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America's Cup

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This article is about the international yachting race and trophy. For other uses, see America's Cup (disambiguation). For the most recent race, see 2024 America's Cup.

America's Cup
The America's Cup trophy (ewer), photographed c. 1890–1915
SportSailing match race
Founded1851; 173 years ago (1851)
Most recent
champion(s)		 Royal New Zealand Yacht Squadron (4th title)
Most titles New York Yacht Club (25 titles)
Official websiteAmericasCup.com

The America's Cup is a sailing competition and the oldest international competition still operating in any sport.[1][2][3] America's Cup match races are held between two sailing yachts: one from the yacht club that currently holds the trophy (known as the defender) and the other from the yacht club that is challenging for the cup (the challenger). The winner is awarded the America's Cup trophy, informally known as the Auld Mug. Matches are held several years apart on dates agreed between the defender and the challenger. There is no fixed schedule, but the races have generally been held every three to four years. The most recent America's Cup match took place in March 2021.[4]

Any yacht club that meets the requirements specified in the Deed of Gift of the America's Cup has the right to challenge the yacht club that currently holds the cup. If the challenging club wins the match, it gains stewardship of the cup. From the first defence of the cup in 1870 until the twentieth defence in 1967, there was always only one challenger. In 1970 multiple challengers applied, so a Challenger Selection Series was held to decide which applicant would become the official challenger and compete in the America's Cup match. This approach has been used for each subsequent competition.[5]

The history and prestige associated with the America's Cup attracts the world's top sailors, yacht designers, wealthy entrepreneurs and sponsors. It is a test of sailing skill, boat and sail design, and fundraising and management skills. Competing for the cup is expensive, with modern teams spending more than $US100 million each;[6] the 2013 winner was estimated to have spent $US300 million on the competition. The America's Cup is currently held by the Royal New Zealand Yacht Squadron,[7] who successfully defended the 36th America's Cup in March 2021 using an AC75 foiling monohull called Te Rehutai, owned and sailed by the Team New Zealand syndicate.

The next America's Cup will be held between the defending Royal New Zealand Yacht Squadron and the Royal Yacht Squadron's INEOS Britannia from 12 October 2024 in Barcelona, Spain. Both the 37th and 38th America's Cup matches will be sailed in AC75 class yachts.

History

Main article: History of the America's Cup

The America's Cup is the oldest competition in international sport, and the fourth oldest continuous sporting trophy of any kind.[8][better source needed] The cup itself was manufactured in 1848 and first called the "RYS £100 Cup". It was first raced for on 22 August 1851 around the Isle of Wight off Southampton and Portsmouth in Hampshire, England, in a fleet race between the New York Yacht Club's America and 15 yachts of the Royal Yacht Squadron. The race was witnessed by Queen Victoria and the future Edward VII and won by America. This is considered to be the first America's Cup race.

On 8 July 1857, the surviving members of the America syndicate donated the cup to the New York Yacht Club via the Deed of Gift of the America's Cup filed with the New York Supreme Court.[9] The deed is the primary instrument that governs the rules to make a valid challenge for the America's Cup and the rules of conduct of the races. It states that the cup "is donated upon the condition that it shall be preserved as a perpetual challenge Cup for friendly competition between foreign countries", outlines how a foreign yacht club can make a challenge to the holder of the cup and what happens if they do not agree on how the match should be conducted. The deed makes it "distinctly understood that the cup is to be the property of the club [that has most recently won a match for the cup], subject to the provisions of this deed, and not the property of the owner or owners of any vessel winning a match".

The trophy was held by the NYYC from 1857 until 1983. The NYYC successfully defended the trophy 24 times in a row before being defeated by the Royal Perth Yacht Club, represented by the yacht Australia II. Including the original 1851 victory, the NYYC's 132-year reign was the longest (in terms of time) winning streak in any sport.[10]

Early matches for the cup were raced between yachts 65–90 ft (20–27 m) on the waterline owned by wealthy sportsmen. This culminated with the J-Class regattas of the 1930s. After World War II and almost twenty years without a challenge, the NYYC made changes to the deed of gift to allow smaller, less expensive 12-metre class yachts to compete; this class was used from 1958 until 1987. It was replaced in 1990 by the International America's Cup Class, which was used until 2007.

