Challenger 2		1998	United Kingdom	447			Further development of the Challenger 1. It entered service with the British Army in 1994. Currently the Challenger 2 is in service with United Kingdom (386) and Oman (38). Armed with the British 120 mm L30 rifled gun.
T-72M1S		1998	Syria Italy	124			Syrian-Italian upgrade with the addition of the Galileo Avionica, TURMS-T computerised FCS, including infrared cameras, improved gun and sight stabilisation, and 9M119 Svir/Refleks launch capability. 124 T-72M1s and T-72AVs were upgraded to this standard between 1998 and 2000. Very few of the upgraded T-72AVs retained their explosive reactive armour after being upgraded.
Black Eagle	1999	—	Russia	1			The Black Eagle tank (Russian: Чёрный Орёл, Chyornyy Oryol or Object 640), was a presumed prototype main battle tank produced in the Russian Federation. It was thought to have been developed by the KBTM design bureau in Omsk in the late 1990s. A production version of this tank has never been publicly demonstrated and has been cancelled. It is a T-80 variant which has helped development of the T-14 Armata.
T-95	2000	—	Russia	2			T-95, or Object 195, was under development at Uralvagonzavod from 1988 until its cancelation in 2010. Little about it is publicly known. The work from the Object 195 was used in the Object 148, later type classified as the T-14 Armata, which began production in 2016.
Zulfiqar III		2000	Iran	100-250			The most advanced variant of the Zulfiqar family which was selected for production, bears a resemblance to the M1 Abrams. It features upgrades to the fire-control system, chassis, engine and main gun. The new variant is equipped with an autoloaded 2A46 125 mm smoothbore cannon, laser rangefinder and a new fire-control system. It is also fitted with a reinforced turret and an armoured skirt.
M60-2000	2001	—	United States Turkey	1			The M60-2000 or 120S was initially aimed at the Turkish Land Forces Command (TLFC) M60 upgrade requirement but this competition was subsequently won by Israel Military Industries with their Sabra II upgrade. The Egyptian Army was considering this offer until it was finally rejected in favor of a licensed contract to build M1s in Egypt. Only one prototype was made.
Type 99		2001	People's Republic of China	1200			The Type 99 main battle tank is a further development of the Type 98. It is generally similar to the Type 98, but has a number of improvements. The Type 99 was revealed in 2000 and entered service with the Chinese Army in 2001. This main battle tank shows a mixture of Russian and Western influence in its design and technology. As of 2017 improved version of this tank is produced in China. Currently it is the most advanced Chinese main battle tank.
Al-Khalid		2002	People's Republic of China Pakistan	994			The Al Khalid main battle tank was jointly developed by China and Pakistan. It is a further development of the Chinese Type 90-II tank, which was not accepted to service with the Chinese Army. In the late 1990s it was marketed for export as the MBT-2000. Pakistan acquired a production license. The Al Khalid is named after the legendary general Khalid ibn al-Walid. First deliveries of this tank were made in 2002. The Al Khalid is currently in service with Pakistan.
		2009	People's Republic of China Pakistan	150			Al-Khalid I is an upgraded variant with Ammunition capacity increased to 49 125 mm rounds, 1,500 12.7 mm rounds and 7,100 7.62 mm rounds. Incorporates modifications made to the fire-control system which is now a more advanced multi process fire control computer with up to 7 km effective identification range.
Tank EX	2002	—	India	9			Experimental hybrid prototype with turret of Arjun and hull of T-72. It underwent six months of trials, but was subsequently rejected by the Indian Army.
Pokpung-ho III		Between 1992-2002	North Korea	200–500			Outside parties codename the tank M-2002 because the tank went through performance trials on February 16, 2002 (therefore being officially confirmed by outside sources), although the tank may have been in existence since 1992.
