List of loanwords in Indonesian

The Indonesian language has absorbed many loanwords from other languages, Sanskrit, Tamil, Chinese, Japanese, Arabic, Hebrew, Persian, Portuguese, Dutch, English, and other Austronesian languages.

Indonesian differs from the form of Malay used in Brunei, Malaysia and Singapore in a number of aspects, primarily due to the different influences both languages experienced and also due to the fact that the majority of Indonesians speak another language as their mother tongue. Indonesian functions as the lingua franca for speakers of 700 various languages across the archipelago.

Conversely, many words of Malay-Indonesian origin have also been borrowed into English. Words borrowed into English (e.g., bamboo, orangutan, dugong, amok, and even "cooties") generally entered through Malay language by way of British colonial presence in Malaysia and Singapore, similar to the way the Dutch have been borrowing words from the various native Indonesian languages. One exception is "bantam", derived from the name of the Indonesian province Banten in Western Java (see Oxford American Dictionary, 2005 edition). Another is "lahar" which is Javanese for a volcanic mudflow. Still other words taken into modern English from Malay/Indonesian probably have other origins (e.g., "satay" from Tamil, or "ketchup" from Chinese).

During development, various native terms (mostly Javanese) from all over the archipelago made their way into the language. The Dutch adaptation of the Malay language during the colonial period resulted in the incorporation of a significant number of Dutch loanwords and vocabulary. This event significantly affected the original Malay language, which gradually developed into modern Indonesian. Most terms are documented in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia.

Chronology

The study of Indonesian etymology and loan words reflects its historical and social context. Examples include the early Sanskrit borrowings, probably during the Srivijaya period, the borrowings from Arabic and Persian, especially during the time of the establishment of Islam, and words borrowed from Dutch during the colonial period. Linguistic history and cultural history are clearly linked.

• Early Hindu and Buddhist influence from India results in many Sanskrit words in Indonesian (and especially adopted through Javanese influence). Indian traders may have contributed words as well, in Tamil and Sanskrit-related languages.
• Indonesian has evolved through trade with China since ancient times, including through significant numbers of Chinese immigrants migrating to Indonesia. As a result, some of the Chinese language, especially the Hokkien dialect, has been incorporated into Indonesian.
• Muslim influence, originally through Arabic and Persian traders over a number of centuries, resulted in an extensive influence from the Arabic and Persian.
• Portuguese contact, trade and colonization in the 16th century was the first contact between Indonesia and European culture, and had an influence that remains today, in spite of the relatively short time period of that influence.
• Dutch colonization and administration, lasting from the 17th century to the 20th, extensively affected the vocabulary. As Dutch-trained linguists determined the rules for the official Indonesian language, Dutch thus affected the structure of the language as well. For example, suffixes such as "-asi" (e.g., administrasi = administrative) and "-if" (e.g., fiktif = fictief) were applied with consistency. Some loan words are still intensively used today, although Indonesian equivalents exist.
• Modern Indonesian regularly adopts new words from other languages, particularly English. In contrast to the large number of mechanical terms borrowed from Dutch (e.g., automotive parts), hi-tech words are typically taken from English (e.g., internet) and some informal greetings such as hai, he (probably from Javanesse), yo, etc.

But the processes may also be ‘out of period’; for example, Indonesian words are still being concocted from Sanskrit, and the influence of the Dutch language certainly continued after the Dutch themselves left.

Indonesian has also generalized brand names into common (lower-case) nouns as generic name. For example, "sanyo" refers to any electrical well pump, regardless of manufacturer, "odol" as all of toothpastes, or “aqua” for mineral water. This is similar to the type of generalization that occurs in English words like "xerox" or "tampax" or "polaroid".

List of loanwords

From Austronesian languages

From Minangkabau

Most of Indonesian's vocabulary is natively derived from Malay, but some might ultimately be loanwords from the Minang language. Yet it is unclear, since Malay and Minang are closely related, and some might consider Minang to have been an ancestral dialect of Malay.

Word	Meaning	Original word
acuh	indifferent	acuah
anjungan	pavilion	anjuang
awak	you (regional), crew, member	awak
bantah	denies	bantah
baruh	lowland	baruah
bernas	spirited	boneh
bunda	mother	bundo
buyung	sonny	buyuang
cabul	lewd	cabua
cakak	fight	cakak
campin	skilled	campin
cegak	vigorous	cegak
celoteh	babble	ciloteh
cemeeh	jeer	cemeeh
cengang	amazed	cangang
dara	girl, virgin, dove	daro
dadih	buttermilk	dadiah
dendang	sing	dendang
gadang	large	gadang
gadis	girl, virgin	gadih
gaek	aged	gaek
galau	confusion	galau
gelimang	mixed	galimang
gengsi	prestige	gengsi
heboh	commotion, fuss	heboh: noisy
himbau	appeal, please (prohibit/warn)	imbau
jangat	skin	jangek
jenjang	ladder	janjang
jerang	boiled	jarang
jinjing	pick-up	jinjiang
junjung	respectful	junjuang
kelok	meanders	kelok
lamban	slow	lamban
lampau	over, past	lampau
lancang	sassy	lancang
nan	which, who (connecting word)	nan
ngarai	canyon	ngarai
nian	very, really, truly	nian
pencak	art (martial art)	pancak
penghulu	chief of family	panghulu
ranah	realm, domain	ranah: land
rancak	beautiful	rancak
rantau	foreign country	rantau
rendang	rendang	randang
sanak	family	sanak
semarak	splendor	semarak
silat	silat (martial art)	silek
surau	mosque	surau
tandas	demolished	tandeh
teroka	open up new areas	taruko
terompah	sandals	tarompah
tuah	good luck	tuah
tungkai	leg	tungkai
usang	obsolete	usang

From Javanese

Compared to the Malay language spoken as the native regional language in Sumatra and the Malay peninsula or the standardized version of Malaysian, Indonesian differs profoundly by the large amount of Javanese loanwords incorporated into their already rich vocabulary. This is mostly contributed by Java's position as the center of Indonesian politics, education, and culture, since the capital is located in Jakarta on Java island, albeit in the area where the Javanese are not the majority. The disproportionate number of Javanese that dominate Indonesian politics is reflected by the fact that six out of seven Indonesian presidents have been ethnic Javanese. The result is that the Javanese began to pour their own vocabulary into Indonesian to describes terms and words that do not have exact counterparts in the Malay language. It is also important to note that most of Indonesian's Sanskrit loanwords have been transmitted through Old Javanese, a language whose Sanskrit borrowings number almost 50% of the total vocabulary. Javanese loanwords, unlike those from other native languages, have entered the basic vocabulary of Indonesian to such an extent that, for many, they are no longer perceived to be foreign.

