Company

A company, abbreviated as co., is a legal entity representing an association of legal people, whether natural, juridical or a mixture of both, with a specific objective. Company members share a common purpose and unite to achieve specific, declared goals.

Over time, companies have evolved to have following features: "separate legal personality, limited liability, transferable shares, investor ownership, and a managerial hierarchy".^[1] The company, as an entity, was created by the state which granted the privilege of incorporation.^[1]

Companies take various forms, such as:

voluntary associations, which may include nonprofit organizations
business entities, whose aim is to generate sales, revenue, and profit
financial entities and banks
programs or educational institutions

A company can be created as a legal person so that the company itself has limited liability as members perform or fail to discharge their duties according to the publicly declared incorporation published policy. When a company closes, it may need to be liquidated to avoid further legal obligations. Companies may associate and collectively register themselves as new companies; the resulting entities are often known as corporate groups.

Meanings and definitions

A company can be defined as an "artificial person", invisible, intangible, created by or under law,^[2] with a discrete legal capacity (or "personality"), perpetual succession, and a common seal. Except for some senior positions, companies remain unaffected by the death, insanity, or insolvency of an individual member.

Etymology

The English word, "company," has its origins in the Old French term compagnie (first recorded in 1150), meaning "society, friendship, intimacy; body of soldiers",^[3] which came from the Late Latin word companio ("one who eats bread with you"), first attested in the Salic law (c. AD 500) as a calque of the Germanic expression gahlaibo (literally, "with bread"), related to Old High German galeipo ("companion") and to Gothic gahlaiba ("messmate").

Semantics and usage

By 1303, the word company referred to trade guilds.^[4] The usage of the term company to mean "business association" was first recorded in 1553,^[5] and the abbreviation "co." dates from 1769.^[6]^[7]

Companies around the world

China

According to the Company Law of the People's Republic of China, companies include the limited liability company and joint-stock limited company which founded in the mainland China.

United Kingdom

In English law and in legal jurisdictions based upon it, a company is a body corporate or corporation company registered under the Companies Acts or under similar legislation.^[8] Common forms include:

Private companies limited by guarantee
Community interest company
Charitable incorporated organisation
Private companies limited by shares - the most common form of company
Public limited companies - companies, usually large, which are permitted to (but do not have to) offer their shares to the public, for example on a stock exchange

In the United Kingdom, a partnership is not legally a company, but may sometimes be referred to (informally) as a "company". It may be referred to as a "firm".

United States

In the United States, a company is not necessarily a corporation. For example, a company may be a "corporation, partnership, association, joint-stock company, trust, fund, or organized group of persons, whether incorporated or not, and (in an official capacity) any receiver, trustee in bankruptcy, or similar official, or liquidating agent, for any of the foregoing".^[9]^[10]

Types

A company limited by guarantee (CLG): Commonly used where companies are formed for non-commercial purposes, such as clubs or charities. The members guarantee the payment of certain (usually nominal) amounts if the company goes into insolvent liquidation, but otherwise, they have no economic rights in relation to the company. This type of company is common in England. A company limited by guarantee may be with or without having share capital.
A company limited by shares: The most common form of the company used for business ventures. Specifically, a limited company is a "company in which the liability of each shareholder is limited to the amount individually invested" with corporations being "the most common example of a limited company".^[10] This type of company is common in England and many English-speaking countries. A company limited by shares may be a publicly traded company or a privately held company.
A company limited by guarantee with a share capital: A hybrid entity, usually used where the company is formed for non-commercial purposes, but the activities of the company are partly funded by investors who expect a return. This type of company may no longer be formed in the UK, although provisions still exist in law for them to exist.^[8]
A limited liability company: "A company—statutorily authorized in certain states—that is characterized by limited liability, management by members or managers, and limitations on ownership transfer", i.e., L.L.C.^[10] LLC structure has been called "hybrid" in that it "combines the characteristics of a corporation and of a partnership or sole proprietorship". Like a corporation, it has limited liability for members of the company, and like a partnership it has "flow-through taxation to the members" and must be "dissolved upon the death or bankruptcy of a member".^[11]
An unlimited company with or without a share capital: A hybrid entity, a company where the liability of members or shareholders for the debts (if any) of the company are not limited. In this case, the doctrine of a veil of incorporation does not apply.^{[citation needed]}