T-72M4CZ		2003	Czech Republic	30			Upgraded Czech version of the T-72 tank. The T-72 main battle tank was licensed-produced in the former Czechoslovakia. It entered service with the Czechoslovakian Army in 1981. After the dissolution of the Czechoslovakia in the early 1990s upgrade programs were developed both in Czech Republic and Slovakia to keep their fleets of T-72 MBTs operational and combat capable.
M60 Phoenix		2004	Jordan	182			The M60 Phoenix is a Jordanian upgrade of the M60A3 main battle tank. It was developed by the King Abdullah Design and Development Bureau (now Jordan Design and Development Bureau). A total of 182 Jordanian M60A3 tanks were reportedly upgraded to the Phoenix standard. A 105 mm rifled gun was replaced by a Swiss RUAG CTG fully-stabilized 120 mm/L50 smoothbore gun. It is compatible with all standard NATO 120 mm tank ammunition. The Jordanian M60 Phoenix is notable for packing heavier punch than other upgunned M60s, that have 120 mm/L44 guns.
Arjun Mk 1		2004	India	141			The first prototype of the Arjun main battle tank was built in 1989, 15 pre-production prototypes were built by 1996. Production variant designated as Arjun MK1 entered service with the Indian Army in 2004. MK1A variant of Arjun was developed and entered service with the Indian Army in 2021.
C2 Ariete		2005	Italy	200			The C2 Ariete was revealed in 2005. It has a modular armor, 120 mm smoothbore gun fitted with an autoloader, hydropneumatic suspension, 1500 hp engine and more advanced fire control system.
Mobarez		2006	Iran	50			A domestically upgraded version of the British Chieftain tank by Iran.
T-90S Bhishma		2006	India	330			The T-90S Bhishma is a vehicle tailored for Indian service, improving upon the T-90S, and developed with assistance from Russia and France. The tanks are equipped with the French Thales-built Catherine-FC thermal sights. They use Russian Kontakt-5 explosive reactive armour, in addition to the primary armor, which consists of laminated plates and ceramic layers with high-tensile properties. The new welded turrets first developed for the Indian T-90S Bhishma have more advanced armour protection than the early cast turrets.
Type 96A/B		2006	People's Republic of China	2500			Type 96G (also referred as Type 96A). It is an upgraded version of the Type 96, fitted with explosive reactive armor and thermal imaging system for all-weather, day/night operation. It was revealed in 2006. It is believed that upgraded vehicles approach the Type 99 in terms of protection, firepower and mobility. Weight of upgraded MBT increased to 42.8 t. All Type 96 tanks might be upgraded to this standard. This tank is also proposed for export customers as the VT2B. In 2016 a new version of the Type 96G emerged, which is most likely to be fitted with a new engine.
Sabra Mk I / II		2007	United States Israel	630			An extensively upgraded M60 Patton tank developed by Israel Military Industries.
		2009	Israel Turkey	450			The Sabra Mk II is known as the M60T in Turkish service.
M60A3 SLEP		2019	Taiwan	—			Taiwanese 2019 Service Life Extension Program (SLEP) modular update of the M60A3 in conjunction with Elbit Systems. Upgrades includes MG251/L44 120 mm gun with a semi-automatic load assist, Elbit Knight Independent Fire Control System (IFCS) with an independent thermal commander's sight, laser range finder, an RWR/IR warning system and Curtis-Wright electric turret drive. Improved hull suspension, improved NBC protection system and modular active and reactive armor packages.
Cheonma-2		2020	North Korea	9			An unidentified model of a North Korean main battle tank was unveiled during the military parade that commemorated the 75th anniversary of the foundation of the Worker's Party. It was initially given the unofficial name "M2020" by South Korean media. Its design is a mix of the American M1 Abrams, Russian T-14 Armata and the Iranian Zulfiqar Tank. It is equipped with composite armour, reactive armour and possibly an autoloader. The main armament is the Soviet 2A46 125 mm gun. Its secondary armament includes a Russian AGS-30 automatic grenade launcher, two Bulsae-3 anti-tank missiles and an unidentified co-axial machine gun.