After a long legal battle, the 2010 America's Cup was raced in 90 ft (27 m) waterline multihull yachts in Valencia, Spain. The victorious Golden Gate Yacht Club then elected to race the 2013 America's Cup in AC72 foiling, wing-sail catamarans and successfully defended the cup. The 2017 America's Cup match was sailed in 50 ft (15 m) foiling catamarans,[11] after legal battles and disputes over the rule changes.[12]

The America's Cup trophy

The Cup, also known as the Auld Mug, is an ornate sterling silver bottomless ewer crafted in 1848 by Garrard & Co.[13] Henry William Paget, 1st Marquess of Anglesey, bought one and donated it for the Royal Yacht Squadron's 1851 Annual Regatta around the Isle of Wight.

The cup was originally known as the 'R.Y.S. £100 Cup', awarded in 1851 by the British Royal Yacht Squadron for a race around the Isle of Wight in the United Kingdom. The winning yacht was a schooner called America, owned by a syndicate of members from the New York Yacht Club (NYYC). In 1857, the syndicate permanently donated the trophy to the NYYC, under a Deed of Gift that renamed the trophy as the 'America's Cup' after the first winner and required it be made available for perpetual international competition.

It was originally known as the "R.Y.S. £100 Cup", standing for a cup of a hundred GB Pounds or "sovereigns" in value. The cup was subsequently mistakenly engraved[14] as the "100 Guinea Cup" by the America syndicate, but was also referred to as the "Queen's Cup" (a guinea is an old monetary unit of one pound and one shilling, now £1.05). Today, the trophy is officially known as the "America's Cup" after the 1851 winning yacht, and is affectionately called the "Auld Mug" by the sailing community. It is inscribed with names of the yachts that competed for it,[14] and has been modified twice by adding matching bases to accommodate more names.

Rules for issuing challenge

All challenges for the America's Cup are made under the Deed of Gift of the America's Cup, which outlines who can challenge for the cup, and what information a challenge must provide to the defender. The deed then allows for most of the arrangements for the match to be made by negotiation and mutual consent, but provides a backstop in the event agreement is not reached. The first valid challenge that is made must be accepted by the defender or it must forfeit the cup to that valid challenger or negotiate other terms.[15]

To be eligible, a challenging club must be "an organized yacht Club" of a country other than the defender, which is "incorporated, patented, or licensed by the legislature, admiralty or other executive department". The club must hold an "annual regatta [on] an ocean water course on the sea, or on an arm of the sea, or one which combines both".[16] The New York Supreme Court and the New York Court of Appeals have held that this means the challenging club must in fact "have held at least one qualifying annual regatta before it submits its Notice of Challenge to a Defender and demonstrate that it will continue to have qualifying annual regattas on an ongoing basis" and not merely intend to hold its first annual regatta before the envisaged America's Cup match.[17] The New York Supreme Court has also found that the Great Lakes between the United States and Canada are arms of the sea, allowing clubs with regattas on those lakes to be challengers.[18]

The challenge document must give dates for the proposed races, which must be no less than 10 months from the date the challenge is made, and within date ranges specified for both the northern and southern hemispheres. The challenge document must also provide information on the yacht, including length on load water line; beam at load water line, and extreme beam; and draught of water. If the yacht has one mast, it must be between 44 and 90 feet (13 and 27 m) on the load water line. If it has more than one mast, it must be between 80 and 115 feet (24 and 35 m) on the load water line. These dimensions may not be exceeded by either challenger or defender. The yachts must be propelled by sails only and be constructed in the country to which the challenging and defending clubs belong. Centreboard or sliding keel vessels are allowed with no restrictions nor limitations, and neither the centre-board nor sliding keel is considered a part of the vessel for any purposes of measurement.[19] As long as these rules are met, the New York Court of Appeals has ruled that defender may use a boat of a different category to the challenger, such as meeting a challenge in a monohull with a catamaran.[20]

Under the deed, the defender and challenger "may by mutual consent make any arrangement satisfactory to both as to the dates, courses, number of trials, rules and sailing regulations, and any and all other conditions of the match, in which case also the ten months' notice may be waived".[16] Since 1958, the practice has usually been for the defender and challenger to agree that the challenger shall be a Challenger of Record, which then arranges a Challenger Series involving a number of other yacht clubs from countries other than that of the defender.[21] The yacht that wins the Challenger Series wins the Herbert Pell Cup and also an associated sponsored cup such as the Prada Cup in 2021 or the Louis Vuitton Cup from 1983 to 2017, and again in 2024.