Less common types of companies are:

Companies formed by letters patent: Most corporations by letters patent are corporations sole and not companies as the term is commonly understood today.
Royal charter corporations: In middle-ages Europe, before the passing of modern companies legislation, these were the only types of companies.^{[citation needed]} Now they are relatively rare, except for very old companies that still survive (particularly many British banks), or modern societies that fulfill a quasi-regulatory function (for example, the Bank of England is a corporation formed by a modern charter).
Statutory companies: Relatively rare today, certain companies have been formed by a private statute passed in the relevant jurisdiction.

When "Ltd" is placed after the company's name, it signifies a limited company, and "PLC" (public limited company) indicates that its shares are widely held.^[12]

In the legal context, the owners of a company are normally referred to as the "members". In a company limited or unlimited by shares (formed or incorporated with a share capital), this will be the shareholders. In a company limited by guarantee, this will be the guarantors. Some offshore jurisdictions have created special forms of offshore company in a bid to attract business for their jurisdictions. Examples include segregated portfolio companies and restricted purpose companies.

However, there are many sub-categories of company types that can be formed in various jurisdictions in the world.

Companies are also sometimes distinguished for legal and regulatory purposes between public companies and private companies. Public companies are companies whose shares can be publicly traded, often (although not always) on a stock exchange which imposes listing requirements/Listing Rules as to the issued shares, the trading of shares and future issue of shares to help bolster the reputation of the exchange or particular market of an exchange. Private companies do not have publicly traded shares, and often contain restrictions on transfers of shares. In some jurisdictions, private companies have maximum numbers of shareholders.

A parent company is a company that owns enough voting stock in another firm to control management and operations by influencing or electing its board of directors; the second company being deemed a subsidiary of the parent company. The definition of a parent company differs by jurisdiction, with the definition normally being defined by way of laws dealing with companies in that jurisdiction.

References

^ ^a ^b Turner, John D. (January 30, 2024). "Three centuries of corporate governance in the United Kingdom". The Economic History Review. doi:10.1111/ehr.13326. ISSN 0013-0117.
^ Compare a definition of a corporation: "Perhaps the best definition of a corporation was given by Chief Justice John Marshall in a famous Supreme Court decision in 1819. A corporation, he said, 'is an artificial person, invisible, intangible, and existing only in contemplation of the law.' In other words, a corporation [...] is an artificial person, created by law, with most of the legal rights of a real person." Pride, William M.; Hughes, Robert J.; Kapoor, Jack R. (1985). "4: Choosing a form of business ownership". Business. CengageNOW Series (10 ed.). Mason, Ohio: Cengage Learning (published 2009). p. 116. ISBN 9780324829556. Retrieved April 20, 2019.
^ 12th century: Harper, Douglas. "company". Online Etymology Dictionary.
^ Compare: Harper, Douglas. "company". Online Etymology Dictionary. - '[...] the word having been used in reference to trade guilds from late 14c.'
^ Compare: Harper, Douglas. "company". Online Etymology Dictionary. - 'From late 14c. as "a number of persons united to perform or carry out anything jointly," which developed a commercial sense of "business association" by 1550s, the word having been used in reference to trade guilds from late 14c.'
^ Compare: "co". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.) - "1759 Compl. Let.-writer (ed. 6) London: Printed for Stanley Crowder, and Co."
^ Compare: Harper, Douglas. "co". Online Etymology Dictionary. - 'by 1670's as an abbreviation of company in the business sense, indicating the partners in the firm whose names do not appear in its name. Hence and co. to indicate "the rest" of any group (1757)'.
^ ^a ^b "Companies Act 2006". www.legislation.gov.uk. Archived from the original on April 10, 2015. Retrieved March 15, 2020.
^ Garner, Bryan A., ed. (1891). "company". Black's Law Dictionary. Black's Law, 9th Edition. Vol. 1 (9 ed.). St. Paul, Minnesota: West Publishing, Inc (published 2009). p. 318. ISBN 9780314199492. Retrieved April 20, 2019. 2. A corporation, partnership, association, joint-stock company, trust, fund, or organized group of persons, whether incorporated or not, and (in an official capacity) any receiver, trustee in bankruptcy, or similar official, or liquidating agent, for any of the foregoing. Investment Company Act 2(a)(8)(15 USCA 80a-2(a)(8)).^{[permanent dead link‍]}
^ ^a ^b ^c Black's Law Dictionary. Second Pocket Edition. Bryan A. Garner, editor. West. 2001.
^ root. "Limited Liability Company (LLC) Definition - Investopedia". Investopedia. Archived from the original on November 27, 2012. Retrieved November 14, 2012.
^ "BBC Bitesize - GCSE Business - Forms of business ownership - Revision 3". BBC Bitesize. Archived from the original on September 1, 2018. Retrieved August 31, 2018.