Modernized

These are third-generation tanks modernized with fourth-generation technology.

Name	Year first built	Year entered service	Origin	No. built	Mass	Engine Power	Notes
Leopard 2NG	2011	—	Germany Turkey	1	65 tons		The Leopard 2NG (Next Generation) is a privately funded Turkish upgrade by ASELSAN that includes the application of AMAP, upgraded optics, completely overhauled turret mechanics, and a new fire control system on the work since 1995 and to be delivered by late 2011, which is intended to be used on the new Altay MBT. It was developed without an order from the Turkish Army, but might meet the requirements for the modernization of the Turkish Leopard 2A4s. The old powerpack and the L/44 gun barrel are kept, but the combat weight is increased to 65 tonnes.
Mark 4M Meil Ruach		2011	Israel	300			Merkava Mark IV equipped with the Trophy active protection system (APS), designated "Meil Ruach" (Hebrew: מעיל רוח; "Windbreaker" or "Wind Coat"). the Merkava IVm now equips all active service combat brigades.
T-84 Oplot-M		2013	Soviet Union Ukraine	54	51 tons		The newest and most sophisticated version of the T-84 is an upgraded version of the "T-84 Oplot" mounting more advanced armor, new electronic countermeasure systems, and others. One visible feature is the new PNK-6 panoramic tank sight. The T-84 Oplot-T is an export version for Thailand.
T-90MS/M		2013	Soviet Union Russia	100			The main features include the modernisation of the old turret design, which is equipped with the new advanced fire control system "Kalina" (with integrated combat information and control systems), improved armor on the ammo carousel, and a new upgraded 2A46M-5 gun, as well as a remote-controlled anti-aircraft gun "UDP T05BV-1". T-90MS is the export version, also known as T-90SM.
K1A2		2013	South Korea	480			Upgraded variant of the K1A1 with the technology of the K2 Black Panther. It features additional systems such as a digital battlefield control system, IFF system, front and rear surveillance camera and navigation system, and with improved real-time information sharing, inter-combat vehicle operation, friendly fire prevention and driver operability.
Type 99A		2014	China	600		1500 hp	The Type 99G is a Chinese main battle tank. It is an improved version of the Type 99, which was adopted by the Chinese Army back in 2001. This tank is also referred as the Type 99A, Type 99A1 and Type 99A2. It has a number of improvements over the baseline Type 99, related with fire control, targeting and countermeasures systems and modified suspension.
Leopard 2A7+		2014	Germany	106			The Leopard 2A7+ is an advanced third generation tank and has been tested by the Bundeswehr under the name UrbOp (Urban Operations). Is designed to operate both in low-intensity and high-intensity conflicts. The tank's protection has been increased by modular armour. The frontal protection has been improved with a dual kit on the turret and hull front, while 360° protection against RPGs and mine protection increases the survivability of the tank in urban operations. The modular armour's system components were first used by Canada in Afghanistan. It can fire programmable high explosive munitions. The turret-mounted MG3 has been replaced with a stabilised FLW remote weapon station. Mobility, sustainability, and situational awareness have also been improved. In December 2018, Hungary ordered 44 2A7+s, making them the second operator of the improved version, after Qatar.
VT-4		2016	China	<100			The VT4 is a Chinese main battle tank, developed specially for export. It is also known as the MBT-3000. It is being marketed by NORINCO. This tank can be seen as a simplified export version of the Type 99G, which is used by the China's Army. The VT4 is a further development of the VT1A, which is in turn a downgraded export version of the Type 99.
T-80BVM		2017	Soviet Union Russia	>220			Up to 300 units, new "Relikt" ERA, PNM Sosna-U gunner sight (as in T-90 and T-72B3), improved 2A46M-4 125mm gun, upgraded gas turbine engine, and upgrade of various other systems. Currently being delivered.