Word	Meaning	Original word
adem	cool temperature	adhem
adiluhung/adiluhur	refined, highly sophisticated taste	adiluhung
amblas	vanish	ambles
ambruk	collapse	ambruk
among	nurture	among
ampuh	potent	ampuh
anggun	graceful	anggun
angker	haunted	angker
anjlok	dropped	anjlog
antek	stooge	antek
anyar	new	anyar
apik	neat, nice	apik
asri	beautiful (scenery/nature), neat, clean, nice	asri
ayu	beautiful (women), pretty, gorgeous, graceful, elegant	ayu
ayom	give shade, foster, protect	ayom, hangayomi
baluwarti	palace fortified wall	baluwerti (ultimately from Spanish 'baluarte' via Filipino languages)
bangsal	hall	bangsal, ultimately from Sanskrit: sala (room)
batik	batik	mbatik, from: amba-nitik
bejat	depraved	bejat
beres	completed	beres
betot	pull suddenly	betot
bopong	carry	bopong
brandal	thugs	brandalan
bromocorah	criminal	bromocorah
buron/buronan	runaway or fugitive	buron: from buru-an (to be hunted)
candi	temple	candhi
canggih	sophisticated	canggih
cebol	midget	cebol
celingukan	look around	celingukan
ceplas ceplos	speak out frankly	ceplas ceplos
copet	pickpocket	copet
dengkul	knee	dengkul
doyan	be fond	doyan
edan	crazy	edhan
empu	maestro, master craftsman	mpu
ganteng	handsome	ngganteng
gebrakan	blow	gebrakan
gede	big	gede
gembok	padlock	gembok
gendong	piggyback	gendong
gerebek	raid	grebeg: traditional ceremony involving mass competing to grab sacred objects
gilas	run over	giles
gosong	scorched	gosong
irit	frugal	irit
jagal	butcher	jagal
jago	skillful, expert	jago: rooster
jagoan	tough guy, hero	jago: rooster
jajan	snack	jajan
kedut	twitching	kedutan
kemben	torso wrap	kembhen
kesurupan	possessed	surup: fit, enter
konde	bulbous hairdo or hair extension on the back of the head	kondhe
lara	sadness (poetic)	lara: sickness
larung	intentionally swept or send away through water (river/sea)	larung
lapik	base	lapik
luhur	noble, high	dhuwur, luhur
manut	obedient	manut
melengos	looked away	melengos
minggat	flee	minggat
mingkem	keep quiet	mingkem
mumpuni	accomplished	mumpuni
nganggur	idle, jobless	nganggur
nusantara	Indonesian archipelago, archipelago	nusantara
pagar langkan	balustrade	pagar langkan
pamrih	intention	pamrih
pemirsa	viewers	pemirsa
pendopo	roofed front open hall	pendhopo, ultimately from Sanskrit: mandapa (front hall as part of temple)
pilek	flu	pilek
resik	clean, well maintained	resik
sedot	suck	sedot
selaras	harmonious	slaras
selingkuh	affair	selingkuh
semberono	careless	sembrono
semrawut	complicated mess, out of order	semrawut
sungkan	shy	sungkan
tembang	song	tembang
tentram	peaceful	tentrem
titisan	reincarnated	nitis
tuntas	complete	tuntas
undakan	stages	undhak
unduh	download	unduh
unggah	upload	munggah
umpak	base	umpak

From Sundanese

Besides Javanese, Sundanese is another local language that has influenced Indonesian's vocabulary, albeit to a lesser extent. This can be attributed to the fact that the capital, Jakarta, was formerly a part of West Java, a province which, together with Banten, before it too was divided, constituted the Pasundan (Sundanese world), the most significant non-Javanese region in an otherwise Javanese-dominated Java island. Some of the most populous cities in Indonesia are also located in the Pasundan, including West Java's capital, Bandung, and Jakarta's four satellite cities (Bekasi, Bogor, Depok, and Tangerang).

Word	Meaning	Original word
aci	tapioca flour	aci sampeu
amburadul	mess, something out of order	amburadul
anjangsana	high official visiting	anjangsana
balairung	hall	bale riung: traditional building for meeting
becek	puddle	becek
berabe	annoying, nuisance	barabe
bloon (spelled blo-'on)	stupid	blo'on/o'on
cocopet	earwig	cocopet
getol	active	getol
hatur	to express, to send (polite)	haturkeun
jangkung	tall	jangkung
juara	champion, winner	jawara: tough guy, fighter, hero
kedap	proof as in "kedap air" (waterproof)	kedap
kesima	awe, amaze	kesima
kesohor	famous	kasohor
kolot	old fashioned	kolot: old
lalap	raw vegetable, consumed	lalab
majikan	boss	majikan
menyaru	pretending, camouflaging	verbal form of saru: undistinguishable
patungan	chip in, joint-venture, collecting money to buy something for common use	patungan
pemulung	waste picker	noun of the verb pulung: pick
pengaruh	influence	pangaruh
pepes	cooking method using banana leaf wrapping	papais: plural form of pais
risih	uneasy, uncomfortable	risih
siksa	torture	siksa: education
songong	no self-awareness	songong
uwa	uncle or aunty older than parent	uwa

From Betawi

Betawi is a Malay-based creole that arose from influences by foreign traders who stopped at the capital, Jakarta, including those from China and Arabia. Most of its speakers are inhabitants of Jakarta, and its influence upon Indonesian is attributed to its frequent usage in Indonesian mass media, including radio and television. Its status as a "hip" language by other portions of Indonesian society is another contributing factor as well.

Word	Meaning	Original word
abal-abal	fake, false	abal-abal
bangkotan	aged	bangkotan
begah	replete	begah
belagu	ostentatious	belagu
butut	old-fashioned	butut
cebur	splash	cebur
entot	copulate	entot
gelandang	football midfielder, bringer	gelandang
gelandangan	homeless	gelandangan
mampus	dead	mampus
ngamen	street performance	ngamen
rempong	troublesome	rempong
ribet	complicated, hard, not easy	ribet
rombeng	rags	rombeng
timpuk	throw	timpuk
udak	chase	udak

From Nias

Indonesian word	Indonesian meaning	Nias word	Nias meaning	Note
mado	Nias' clan system	mado

From Batak

Word	Meaning	Original word
molek	voluptuous	molek

From Balinese

Balinese, or simply Bali, is a Malayo-Polynesian language spoken by 3.3 million people (as of 2000) on the Indonesian island of Bali as well as northern Nusa Penida, western Lombok and eastern Java.

Indonesian word	Indonesian meaning	Balinese word	Balinese Transliteration	Balinese meaning	Note	Ref
arja	a Balinese opera	ᬳᬭ᭄ᬚ	arja	a Balinese opera
awatara	avatar	ᬅᬯᬢᬭ	awatara	avatar	1. see also avatar. 2. Loanword from Sanskrit अवतार (IAST: avatāra, avatar)
awig-awig		ᬳᬯᬶᬕ᭄ᬳᬯᬶᬕ᭄	awig-awig		Awig-awig is Balinese adat (customary) law.
babarangan	bonang	ᬩᬩᬭᬗᬦ᭄	babarangan	bonang
bade		ᬩᬤᬾ	bade		Bade is tower for Balinese Hinduism cremation ceremony.
bakaran		ᬩᬓᬭᬦ᭄	bakaran
bancingah		ᬩᬜ᭄ᬘᬶᬗᬄ	bancingah
bandrang	spear	ᬩᬦ᭄ᬤ᭄ᬭᬂ	bandrang	spear
bangkung	sow (pig)	ᬩᬗ᭄ᬓᬸᬂ	bangkung	sow (pig)
banjar		ᬩᬜ᭄ᬚᬃ	banjar		Banjar is administrative division below the village in Bali.
banten	offering	ᬩᬦ᭄ᬢᭂᬦ᭄	banten	offering
barong	barong	ᬩᬭᭀᬂ	barong	barong
bebali		ᬩᭂᬩᬮᬶ	bebali		Bebali is a sacred dance in Bali.
bebangkit		ᬩᭂᬩᬗ᭄ᬓᬶᬢ᭄	bebangkit		Bebangkit is an offering for Durga.
bebarongan		ᬩᭂᬩᬭᭀᬗᬦ᭄	bebarongan		Bebarongan is a type of roofing in Bali.
bebekel		ᬩᭂᬩᭂᬓᭂᬮ᭄	bebekel
beli		ᬩᭂᬮᬶ	beli		Beli is older brother in Balinese.
bendesa		ᬩᭂᬦ᭄ᬤᬾᬰ	bendésa		Bendesa is Balinese adat village head.
caturjalma
Cokorda
Dewa		ᬤᬾᬯ	dewa		1. Dewa is a title for Brahmin caste in Bali. 2. Loanword of Sanskrit देव ((IAST: deva)).

From Indian languages

From Sanskrit

Further information: List of Sanskrit loanwords in Indonesian

Although Hinduism and Buddhism are no longer the major religions of Indonesia, Sanskrit, the language vehicle for these religions, is still held in high esteem, and its status is comparable with that of Latin in English and other Western Indo-European languages. Sanskrit is also the main source for neologisms; these are usually formed from Sanskrit roots. For example, the name of Jayapura city (former Hollandia) and Jayawijaya Mountains (former Orange Range) in the Indonesian province of Papua were coined in the 1960s; both are Sanskrit origin name to replace its Dutch colonial names. Some Indonesian contemporary medals of honor and awards, such as Bintang Mahaputra medal, Kalpataru award and Adipura award, are also Sanskrit derived names.

