Book of Mormon and the King James Bible
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The Book of Mormon contains many linguistic similarities to the King James Bible (KJV). In some cases, entire passages are duplicated in the Book of Mormon. Sometimes the quotation is explicit, as in the Second Book of Nephi, which contains 18 quoted chapters of the Book of Isaiah.
Other significant connections between the two books include Book of Mormon words and phrases that only appear in their KJV usage, perpetuation of Bible passages considered by some scholars to have been mistranslated in the KJV, and the possible presence of English homophones.
Most Mormons accept the miraculous origin theory of the Book of Mormon and deny that the KJV was a source for it, arguing that the alleged similarities between the two are artifacts of the divine nature of the creation of the work. In contrast, those who reject the miraculous origin of the Book of Mormon view the KJV as a major source for the Book of Mormon.
Members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) identify the Book of Mormon as the "stick of Joseph" and the Bible as the "stick of Judah" in Ezekiel 37:19:
Say unto them, Thus saith the Lord God; Behold, I will take the stick of Joseph, which is in the hand of Ephraim, and the tribes of Israel his fellows, and will put them with him, even with the stick of Judah, and make them one stick, and they shall be one in mine hand.
This link comes from revelation written in Doctrine and Covenants 27:5:
Behold, this is wisdom in me; wherefore, marvel not, for the hour cometh that I will drink of the fruit of the vine with you on the earth, and with Moroni, whom I have sent unto you to reveal the Book of Mormon, containing the fulness of my everlasting gospel, to whom I have committed the keys of the record of the stick of Ephraim.
Miraculous origin story
[edit]Adherents of Latter Day Saint movement generally believe the Book of Mormon has a miraculous origin. While Joseph Smith described the Book of Mormon as a "translation" of text written on golden plates, Smith had not studied ancient languages and did not "translate" in the traditional sense of the word. Smith claimed a divine origin for his ability to translate.
The existence of biblical passages in the Book of Mormon is explained in the text as being the result of Lehi's family bringing with them a set of brass plates from Jerusalem which containing the writings of Moses, Isaiah, and several prophets not mentioned in the Bible. Regarding this record, 1 Nephi 5:11 states:
And he beheld that they did contain the five books of Moses, which gave an account of the creation of the world, and also of Adam and Eve, who were our first parents;
While most contemporary secular and religious biblical scholars dates the completion of the Pentateuch to no earlier than the Persian period (538–323 B.C.),[1] those who accept the miraculous origin theory generally subscribe to the tradition of Mosaic authorship circa 1280 B.C.[2]
Mormon writers have noted that although the portions of the Book of Mormon that quote from the Bible are very similar to the KJV text, they are not identical.[3] Mormon scholars have also noted that at least seven[4] of "the ancient textual variants in question are not significantly different in meaning."[5]
The text of the Book of Mormon is written in an archaic style, and some Latter Day Saints have argued that one would expect a more modern 19th-century vocabulary if Smith had authored the book. The Book of Mormon also appears, according to Skousen, to use archaic phrases that are not found in the KJV but were in current usage at or around the time of its first publication in 1611. For example, in the 1830 edition of the Book of Mormon, the original text of what is now Alma 37:37 reads:
counsel the Lord in all thy doings, and he will direct thee for good;[6]
using the word "counsel" to mean "counsel with." When read in modern English, the text as originally written makes it sound as if "the Lord" was to be the one to be counseled. When the 1920 edition of the Book of Mormon was being prepared, the preposition "with" was added in this passage "so that readers would not misinterpret the language."[7] The text of Alma 37:37 now reads:
Counsel with the Lord in all thy doings, and he will direct thee for good;
The older sense of the word "counsel" became obsolete about 250 years prior to Smith's birth.
