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Katsina

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Katsina, likely from "Tamashek" (meaning son or blood) or mazza (men) with "inna" (mother)[1] is a Local Government Area and the capital city of Katsina State, in northern Nigeria.[2]

Located some 260 kilometres (160 mi) east of the city of Sokoto and 135 kilometres (84 mi) northwest of Kano, close to the border with Niger Republic, in 2016, Katsina's estimated population was estimated at 429,000.[3]

The city is the centre of an agricultural region production of groundnuts, cotton, hides, millet and guinea corn[2] and also has mills for producing peanut oil and steel, it was also a center for large scale poultry farming of cows, goats, sheep and chickens.

The city has a largely Muslim population, mainly from the Hausa and Fulani ethnic groups.[4]

Natives

Emirs palace entrance
Katsina Emirate "Gidan Korau"

Katsina Emirate

The Katsina Royal Palace, known as Gidan Korau, is a huge complex located in the centre of the ancient city.[6] It is a symbol of culture, history and traditions of 'Katsinawa'. According to historical account, it was built in 1348 CE by Muhammadu Korau, who is believed to have been the first Muslim King of Katsina. This explains why it is traditionally known as 'Gidan Korau' (House of Korau). It is one of the oldest and among the first generation palaces, along with Daura, Kano and Zazzau. The palace was encircled with a rampart, 'Ganuwar Gidan Sarki' (which is now gone). The main gate which leads to the palace is known as 'Kofar Soro', while the gate at the backyard is called 'Kofar Bai' (now gone). The Emir's residential quarters at the epicenter of the Palace is a large compound built in the typical traditional architectural style.[7]

Local government areas

Katsina State has 34 local governments. The local governments area of Katsina is an area of 142 km2, with a population of 429,000 as of 2016. The local government are as follows:

  1. Batagarawa
  2. Bindawa
  3. Rimi
  4. Charanchi
  5. Bakori
  6. Danja
  7. Funtua
  8. Jibiya
  9. Batsari
  10. Kankara
  11. Kankia
  12. Faskari
  13. Malumfashi
  14. Kafur
  15. Kurfi
  16. Matazu
  17. Musawa
  18. Dan-Musa
  19. Safana
  20. Dutsin-Ma
  21. Dandume
  22. Baure
  23. Katsina
  24. Mani
  25. Kusada
  26. Sabuwa
  27. Mashi
  28. Zango
  29. Sandamu
  30. Daura
  31. Mai'Adua
  32. Ingawa
  33. Kaita
  34. Dutsi

Source: Katsina culture and history board, office of the surveyor of Katsina State.[8]

The postal code of the area is 820.[9]

History

Main article: History of Katsina

Surrounded by city wall 21 kilometres (13 mi) in length, Katsina is believed to have been founded circa 1100.[2] In pre-Islamic times, Katsina's semi-divine ruler was known as the Sarki, who faced a summary death-sentence if found to be ruling incompetently. From the 17th to the 18th century, Katsina was the commercial heart of Hausaland and became the largest of the seven Hausa city-states. Katsina was conquered by the Fulani during the Fulani War in 1807. In 1903, the Emir, Abubakar dan Ibrahim, accepted British rule, which continued until Nigerian independence from Britain in 1960.[citation needed]

The city's history of western-style education dates back to the early 1950s, when the first middle school in northern Nigeria was established (Katsina Teachers College). There are now several institutions of higher learning, including two universities: Umaru Musa Yar'adua University and the private Alqalam University, a polytechnic Hassan Usman Katsina Polytechnic and a Federal College of Education, Katsina. The city of Katsina is also home to an 18th-century mosque featuring the Gobarau Minaret, a 15-metre (50 ft) tower made from mud and palm branches.[2]

  • The Emir of Katsina, Muhammad Dikko dan Gidado, and other officials, 1911
    The Emir of Katsina, Muhammad Dikko dan Gidado, and other officials, 1911
  • Livestock market in Katsina, 1911
    Livestock market in Katsina, 1911
  • Aerial view of Katsina
    Aerial view of Katsina

Education in Katsina

Katsina city is well known for years as a CRADLE OF LEARNING, there have been in existence Islamic Schools and other centres of scholarship as far back 14th century, below are the names of high institution found in the city.