The loanwords from Sanskrit cover many aspects of religion, art and everyday life. The Sanskrit influence came from contacts with India long ago before the 1st century. The words are either directly borrowed from India or through the intermediary of the Old Javanese language. In the classical language of Java, Old Javanese, the number of Sanskrit loanwords is far greater. The Old Javanese — English dictionary by Prof. P.J. Zoetmulder, S.J. (1982) contains no fewer than 25,500 entries. Almost half are Sanskrit loanwords. Sanskrit loanwords, unlike those from other languages, have entered the basic vocabulary of Indonesian to such an extent that, for many, they are no longer perceived to be foreign.

From Pali

Pali (Pāli) is a Prakrit language and belongs to the Indo-European language family together with Sanskrit. As Sanskrit is the language vehicle of Hinduism, Pali is the language vehicle for Buddhism, especially the Theravada tradition which is mainly adhered to by Buddhists within Indosphere Southeast Asia. Virtually every word in Pāḷi has cognates in the other Middle Indo-Aryan languages, the Prakrits. The relationship to Vedic Sanskrit is less direct and more complicated; the Prakrits were descended from Old Indo-Aryan vernaculars.

Indonesian word	Indonesian meaning	Pali word	Pali transcription	Pali meaning	Note
belanja	shopping, expense	वलञ्ज	valañja	that which is spent or secreted
biku	bhikkhu (classical)	भिक्खु	bhikkhu	beggar, bhikkhu	see also biksu from Sanskrit.
bikuni	bhikkhuni (classical)	भिक्खुणी	bhikkhuṇī	beggar, bhikkhuni	see also biksuni from Sanskrit.
dana	allocated money	धन	dhana	treasure
dana	donation, funds	दान	dāna	giving, liberality; offering, alms	cognate of Sanskrit दान (dāna).
duka	sadness	दुक्ख	dukkha	stress; suffering; pain; distress; discontent
loba	greed	लोभ	lobha	greed; passion; unskillful desire.
mara	calamity	मार	māra	mara (demon)	cognate of Sanskrit मार (māra).
merana	sick, sadness	मारण	māraṇa	killing, slaughter, murder	cognate of Sanskrit मारण (māraṇa).
percaya	believe	परिचय	paricaya	familiarity	cognate of Sanskrit प्रत्ययः (pratyayaḥ)
raga	(physical) body	राग	rāga	lust; greed

From Hindi

Hindi (Devanagari: हिन्दी, IAST: Hindī) is a standardised and Sanskritised register of the Hindustani language. Hindi is an Indo-European, and specifically an Indo-Aryan language. It is descended from Sanskrit and is considered part of the Central Indo-Aryan subgroup.

Indonesian word	Indonesian meaning	Hindi word	Hindi transcription	Hindi meaning	Note
acar	pickles	अचार	achaar	pickles
antari	cloth	अंतरीय	antarīya	under garment
gari, argari	handcuffs	हाथकड़ी	hath-kaṛī	hand+link
ayah	father	आया	āyā	ayah, nanny
bahadur	brave	बहादुर	bahādur	brave	from Persian بهادر (bahâdor)
bahana	1. loud sound (n.), 2. great, bright (adj.)	भनक	bhanak	a low or distant sound, hum, buzz, ring
		हनना	hannā	to speak, to break silence
bakdul	rein	बागडोर	bāgḍor	rein
banglo	perforated crates to keep the fish in the dam area		banglā
bangsal	ward, shed, public building	भनसाल	bhansāl	storehouse, magazine, granary	see भण्डसाल (bhanḍsāl) < भण्डसार (bhaṇḍasāra) storehouse, magazine, granary
barua	procuress		bhaṛuā
basi	stale, spoilt	बासी	bāsī	stale, rancid
bel	bell		bel
belati	dagger	विलायती	vilāyatī	foreign
bendahari, bendari	female treasurer	भंडारी	bhaṇḍārī	store keeper
benian		बनियान	baniyān	under garment, vest
beta	I (first-person pronoun) (classical, Moluccas)	बेटा	beṭā	son
bêti	proof		beṭī
bibi	aunt		bī
cacar	pox (disease)	चेचक	cecak	pox (disease)
cakela	brothel, whorehouse (archaic)	चकला	caklā	brothel, whorehouse
candu	opium	चण्डू	caṇḍū	opium	from Sanskrit चण्ड+उकः
cap	stamp	? छापा	chāp ṭhappā	? stamp
capal	leather sandal	चप्पल	cappal	slipper
celana	pants, trousers	चोलना	ćolnā	short breeches, reaching half-way down the thighs
cempa			campā
ceri	cherry (Muntingia calabura)		curī
ceteri	tent (in boat) (arch.)	छत्री	ćhatrī	covering, canopy	Sanskrit tadbhava word छत्रिका
cindai	flowery silk		cunrī
coli	(arch.)		colī
culim	smoking pipe	चिलम	cilam	smoking pipe	see also chillum
cura	funny		churā
curi	steal	चूरी चोरी	ćūrī corī	steal
cuti	leave	छुट्टी	chuṭṭī	leave
dal	bean	दाल	dāl	dried, split pulses	see dal.
dam	check (pattern)	दाम	dām	net, snare
dandi	a kind of musical instrument	डोंडी	ḍoṅḍī	small kettle-drum	Sanskrit tadbahva दुन्दुभी
dera	lash		durrā	to whip
dian	small lamp	दिया	dīyā	light, lamp, lantern
dobi	laundry worker	धोबी	dhobī	laundry worker (male)
dol	1. Indian drum, 2. mast	ढोल	ḍhol	dhol
		डोल	ḍol	mast	probably from Arabic دلو (dalw)
duhai	an interjection word	दुहाई	duhāī	cry for help
duli	dust; foot; honorary word for official, nobility, or king	डोली	ḍolī	a kind of sedan	see also paduka.
dura	far	दूर	dūr	far
gajus	cashew (Anacardium occidentale)	दूर	kājū	cashew (Anacardium occidentale)	possibly from Tupian acajú through Portuguese caju
gala-gala	small bee		gūgal
ganda	small bee		gāna
ganja	Cannabis sativa	गांझा	gāṅjhā	Cannabis sativa	probably from Sanskrit गृञ्ज+कः, or गृञ्जनकः
gap	1. sound of slapping on a table. 2 sound of heartbeat.		gap	the sound made by a blow, or in swallowing
garam	salt	गरम	garam	hot, warm
geleca	cake (arch.)		gālīcā
guli	marbles	गोली	golī	ball	from Sanskrit गोल+इका
gusar	angry		g̠uṣṣa	choking, anger	from Arabic غصة, from. غصّ 'to be choked'

From Tamil

Loanwords from Tamil, while also an Indian language (though not Indo-European like Sanskrit), mainly exist in cuisine, like Chinese and unlike Sanskrit. It is a Dravidian language and not an Indo-Aryan language. However, Hinduism had great impact in Tamil, there are several Indo-Aryan loanwords in Tamil and they are possibility to list them in Indo-Aryan loanwords, such as Sanskrit.

Interaction between Tamil speakers and Malay speakers has been established from ancient time. Tamil influence has been around such as Palava usage as ancient script in Indonesia (Palava dynasty was existed on 275 CE–897 CE) and Chola invasion of Srivijaya in 1025. It mainly entered the lexicon of Malay (and by extension, Indonesian) with the immigration of South Indian traders who settled around the Strait of Malacca.

