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Wolf salute

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The wolf salute

The wolf salute, the grey wolf salute, or the grey wolf gesture (Template:Lang-tr) is a nationalist,[1] hand symbol.

Usage

Turkic horseman making the wolf sign, c. 6th centrury. Miho Funerary Couch

The grey wolf gesture was used by early Göktürks as a sign of victory, going as far back as being featured in motifs and statues from the 6th century.[2][better source needed] Political usage of the gesture was popularized in the 1990s by Alparslan Türkeş, the founder of the Nationalist Movement Party (MHP).[3]: 298  Although the gesture is commonly associated with MHP and the Grey Wolves, it is used by Turkish politicians across the political spectrum. It is also not limited to Turkey, as the gesture is used by Turkic people across the world, such as Azerbaijanis in Iranian Azerbaijan, to show that they are Turkic.[4][5]: 96 

Republican People's Party (CHP) Leader Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu once greeted his supporters with a grey wolf on his way to a rally in Kayseri for the 2017 Turkish constitutional referendum. Recep Tayyip Erdoğan reacted to it by saying, "the gray wolf sign made by the CHP leader cannot be erased from my memory", and Kılıçdaroğlu responded with, "we are also nationalists; we are also nationalists."[6] Kılıçdaroğlu made the sign again during an election rally in Eskişehir, where he responded with a wolf salute to a supporter who had greeted him with the same gesture.[7] Kılıçdaroğlu once again used the gesture prior to the 2023 Turkish presidential election when he was the main opposition candidate against Erdoğan.[8]: 69  Meral Akşener, a former member of the MHP and current leader of the Good Party, also frequently makes the symbol on many occasions.[9][10]

Recep Tayyip Erdoğan sparked controversy in 2018 when he briefly made the gesture at a rally in Mersin, before changing it to the four-fingered Rabia sign. Many saw it as a deliberate attempt to get votes from Turkish nationalists.[11] Other Justice and Development Party politicians to have flashed the sign are Foreign Minister Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu[12] and former Prime Minister Binali Yıldırım,[13] who later claimed that he was of Kurdish origin, contradicting the Wolf salute.[14] In 2023, when investigating the Grey Wolves in Germany, the Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution concluded that while the wolf gesture was one of the most famous symbols of the organization, not all users of it are connected to the Turkish far-right scene in particular.[15]

In sports

On 2 July 2024, after the match against Austria in the Euro 2024 in Germany, Turkish association footballer Merih Demiral displayed the salute, which is not banned in the match's host country. However, he received a suspension for the next two matches. At the press conference, he stated that it was an expression of Turkish pride and he intends to do it again when the opportunity arises. In addition to criticism from politicians and journalists,[16] UEFA started an investigation for alleged inappropriate behaviour.[17] On 3 and 4 July 2024 Germany and Turkey respectively summoned the other nation's ambassador to discuss the incident.[18] Subsequently, on 5 July, UEFA opted to suspend Demiral for two matches, stating that he had breached general principles of conduct and violated basic standards of decency.[19]

A hand gesture similar to the wolf salute has been used extensively in American professional wrestling since its introduction by WCW's Wolfpac in the 1990s, most notably DX, The O.C., and the Bullet Club.[20]

Meaning in other cultures

In Germany, the "silent fox" (Leisefuchs) hand gesture, used by teachers to signal students to be quiet, is identical in shape to the Bozkurt salute. Its use reportedly declined after 2011 when its meaning related to Turkish nationalism became known.[21]

In Japanese culture, this gesture is one form of the "Kitsune's window" (狐の窓), also called "Kitsune sign" (キツネサイン) or "Kitsune handsign" (キツネハンドサイン). The most widespread superstition associated with this gesture is that looking through the hole of the gesture would reveal the true form of spirits disguised as humans. These gestures are featured in Utagawa Kunimasu's Shimpan Bakemono Nendaiki (新板化物念代気) in 1829, and Nobuyo Kitamura's Kiyū Shōran (嬉遊笑覧), published in 1830, records their recreational use by children during the Edo period.[22][23] Kitsune's windows appear in modern Japanese media, such as in concerts by Japanese metal idol band Babymetal[24] and manga and anime featuring occultism or kitsune as characters.