Media Stations

  • 104.5 – Radio Nigeria Companion FM (FRCN), Katsina,
  • Katsina 972 MW – Katsina State Radio (AM), Katsina,
  • 92.1 – Vision FM Katsina,
  • 106.5 – Ray Power FM,
  • 91.5 - Alfijir FM Radio Katsina.

Geography

The capital of Katsina Emirate, Katsina, is situated 7 miles south of the Niger border in northern Nigeria. With over 500,000 people, Katsina is a major hub for the manufacturing of steel, textiles, and agricultural products. The city is home to a diversified cultural life as well as intriguing architecture, like as mosques and historic city walls.[15][16][17][18]

Desertification

Desertification, caused by climate change and human activities, poses a significant environmental challenge in Katsina State, affecting socio-economic life and hindering basic human needs.[19]

Flood

Water went away in Katsina City during a flood, causing two people to be swept away from their homes in the nearby town of Sabon Ungwa.[20][21][22]

Climate

According to the Köppen climate classification system, Katsina has a hot semi-arid climate, abbreviated BSh on climate maps.[23]

Climate data for Katsina
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 36.7
(98.1) 		39.4
(102.9) 		41.7
(107.1) 		42.2
(108.0) 		42.2
(108.0) 		41.1
(106.0) 		36.1
(97.0) 		33.3
(91.9) 		35.0
(95.0) 		37.2
(99.0) 		37.2
(99.0) 		36.7
(98.1) 		42.2
(108.0)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 30.1
(86.2) 		32.8
(91.0) 		36.4
(97.5) 		38.6
(101.5) 		37.8
(100.0) 		34.6
(94.3) 		30.8
(87.4) 		28.8
(83.8) 		30.9
(87.6) 		34.0
(93.2) 		33.1
(91.6) 		30.2
(86.4) 		33.2
(91.8)
Daily mean °C (°F) 21.1
(70.0) 		23.6
(74.5) 		27.8
(82.0) 		30.8
(87.4) 		31.0
(87.8) 		28.6
(83.5) 		25.9
(78.6) 		24.6
(76.3) 		25.8
(78.4) 		26.7
(80.1) 		24.1
(75.4) 		21.2
(70.2) 		25.9
(78.6)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 12.0
(53.6) 		14.3
(57.7) 		19.1
(66.4) 		23.1
(73.6) 		24.2
(75.6) 		22.7
(72.9) 		21.1
(70.0) 		20.6
(69.1) 		20.7
(69.3) 		19.3
(66.7) 		15.1
(59.2) 		12.1
(53.8) 		18.7
(65.7)
Record low °C (°F) 5.0
(41.0) 		5.6
(42.1) 		4.4
(39.9) 		11.7
(53.1) 		18.3
(64.9) 		16.7
(62.1) 		15.0
(59.0) 		16.7
(62.1) 		16.7
(62.1) 		8.3
(46.9) 		5.6
(42.1) 		5.6
(42.1) 		4.4
(39.9)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 0.5
(0.02) 		0.5
(0.02) 		0.5
(0.02) 		5.0
(0.20) 		56.0
(2.20) 		84.0
(3.31) 		185.0
(7.28) 		274.0
(10.79) 		127.0
(5.00) 		10.0
(0.39) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		742.0
(29.21)
Average rainy days (≥ 0.3 mm) 0 0 0 1 5 8 15 17 13 2 0 0 61
Average relative humidity (%) (at 07:00 LST) 39 32 28 41 62 77 88 93 92 76 49 44 60
Mean monthly sunshine hours 279.0 257.1 257.3 261.0 288.3 267.0 244.9 220.1 246.0 285.2 285.0 275.9 3,166.8
Mean daily sunshine hours 9.0 9.1 8.3 8.7 9.3 8.9 7.9 7.1 8.2 9.2 9.5 8.9 8.6
Source: Deutscher Wetterdienst[24]

Rainfall

Katsina State usually record zero average rainfall from November to March, 1 millimetre (0.04 in), 9 millimetres (0.35 in) and 41 millimetres (1.61 in) in April, May and June respectively, and 85 millimetres (3.35 in), 119 millimetres (4.69 in), 40 millimetres (1.57 in) and 8 millimetres (0.31 in) for the months of July, August, September and October.[16]

The table below shows record of rainfall from 1990 to 2019 obtained from Nimet Katsina.