M1A2 SEPv3 / SEPv4		2017	United States	154			The M1A2 SEPv3 (formerly designated M1A2C) has increased power generation and distribution, better communications and networking, new Vehicle Health Management System (VHMS) and Line Replaceable Modules (LRMs) for improved maintenance, an Ammunition DataLink (ADL) to use airburst rounds, improved counter-IED armor package, improved FLIR using long- and mid-wave infrared, a low-profile CROWS RWS, Next Generation Armor Package (NGAP), and an Auxiliary Power Unit (APU) under armor to run electronics while stationary instead of the engine, visually distinguishing the version by a small exhaust at the left rear. More passive ballistic protection added to the turret faces, along with new Explosive Reactive Armor mountings (Abrams Reactive Armor Tile (ARAT)) and Trophy Active Protection systems added to the turret sides. Prototypes began testing in 2015, and the first were delivered in October 2017.
		2023	United States	—			The 2–12 Cavalry Regiment received the first M1A2 SEPv4 (formerly designated M1A2D) tank as of 21 January 2023. It was previously under development as of 29 March 2022. The Commander's Primary Sight, also known as the Commander's Independent Thermal Viewer, and Gunner's Primary Sight will be upgraded with third Gen FLIR, an improved laser rangefinder and color cameras. Additional improvements will include advanced meteorological sensors, laser warning/detection receivers, directional smoke grenade launchers and integration of the new XM1147 advanced multi-purpose (AMP) 120mm tank round. The AN/VVR-4 laser warning receiver and ROSY rapid obscurant system have been trialed by the US Army for adoption on the M1 Abrams tank and Bradley fighting vehicle. The SEPv4 was announced to be cancelled in September 2023 in favor of a new M1E3 which will include many of the features initially planned for the SEPv4 while reducing the tank's weight.
Karrar		2017	Iran	>150			Iranian MBT claimed to be on a par with the Russian T-90M and American M1A2. Both Iran and Russia, however, deny any Russian involvement in the project outside of the hull's original production.
Leopard 2PL		2020	Poland Germany	142			Modernized version of the Leopard 2A4 tank, used by the Polish Armed Forces. The upgrade included a new commander's control and monitoring system, the installation of an auxiliary power unit (APU), a new turret stowage compartment for crew equipment, the modernization of its main gun to use new types of programmable ammunition, and the integration of day/night rear camera for drivers. Included are customized towing vehicles due to the increased weight of the upgraded tank.
Arjun MK 1A		2021	India	17			The Arjun Mk 1A is an improved variant of the Arjun main battle tank. It has a redesigned turret protected with Kanchan composite armour, ERA and NERA. It has ALWCS active protection system and DRDO developed health monitoring system. Arjun MK1A has capability to fire indigenous gun-launched dual purpose missile viz, SAMHO. Arjun MK1A entered service with the Indian Army in 2021.
Ariete AMV		2022	Italy	125			The Ariete AMV is a mid life update (Ammodernamento di Mezza Vita) of the Ariete for 125 units and includes: Upgraded IVECO V12 MTCA with common-rail injection and 1,500 hp, upgraded transmission, new tracks, new electronics and optronics (LOTHAR SD for the gunner, Multispectral ATTILA D for the commander), add-on armor and mine protection and integration of SICCONA battlefield management system.
Merkava IV Barak		2023	Israel	—			The Merkava Mark 4 "Barak" (Lightning) is planned to enter service in 2023. The tank will have an upgraded Trophy APS, 360-degree day/night camera coverage for boosted situational awareness, a fighter jet–style heads-up display for the tank commander, and new sensors enabling it to independently acquire targets and strike them rapidly, as well as having electronic warfare abilities and advanced processing systems, and a directed energy system capable of intercepting drones and cruise missiles.
Haider MBT		2024	People's Republic of China Pakistan	—			Main battle tank designed and manufactured by the Heavy Industries Taxila for the Pakistan Army. It has various improvements in all aspects of mobility, protection and firepower. Features 125mm smoothbore gun, advanced fire control system that contains a variety of sensors and targeting devices and a new composite armor with ERA.