Criticism

The salute is frequently criticised by Islamists who view nationalism as un-Islamic. It has also been criticised by İbrahim Korkmaz, an AKP politician, who described the symbol as "against the spirit of Islam" because "Gagauz Christians also use it".[25][26][27]

In the Islamic State propaganda video "Turkey and the Fire of Racism", a militant referred to the wolf salute and any form of wolf symbolism among Turks as "idolatry".[28]

Legality

Troops of the Syrian National Army in 2019, the member on the left does the wolf salute.

Austria banned the gesture in 2019.[29][30] Many German politicians from both the right-wing and left-wing have proposed to ban the wolf salute.[31]

In Germany, the usage of the silent fox signal in education (indicating for students to be quiet) was reported in 2011 as having decreased due to it being the same gesture as the wolf salute. The same is true for Austrian legality.[32]

References

  1. ^ Matusitz, Jonathan (2014). Symbolism in Terrorism: Motivation, Communication, and Behavior. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 12. ISBN 9781442235793.
  2. ^ "Bozkurt işareti nedir? Ne anlama geliyor? İşte Bozkurt işaretinin tarihçesi..." Sözcü (in Turkish). 10 March 2018. Retrieved 4 July 2024.
  3. ^ Ölçekçi, Haluk (2018). "Siyasal iletişim bağlamında Milliyetçi Hareket Partisi'nin inşası ve Alparslan Türkeş'in iletişim stratejisi". Uluslararası Medeniyet Çalışmaları Dergisi (in Turkish). 3 (1): 282–302. doi:10.26899/inciss.89. ISSN 2548-0146. Archived from the original on 4 July 2024. Retrieved 4 July 2024.
  4. ^ "CHP'de buluşma: Ümit Özdağ 'bozkurt' işareti yaptı, Özgür Özel Deniz Naki'yi hatırlattı". soL (in Turkish). 4 July 2024. Retrieved 4 July 2024.
  5. ^ Sarıkaya, Yalçın (2021). "İran'ın İkici Karabağ Savaşı tutumu: takke düştü kel göründü". Giresun Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi (in Turkish). 7 (1). Giresun University: 84–103. doi:10.46849/guiibd.872423. ISSN 2149-3391. Archived from the original on 4 July 2024. Retrieved 4 July 2024.
  6. ^ "Bozkurt işaretinin anlamı nedir? İlk kim yaptı? - Gündem Haberleri". posta.com.tr. 9 April 2018. Archived from the original on 28 January 2023. Retrieved 28 January 2023.
  7. ^ "Kılıçdaroğlu'ndan bozkurt selamı" (in Turkish). 25 April 2023. Archived from the original on 6 May 2023. Retrieved 3 May 2023.
  8. ^ Turan, Abdullah (2024). "Türk Siyasi Hayatında Kılıçdaroğlu Dönemi ve CHP'nin İdeolojik Yönelişi: Millet İttifakı'na Çıkan Yol". Iğdır Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi (in Turkish). 13 (36). Iğdır University: 48–73. doi:10.54600/igdirsosbilder.1388990. eISSN 2147-6152. Archived from the original on 4 July 2024. Retrieved 4 July 2024.
  9. ^ "'Bozkurt' işareti yapan İYİ Parti Genel Başkanı Meral Akşener: 'Partimizi çok zor kurduk ama kalıcı kıldık'". yerelingundemi.com (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 28 January 2023. Retrieved 28 January 2023.
  10. ^ "Meral Akşener Bozkurt İşareti yaptı! Önce kendisi yazdı sonra kendisi bozdu". Son Havadis (in Turkish). 31 August 2022. Archived from the original on 28 January 2023. Retrieved 28 January 2023.