Rainfall Record of Katsina City
S/N Code Years January February March April May June July August September October November December
1. 65028 1990 0 0 0 0 29.9 57.9 198.8 220.2 34.7 0 0 0
2. 65028 1991 0 0 10.8 12.2 73.5 58.8 71.5 109.7 21.1 1.4 0 0
3. 65028 1992 0 0 0 0 33.6 19.9 89.3 119.4 70.7 0.2 0 0
4. 65028 1993 0 0 0 0 4.5 42.3 69 94.5 51.7 0 0 0
5. 65028 1994 0 0 0 3.1 12.3 42.3 107.9 174.2 113.1 20.3 0 0
6. 65028 1995 0 0 0 10 30 70 80 120 80 10 0 0
7. 65028 1996 0 0 0 0 42.6 44.5 38.1 66.8 67.8 0 0 0
8. 65028 1997 0 0 7.2 9.5 89.5 30.4 91.1 153.7 56.5 8.3 0 0
9. 65028 1998 0 0 0 10.1 11.4 43.4 114.1 116.6 135.2 0.8 0 0
10. 65028 1999 0 0 0 0 4.2 22.4 149.2 89.8 132.3 18.4 0 0
11. 65028 2000 0 0 0 0 1.6 106.8 299.9 160.2 62.1 45 0 0
12. 65028 2001 0 0 0 16.9 83.9 110.8 176 240.9 70.6 0 0 0
13. 65028 2002 0 0 0 0 2.9 141.3 170.4 71.3 199.1 9.8 0 0
14. 65028 2003 0 0 0 4 52.8 57.2 118.2 275.5 75.1 16.4 0 0
15. 65028 2004 0 0 0 0 74.9 151.2 161.1 268.8 42 0 0 0
16. 65028 2005 0 0 0 14.8 18.4 83.2 173.7 216.1 194 50.4 0 0
17. 65028 2006 0 0 0 0 26.1 69.9 170.9 314.9 129.7 15 0 0
18. 65028 2007 0 0 0 6.2 84.9 135.2 117.4 314.9 45.5 0 0 0
19. 65028 2008 0 0 0 16.6 8.5 63.3 182.9 213.9 67.7 4.2 0 0
20. 65028 2009 0 0 0 0 95 57.9 96.5 123.3 38.3 29 0 0
21. 65028 2010 0 0 0 85.6 8.1 118.8 226.1 448.9 76.6 48.6 0 0
22. 65028 2011 0 0 0 0 38 149.2 116.6 180.6 67.3 8 0 0
23. 65028 2012 0 0 0 0 59.5 135.2 117.4 314.9 129.7 15 0 0
24. 65028 2013 0 0 0 42.4 36.7 103.2 89 274.7 107.6 10.2 0 0
25. 65028 2014 0 0 0 0 38.1 39.5 178.9 178.7 46.3 0 0 0
26. 65028 2015 0 0 0 0 0 89.1 178.9 274.7 46.3 9 0 0
27. 65028 2016 0 0 0 0 4.5 42.3 69 94.5 59.5 0 0 0
28. 65028 2017 0 0 0 10.1 11.4 62 114.1 16.6 135.2 0.8 0 0
29. 65028 2018 0 0 0 0 2.9 141.3 170.4 149.7 199.1 63.8 0 0
30. 65028 2019 0 0 0 11.6 8.1 118.8 232.7 359.1 98.6 26.6 0 0

Source: Nigerian Meteorological Agency, Katsina 2021.

Temperature

Temperature is the degree of hotness or coldness of a body or place.

Maximum temperatures

The temperature of Katsina is usually high, with April having the hottest average high temperature of 40.8 °C or 105.4 °F while December having the mildest average high temperature of 31.4 °C or 88.5 °F.[16]

The table below contains the highest temperature each month from 1985 to 2017.