Indonesian Word	Indonesian Meaning	Tamil Word	Tamil Transliteration	Tamil Meaning	Note
acaram	1. ring, 2. earnest money	அச்சகாரம்	accāram	earnest money
acu	mould, model	அச்சு	accu	mould
andai	if, suppose	அண்டை	aṇṭai	near, support
apam	kind of cake	அப்பம்	appam	appam, rice cake, bread pastry
badai	storm	வாடை	vāṭai	wind, north wind
bagai	sort of	வகை	vakai	kind, sort
baji	wedge	வசி	vaci	cleft, point, edge
basi	1. commission, fee 2. overtime or extra pay 3. reduction (in price), discount	வாசி	vāci	1. difference 2. rate, as of interest; portion 3. discount, in changing money
batil	copper bowl, plate, tray	வட்டில்	vaṭṭil	a brass tray, a platter; basket
bedil	gun, rifle	வெடி	veṭi	explosion, as of gun	via Javanese bedhil
bicu	lever	வீச்சு	vīccu	blow, stroke
biram	1. elephant, 2. double-headed snake, 3. red	வேழம்	vēḻam	elephant
canai	grindstone	சாணை	cāṇai-k-kal	grindstone
cemeti	whip	சம்மட்டி	cammaṭṭi	1. (horse-)whip, 2. large hammer
cerpelai	mongoose (Herpestes sp.)	கீரிப்பிள்ளை	kīri-p-piḷḷai	common Indian mungoose, Indian ichneumon, Herpestes mungo
cerpu	leather sandals (terompah-like)	செருப்பு	ceruppu	leather sandals, slippers, shoes
cerutu, serutu	cigar	சுருட்டு	curuṭṭu	1. curling, coiling; 2. cigar
ceti	money lender	செட்டி	ceṭṭi	mercantile caste, traders	from Prakrit sēṭṭišrēṣṭhin
cukai	excise tax, custom	சுங்கம்	cuṅkam	duty on goods, customs, tolls	from Prakrit šuṅkašulka
cuku	dried gambier roots	சுக்கு	cukku	dried ginger
cuma	only, no others	சும்மா	cummā	leisurely, without any occupation or work	?
gula	sugar	குளம்	kuḷam	sugar	*?
gulai	kind of curry	குலை	gulai		*?
gundu	marbles	குண்டு	kuṇṭu	ball; anything globular and heavy
gurindam	two lines rhyme	கிரந்தம்	kirantam	1. book, treatise 2. A verse or prose containing 32 syllables, šlōka	from grantha.
helai	sheet	இலை	ilai	leaf, petal
jodoh, joli	mate, partner	சோடி	cōṭi	couple, pair	loanword from Hind. jōḍi.
joli	royal sedan	டோலி	ṭōli	a kind of sedan	loanword from Hind. ḍōlā.
kambi	wooden frames to strengthen the edges of doors	கம்பி	kampi	wall plate
kapal	boat	கப்பல்	kappal	ship, sailing vessel
kari, kare	curry	கறி	kaṟi	curry
katai, katik	small, short	கடை	kaṭṭai	short, low, dwarfish defect, deficiency
katelum	bastion	கொத்தளம்	kottalam	part of a rampart, bastion, defensive erection on the top of a rampart	from Pāli koṭṭhaka
kati	a measure of weight = 6¼ ons	கட்டி	kaṭṭi	a measure of weight = 25 palams
katik	1. Paspalum scrobiculatum, 2. Treron curvirostra, 3. area measurement (of land or field)	கட்டை	kaṭṭai	mile
katil	bed	கட்டில்	kaṭṭil	1. cot, bedstead, couch, sofa, 2. Throne
kawal	guard, escourt	காவல்	kāval	defence, protection, watchman, guard
kedai	foodstall	கடை	kaṭai	bazaar, shop, market
kedelai	Glycine max	கடலை	kaṭalai	Cicer arietinum, Melastoma malabaricum	Kanarese, Travancore usage kaḍale, Malayalam kaḍala
keledai	Equus asinus	கழுதை	kaḻutai	Equus asinus
ketumbar	Coriandrum sativum	கொத்தமல்லி	kottamalli	Coriandrum sativum	from Sanskrit कुस्तुम्बुरु (kustumburu)
kodi	twenty units	கோடி	kōṭi	1. Crore, ten millions, 2. large number
kolam	pool, pond, basin, tank	குளம்	kuḷam	tank, pond, reservoir, lake
konde, kundai	dressing of hair in large coil on the head	கொண்டை	koṇṭai	tuft, dressing of hair in large coil on the head	related to Telugu koṇḍe, Kanarese Travancore goṇḍe, Malayalam koṇṭa
korundum	natural Aluminum oxide	குருந்தம்	kuruntam	corundum, emery
kudai	basket made of rattan	கூடை	kūṭai	basket made of rattan, ola or bamboo
kuil	temple	கோயில்	kōyil	1. Palace, 2. Temple, Sanctuary
kulai	limp	குலை	kulai	to untie, loosen, dishevel
kuli	physical worker	கூலி	kūli	1. wages, pay; 2. fare, hire, freight
kundi	clay craftsman		kuṉṟi		?
ladam	horseshoe	லாடம்	lāṭam	horseshoe
lebai	mosque employees	லப்பை	lappai	Tamil-speaking Muhammadans
logam	metal	உலோகம்	ulōkam	metal	from lōha metal
madali	a musical instrument	மத்தளம்	mattaḷam	a kind of drum
malai	strands	மாலை	mālai	anything strung together
maligai	royal chamber in palace	மாளிகை	māḷikai	top floor of a storied building	?
mangga	mango	மாங்காய்	māṅkāy	mango
manik	beads		maṇi
manikam	diamond	மாணிக்கம்	māṇikkam	gem, precious stone
merikan, marikan	clothes from America	மரிக்கன்	marikkaṉ	from America
maru	disturbing ghost	மாற்று	māṟṟu	to change, alter to conceal, hide to shift; to transfer, as from a place
matu	grade of gold	மாற்று	māṟṟu	degree of fineness of gold or silver
mempelam	mango	மாம்பழம்	mā-m-paḻam	mango fruit
merunggai	Moringa oleifera	முருங்கை	muruṅkai	Moringa pterygosperma
metai	bed	மெத்தை	mettai	bed, cushion
meterai	seal, stamp	முத்திரை	muttirai	1. impress, mark 2. seal, signet 3. stamp, as for postage, for court fees
misai	mustache	மீசை	mīcai	1. upper part, 2. cf. šmašru. moustache
modal	capital, stock	முதல்	mutal	1. beginning 2. principal, fund, capital, money yielding interest 3. stock, store
mundam	large tub for royal bathing	முந்தை	muntai	small vessel
mutu	1. quality, purity of gold 2. sad 3. In pinch (chess)	முட்டு	muttu	difficulty, as in passing, hindrance, obstacle, impediment
nali	volume unit =16 gantang =1/50 koyan	நாழி	nāḻi	tubularity; tube, a measure of capacity, =8 ollocks	related to nāḍi
nelayan	fisherman	நுளையன், கரையான், வலையன், வலைஞன்	nuḷaiyaṉ, karaiyāṉ, valaiyaṉ, valaiñaṉ,	fisher(man)
nila	indigo	நீல	nila	blue, black, common indigo, blue nelumbo
nilai	value	நிலை	nilai	standing character, quality, temper, nature
nilakandi	indigo (color, stone): blue vitriol	நீலகண்டன்	nīla-kaṇṭaṉ	blue vitriol
nilam	Pycnonotus aurigaster Pogostemon cablin	நீலம்	nīlam	blue, azure or purple colour
ondé-ondé	jian dui	உண்டை	uṇṭai	ball, globe, sphere; anything round or globular
panai	wooden tray	பானை	pāṉai	1. large earthen pot or vessel 2. measure of capacity 3. oil measure = 4 cempu
pancalogam	mixture of five (many) metals	பஞ்சலோகம்	pañcalōkam	1. The five kinds of metal, poṉ, irumpu, cempu, īyam, veḷḷi; 2. Amalgam of the five metals
pandam	resin (in the grip of keris)	பண்டம்	pantam	1. substance, material, utensils. 2. belly, body	from bhāṇḍa
pandu	guide	பந்து	pantu	relation, kinsman	from bandhu.
patam, petam	ornament, jewelry	பட்டம்	paṭṭam	plate of gold worn on the forehead, as an ornament or badge of distinction
pawai	1. parade, procession 2. royal equipments	பவனி	pavaṉi	parade
pelbagai	various	1. பல 2. வகை	1. pala 2. vakai	1. many 2. division, class, manner, way, nature, goods, places, detail
perisai	shield	பரிசை	paricai	1. shield, buckler (come from phara) 2. large umbrella, as a badge of honour
perli	satire, mockery	புரளி	puraḷi	1. Lying, falsehood; 2. Mischief, waggishness; 3. Quarrel, wrangle, broil;
peti	chest, box	பெட்டி	peṭṭi	chest, trunk, coffer, box
pitam	headache, dizziness	பித்தம் பித்தம்	pittam pitta	lunacy, madness dizziness
puadai	red carpet	பாவாடை	pāvāṭai	red carpet
pualam	marble	பவளம்	pavaḷam	red coral
pudi	small diamond	பொடி	poṭi	small gem
putu	kue putu	புட்டு	puṭṭu	puttu
ragam	various	ராகம்	(i)rākam	desire, color, redness, music
roti	bread	ரொட்டி	roṭṭi	bread, wheaten cake
sambal	sambal	சம்பாரம்	campāram	spicy condiments, curry stuff	1. from Sanskrit सम्बार (sambāra) 'spices'. 2. related to sambar (சாம்பார் cāmpār)
satai, saté	satay	சதை	catai	flesh
sedelinggam	red paint material	சாதிலிங்கம்	cātiliṅkam	cermilion, red sulphurate of mercury
senam	calisthenics	சானம் சனம்	cāṇam caṉam	meditation (dhyāna) people, crowd, herd
sengketa	to dispute	ஸங்கடம்	saṅkaṭam	trouble
talam	tray without feet	தாலம்	tālam	1. eating- plate, porringer, usually of metal. 2. Salver
tampah	tray	தம்பா	tampā	tray	see tatak
tambi	1. younger brother (Indian) 2. helper	தம்பி	tampi	younger brother (Indian)
tandil	overseer	தண்டல்	taṇṭal	tax-collector
tandu	palanquin	தண்டு	taṇṭu	pole of a palanquin or other vehicle
tembaga	copper	செம்பு	cempu	copper, gold, metal vessel
teman	friend	தமன்	tamaṉ	friend (male)
terusi, tursi	blue vitriol	துருசு	turucu	blue vitriol
tirai	curtain	திரை	tirai	curtain
tolan	friend	தோழன்	tōlan	friend (male)
topi	hat	தொப்பி	toppi	cap
tunai	cash	துணை	tuṇai	measure, extent, degree, quantity, number	?
Wéda	Vēdas	வேதம்	vētam	Vēdas