Another example is "but if" in the original text of Mosiah 3:19: "but if he yieldeth", compared to the current reading; "unless he yieldeth." The use of "but if" to mean "unless" ended around the beginning of the 17th century, predating Smith by 200 years [7]
Quotation of ancient sources
[edit]The quotation of Isaiah 2:16 by 2 Nephi 12:16, "And upon all the ships of the sea, and upon all the ships of Tarshish, and upon all pleasant pictures" is sometimes used as evidence of an ancient source for the Book of Mormon. The KJV contains only half the phrase, while the Septuagint contains the other half. The scholarly consensus is that the Septuagint is a mistranslation of the original Hebrew.[8][9] Isaiah 2:16 is part of a poetic section and is a rhyming couplet; the Book of Mormon contains three phrases at this section where the meter dictates there should be only two.[8][10] Numerous readily available bible commentaries in the early 1800s mentioned the Septaugint translation, including ones by John Wesley and Adam Clarke.[8][9][10]
One FARMS researcher, John A. Tvedtnes, performed comparisons of the Isaiah variants found in the Book of Mormon with the following versions of the Book of Isaiah: the Hebrew Massoretic text, the Dead Sea scrolls found at Qumran, the Aramaic Targumim, the Peshitta, the Septuagint, the Old Latin and Vulgate, and the Isaiah passages which are quoted in the New Testament. He argues that some of these comparisons show support for the Book of Mormon passages as having been derived from an ancient text.[11] A rebuttal to Tvedtnes's conclusions was given by David P. Wright.[12] In an analysis of each of the examples that Tvedtnes presented, Wright argues that the support given by Tvedtnes was "problematic as proof" and that in some cases Tvedtnes's analysis and evidence was "highly ambiguous, substantially incomplete, strained, or simply in error."
KJV as a source for Book of Mormon
[edit]Some critics of the Book of Mormon argue that the KJV was a significant source for the Book of Mormon text.[13][14]
Quotation of KJV in the Book of Mormon
[edit]The Book of Mormon explicitly quotes the prophet Isaiah, containing 19 chapters of the KJV of Isaiah in their entirety, along with parts of a few other chapters.[15] In total, approximately 30 percent of the Book of Isaiah is quoted in the Book of Mormon (Tvedtnes counts 478 verses in the Book of Mormon that are quoted from Isaiah, but notes that 207 show variations).[16]
The Book of Mormon also quotes from the KJV of other books.
| 1 Corinthians 13:4-7 | Charity suffereth long, and is kind; charity envieth not; charity vaunteth not itself, is not puffed up, Doth not behave itself unseemly, seeketh not her own, is not easily provoked, thinketh no evil; Rejoiceth not in iniquity, but rejoiceth in the truth; Beareth all things, believeth all things, hopeth all things, endureth all things. |
| Moroni | And charity suffereth long, and is kind, and envieth not, and is not puffed up, seeketh not her own, is not easily provoked, thinketh no evil, and rejoiceth not in iniquity but rejoiceth in the truth, beareth all things, believeth all things, hopeth all things, endureth all things. |
The Book of Mormon contains a version of the Sermon on the Mount, which some authors have claimed to be "the Achilles heel of the Book of Mormon."[5] One author makes the point that certain portions of the Greek manuscripts of Matthew 5–7 do not agree with the KJV of the text, and concludes that the Book of Mormon version of the sermon should not contain text similar to the KJV.[17]
Perpetuation of KJV translation variations
[edit]The KJV of 1769 contains translation variations which also occur in the Book of Mormon. A few examples are 2 Nephi 19:1, 2 Nephi 21:3, and 2 Nephi 16:2. The Book of Mormon references "dragons" and "satyrs" in 2 Nephi 23:21-22, matching the KJV of the Bible.
| Isaiah 2:16 | Isaiah 13:21 | Isaiah 11:3 | |
| Geneva Bible (1560) | all pleasant pictures | Satyrs shall dance there | shall make him prudent in the fear of the Lord |
| King James Bible (1611) | all pleasant pictures | satyrs shall dance there | shall make him of quick understanding in the fear of the LORD |
| Book of Mormon (1830) | all pleasant pictures (2 Nephi 12:16) |
satyrs shall dance there (2 Nephi 23:21) |
shall make him of quick understanding in the fear of the Lord (2 Nephi 21:3) |
| Webster's Revision (1833) | all pleasant pictures | satyrs shall dance there | will make him of quick understanding in the fear of the LORD |
| Young's Literal Translation (1862) | all desirable pictures | goats do skip there | To refresh him in the fear of Jehovah |
| Revised Standard Version (1952) | all the beautiful craft | there satyrs will dance | his delight shall be in the fear of the Lord |
| New American Standard Bible (1971) | all the beautiful craft | shaggy goats will frolic there. | He will delight in the fear of the LORD |
| New International Version (1978) | every stately vessel | wild goats will leap about | he will delight in the fear of the LORD |
| English Standard Version (2001) | all the beautiful craft | there wild goats will dance | his delight shall be in the fear of the LORD |
Use of English homophones
[edit]| Hebrew | Greek | Latin | English |
| שֶׁמֶשׁ shemesh |
Ἠέλιος Helios |
Sol | Sun |
| בֵּן ben |
υἱός huios |
Filius | Son |
Some examples of homophones found in the English Book of Mormon are the words strait and straight, and the words sun and son.[18]
A few passages in the Book of Mormon use phrases from the KJV, but with certain words changed to English homophones. For example, 3 Nephi 25:2 reads, "But unto you that fear my name, shall the Son of Righteousness arise with healing in his wings; and ye shall go forth and grow up as calves in the stall." This is identical to Malachi 4:2, except that the word "Son" is used in place of "Sun". The two words are homophones in English but dissimilar in Hebrew and in Egyptian.