S/N Code Year January February March April May Juni July August September October November December
1. 65028 1985 31.7 29.7 36.5 36.5 38.6 35.9 31.6 31.3 33.2 35.5 33.9 28.2
2. 65028 1986 38.9 34.7 37 40.2 39.2 37 31.5 31.4 32.2 35.4 33.3 37.4
3. 65028 1987 30.4 33.6 36 37.6 40.1 36.6 35.1 32.6 34.4 35.7 34.1 30.1
4. 65028 1988 28.4 32 36.7 39 39.2 35.3 31.9 29.5 31.9 34.3 33.7 28.5
5. 65028 1989 26 28.4 35.2 39.3 38.3 36.2 32.4 30.9 32.6 33.6 33.6 29.6
6. 65028 1990 32.2 30.1 33.5 39.9 38.1 36.7 31.7 31.4 33.9 36.7 35.5 34
7. 65028 1991 29.4 35.9 35.9 39 35.3 35.1 31 30.5 34.4 36.4 33.3 28.9
8. 65038 1992 29.1 30.1 36.4 39 36.5 35.6 31 30.3 32.4 35.7 31.5 30.2
9. 65028 1993 36.5 32.5 36.5 39.3 39.3 36.5 33.3 31.5 33.1 36.9 35.5 29.5
10. 65028 1994 29.5 31.6 38.2 38.7 38.9 35.4 31.8 29.5 31.4 34.1 32.3 27.4
11. 65028 1995 27.7 31 38.1 38.8 38.3 36.1 32.9 30.9 32.6 35.4 32.2 31.7
12. 65028 1996 32.1 34.8 37.6 39.3 38.3 34.5 33.6 30.3 32.3 35.3 31.2 31.8
13. 65028 1997 31.3 28.5 34.8 38.3 36.5 35.1 32.4 31.7 33.6 36.5 35.6 30.4
14. 65028 1998 29.4 33.5 33.9 40.2 39.3 35.6 32.1 30.8 31.6 34.9 34.9 30.6
15. 65028 1999 30.8 34 39 39.5 39.3 38.1 31.7 29.5 31.4 33.4 33.2 29.7
16. 65028 2000 31 28.6 35.2 40.5 39.6 35.3 31 31 32.9 33.8 33.8 29.6
17. 65028 2001 29.3 30.4 36.9 38 37.8 34.3 31.3 30 32 34.8 33.6 31.9
18. 65028 2002 26.3 31.6 37 39.8 40.8 36 32.5 31.1 32.2 32.4 33.8 31
19. 65028 2003 34.7 35.3 39.6 39.4 34.4 35.6 31.3 30.8 32.8 33.8 33.5 31.7
20. 65028 2004 32 29.9 40 39 36.5 32 30 33 36 34 33.9 31.9
21 65028 2005 13.4 19.4 22 24 25.2 24.2 22.7 21.6 22.3 20 16.2 14
22. 65028 2006 15 18.1 20 21.4 26 25 23.2 22 22.2 22 15 11.8
23. 65028 2007 12.8 13.6 18.3 22.7 24.4 23.8 21.5 20.3 20.5 17.6 13.3 10.7
24. 65028 2008 9.5 14.4 20 21.2 23.2 22.8 21.1 19.5 19.8 17.5 13.3 11.5
25. 65028 2009 11.1 14.2 19.2 23.4 24.2 22.4 22.4 21.1 22.1 21.5 14.6 13.6
26. 65028 2010 14.5 17 19.7 23.8 23.7 23.8 22 20.7 21.9 19.6 14.3 14.1
27. 65028 2011 13.3 17.9 17.5 22.3 24.7 23.8 20.6 20.5 21.2 21.2 16.1 12.2
28. 65028 2012 12.6 16.4 18.6 25.4 26.3 23.4 21.3 20.4 21.8 22.1 19.0 14.6
29. 65028 2013 30.7 34.3 39.8 37.8 38.8 35.6 32.5 29.9 32.8 34.9 34.9 31.1
30. 65028 2014 30.8 32.2 37.5 39.7 37.6 36.6 33.4 30.7 32.5 35.9 34.8 30.7
31. 65028 2015 28.2 35.1 36.1 37.5 40.3 37.4 33.4 33.1 32.5 35.9 33.3 36.1
32. 65028 2016 28.2 32.5 38.5 40.5 39 35.1 32.2 30.9 32.3 36.5 35.5 30.7
33. 65028 2017 27.8 31.6 37.5 39.5 39 34.7 31.9 31 32.9 35.7 34.1 30.2