From Middle Eastern languages

From Arabic

The loanwords from Arabic are mainly concerned with religion, in particular with Islam. Allah is the word for God even in Christian Bible translations. Many early Bible translators, when they came across some unusual Hebrew words or proper names, used the Arabic cognates. In the newer translations, this practice has been discontinued. They now turn to Greek names or use the original Hebrew word. For example, the name Jesus was initially translated as 'Isa, but is now spelt as Yesus.

Word	Meaning	Original word	Transcription, notes
abdi	servant	عَبْد	ʻabd
abjad	alphabet	الأبْجَدِيّة	al'abjadia
adab	civilize, proper	أَدَب	adab: manner
adat	custom	عادة	ʻāda
ahad	Sunday	الأحد	al-ahad
ajaib	magical	عجائب	ʻajāʼīb
ajal	death	أَجَل	ʻajl: fate
akad	contract, promise	عَقْد	ʻaqd
akal	reason	عَقْل	ʻaql
akhir	end	آخِر	ʼākhir
akhirat	hereafter	آخِرة	ākhira
akhlak	character, nature (of person)	أَخْلاق	akhlāq
alam	nature	عالَم	ʻālam: world, earth
alami	natural	عالَميّ	ʻālamiyy
aljabar	algebra	الجَبْر	al-jabr
amal	alms giving, good deed	عَمَل	ʻamal: work
aman	safe, secure	أمان	ʼamān
anda	you (formal)	أَنْتَ	anta
asal	origin	أَصْل	ʼaṣl
asas	foundation, basis	أَساس	ʼasās
asasi	foundational, basic	أَساسيّ	ʼasāsiyy
asli	real, original	أَصْليّ	ʼaṣliyy
awal	beginning	أَوَّل	ʼawwal
badan	body	بَدَن	badan
bahari	maritime, naval, of the sea	بَحْريّ	baḥriyy
batin	inner self	بَطْن	baṭn: stomach
berkah, berkat	blessing	بَرَكة	baraka
daftar	list	دَفْتَر	daftar: notebook
dahsyat	awesome	دَهْشَة	dahshat: astonishment
dakwah	sermon	دَعْوة	da'wa
derajat	degree, level	دَرَجَة	daraja
doa	pray	دُعاء	du'ā
dunia	world	دُنْيا	dunyā
faedah	benefit, profit	فَائِدَة	fāida
fajar	dawn	فَجْر	fajr
fakir	poor person, pauper	فَقير	faqīr
gaib	unseen	غَائِب	ghāib
hadiah	gift, present	هدية	hadiyyah
hafal	memorize	حَفِظَ	hifz
halal	religiously lawful	حَلال	ḥalāl
hak	right	حَقّ	ḥaqq
hakikat	truth, base	حَقيقة	ḥaqīqa
hakiki	true, real	حَقيقيّ	ḥaqīqiyy
hakim	judge (in court of law)	حاكِم	ḥākim
haram	religiously unlawful	حَرام	ḥarām
harfiah	literal	حَرْفيّة	ḥarfiyya
hayati	living	حَياتيّ	ḥayātiyy
hewan	animal	حَيَوان	ḥayawān
hikmah	wisdom, deeper meaning	حِكْمة	ḥikma
hukum	law	حُكْم	ḥukm
huruf	letter (of an alphabet)	حُروف	ḥurūf
iblis	devil	إِبْلِيس	'iiblis see setan
ijazah	diploma	إجازة	ʼijāza: license
ikhlas	sincere	إخلاص	ikhlas
ikrar	pledge, declaration	إقْرار	ʼiqrār
ilmiah	scientific	عِلْميّة	ʻilmiyya
ilmu	knowledge, science	عِلْم	ʻilm
istilah	term	إصْطلَاح	iṣṭilaḥ
istirahat	rest, break, pause, recess	اسْتِراحة	istirāḥa
izin	permission, to permit	إذْن	ʼidhn
jadwal	schedule	جَدْوَل	jadwal
jahanam	cursed, damned	جَهَنَّم	jahannam: hell
jahil	prank, practical joke	جاهِل	jāhil: ignorant, uninformed
jawab	answer	جَواب	jawāb
jenazah	corpse	جَنازة	janāza: funeral
jilbab	hijab, head covering	جلباب	jilbāb: loose coat
Jumat	Friday	الجُمْعة	al-jumʻa
kabar	news	خَبَر	khabar
kafan	white shroud (to cover the dead)	كَفَن	kafan
kafir	infidel	كافِر	kāfir
kaidah	rule	قَاعِدَة	qā'ida
Kamis	Thursday	الخَميس	al-khamīs
kamus	dictionary	قاموس	qāmūs
kera	ape	قرد	qarad
kertas	paper	قِرْطاس	qirṭās
khalayak	audience, public
khas	specialty	خاصّ	khāṣṣ
khawatir	worry	خواطر	khawatir: reflections
khayal	imagination, fiction	خَيَال	khayāl
khianat	betrayal, treason	خِيَانَةُ	khiāna
khitan	circumcision	خِتان	khitān
khusus	special, particular	خصوص	khuṣūṣ
kitab	religious book	كِتاب	kitāb
korban	victim	قُرْبان	qurbān: sacrifice
kuliah	college/lecture	كُلّيّة	kulliyya: faculty
kurma	date palm	كَرْمة	karma: grapevine
kursi	chair	كُرْسيّ	kursiyy
kurun	span (of time)	قُرون	qurūn: centuries
lahir	to be born; physical, external, outer	ظاهر	ẓāhir
laskar	soldier	العَسْكَر	al-ʻaskar
lezat	delicious	لذّة	ladhdha
lisan	verbally, tongue	لِسان	lisān
maaf	sorry, to apologise	معاف	muʻāf
mahkamah	court of law	مَحْكَمة	maḥkama
majelis	assembly, board, council	مَجْلِس	majlis
makam	grave	مَقَام	maqām: permanent place of s.t.
makhluk	creature	مخلوق	maẖlūq
makna	meaning	مَعْنًى	maʻnan
maksud	meaning, purpose	مَقْصود	maqsūd
maktub	written	مَكْتوب	maktūb
malaikat	angel	مَلائكة	malāʼika
masalah	problem	مَسْأَلة	masʼala
masjid	mosque	مَسْجِد	masjid
maut	dead, deadly	مَوْت	mawt
menara	tower	مَنارة	manāra
Mesir	Egypt	مِصْر	miṣr
miskin	poor	مِسْكين	miskīn
mubazir	useless	مُبَذِّر	mubaḏḏir
mufakat	approval	موافقة	muwāfaqa
