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Giant skeletons reported in the United States until the early twentieth century were a combination of hoaxes, scams, fabrications, and the misidentifications of extinct megafauna. Many were reported to have been found in Native American burial mounds. Examples from 7 ft (2.1 m) to 20 ft (6.1 m) tall were reported in many parts of the United States.

The claims of "giant skeletons" were debunked in 1934 by Aleš Hrdlička, curator of anthropology at the Smithsonian Institution. The Smithsonian Institution opposed the popular myth that an "ancient white race" were the Mound Builders. The role of the Smithsonian Institution in debunking such claims led to a conspiracy theory that Smithsonian archeologists were destroying giants' bones in order to cover up the existence of giants.[1]

Hrdlička blamed the reports of giant skeletons on the "will to believe" coupled with "amateur anthropologists" who were unfamiliar with human anatomy. In 2014 an internet story began circulating which claimed that the Smithsonian Institution had custody of giant skeletons but they destroyed "thousands of giant skeletons" in the early 20th century. The internet story about the Smithsonian was debunked by Reuters and the Associated Press.

North American settler mythology

See also: Mound Builders § Pseudoarchaeology
See also: Archaeology and racism § Mound Builders
Niagara Falls

It calls up the indefinite past. When Columbus first sought this continent—when Christ suffered on the cross—when Moses led Israel through the Red-Sea—nay, even, when Adam first came from the hand of his Maker—then as now, Niagara was roaring here. The eyes of that species of extinct giants, whose bones fill the mounds of America, have gazed on Niagara, as ours do now. Contemporary with the whole race of men, and older than the first man, Niagara is strong, and fresh to-day as ten thousand years ago.

During the nineteenth century, there was widespread belief in North America of a prehistoric lost race. European settlers embraced myths of pre-Columbian settlements from the Old World, which reframed colonization as the continuation of a primordial past in which the roles of native peoples were diminished or dismissed. Through a process that historian Douglas Hunter described as "White Tribism", the settlers interpreted signs of "intellectual and cultural capabilities" in North American ruins, as signs of whiteness in their creators.[3] Based on the legendary voyages of the Welsh prince Madoc, the earliest English settlers sought and failed to uncover evidence of a civilizing Welsh influence in native peoples like the Mandan.[4] By the late eighteenth century, this paternalistic narrative had become strained, due in part to violence against the native peoples on the western frontier. White Americans developed the myth of the mound builder race, which provided a rationale for the colonization of the American Midwest. The various versions of the myth held that the massive earthworks of the Mississippi Valley, like Grave Creek Mound and the Great Serpent Mound, were not built by the ancestors of Native Americans, as is now widely believed. According to the myth, the Indians had exterminated a prehistoric, white race of mound builders. This cast genocidal violence towards the Native Americans as defensive or retributive.[5] Josiah Priest's American Antiquities, released in 1833, crystallized the idea of a lost race—mentioned in the Book of Genesis—that created the monuments of North America before being exterminated by savages.[6][3][7]: ch. 6 

Between 1812 and the American Civil War (1861–1865), nearly all Americans writing about the continent's history used the myth of the white mound-building race.[5] In literature, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow imagined The Skeleton in Armor (now accepted to be a native leader), as a lovesick Norse Viking eloping with his "fair" and "blue-eyed" lover.[8] Sarah Josepha Hale accompanied her The Genius of Oblivion with end notes that claim "the ancient inhabitants [buried in the mounds] were of a different race from the Indians."[9] Preachers taught a biblical basis for the primordial race, including connections to the lost tribes or the Nephilim, giants from the Book of Genesis.[7]: 214-217, ch. 4 

Photograph of a 1902 Newspaper article. The headline reads "Giant Skeleton". The subheading reads, "Found in Bed of Sand in Northwestern Ohio-Man Was Eight Feet High." The byline reads "Bowling Green, Ohio, August 14". The body text reads, "While excavating for sand and building on the Charles Whitmer farm, WM Jones unearthed the skeleton of a gigantic man. It is in a fair state of preservation and will be preserved, as it is thought that it may have some scientific value. The skeleton was found in a sitting posture, and when the bones were placed in a horizontal position they indicated that the height of the main in life must have been over eight feet. The head is of enormous size, being 12 inches in diameter. It is believed that is the skeleton of a member a prehistoric race of giants. Further excavations will be made to see if other graves cannot be found."
A typical example of nineteenth newspaper reporting on the unfounded and disproved mound builder race theory