Source: Nigerian Meteorological Agency, Katsina, 2021

Lowest temperatures

January is usually the coldest month of the year in Katsina having the lowest average low temperatures of 14.7 °C or 58.5 °F.[16]

S/N Code Year January February March April May June July August September October November December
1. 65028 1985 16 14.7 22.6 24.2 26.7 24.4 22.2 22.2 22.6 21 17.5 14.7
2. 65028 1986 12.7 18 23.4 26.2 26.6 25.2 21.9 21.8 22.2 20.8 17.9 12.8
3. 65028 1987 13.1 16.7 21.4 22.3 25.2 24.9 23.9 22.6 23.6 22.5 17.5 14.5
4. 65028 1988 14.4 16.4 21.6 26.6 24.5 24.5 22.7 21.2 22.3 19.6 16.2 13.5
5. 65028 1989 11.1 13.8 18.9 23.1 25.1 24.4 22.2 21.7 22.8 20.6 15.8 13.8
6. 65028 1990 15.5 14.3 17 25.7 25.7 25.1 22.4 25.8 23.4 21 18.1 17.4
7. 65028 1991 13.7 18.9 21.7 25.5 24.5 24.4 16.2 12.6
8. 65028 1992 12.5 13.9 21.9 24.4 25.1 23.7 21.4 21.1 21.6 20.3 16.5 12.7
9. 65028 1993 11.3 15 19.7 22.7 24.9 23.1 21.1 20.7 21.1 20.5 17.5 12.5
10. 65028 1994 12.5 13.5 19.5 23.7 24.2 22.1 20 19.1 19.6 20.7 13.5 10.5
11. 65028 1995 11.2 13 19.1 22.7 23.5 22.2 20.5 19.4 19.7 19.8 14 12.4
12. 65028 1996 11.4 14.2 18.7 20.8 22.3 20.6 20 18.8 19 18.7 11.8 12.2
13. 65028 1997 14 14.1 21.1 24.7 24.6 24 22.9 22.3 23.1 23.5 18.9 14.2
14. 65028 1998 13.7 17.5 18.6 25.8 27.7 24.5 23.1 21.8 22.3 21.3 16.9 13.3
15. 65028 1999 12.6 16 20.2 23.1 24.7 24.1 20.8 20.4 20.7 19 15.1 11.3
16. 65028 2000 13 11.2 16.7 19 24.3 23.5 21 21 21.9 19.9 14.1 11
17. 65028 2001 20.2 12.6 16.5 23 24.6 23.2 22 21 21.9 19.7 14.6 12.8
18. 65028 2002 11.7 13.5 20 25.6 26 24 22.1 21.9 22.3 19.8 13.9 12.8
19. 65028 2003 16.5 18.6 24.4 24 23.6 23.5 22.2 22.1 22.5 19.9 14.5 12.5
20. 65028 2004 16 17.5 25 25 24.2 22 21 22 20 17 14.7 12.3
21 65028 2005 13.4 19.4 22 24 25.2 24.2 22.7 21.6 22.3 20 16.2 14
22 65028 2006 15 18.1 20 21.4 26 25 23.2 22 22.2 22 15 11.8
23. 65028 2007 12.8 13.6 18.3 22.7 24.4 23.8 21.5 20.3 20.5 17.6 13.3 10.7
24. 65028 2008 9.5 14.4 20 21.2 23.2 22.8 21.1 19.5 19.8 17.5 13.3 11.5
25. 65028 2009 11.1 14.2 19.2 23.4 24.2 22.4 22.4 21.1 21.1 21.5 14.6 13.6
26. 65028 2010 14.5 17 19.7 23.8 23.7 23.8 22 20.7 21.9 19.6 14.3 14.1
27. 65028 2011 13.3 17.9 17.5 22.3 24.7 23.8 20.6 20.5 21.2 21.2 16.1 12.2
28. 65028 2012 12.6 16.4 18.6 25.4 26.3 23.4 21.3 20.4 21.8 22.1 19.0 14.6
29. 65028 2013 14.3 15.8 22.1 23.4 24.3 22.7 21.9 21 22.3 20.9 18.3 15.9
30. 65028 2014 14.3 16.7 21.7 25.8 25.8 26.7 24.2 22.1 22.3 20.7 18.2 14.2
31. 65028 2015 12.3 18.1 20.8 22.2 26.6 24.8 22.7 22.3 23.3 17.6 13.3
32. 65028 2016 13.5 16.5 24.2 27.1 26.8 24.9 23.2 22.2 22 22.3 18.7 13.1
33. 65028 2017 13.4 16.4 19.9 25 27.1 24.8 23.1 22.4 23.1 19.9 16.6 15.4