External links

"Labor and Employment". Government Information Library. University of Colorado at Boulder. Archived from the original on June 12, 2009. Retrieved August 5, 2009.
"Get Information About a Company". Gov.UK.

[:0-1] Turner, John D. (January 30, 2024). "Three centuries of corporate governance in the United Kingdom". The Economic History Review. doi:10.1111/ehr.13326. ISSN 0013-0117.

[2] Compare a definition of a corporation: "Perhaps the best definition of a corporation was given by Chief Justice John Marshall in a famous Supreme Court decision in 1819. A corporation, he said, 'is an artificial person, invisible, intangible, and existing only in contemplation of the law.' In other words, a corporation [...] is an artificial person, created by law, with most of the legal rights of a real person." Pride, William M.; Hughes, Robert J.; Kapoor, Jack R. (1985). "4: Choosing a form of business ownership". Business. CengageNOW Series (10 ed.). Mason, Ohio: Cengage Learning (published 2009). p. 116. ISBN 9780324829556. Retrieved April 20, 2019.

[3] 12th century: Harper, Douglas. "company". Online Etymology Dictionary.

[4] Compare: Harper, Douglas. "company". Online Etymology Dictionary. - '[...] the word having been used in reference to trade guilds from late 14c.'

[5] Compare: Harper, Douglas. "company". Online Etymology Dictionary. - 'From late 14c. as "a number of persons united to perform or carry out anything jointly," which developed a commercial sense of "business association" by 1550s, the word having been used in reference to trade guilds from late 14c.'

[6] Compare: "co". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.) - "1759 Compl. Let.-writer (ed. 6) London: Printed for Stanley Crowder, and Co."

[7] Compare: Harper, Douglas. "co". Online Etymology Dictionary. - 'by 1670's as an abbreviation of company in the business sense, indicating the partners in the firm whose names do not appear in its name. Hence and co. to indicate "the rest" of any group (1757)'.

[uk-8] "Companies Act 2006". www.legislation.gov.uk. Archived from the original on April 10, 2015. Retrieved March 15, 2020.

[9] Garner, Bryan A., ed. (1891). "company". Black's Law Dictionary. Black's Law, 9th Edition. Vol. 1 (9 ed.). St. Paul, Minnesota: West Publishing, Inc (published 2009). p. 318. ISBN 9780314199492. Retrieved April 20, 2019. 2. A corporation, partnership, association, joint-stock company, trust, fund, or organized group of persons, whether incorporated or not, and (in an official capacity) any receiver, trustee in bankruptcy, or similar official, or liquidating agent, for any of the foregoing. Investment Company Act 2(a)(8)(15 USCA 80a-2(a)(8)).^{[permanent dead link‍]}

[Black's-10] Black's Law Dictionary. Second Pocket Edition. Bryan A. Garner, editor. West. 2001.

[11] root. "Limited Liability Company (LLC) Definition - Investopedia". Investopedia. Archived from the original on November 27, 2012. Retrieved November 14, 2012.

[12] "BBC Bitesize - GCSE Business - Forms of business ownership - Revision 3". BBC Bitesize. Archived from the original on September 1, 2018. Retrieved August 31, 2018.

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