In academia, the creators of North America's earthworks were conflated with the creators of Mesoamerican megalithic structures, then understood to be the mythical Toltecs.[10]: 131  According to historian Christen Mucher, the Toltec connection facilitated the adoption of Spanish stories of a race of giants, like the 1519 account of the Tlaxcala leaders presenting Hernán Cortés with a massive bone, allegedly from a giant defeated by their ancestors.[10]: 153–154  In New Views of the Origin of the Tribes and Nations of America (1798), naturalist Benjamin Smith Barton who was familiar with the legends of giants across North America and discoveries of mastodon bones, warned against interpreting the "discovery of bones, sculls, and entire skeletons of prodigious size" as evidence of prehistoric giants.[10]: 128, 151, 154  Despite his warning, New Views would provide the basic framework for the Mound Builder myth and the later waves of giant skeleton reports.[10]: 164  As more information was discovered about Native American cultural complexity, the lost race became increasingly described as physically superior giants.[7]: 242 [10]: 154  Con artist George Hull created the Cardiff Giant hoax after an argument with Henry Turk, a preacher who taught that the biblical giants had literally walked the Earth.[7]: 245–249  PT Barnum commissioned a copy of the hoaxed giant, after a plan to have an 18-foot tall "skeleton prepared from various bones" failed.[7]: 243  The belief became so widespread, that Abraham Lincoln referenced the lost race of giants along with extinct Mastodons when describing the age of Niagara Falls.[2]

Hundreds of newspaper articles credulously described the purported discovery of giant skeletons, sometimes with anatomical irregularities attributed to the Nephilim.[1] For example, a massive skeleton unearthed in Tennessee toured the state as a specimen of this lost race. The reconstructed skeleton was mounted to a timber frame in a standing position with missing bones recreated from wood and rawhide.[11] Preachers, doctors, and journalists confirmed it to "belong to the genus homo" despite a standing height estimated up to twenty feet tall.[11][7]: 215  When the giant was taken to New Orleans, medical doctor William Carpenter found it to be a young mastodon's remains. Carpenter reported that there was not fraud—the man exhibiting the bones boxed them up after discovering they were not human—but rather a widespread desire to believe.[11] The mastodon ceased to be exhibited as a person, but soon other purported giants were unearthed, exhibited, reported, or sold for profit.[7]: 215 [12]

Photocopy of a printed newspaper article comparing the heights of various giants. Heights range from seven to eight feet among named historical giants. Heights range from seven to nine feet among prehistoric giants. The skeleton column of the table categorizes the prehistoric giants as Indian, Mexican, Mound Builder, and Prehistoric man. The Indian skeleton is attributed to San Diego, California. The two prehistoric man skeletons are attributed to Glendive, Montana, and Paso Robles, California. The mound builder skeletons are attributed to Chillicothe, Ohio; Ely, Minnesota; Portsmouth, Ohio; and Miamisburg, Ohio.
Even after the Smithsonian had proved the mound builders to be Native Americans, the popular press continued to publish accounts of the prehistoric lost race, like this table published by the Omaha World-Herald in 1900. Comparing the heights of various alleged giants (from 7 to 9 feet tall), it labels "Indian" as a separate people from "Mound Builder" or "Prehistoric".

Throughout the 19th century, some scholars expressed doubt about the excavations of purported giants but had little impact on public perception.[7]: 248  Many readers embraced the skeletons as evidence of biblical history, against unpopular experts whose discoveries undermined a literal interpretation of the bible.[1]: 251  With a rise in white literacy rates and the emergence of the cheaper penny press newspapers, there was a strong market for these tales that gave them greater impact than university scholarship.[7]: 243  Stories frequently ran presenting as straight fact: hoaxes, scams, and misinterpretations of extinct megafauna. Some newspapers outright fabricated stories. The St. Louis Evening Chronicle published the account of researchers who explored a subterranean city beneath Moberly, Missouri. The account described massive underground streets where a skeleton—three times larger than a typical human—was found slumped over a public fountain.[7]: 243  Other newspapers reported the Moberly claims as factual[13] and republished the entire story including implausible details like the researcher who, upon drinking from the skeleton's fountain, described the water as "very sweet and nice".[14]

Ethnologist Cyrus Thomas spent years compiling his Report on the Mound Explorations for the Smithsonian Institution. The 1894 in-depth study on North America's earthworks provided over seven hundred pages of conclusive evidence that they were built by native peoples.[7]: 302  Thomas' report shifted academic attitudes but news reports of giant skeletons continued to come out for decades afterward.[7]: 312–319  It was common for the stories to claim that the bones were sent to the Smithsonian Institution. The Smithsonian's Bureau of Ethnology did encourage those excavating mounds, to send Native American bones to their Mound Exploration Division.[1][7]: 312  Prior to the 1990 Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act,[1] the Smithsonian collected over 18,000 of these skeletons. However, the sensationalist newspaper articles were often invoking the Smithsonian's name in order to lend credibility.[15][7]: 312  As late as 1950, Paxson Hayes was featured for his claim that "blonde giants" once lived in the Americas.[16] Paxson's claims were repeated in Frank Scully's 1950 book Behind the Flying Saucers and the writings of Meade Layne.[17][18]