muflis	bankrupt	مُفْلِس	muflis
mujizat	miracle	المعجزات	al-mujazat
mungkin	maybe	مُمْكِن	mumkin
munafik	hypocrite	مُنافِق	munāfiq
murtad	apostate	مُرْتَدّ	murtadd
musim	season	مَوْسِم	mawsim
mustahil	impossible	مُسْتَحيل	mustaḥīl
musyawarah	discussion	مشاورة	mushāwara
nabi	prophet	نَبيّ	nabiyy
nafas	breathe, respire	تَنَفَّسَ	tanaffas
nafkah	living	نفقة	nafaqa: alimony
nafsu	desire	نَفْس	nafs: self, soul
najis	impure, unclean	نَجِس	najis
nasihat	advice	نَصيحة	naṣīḥa
nikah	to marry	نِكاح	nikāḥ
nisbah	ratio	نسبة	nisba
paham	to understand	فَهْم	fahm
petuah	lesson, advice	فَتْوى	fatwā
pikir	to think	فِكْر	fikr
pondok	cottage, lodge, shack	فندق	funduq
Rabu	Wednesday	الأَرْبِعاء	al-ʼarbiʻāʼ
rahim	uterus, womb	رَحِم	raḥim
rahmat	blessing	رَحْمة	raḥma
rakyat	people, citizen	رَعيّة	raʻiyya
rasul	prophet, apostle	رَسول	rasūl
rehat, rihat	rest	راحة	rāḥa
saat	moment	ساعة	sāʻa: hour
sabar	patient	صَبْر	ṣabr
Sabtu	Saturday	السَبْت	as-sabt
sabun	soap	صابون	ṣābūn
sahabat	close friend	صَحابة	ṣaḥāba
salat	to pray (for Muslims)	صَلاة	ṣalāh
saleh	pious	صالِح	ṣāliḥ
salju	snow	ثَلْج	thalj
saraf	nerve	صَرْف	ṣarf
saum	fasting	صَوْم	ṣawm
sebab	cause, reason	سَبَب	sabab
sedekah	charitable gift, alms	صَدَقة	ṣadaqa
sehat	healthy	صِحّة	ṣiḥḥa
selamat	safe, well-being	سَلامة	salāma
Selasa	Tuesday	الثُلاثاء	ath-thulāthāʼ
Senin	Monday	الإثْنَيْن	al-ithnayn
serikat	company, federation	شَرِكَة	sharika
setan	devil, demon	شَيْطَان	shaitan
siasat	strategy, trick	سِياسة	siyāsa: policy, strategy
sifat	characteristic, trait, quality	صِفة	ṣifa
soal	question, problem	سُؤال	suʼāl
subuh	early morning	صُبْح	ṣubḥ
sultan	king	سلطان	sultan
syariat	Islamic law	شَريعة	sharīʻa
syukur	gratitude	شُكْر	shukr
taat	obedient	طاعة	ṭāʿa
tabib	traditional healer	طَبيب	ṭabīb
takabur	arrogant	تَكَبُّر	takabbur
takdir	destiny	تقدير	taqdir: estimation
terjemah	to translate	تَرْجَمة	tarjama
tertib	orderly	تَرْتيب	tartīb
umum	common, public	عُموم	ʻumūm
umur	age	عُمْر	ʻumr
unsur	element	عُنْصُر	ʻunṣur
wahid	one, the only	واحِد	wāḥid
wajah	face	وَجْه	wajh
wajib	required, compulsory	وَاجِب	wājib: duty
waktu	time	وَقْت	waqt
waris	to inherit	وارِث	wārith
wilayah	region, area	وِلاية	wilāya
yakin	confidence, sureness, belief	يَقين	yaqīn
zaitun	olive	زَيْتون	zaytūn
zakar	male genitalia	ذَكَر	dhakar
zakat	alms	زَكاة	zakāh
zaman	era	زَمَن	zaman
zamrud	emerald	زُمُرُّد	zumurrud
ziarah	pilgrimage	زيارة	ziyāra: visit
zinah	adultery	زِناء	zināʼ

From Persian

Persian is an Indo-European language under the Indo-Iranian branch, wherein Sanskrit and Hindi belongs.

Word	Meaning	Original word	Transcription, notes
anggur	grape, wine	انگور	an-gūr
baju	shirt	بازو	bāzū (arm)
bandar	port	بندر	bandar
cadar	veil	چادر	chādar
dewan	assembly, meeting	دیوان	divan (administration)
firdaus	eden, bountiful garden	فردوس	firdaus
gandum	wheat	گندم	gandum
juang	battle	جنگ	jang
kaisar	emperor	قیصر	qeysar
kismis	raisin	کشمش	kishmish
kurma	date	خرما	khurmā
medan	area, field, square	میدان	meidan
nakhoda	captain of a ship	ناخدا	nākhodā
pahlawan	hero	پ‍ﮩ‍لوان	pahlwān
pasar	market/bazaar	بازار	bāzār
pesona	charm	افسون	afsūn
piala	cup, trophy	پیاله	pyāla (cup, bowl)
pirus	turquoise	سنگ فیروزه	firuze
rubah	fox	روباه	rubah
salam	hello/regards	سلام	salam (a is pronounced like in autograph)
sihir	magic	سِحْر	sihr
syahbandar	portmaster	شاهِ بندر	shah-e bandar (lit. "king of the port")
takhta	throne	تخت	takht
taufan	typhoon	تافون	taufan
ustad	teacher (religious, Islam)	اُستَاذ	ustad
Yunani	Greece	يونان	yūnān
zirah	armor	زره	zirah

From Hebrew

Indonesian word	Indonesian meaning	Hebrew word	Hebrew Transliteration	Hebrew meaning	Note	Ref
bethel	1. holy place, 2. a Christian denomination	בֵּיתאֵל	beth.el	house of God	usually loan rendered as bait Allah (bait is a loanword from the cognate word بَيْت (bayt) in Arabic).
haleluya	alleluia, hallelujah	הַלְּלוּיָהּ	halleluya	alleluia, hallelujah
kibbutz	kibbutz	קִבּוּץ	kibútz	kibbutz
mazmur	psalms	מזמור	mizmor	a lyric ode, or a song set to music	see psalms.
onani	masturbation, to masturbate	אוננות	onanút	masturbation	after the Biblical figure: Onan, Genesis: 38:9
rabi	rabbi	רַבִּי	rab.bi	rabbi
sabat	shabbat	שַׁבָּת	shab.bat	shabbat	1. see Shabbat and Sabbath. 2. see also sabtu, loanword from Arabic.
Yahwe	Yahweh	יהוה	*see note	Yahweh	1. see Yahweh, Judeo-Christian God. 2. see also tetragrammaton.