However, if the challenger and defender cannot agree, the deed provides a backstop, requiring a first-to-two match on ocean courses defined in the deed, at a venue selected by the defender, under its rules and sailing regulations so far as they do not conflict with the provisions of the deed, on the dates submitted by the challenger and in yachts meeting the terms of the deed and the challenge notice.[16]

Challengers and defenders

Main article: List of America's Cup challengers and defenders
Challengers and defenders
Rule Year Venue Defending club Defender Score Challenger Challenging club
Fleet racing 1851 Isle of Wight United Kingdom Royal Yacht Squadron 8 cutters and 7 schooners, runner-up Aurora 0–1 John Cox Stevens syndicate, America United States New York Yacht Club
1870 New York City United States New York Yacht Club 17 schooners, winner Franklin Osgood's Magic 1–0 James Lloyd Ashbury, Cambria United Kingdom Royal Thames Yacht Club
Schooner
match 		1871 New York City United States New York Yacht Club Franklin Osgood, Columbia (2–1) and
William Proctor Douglas, Sappho (2–0) 		4–1 James Lloyd Ashbury, Livonia United Kingdom Royal Harwich Yacht Club
1876 New York City United States New York Yacht Club John Stiles Dickerson, Madeleine 2–0 Charles Gifford, Countess of Dufferin Canada Royal Canadian Yacht Club
65 ft sloop 1881 New York City United States New York Yacht Club Joseph Richard Busk, Mischief 2–0 Alexander Cuthbert, Atalanta Canada Bay of Quinte Yacht Club
NYYC 85ft 1885 New York City United States New York Yacht Club John Malcolm Forbes syndicate, Puritan 2–0 Sir Richard Sutton, Genesta United Kingdom Royal Yacht Squadron
1886 New York City United States New York Yacht Club Charles Jackson Paine, Mayflower 2–0 Lt. & Mrs. William Henn, Galatea United Kingdom Royal Northern Yacht Club
1887 New York City United States New York Yacht Club Charles Jackson Paine, Volunteer 2–0 James Bell syndicate, Thistle United Kingdom Royal Clyde Yacht Club
SCYC 85ft 1893 New York City United States New York Yacht Club Charles Oliver Iselin syndicate, Vigilant 3–0 Earl of Dunraven, Valkyrie II United Kingdom Royal Yacht Squadron
SCYC 90ft 1895 New York City United States New York Yacht Club William K. Vanderbilt syndicate, Defender 3–0 Earl of Dunraven syndicate, Valkyrie III United Kingdom Royal Yacht Squadron
1899 New York City United States New York Yacht Club J. Pierpont Morgan syndicate, Columbia 3–0 Sir Thomas Lipton, Shamrock United Kingdom Royal Ulster Yacht Club
1901 New York City United States New York Yacht Club J. Pierpont Morgan syndicate, Columbia 3–0 Sir Thomas Lipton, Shamrock II United Kingdom Royal Ulster Yacht Club
1903 New York City United States New York Yacht Club Cornelius Vanderbilt III syndicate, Reliance 3–0 Sir Thomas Lipton, Shamrock III United Kingdom Royal Ulster Yacht Club
Universal 75 ft 1920 New York City United States New York Yacht Club Henry Walters syndicate, Resolute 3–2 Sir Thomas Lipton, Shamrock IV United Kingdom Royal Ulster Yacht Club
Universal
J-Class 		1930 Newport United States New York Yacht Club Harold S. Vanderbilt syndicate, Enterprise 4–0 Sir Thomas Lipton, Shamrock V United Kingdom Royal Ulster Yacht Club
1934 Newport United States New York Yacht Club Harold S. Vanderbilt syndicate, Rainbow 4–2 Sir Thomas Sopwith, Endeavour United Kingdom Royal Yacht Squadron
1937 Newport United States New York Yacht Club Harold S. Vanderbilt, Ranger 4–0 Sir Thomas Sopwith, Endeavour II United Kingdom Royal Yacht Squadron
IYRU 12mR 1958 Newport United States New York Yacht Club Henry Sears, Columbia 4–0 Hugh Goodson syndicate, Sceptre United Kingdom Royal Yacht Squadron