Debunking claims

In 1934, Aleš Hrdlička, curator of anthropology at the Smithsonian Institution rejected the existence of a race of giants between seven and 8 ft (2.4 m) tall. Hrdlička blamed the "will to believe" for the many reports of giant "discoveries".[19] Hrdlička blamed amateur anthropologists for being fooled by the bones. He stated that people were most often fooled by the length of the femur bone because they are often not familiar with human anatomy. Hrdlička also stated that reports of giant skeletons occurred two or three times per month.[20]

In 2020 The Columbus Dispatch reported that archeologist, Donald Ball collected articles about giant skeletons which were purportedly found in burial mounds dating as far back as 1845. He determined that when the claims about giant skeletons were scrutinized they did not reveal giant skeletons. One story in the Indianapolis Journal reported on August 29, 1883, that a 9 ft (2.7 m) skeleton had been found. Dr. M. M. Adams investigated and concluded that the bones were "not of a giant" and the individual was not "above five feet eight inches in height". He determined that it was a "giant fraud" upon the people.[21]

Internet hoax

In 2014, an internet story reported that the Smithsonian Institution had custody of many giant skeletons and destroyed "thousands of giant skeletons" in the early 1900s. Reuters determined that the origin of the story was a satirical website called World News Daily Report. A spokesperson for the Smithsonian confirmed that the story was not true.[22] The satirical story claimed that the American Institution of Alternative Archeology accused the Smithsonian of a coverup.[23] The Associated Press also investigated and determined that the story was false.[24]

Giant of Castelnau

Three bone fragments of the named "Giant of Castelnau" compared to a regular-size humerus (centre), according to Georges Vacher de Lapouge.

"Giant of Castelnau" refers to three bone fragments (a humerus, tibia, and femoral mid-shaft) discovered by Georges Vacher de Lapouge in 1890 in the sediment used to cover a Bronze Age burial tumulus, and dating possibly back to the Neolithic. Lapouge determined that the fossil bones may belong to one of the largest humans known to have existed. However, in 2022, Katherine Hacanyan asserted that this discovery by Lapouge was most likely a cave bear and not a human.[25] Giant skeletons of animals were often mistaken for giant human bones during previous centuries and during the early 20th century. This was due to a lack of expertise in human bone structure by those who discovered the bones. Also, some discoveries were intentionally misrepresented for various reasons.[26]


1984 Study

In 1984, the anthropologist Sheilagh Brooks examined the Reid Collection, an assemblage of Native American skeletons unearthed in Nevada by John Reid in the early 1900s which was said to contain an individual that measured 9'6". However, Brooks found that no skeleton measured more than 5'11". Brooks concluded that since Reid estimated the heights of these skeletons by measuring their femurs against his thigh, his overestimate likely occurred because he was unaware that the head of the femur is inserted in the pelvic socket and does not extend outward.[27]

2024 Study

In 2019, the Travel Channel series Code of the Wild aired an episode in which a pre-Columbian skeleton was presented that was allegedly 7 feet tall and Salasaca storytellers were interviewed that related oral traditions of giants.

In 2024, Nicholas Landol used mathematical formulae to determine that the individual was actually only between 153.34 cm and 162.37 cm and that due to the disarticulation that a skeleton experiences after death, a skeleton can appear larger than it is. As this was only one sample they also wrote that "Future analysis remains essential, however, to the evaluation of the Indigenous oral traditions of Ecuador".[28]