Fourth Generation

A generation of tanks developed since the beginning of the 21st century and implemented since the 2010s.

Name	Year first built	Year in service	Origin	No. built	Notes
Type 10	2010	2012	Japan	117	Development began in the 1990s, entered service in 2012. Heavy emphasis was placed on C4I capabilities as well as on performance, firepower, protection and mobility. The tank features an autoloader with a reload time of about 3.5 seconds and modular armor, which can be configured as needed. Thanks to size and weight reduction 84% of Japan's 17,920 bridges are passable for the Type 10, compared to only 65% for the Type 90 and 40% for mainstream western main battle tanks.
K2 Black Panther	2008	2014	South Korea	260	The development project was completed in 2008, but mass production was delayed when the company later decided to develop a domestic power pack, and it began to be serviced after being deployed to the South Korean Army from 2014. A total of 150 units will be produced for the fourth batch from 2024 to 2028.
T-14 Armata	2015	2024	Russia	"Low Tens"	Not in active service. First batch of 12 prototypes was delivered in 2015. In December 2021, the state-owned Rostec Corporation announced the start of serial production of 40 (which were not produced up to 2023). Its engine develops 1 350 hp (1 500 hp peak). It has a new Malakhit add-on explosive reactive armor. It uses electrical armament stabilization with an unmanned turret. It is armed with a 2A82 125 mm smoothbore gun.
Altay		2016 - Phase I 2023 - Phase II	Turkey South Korea	5 Phase I 2 Phase II	Turkish modern main battle tank based on South Korean K2 Black Panther developed by Otokar and produced by BMC under design assistance and technology transfer by Hyundai Rotem. Currently not in active service, only prototypes.
Leclerc XLR		2023	France	—	Newest upgrade package part of the SCORPION program. Inclusion of new tactical interfaces, new armor packages, RWS turret, as well as several additional sensors and grenade launchers. First units delivered in 2023, with a total fleet of 200 Leclerc XLR by 2030.
Leclerc Evolution	2024		France	—	A modified version of Leclerc XLR, intended mainly for export. Tank is equipped with a turret armed with the ASCALON (Autoloaded and SCALable Outperforming guN) gun, capable of firing 120 or 140 mm shells, an ARX30 turret, a PASEO sight coupled with a 7.62 mm machine gun, a "Trophy" active protection system and the ability to use remotely operated ammunition.
Panther KF51	—		Germany Hungary	3	Technology demonstrator created by Rheinmetall, armed with a 130mm gun. In August 2023, Hungary announced that it will join the development.
AbramsX	—		United States		A technology demonstrator of the M1 Abrams series, the AbramsX features include the XM360 electrothermal-chemical gun, an autoloader, unmanned turret, a hybrid diesel-electric power pack that gives 50% more fuel efficiency, a 30mm chain gun in a remote controlled weapon station, active protection systems, and a silent mode when running on electric power.
FMBT	2025		India		Variably referred to as the Arjun MK2, Next Generation Main Battle Tank (NGMBT) or Future MBT (FMBT), the FMBT is an upcoming main battle tank developed by DRDO for the Indian Army.
Challenger 3	2025		United Kingdom		Further development of the Challenger 2, the Challenger 3 has an all new turret with an improved hull. The L30A1 120 mm rifled gun has been replaced with the new NATO-Standard Rheinmetall L55A1 120 mm smoothbore gun; itself a derivative of Rheinmetall Rh-120 120 mm gun currently used in the Leopard 2A6 and 2A7. The Challenger 3 is due to enter service in 2025 with the total fleet being 148 tanks.
Unnamed Semi-Autonomous Next Gen Tank	—		China		In 2024, Chinese state media showcase images of China's next generation smart main battle tank. Suggested to will feature a 2-man crew and an integrated active protection system. A simulated cockpit showcase the tank's ability to be controlled unmanned. The tank is expected to rely on great levels of automation with reliance on AI to relieve the maintenance workload on the crew. It is expected to integrate features from the T-95 program, including a fully unmanned turret, armoured capsule, ability to control drones to support tank combat operations, and field-replaceable armor modules. Reported to feature a lightweight design of around 40 tons with electromagnetic armor. Other configurations may include a 30-ton light version and a 50-ton heavy version. Two possible variants were sighted pointing to different caliber guns, likely 105mm and 125mm.
EMBT	2018 - 2024		France Germany	—	EMBT (also E-MBT, European Main Battle Tank, Enhanced Main Battle Tank) is French-German prototype of the enhanced main battle tank developed and manufactured by the KNDS. First prototype was presented during the Eurosatory 2018, Second prototype tank was presented during the Eurosatory 2022. Third prototype was presented in 2024 and features a 140-millimeter ASCALON main gun with an autoloader and a coaxial 20×102-millimeter automatic gun and a remote controlled weapon station with ARX30 30mm x 113mm. Tank features six anti-drone radars, four laser and missile warning sensors, an acoustic gunshot detector and provides 360-degree coverage of the surroundings for enhanced situational awareness. EMBT also includes French Ministry of Defense's Prometheus active protection system, AI-enabled “SAFE” fire control system, an internally developed solution designed to assist the autonomous selection and queuing of weapon systems on board the platform to successfully prosecute targets in order of priority. Now, it's technology demonstrator for the Next/Future Generation Main Ground Combat System. Expected to replace the European Leopard 2 and Leclerc tanks.