1962 Newport United States New York Yacht Club Mercer, Walsh, Frese syndicate, Weatherly 4–1 Sir Frank Packer, Gretel Australia Royal Sydney Yacht Squadron
1964 Newport United States New York Yacht Club Eric Ridder syndicate, Constellation 4–0 Anthony Boyden, Sovereign United Kingdom Royal Thames Yacht Club
1967 Newport United States New York Yacht Club William Justice Strawbridge syndicate, Intrepid 4–0 Emil Christensen, Dame Pattie Australia Royal Sydney Yacht Squadron
1970 Newport United States New York Yacht Club William Justice Strawbridge syndicate, Intrepid 4–1 Sir Frank Packer, Gretel II Australia Royal Sydney Yacht Squadron
1974 Newport United States New York Yacht Club Robert Willis McCullough syndicate, Courageous 4–0 Alan Bond, Southern Cross Australia Royal Perth Yacht Club
1977 Newport United States New York Yacht Club Ted Turner, Courageous 4–0 Alan Bond, Australia Australia Sun City Yacht Club
1980 Newport United States New York Yacht Club Freedom syndicate, Freedom 4–1 Alan Bond, Australia Australia Royal Perth Yacht Club
1983 Newport United States New York Yacht Club Freedom syndicate, Liberty 3–4 Alan Bond, Australia II Australia Royal Perth Yacht Club
1987 Fremantle Australia Royal Perth Yacht Club Kevin Parry, Kookaburra III 0–4 Sail America, Stars & Stripes 87 United States San Diego Yacht Club
DOG match 1988 San Diego United States San Diego Yacht Club Sail America, Stars & Stripes 88 2–0 Fay Richwhite, KZ-1 New Zealand New Zealand Mercury Bay Boating Club
IACC 1992 San Diego United States San Diego Yacht Club Bill Koch, America3 4–1 Raul Gardini, Il Moro di Venezia Italy Compagnia della Vela
1995 San Diego United States San Diego Yacht Club Sail America, Young America 0–5 Team New Zealand, Black Magic New Zealand Royal New Zealand Yacht Squadron
2000 Auckland New Zealand Royal New Zealand Yacht Squadron Team New Zealand, NZL-60 5–0 Prada Challenge, Luna Rossa Italy Yacht Club Punta Ala
2003 Auckland New Zealand Royal New Zealand Yacht Squadron Team New Zealand, NZL 82 0–5 Alinghi, SUI-64 Switzerland Société Nautique de Genève
2007 Valencia Switzerland Société Nautique de Genève Alinghi, SUI-100 5–2 Team New Zealand, NZL-92 New Zealand Royal New Zealand Yacht Squadron
DOG match 2010 Valencia Switzerland Société Nautique de Genève Alinghi, Alinghi 5 0–2 BMW Oracle Racing, USA-17 United States Golden Gate Yacht Club
AC72 2013 San Francisco United States Golden Gate Yacht Club Oracle Team USA, Oracle Team USA 17 9–8[a] Team New Zealand, Aotearoa New Zealand Royal New Zealand Yacht Squadron
AC50 2017 Bermuda United States Golden Gate Yacht Club Oracle Team USA, 17 1–7[b] Team New Zealand, Aotearoa[24] New Zealand Royal New Zealand Yacht Squadron
AC75 2021 Auckland New Zealand Royal New Zealand Yacht Squadron Emirates Team New Zealand, Te Rehutai 7–3 Luna Rossa Prada Pirelli, Luna Rossa Italy Circolo della Vela Sicilia
2024 Barcelona New Zealand Royal New Zealand Yacht Squadron Emirates Team New Zealand, Taihoro - INEOS Britannia, Britannia United Kingdom Royal Yacht Squadron
  1. ^ Oracle Team USA, representing the Golden Gate Yacht Club, started the 2013 first-to-win-nine-races match with a two-race deficit due to a penalty applied for modifications to the team's AC45-class yachts during the America's Cup World Series (ACWS). The modifications were held to be an intentional violation of the AC45 one-design rules, and as the ACWS was deemed to be a part of the America's Cup event, a penalty was assessed against Oracle Team USA in the America's Cup Match.[22][23]
  2. ^ Team New Zealand started the match on −1 due to Oracle's victory in the Qualifier round robins