Unique words and phrases
[edit]There are many words and phrases which, when found in the Book of Mormon, exist only in a KJV context, suggesting that the words were not part of the author's daily vocabulary, but were used only in borrowings from the KJV. For example, "fervent" and "elements" each appear twice, both times together in the same phrase, and in the same context as 2 Peter 3:10 (3 Nephi 26:3, Mormon 9:2). Also, "talent" is used only once, in the same context as Matthew 25:28 (Ether 12:35).[19]
Archaic language
[edit]The Book of Mormon uses an archaic vocabulary and grammar that reflects 16th- and 17th-century usage (Jacobean English) as opposed to the 19th-century American English.[7] Examples include the use of the word "require" to mean "to request" in Enos 1:18 (compare to KJV Ezra 8:22) and use of "to cast arrows" to mean "to shoot arrows" in Alma 49:4 (compare to KJV Proverbs 26:18).[7]
Example parallels
[edit]Example parallels include:[20]
| BOM | KJV |
| I am in the Father, and the Father in me; and in me hath the Father glorified his name. I came unto my own, and my own received me not. And the scriptures, concerning my coming are fulfilled. And as many as have received me, to them have I given to become the Sons of God; and even so will I to as many as shall believe on my name: for behold, by me redemption cometh, and in me is the law of Moses fulfilled. I am the light and the life of the world. I am Alpha and Omega, the beginning and the end.[21] |
Believest thou not that I am in the Father, and the Father in me?[22] He came unto his own, and his own received him not. But as many as received him, to them gave he power to become the sons of God, even to them that believe on his name[23] |
| And whoso believeth in me, and is baptized, the same shall be saved; and they are they who shall inherit the kingdom of God. And whoso believeth not in me, and is not baptized, shall be damned.[25] | He that believeth and is baptized shall be saved; but he that believeth not shall be damned.[26] |
| That other sheep I have which are not of this fold; them also I must bring, and they shall hear my voice; and there shall be one fold, and one shepherd.[27] | And other sheep I have, which are not of this fold: them also I must bring, and they shall hear my voice; and there shall be one fold, and one shepherd.[28] |
See also
[edit]
Notes
[edit]- ^ Sperry 1995a
- ^ Modern Scholarship in the Study of Torah: Contributions and Limitations, Ed. Shalom Carmy, and Handbook of Jewish Thought, Volume I, by Aryeh Kaplan.
- ^ Sperry 1995c
- ^ Out of some twenty-five thousand—see Majority text, Textus Receptus, Codex Sinaiticus, Codex Alexandrinus, Codex Vaticanus, Codex Bezae, Alexandrian text-type, Byzantine text-type, Western text-type and Caesarean text-type—most of which are minor, which distinguish the basis of the KJV and its version of the Sermon on the Mount (from a mistranslation of Desiderius Erasmus's Textus Receptus of the 15th century) from more ancient and correct manuscripts.
- ^ a b Welch 1994
- ^ Book of Mormon, 1830 Edition, p. 330.
- ^ a b c d Skousen 2005
- ^ a b c Pike, Dana M. and Seely, David R. (2005) "Upon All the Ships of the Sea, and Upon All the Ships of Tarshish": Revisiting 2 Nephi 12:16 and Isaiah 2:16," Journal of Book of Mormon Studies: Vol. 14: No. 2, Article 4.
- ^ a b Ronald V. Huggins; "Without a Cause" and "Ships of Tarshish": A Possible Contemporary Source for Two Unexplained Readings from Joseph Smith. Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought 1 April 2003; 36 (1): 157–179. doi: https://doi.org/10.2307/45226934
- ^ a b David P. Wright, "Joseph Smith's Interpretations of Isaiah in the Book of Mormon," Dialogue 31, no. 4 (Winter 1998): 182-206; and Wright, "Isaiah in the Book of Mormon," 157-234
- ^ Tvedtnes 1984
- ^ Wright, David P. (2002). "Isaiah in the Book of Mormon: or Joseph Smith in Isaiah". In Vogel, Dan; Metcalfe, Brent Lee (eds.). American Apocrypha: Essays on the Book of Mormon. Salt Lake City: Signature Books. pp. 157–234. ISBN 1560851511. OCLC 47870060..