Similar hoaxes outside the United States

The fact-checking website Snopes records similar hoaxes in Saudi Arabia and India.[29]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e Card, Jeb J. (2018). "Relic Hunters and Haunted Museums". Spooky Archaeology: Myth and the Science of the Past. University of New Mexico Press. pp. 157–158. ISBN 9780826359667. Retrieved 20 May 2023.
  2. ^ a b Lincoln, Abraham (1953) [1848]. "Fragment: Niagara Falls". Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln. Vol. 2. Springfield, Illinois: The Abraham Lincoln Association. Retrieved 19 May 2023 – via University of Michigan Library.
  3. ^ a b Watts, Edward (2020). "Introduction: The Primordial Nation". Colonizing the Past: Mythmaking and Pre-Columbian Whites in Nineteenth-Century American Writing. University of Virginia Press. pp. 1–22. ISBN 9780813943886.
  4. ^ Watts, Edward (2020). "1: Welsh Indians in the Early Republic". Colonizing the Past: Mythmaking and Pre-Columbian Whites in Nineteenth-Century American Writing. University of Virginia Press. pp. 23–53. ISBN 9780813943886.
  5. ^ a b Watts, Edward (2020). "3: White Mound Builders and the Lessons of Prehistory". Colonizing the Past: Mythmaking and Pre-Columbian Whites in Nineteenth-Century American Writing. University of Virginia Press. pp. 95–137. doi:10.2307/j.ctvw1d556.7. S2CID 242145011.
  6. ^ Priest, Josiah (1833). American Antiquities. Albany, New York: Hoffman & White. Retrieved 20 May 2023.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Colavito, Jason (2020). The Mound Builder Myth: Fake History and the Hunt for a "Lost White Race". University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0806164618.
  8. ^ Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth. "The Skeleton in Armor". Poetry Foundation. Retrieved 20 May 2020.
  9. ^ Hale, Sarah Josepha (1823). "Notes [4]". The genius of oblivion; and other original poems. Concord: J.B. Moore. p. 67.
  10. ^ a b c d e Mucher, Christen (2022). "Nationalist Science and the Chronology of Dispossession". Before American History. University of Virginia Press. pp. 128–164. doi:10.2307/j.ctv2rh2c0p.11. ISBN 9780813948249. JSTOR j.ctv2rh2c0p.11. Retrieved 20 May 2023.
  11. ^ a b c Smith, Kevin E. (2013). "The Williamson County Giant". Middle Cumberland Archaeological Society Newsletter. 38 (5): 2–6. Retrieved 20 May 2023.
  12. ^ "Tennessee Against the World". The Tennessean. Nashville, Tennessee. Dec 12, 1845. p. 3.
    "The Giant Skeleton". The Lancaster Examiner. Lancaster, Pennsylvania. Dec 17, 1845. p. 3.
    "Giant Human Skeleton discovered in Tennessee". Milwaukie Semi-Weekly Gazette. Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Dec 30, 1845. p. 4.
  13. ^ "An American Pompeii: Trace of Buried City Discovered in Missouri". The Republic. Columbus, Indiana. April 9, 1885.
  14. ^ St. Louis Mo., Evening Chronicle (April 23, 1885). "A Subterranean City". Rockingham Register. Harrisonburg, Virginia.
  15. ^ Thomas, Cyrus (1891). "Report on the Mound Explorations of the Bureau of Ethnology". Twelfth annual report of the Bureau of Ethnology. Washington: Bureau of Ethnology. hdl:10088/91661. Retrieved 20 May 2023.
  16. ^ "Blond Giants Once Roamed Over Mexico". November 13, 1950. p. 14 – via newspapers.com.
  17. ^ Scully, Frank (July 4, 1950). "Behind the Flying Saucers". Holt – via Google Books.
  18. ^ "Interplanetary Travel Theories". January 31, 1951. p. 3 – via newspapers.com.
  19. ^ "No More Giants Says Hrdlicka". The Times. United Press. 30 March 1934. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
  20. ^ "Human Giants of Past not Proved Usually by Bones". The Oshkosh Northwestern. 3 March 1934. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
  21. ^ Lepper, Brad (27 December 202o). "Archaeology: Newspapers have been debunking giant hoaxes for a long time". The Columbus Dispatch. USA Today. Archived from the original on 27 October 2021. Retrieved 11 May 2023.
  22. ^ "Fact Check-Claims that the Smithsonian destroyed 'thousands of giant skeletons' are many years old and satirical". Reuters. 4 August 2022. Archived from the original on 31 March 2023. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
  23. ^ "Fact Check: This is one you could call a 'giant' hoax". Florida Times-Union. 6 January 2015. Archived from the original on 31 March 2023. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
  24. ^ Swenson, Ali (2 November 2022). "Social media users dig up 'giant' lie about the Smithsonian". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 12 April 2023. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
  25. ^ Hacanyan, Katherine (Fall 2022). "Anthropology, Historic Preservation And The Bones Of Giants". Post & Lintel. Eastern Michigan University: 27–28. Retrieved July 2, 2023.
  26. ^ Marco Romano, Marco Avanzini (26 June 2017). "The skeletons of Cyclops and Lestrigons: misinterpretation of Quaternary vertebrates as remains of the mythological giants". Historical Biology. 31 (2): 117–139. doi:10.1080/08912963.2017.1342640. S2CID 89912123.
  27. ^ "John Reid's Redheaded 'Giants' of Central Nevada: Fact or Fiction?", Nevada Historical Society Quarterly, Volume XXVII
  28. ^ Measuring the Merit of a Sensationalist Documentary: A Critical Assessment of the Julcuy "Giant" International Journal of Osteoarchaeology
  29. ^ Mikkelson, David (21 June 2004). "Was a Giant Skeleton Uncovered in Saudi Arabia?". Retrieved 20 May 2023.
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