Records of winning clubs and skippers

Main article: List of yacht clubs that have competed for the America's Cup

Winning clubs

United States New York Yacht Club: 25–1
New Zealand Royal New Zealand Yacht Squadron: 4–3
United States San Diego Yacht Club: 3–1
Switzerland Société Nautique de Genève: 2–1
United States Golden Gate Yacht Club: 2–1
Australia Royal Perth Yacht Club: 1–3

Multiple winning skippers

New Zealand Russell Coutts – Wins 1995, 2000, 2003 – Won 14 / Lost 0
United States Dennis Conner – Wins 1980, 1987, 1988 – Won 13 / Lost 5
United States Harold Stirling Vanderbilt – Wins 1930, 1934, 1937 – Won 12 / Lost 2
United Kingdom Charlie Barr – Wins 1899, 1901, 1903 – Won 9 / Lost 0
Australia Jimmy Spithill – Wins 2010, 2013 – Won 17 / Lost 23

Reference[25][26]

In 1928, Goodyear chairman Paul W. Litchfield began a tradition of naming the company's blimps after America's Cup yachts, including America, Puritan, Mayflower, Volunteer, Vigilant, Defender, Reliance, Resolute, Enterprise, Rainbow, Ranger, Columbia and Stars & Stripes.[27]

The 1988 parody film Return of the Killer Tomatoes included background TV coverage of "Full Contact America's Cup" yacht racing.

The 1992 film Wind is largely about the America's Cup racing towards the end of the 12-meter era. Although the names have been changed, it is largely about Dennis Conner's 1980s loss and comeback.[28][29]

The documentary The Wind Gods: 33rd America's Cup (2011) centres around Oracle Team USA's efforts to challenge for the 33rd America's Cup.[30][31] David Ellison collaborated with American journalist Julian Guthrie on the film; Guthrie later authored The Billionaire and the Mechanic, a non-fiction book detailing the history of Oracle Team USA.

In 2021, Australian psychedelic rock band Pond released a single titled America's Cup.[32] The song centres around the gentrification of Western Australia and Fremantle, the host city of the 1987 America's Cup, after Australia's victory of the 1983 America's Cup with the yacht Australia II.[33] The music video prominently features the America's Cup trophy being 'auctioned' off to the highest bidder.[34][35]

In 2022, Netflix released Untold: The Race of the Century, a film about the Australian team's win in the 1983 race.[36]