  11. ^ "Erdoğan'dan Mersin'de bozkurt selamı". Takvim (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 28 January 2023. Retrieved 28 January 2023.
  12. ^ Cite error: The named reference fr.de was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  13. ^ "Başbakan Binali Yıldırım Bozkurt İşareti Yaptı". Bianet. Archived from the original on 22 February 2017. Retrieved 3 July 2024.
  14. ^ "Başbakan Binali Yıldırım: Benim de geçmişim Kürt". Archived from the original on 12 November 2021. Retrieved 3 July 2024.
  15. ^ "Türkischer Rechtsextremismus - Die "Grauen Wölfe" in Deutschland". Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution (in German). September 2023. Retrieved 4 July 2024.
  16. ^ "Uefa ermittelt gegen Demiral wegen des 'Wolfsgrußes'" [Uefa investigation against Demiral because of "Wolf salute"]. Süddeutsche Zeitung (in German). Südwestdeutsche Medien Holding. 3 July 2024. Retrieved 3 July 2024.
  17. ^ "UEFA Ethics and Disciplinary Inspector appointed". UEFA. 3 July 2024. Retrieved 3 July 2024.
  18. ^ "Wegen Demirals "Wolfsgruß": Bundesregierung bestellt türkischen Botschafter ein". Tagesspiegel. 4 July 2024. Retrieved 4 July 2024.
  19. ^ "Appeals Body decision: 2024 European Championship match, Austria - Türkiye". UEFA. 5 July 2024. Retrieved 5 July 2024.
  20. ^ "The 'Too Sweet' history of WWE's most iconic gesture". WWE.com. WWE. 24 June 2016. Archived from the original on 3 June 2023. Retrieved 3 July 2024.
  21. ^ "Grundschulen: "Frau Herber, du, guck mal"". Frankfurter Rundschau. 22 January 2019.
  22. ^ "「狐の窓」の方法は？妖怪が見える伝説は本当？危険体験も". MIKURI. 7 February 2024. Retrieved 5 July 2024.
  23. ^ "狐の窓". ピクシブ百科事典. Retrieved 5 July 2024.
  24. ^ "Metal Hammer UK issue 273". Metal Hammer. 21 July 2015. Retrieved 14 August 2015.
  25. ^ "'Bozkurt işareti İslam'a aykırı' diyen eski AK Partili vekil ülkücüleri kızdırdı". gazeteduvar.com.tr. Archived from the original on 3 July 2023. Retrieved 5 May 2023.
  26. ^ "AKP'li vekil, "Bozkurt işaretini Hristiyan Gagavuzlar kullanıyor" demişti; Ülkü Ocakları tepki gösterdi". T24 (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 8 February 2018. Retrieved 5 May 2023.
  27. ^ "AKP'li eski vekil: Bozkurt işareti İslam'ın ruhuna aykırı". birgun.net. Archived from the original on 7 May 2023. Retrieved 5 May 2023.
  28. ^ "IŞİD'in yeni Türkçe videosunda yok yok: Atatürk, Erdoğan, Öcalan, ülkücüler…". Diken (in Turkish). 21 November 2015. Archived from the original on 21 November 2018. Retrieved 9 January 2024.
  29. ^ Keddie, Patrick. "France has banned the 'Grey Wolves' – but who are they?". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 1 June 2021. Retrieved 28 January 2023.
  30. ^ "Austria: Ban on Turkish nationalist salute in practice". aa.com.tr. Archived from the original on 28 January 2023. Retrieved 28 January 2023.
  31. ^ "Germany Seeks to Ban Turkish 'Gray Wolves' Far-Right Symbols". Wolf Song of Alaska. Archived from the original on 28 January 2023. Retrieved 28 January 2023.
  32. ^ "Grundschulen: "Frau Herber, du, guck mal"". Frankfurter Rundschau. 22 January 2019.
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