From East Asian languages

From Chinese

Further information: List of Chinese loanwords in Indonesian

Chinese loanwords into Indonesian often involve cuisine, trade, or Chinese culture. According to the 2000 census, the relative number of people of Chinese descent in Indonesia (termed the peranakan) is almost 1% (totaling to about 3 million people, although this may likely be an underestimate due to an anti-Chinese sentiment that exists in some circles of the population), yet the peranakan are the most successful when it comes to business, trade, and cuisine. Words of Chinese origin (presented here with accompanying Hokkien/ Mandarin pronunciation derivatives as well as traditional and simplified characters) include pisau (匕首 bǐshǒu – knife), mie (T:麵, S:面, Hokkien mī – noodles), lumpia (潤餅 (Hokkien = lūn-piáⁿ) – springroll), teko (T:茶壺, S:茶壶 = cháhú [Mandarin], teh-ko [Hokkien] = teapot), 苦力 kuli = 苦　khu (bitter) and 力　li (energy) and even the widely used slang terms gua and lu (from the Hokkien 'goa' 我 and 'lu/li' 你 – meaning 'I/ me' and 'you'). Almost all loanwords in Indonesian of Chinese origin come from Hokkien (福建) or Hakka (客家).

From Japanese

Further information: List of Japanese loanwords in Indonesian

Japanese is an East Asian language spoken by about 126 million people, primarily in Japan, where it is the official language and national language. The influx of Japanese loanword can be classified into two periods, Japanese colonial administration period (1942–1945) and globalisation of Japanese popular culture (1980-now). As Indonesian is written using Latin script, Japanese romanisation systems influence the spelling in Indonesian.

From Korean

In contrast with Chinese and Japanese, Korean loanwords are mostly related to Korean culture. These loanword is attributed to increasing popularity of South Korean culture. Since the turn of the 21st century, South Korea has emerged as a major exporter of popular culture and tourism, aspects which have become a significant part of its burgeoning economy. This phenomenon is called Korean Wave.

Indonesian word	Indonesian meaning	Korean Hangul	Korean Hanja	Korean Transliteration	Korean meaning	Note	Ref
bibimbap	bibimbap	비빔밥		bi-bim-bap	bibimbap	Korean rice dish with meat, vegetables, egg and spices that are eaten by mixing all these ingredients.
bulgogi	bulgogi	불고기		bul-go-gi	bulgogi	Korean dish made from seasoned meat, processed by grilling or frying.
kimci	kimchi	김치		kim-chi	kimchi	traditional side dishmade from salted and fermented vegetables.
mukbang	mukbang	먹방		muk-bang	mukbang	Broadcast that shows people eating a lot of food.
taekwondo	taekwondo	태권도	跆拳道	taekwondo	taekwondo	Taekwondo is a Korean martial art, characterized by its emphasis on head-height kicks, jumping and spinning kicks, and fast kicking techniques.
won	won	원	圓	won	1. won, the currencies 2. circle	Won are currencies of South and North Korea.

From European languages

The European influence on Indonesian is largely related to European intervention and colonialism. The most significant consequence is the continued use of the Latin alphabet instead of various local scripts.

The Portuguese arrived first in the archipelago and influenced the original Malay language after their conquest of Malacca. Portuguese dominance over trade in the region and control of the spice islands of Moluccas significantly increased Portuguese influence, as did the introduction of Christianity in the region.

However, Dutch has had the most influence on the language, as a result of the Dutch having controlled Indonesia for 300 years after eliminating Portuguese influence in the archipelago. The Dutch language itself was not introduced into the archipelago before 1799, when the Dutch government took over the colony from the already bankrupt VOC (Dutch East India company). Previously, the Malay language had adopted by the VOC due to its trade and diplomatic benefit, which led to large numbers of loanwords being introduced into the language.

English has also exerted a certain influence on the archipelago's language, being the third most favored foreign language by the educated in colonial days. More recently, English has played an increasingly large role in the nation's official language as a result of globalization.

From Portuguese

Alongside Malay, Portuguese was the lingua franca for trade throughout the archipelago from the sixteenth century through to the early nineteenth century. The Portuguese were among the first westerners to sail east to the "Spice Islands". Loanwords from Portuguese were mainly connected with articles the early European traders and explorers brought to Southeast Asia.

Word	Meaning	Original word
akta	certificate, act (law)	acta (Dutch: akte)
algojo	executioner	algoz
armada	fleet	armada
babu	servant	babo
bangku	chair	banco: bench (Dutch: bank)
baret	barrette	barrete
batako	brick	pataco
Belanda	Dutch, Holland	Holanda
bendéra	flag	bandeira
beranda	verandah, porch	varanda
biola	violin	viola
bola	ball	bola
bolu (kué)	(a type of) cake	bolo
bonéka	doll	boneca
cerutu	cigar	charuto
dansa	dance (not including traditional dance)	dança
dadu	dice	dado
gagu	mute	gago: stutterer, stuttering
ganco	hook	gancho
garpu	fork	garfo
geréja	church	igreja
gratis	free (not having to pay)	gratis (Dutch: gratis)
jendéla	window	janela
Jepang	Japan	Japão
kaldu	broth	caldo
kanal	channel	canal (Dutch: kanaal)
kéju	cheese	queijo
keméja	shirt	camisa
keréta	chariot/cart	carreta
kertas	paper	cartas (papel)
kredo	creed	credo
lelang	auction	leilão
lemari	closet	armário
meja	table	mesa
mentéga	butter	manteiga
Minggu	Sunday	domingo
misa	mass	missa
mitos	myth	mitos
nanas	pineapple	ananás
natal	Christmas	natal
noda	stain	nódoa
nona	young woman	dona
pabrik	factory	fábrica
palsu	fake, false	falso
pasta	paste	pasta
perdu	shrub	pardo: brown
pesiar	cruise, excursion	passear
pesta	party	festa
pigura/figura	picture, figure	figura
pita	ribbon	fita
pompa	pump	bomba hidráulica, (Dutch: pomp)
pribadi	personal, private	privado
roda	wheel	roda
sabun	soap	sabão
saku	pocket, bag	saco (Dutch: zak)
santo/santa	saint	santo
sekolah	school	escola (Latin: schola)
sepatu	shoe	sapato
serdadu	soldier	soldado
témpo	time	tempo
tenda	tent	tenda
terigu	wheat	trigo
tinta	ink	tinta
tolol	fool	tolo
tukar	exchange	trocar

From Dutch

Further information: List of Dutch loanwords in Indonesian

The former colonial power, the Netherlands, left an extensive imprint on Indonesian vocabulary. These Dutch loanwords, as well as other non Italo-Iberian European language loanwords which were introduced via Dutch, cover all aspects of life. Some Dutch loanwords possessing clusters of multiple consonants pose difficulties for speakers of Indonesian. This problem is usually solved by the insertion of the schwa. For example, Dutch schroef [ˈsxruf] → sekrup [səˈkrup]. The months from January (Januari) to December (Desember) used in Indonesian are also derived from Dutch. Although Dutch loanwords are normally no longer newly-developed, there is some sort of derivation using Dutch-loaned suffixes, like -si "-tion" ← Dutch -tie, -ase "-age" ← -age, and -is "-ic, -ish" ← -isch.

It is estimated that 10,000 words in the Indonesian language can be traced back to the Dutch language.

From English

Many English words are adopted in Indonesian through globalization, due to this however many Indonesians mistake words that were originally adopted from Dutch with English due to the Germanic traces that exist in the two languages (both are Indo-European Germanic languages from the same branch, the West Germanic). However, many English words in Indonesian too are borrowed via Malay (such as: sains (science), enjin (engine), botol (bottle), gaun (gown), etc.).