This paper, in slightly revised form, is available online at: Wright, David P. (August 1998), "Isaiah in the Book of Mormon ...and Joseph Smith in Isaiah", Mormon Central - ^ Abanes, Richard (2003), One Nation Under Gods: A History of the Mormon Church, Thunder's Mouth Press, p. 72, ISBN 1-56858-283-8
- ^ Tanner, Jerald and Sandra (1987), Mormonism - Shadow or Reality?, Utah Lighthouse Ministry, pp. 73–80, ISBN 99930-74-43-8
- ^ Specifically, chapters 2–14, 48–51, 53, and 54 of Isaiah are quoted in the Book of Mormon. Most of Isaiah 52 is also contained in the Book of Mormon.
- ^ Tvedtnes 1984
- ^ Larson 1993
- ^ Reynolds & Skousen 2001
- ^ "Words and phrases used in a KJV context". Archived from the original on 1998-12-02.
- ^ Grant Palmer, Insider's View[full citation needed]
- ^ 3 Nephi 9
- ^ John 14
- ^ John 1
- ^ Rev 22
- ^ 3 Nephi 11
- ^ Mark 16
- ^ 3 Nephi 15
- ^ John 10
References
[edit]- Larson, Stan (1978), "Conjectural Emendation and the Text of the Book of Mormon" (PDF), BYU Studies, 18 (4), Provo, Utah: Brigham Young University[permanent dead link].
- Larson, Stan (June 1993), Metcalf, Brent Lee (ed.), "The Historicity of the Matthean Sermon on the Mount in 3 Nephi", New Approaches to the Book of Mormon: Explorations in Critical Methodology, Salt Lake City, Utah: Signature Books, ISBN 1560850175.
- Parry, Donald W; Ricks, Stephen D (March 2000), The Dead Sea Scrolls: Questions and Responses for Latter-day Saints, Maxwell Institute, pp. 41–50, ISBN 0934893519, retrieved 2007-04-26.
- Reynolds, Noel B; Skousen, Royal (2001), "Was the Path Nephi Saw "Strait and Narrow" or "Straight and Narrow"", Journal of Book of Mormon Studies, 10 (2), Provo, Utah: Maxwell Institute: 30–33, doi:10.5406/jbookmormstud.10.2.0030, S2CID 127970445, archived from the original on 2007-04-18, retrieved 2007-04-27.
- Skousen, Royal (2005), "The Archaic Vocabulary of the Book of Mormon", FARMS Insights, 25 (5), Provo, Utah: Maxwell Institute, archived from the original on 2011-07-19, retrieved 2007-04-16.
- Sperry, Sidney B (1995a), "The Book of Mormon and the Problem of the Pentateuch", Journal of Book of Mormon Studies, 4 (1), Provo, Utah: Maxwell Institute: 119–28, doi:10.2307/44758770, JSTOR 44758770, S2CID 165123974, archived from the original on 2011-09-30, retrieved 2007-04-16.
- Sperry, Sidney B (1995b), "The "Isaiah Problem" in the Book of Mormon", Journal of Book of Mormon Studies, 4 (1), Provo, Utah: Maxwell Institute: 129–52, doi:10.2307/44758771, JSTOR 44758771, S2CID 191646397, retrieved 2007-04-16[permanent dead link].
- Sperry, Sidney B (1995c), "The Book of Mormon and the Problem of the Sermon on the Mount", Journal of Book of Mormon Studies, 4 (1), Provo, Utah: Maxwell Institute: 153–65, doi:10.2307/44758772, JSTOR 44758772, S2CID 165075492, archived from the original on 2022-10-04, retrieved 2022-10-04.
- Tvedtnes, John A (1984), "Isaiah Variants in the Book of Mormon", Featured Papers, Provo, Utah: Maxwell Institute, archived from the original on 2007-04-08, retrieved 2007-04-16.
- Welch, John W (1994), "Approaching New Approaches", FARMS Review of Books, 6 (1), Provo, Utah: Maxwell Institute, archived from the original on 2007-04-06, retrieved 2007-04-26.
External links
[edit]- Bible References about The Book of Mormon (Mormon Source) from "Moroni's Latter-Day Saint Page" at Moroni10.com
- Origins of the Book of Mormon (Non-Mormon Source) from "Joseph Smith and the Origins of The Book of Mormon" at mrm.org