See also

References

  1. ^ "A Brief History of the America's Cup". America's Cup Event Authority LLC. Archived from the original on 7 February 2021. Retrieved 14 March 2021.
  2. ^ "America's Cup". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 31 March 2017. Retrieved 26 March 2017.
  3. ^ "About America's Cup". Sir Peter Blake Trust. 2 August 2014. Archived from the original on 11 December 2015.
  4. ^ "36th America's Cup Announcement". Royal New Zealand Yacht Squadron. Archived from the original on 25 July 2017. Retrieved 27 July 2017.
  5. ^ "America's Cup: The rising cost of sailing's ultimate prize". Boat International. Archived from the original on 4 July 2021. Retrieved 5 September 2019.
  6. ^ Newton, Casey (3 September 2013). "Billionaire death race: inside America's Cup and the world's most dangerous sailboat". The Verge. Archived from the original on 11 July 2017. Retrieved 5 September 2019.
  7. ^ Das, Andrew (17 March 2021). "Team New Zealand Beats Luna Rossa to Win America's Cup". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 17 March 2021. Retrieved 17 March 2021.
  8. ^ "10 Oldest Sports Trophies in the World". 7 January 2019.
  9. ^ Schuyler, George Lee. "Deed of Gift[1]" – via Wikisource.
  10. ^ John Rousmaniere (1983). The America's Cup 1851–1983. Pelham Books. ISBN 978-0-7207-1503-3.
  11. ^ BBC Staff Reporters (2 April 2015). "America's Cup: Sir Ben Ainslie backs move to smaller boats". BBC, London. Archived from the original on 3 April 2015. Retrieved 3 April 2015.
  12. ^ "America's Cup boat size row escalates as teams close ranks after Luna Rossa exit", The Guardian, 3 April 2015. Archived 14 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine.
  13. ^ "A Cup is a Cup, by any other name". americascup.com. 5 December 2005. Archived from the original on 3 March 2012. Retrieved 5 May 2012.
  14. ^ a b Thomas W. Lawson (1902). "List of Inscriptions on the America's Cup". The Lawson History of the America's Cup. Winfield M. Thompson Press. pp. 374–375. ISBN 978-0-907069-40-9. Retrieved 5 May 2012.
  15. ^ "The America's Cup Controversy: America's Cup Chronology". Los Angeles Times. 29 March 1989.
  16. ^ a b c "Deed of Gift[1]".
  17. ^ "FindLaw's Court of Appeals of New York case and opinions". Findlaw. Retrieved 21 March 2023.
  18. ^ "Chicago's Salts Covet America's Cup – The Washington Post". The Washington Post.
  19. ^ Schuyler, George Lee. "Deed of Gift[1]". Retrieved 21 March 2023 – via Wikisource.
  20. ^ "The Mercury Bay Boating Club Inc., Appellant, V. San Diego Yacht Club, Respondent, Et Al., Defendant, New York Yacht Club, Intervenor. / (And Another Proceeding.)".
  21. ^ "Explaining the Challenger of Record Concept >> Scuttlebutt Sailing News". 30 July 2014.
  22. ^ America's Cup champion Oracle docked 2 points, Yahoo Sports, archived from the original on 6 September 2013
  23. ^ "Team Oracle USA penalized as cheating scandal rocks Americas cup", The Australian, archived from the original on 5 September 2013, retrieved 27 September 2013
  24. ^ France, Marvin (27 June 2017). "America's Cup: Team New Zealand beat Oracle to reclaim Auld Mug in Bermuda". Stuff. Archived from the original on 3 April 2019. Retrieved 26 June 2017.
  25. ^ "Who is the greatest America's Cup skipper of all time? >> Scuttlebutt Sailing News". Scuttlebutt Sailing News. 16 June 2017. Archived from the original on 24 September 2019. Retrieved 18 October 2019.
  26. ^ "Most America's Cup Individual appearances". Guinness World Records. Archived from the original on 25 September 2019. Retrieved 18 October 2019.
  27. ^ "Goodyear Announces Winner of Nationwide Contest to Name Newest Blimp". PR Newswire Association LLC. 21 June 2006. Archived from the original on 13 July 2012. Retrieved 17 June 2011.
  28. ^ "Wind (1992)". IMDB. Archived from the original on 9 May 2021. Retrieved 31 May 2021.
  29. ^ Kempley, Rita. "'Wind' (PG-13)". Washington Post. Archived from the original on 4 October 2020. Retrieved 31 May 2021.
  30. ^ "The Wind Gods (2013)". IMDB. Archived from the original on 2 March 2021. Retrieved 31 May 2021.
  31. ^ Southall, James (5 January 2016). "The Wind Gods". Movie Wave. Archived from the original on 2 June 2021. Retrieved 31 May 2021.
  32. ^ Newstead, Al (20 May 2021). "POND announce new album with anti-gentrification boogie 'America's Cup'". ABC. Archived from the original on 20 May 2021. Retrieved 31 May 2021.
  33. ^ Martin, Josh (20 May 2021). "Pond announce new album '9', share single 'America's Cup'". NME. Archived from the original on 2 June 2021. Retrieved 31 May 2021.
  34. ^ Pappis, Konstantinos (20 May 2021). "POND Announce New Album, Release New Song 'America's Cup'". Our Culture. Archived from the original on 2 June 2021. Retrieved 31 May 2021.
  35. ^ "POND - America's Cup (Official Video)". YouTube. Archived from the original on 28 May 2021. Retrieved 31 May 2021.
  36. ^ "Watch Untold: The Race of the Century | Netflix Official Site". Netflix.

Sources

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