Next/Future Generation

A generation of tanks developed since the beginning around of the 2020s and planned implementation from 2030s/2040s.

Name	Year first built	Year in service	Origin	No. built	Notes
Main Ground Combat System	2035-2045		European Union (France, Germany)		In September 2023 Germany and France announced to be working on next generation main battle tank, a successor to the Leopard 2 and Leclerc tank. In 2024, two models: Leclerc Evolution and EMBT ADT140 were presented that will be technology demonstrators for the future system. In addition to France and Germany, six another European states are also interested in the program: Belgium, Italy, Netherlands, Spain, Sweden and United Kingdom.
Decisive Lethality Platform	2035		United States		Prospective unmanned MBT, not presently in active development.

See also

• Armored bulldozer
• Armoured car
• Armoured personnel carrier (APC)
• Armoured fighting vehicle (AFV)
• Armoured fighting vehicle classification
• Armoured recovery vehicle
• Armoured vehicle-launched bridge
• ASM Program (cancelled due to the end of the Cold War)
• Cruiser tank
• Future Combat Systems Manned Ground Vehicles
• Future Combat Systems
• Future Force Unit of Action
• Heavy tank
• Improvised fighting vehicle
• Infantry fighting vehicle (IFV)
• Infantry mobility vehicle
• Infantry tank
• Light tank
• List of armoured fighting vehicles
• List of armoured trains
• List of main battle tanks by country
• List of modern armoured fighting vehicles
• List of U.S. military vehicles by model number
• Medium Mine Protected Vehicle
• Medium Tank
• Military engineering vehicle
• Reconnaissance vehicle
• Super-heavy tank
• Tank destroyer
• Tankette

Explanatory notes

• Note to the Pancerni website source: Translation of most important parts of 1st, 2nd, 2.5 and 3rd generation MBTs characteristics: "The first generation MBTs are tanks made immediately after WWII. The second generation MBTs have better sights in comparison to the first generation MBTs. Also second generation MBTs were the first ones to use laser sights and APFSDS rounds. The third generation consists of tanks armed with high caliber and velocity guns like M1A1 Abrams. Third generation tanks also use composite armour as well as armour made out of highly resistant sintered ceramic materials. Third generation tanks also have full stabilization system for the main gun. There are tanks between second and third generations, like Soviet T-72 which has powerful gun which would classify it as a third generation MBT but at the same time the stabilization system is much too primitive for it to a third generation MBT. It also lacks engine power to be a third generation MBT and has ammunition with less quality."

General and cited references

• Hilmes, Rolf (1983). Kampfpanzer: der Die Entwickelungen der Nachkriegszeit (in German). Frankfurt am Main: Verlag Soldat und Technik. ISBN 3-524-89001-6. OCLC 13410347.
• Hunnicutt, R. P. (1984). Patton: A History of the American Main Battle Tank. Novato, Calif.: Presidio Press. ISBN 0-89141-230-1. OCLC 471892846.
• Lamontagne, J. G. Pierre (2003). Are the Days of the Main Battle Tank Over? (PDF) (Master of Defence Studies). Toronto: Canadian Forces College.