Source: Nigerian Meteorological Agency, Katsina 2021

Notable people

See also

References

  1. ^ Palmer, H. R. (1927). "History of Katsina". Journal of the Royal African Society. 26 (103): 216–236. ISSN 0368-4016. JSTOR 716276.
  2. ^ a b c d Katsina The Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Retrieved 20 February 2007.
  3. ^ "Nigeria: Administrative Division (States and Local Government Areas) - Population Statistics, Charts and Map". citypopulation.de. Retrieved 16 September 2023.
  4. ^ "Katsina | Location, History, Facts, & Population". britannica.com. Retrieved 22 October 2023.
  5. ^ "Umaru Musa Yar'Adua | president of Nigeria". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2018-12-03.
  6. ^ "Emirs Palace Katsina State :: Nigeria Information & Guide". nigeriagalleria.com. Retrieved 22 October 2023.
  7. ^ "KATSINA EMIRATE COUNCIL". Archived from the original on 14 November 2011. Retrieved 6 August 2015.. Retrieved 6 August 2015.
  8. ^ Saifulahi, Sani Ibrahim (December 2016). "Administrative-map-of-Katsina-State-showing-the-LGAs". researchgate.net. Retrieved 15 July 2023.
  9. ^ "Post Offices- with map of LGA". NIPOST. Archived from the original on 7 October 2009. Retrieved 20 October 2009.
  10. ^ "FG leases federal teaching hospital to UMYU for MBBS clinicals". The Guardian Nigeria News. 22 December 2022. Retrieved 4 January 2023.
  11. ^ Kehinde, Opeyemi (7 January 2019). "None of our student is kidnapped, killed – Al-Qalam University". Daily Trust. Retrieved 4 January 2023.
  12. ^ "TETFund: Katsina poly gets N1 billion for petrol, engineering courses". People's Gazette. 2022-11-16. Retrieved 4 January 2023.
  13. ^ "Teacher Arrested For Allegedly Poisoning Friend To Death In Katsina". Channels Television. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
  14. ^ "Cherish Enterprise Institute, Batsari, Katsina State". manpower.com.ng. Retrieved 15 September 2023.
  15. ^ "Katsina Moves to Legalise Community Watch Corps - THISDAYLIVE". thisdaylive.com. 22 July 2023. Retrieved 2023-08-25.
  16. ^ a b c d "Katsina, Nigeria - Detailed climate information and monthly weather forecast". Weather Atlas. Yu Media Group. Retrieved 2021-08-19.
  17. ^ Report, Agency (24 August 2023). "Katsina govt confirms receipt of N2bn palliatives from FG". Punch Newspapers. Retrieved 25 August 2023.
  18. ^ Enna, Godwin (2023-08-04). "Katsina Govt Pays N300m Compensation For Airport Expansion". Leadership.ng. Retrieved 25 August 2023.
  19. ^ "How Katsina lost 15 economic, medicinal trees to desertification - Daily Trust". dailytrust.com. Retrieved 29 September 2023.
  20. ^ Enna, Godwin (2023-07-04). "2 Missing As Flood Takes Over Katsina Underpass". Retrieved 4 October 2023.
  21. ^ Enna, Godwin (2023-07-10). "Flood: Katsina Govt To Demolish Buildings On Waterways". Retrieved 4 October 2023.
  22. ^ Angbulu, Stephen (2022-10-07). "24 die, 16,625 houses destroyed in Katsina flood". Punch Newspapers. Retrieved 4 October 2023.
  23. ^ "Katsina, Nigeria (Weatherbase)". Weatherbase. Retrieved 15 September 2023.
  24. ^ "Klimatafel von Katsina / Nigeria" (PDF). Baseline climate means (1961-1990) from stations all over the world (in German). Deutscher Wetterdienst. Retrieved 10 August 2016.
  • Media related to Katsina at Wikimedia Commons
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