Word	Meaning	Original word
akses	access	access
akting	acting (for drama, etc.)	acting
aktris	actress	actress
aktual	actual	actual (displacing Dutch actueel)
akuntabel	accountable	accountable
aset	asset	asset
astronot	astronaut	astronaut
bisnis	business	business
blender	blender	blender
botol	bottle	bottle (via Malay botol)
cas	to charge (of electrical power)	charge (via Malay cas)
dasbor	dashboard	dashboard
desain	design	design
diskon	discount	discount
displai	display	display
domain	domain	domain (displacing Dutch domein)
draf	draft	draft
edit	edit	edit
eksis	exist	exist
eksperimental	experimental	experimental (displacing Dutch experimenteel)
elektronik	electronic	electronic
enjin	engine	engine (via Malay enjin)
entri	entry (as in "data entry")	entry
fesyen	fashion	fashion (via Malay fesyen)
fondasi	foundation	foundation (influenced by Dutch suffix -ie for -ion)
forensik	forensics	forensic
fotokopi	photocopy	photocopy
frontal	frontal	frontal
gaun	dress	gown (via Malay gaun)
gim	game	game
gitar	guitar	guitar (via Malay)
gosip	gossip	gossip
independen	independent	independent
instan	instant	instant
intelijen	intelligence	intelligence
isu	issue	issue
jus	juice	juice
kalem	calm	calm
kampus	campus	campus
karteker	caretaker	caretaker
kartun	cartoon	cartoon
kaset	cassette	cassette
katering	catering service	catering
katrij	ink cartridge	cartridge (via Malay katrij)
kibor	keyboard (computer or piano)	keyboard
kiper	goal keeper	keeper
klaim	claim	claim
klakson	horn	klaxon (Dutch: claxon)
kliring	clearing (banking)	clearing
koboi	cowboy	cowboy
koin	coin	coin
kokpit	cockpit	cockpit
komersial	commercial	commercial (displacing Dutch commercieel)
komitmen	commitment	commitment
kompatibel	compatible	compatible
komputer	computer	computer
komplit	complete	complete (Dutch: Compleet)
kondom	condom	condom
konteks	context	context
konten	content	content
konter	counter	counter (Germans: konter)
kontroversi	controversy	controversy
krim	cream	cream
kriminal	crime	criminal (displacing Dutch crimineel)
kukis	cookies	cookies
kustodian	custodian bank	custodian
lobi	lobby	lobby
losion	lotion	lotion
manajemen	management	management
matriks	matrix	matrix
mikroskop	microscope	microscope
modem	modem	modem
modern	modern	modern (Dutch: moderne)
modul	module	module
monitor	monitor	monitor
opsional	optional	optional
panelis	panelist	panelist
parsel	parcel	parcel
partner	partner	partner
personal	personal	personal
pilot	pilot	pilot (Dutch: Piloot)
HP read:Ha-Pé (shortened word from Hand Phone)	cell phone	hand phone (used in Singapore, Malaysia, Philippines, and South Korea)
problem	problem	problem
proktor	proctor	proctor
prosiding	proceedings	proceeding
prosesor	processor (computing)	processor
radar	radar	radar
reviu	review	review
rileks	relax	relax
riset	research	research
roket	rocket	rocket
sampel	sample	sample
sains	science	science (via Malay sains)
skandal	scandal	scandal
skor	score	score
siber	cyber	cyber
sistem	system	system (displacing Dutch systeem)
sponsor	sponsor	sponsor
stop	stop	stop
stres	stress	stress
stroberi	strawberry	strawberry
suplai	supply	supply
survei	survey	survey
target	target	target
templat	template	template
tiket	ticket	ticket
tisu	tissue	tissue (via Malay)
transfer	transfer	transfer
tren	trend	trend
trik	trick	trick
unit	unit	unit
virtual	virtual	virtual
voli	volleyball	volley

From Greek

Indonesian word	Indonesian meaning	Greek word	Greek Transliteration	Greek meaning	Source word		Source meaning	Source Language	Note	Ref
agape	agape	ἀγάπη	agápē	agape
apokrifa	1. uncertain source. 2. biblical apocrypha	ἀπόκρυφος	apókruphos	hidden
apologi	1. remorse. 2. defense	ᾰ̓πολογῐ́ᾱ	apologíā	(Ancient) defense
asbes, asbestos	asbestos	ἄσβεστος	ásbestos	unquenchable, inextinguishable	asbest		asbestos	Dutch	Dutch asbest (asbestos) is based on Latin asbestos (asbestos).
askese	rigorous self-denial	ἀσκητής	askētḗs	monk, hermit
autopsi, otopsi	autopsy	αὐτοψῐ́ᾱ	autopsíā	seeing with one's own eyes	autopsie		autopsy	Dutch	Dutch autopsie (autopsy) is based on Neo-Latin autopsia (autopsy).
demokrasi	democracy	δημοκρατία	dēmokratía	democracy	democratie		democracy	Dutch
diaken	deacon	διάκονος	diákonos	servant, messenger	diaken		deacon	Dutch
diakon
diakonia	diaconia	δῐᾱκονῐ́ᾱ	diākoníā	service
ekaristi	eucharist	εὐχᾰρῐστῐ́ᾱ	eukharistíā	1. thanks, gratitude. 2. giving of thanks. 3. eucharist	eucharistie		eucharist	Dutch
evangeli	Gospel	εὐάγγελος	euángelos	good news	ēvangelium		good news, Gospel	Latin
filsafat	philosophy	φιλοσοφία	philasophia	philosophy	فَلْسَفَة	falsafa	philosophy	Arabic
hipokrit	hypocrite	ῠ̔ποκρῐτής	hupokritḗs	1. interpreter. 2. actor.	hypocrita		1. mimic (mime artist). 2. hypocrite	Latin	1. The Greek word is υποκριτής (ypokritís).
idola	idol	εἴδωλον	eídōlon	1. phantom, ghost quotations. 2. shape, figure, image. 3. image of the mind: idea, fancy. 4. representation, statue, idol	idolum, idola		1. image, form, especially a spectre, apparition or ghost. 2. idol	Latin
					idool, idoolen		idol	Dutch
					idol, idolum		idol	English
mitos	myth	μῦθος	mythos	1. word, speech, conversation. 2. tale, story, narrative.	mitos		myth (pl.)	Portuguese
oikumene, ekumene	ecumene	οἰκουμένη	oikouménē	1. inhabited. 2. civilised world.
porno	pornography, lewd	πόρνη	pórnē	harlot					1. From contraction of Indonesian pornografi (pornographic), from Dutch pornografie or English pornography, from French pornographie. 2. Pornografi is a formal word in Indonesia, while porno is informal.
sinagogê	synagogue,	συναγωγή	synagogē	assembly	synagoge		synagogue	Dutch	Synagogue is Judaism prayer house.
stadion	stadium	στάδιον	stadion	(Ancient) 600-foot	stadion		stadium	Dutch	The Greek word is στάδιο (stadio).
teater	theatre	θέᾱτρον	théātron	(Ancient) theatre, play	theater		theatre	Dutch	1. The Greek word is θέατρο (théatro). 2. Dutch theater (theatre) is based from Old French theatre, from Latin theatrum.

From Latin

It is notable that some of the loanwords that exist in both Indonesian and Malaysian languages are different in spelling and pronunciation mainly due to how they derived their origins: Malaysian utilizes words that reflect the English usage (as used by its former colonial power, the British), while Indonesian uses a Latinate form reflected in the Dutch usage (e.g. aktiviti (Malaysian) vs. aktivitas (Indonesian), universiti (Malaysian) vs. universitas (Indonesian)).

Indonesian word	Indonesian meaning	Latin word	Latin meaning	Indirect Loanword	Indirect Source	Meaning	Note	Ref
ad interim	temporarily	ad interim
aktivitas	activity	activitas
almamater	alma mater	alma māter	alma mater
alter ego	accompanying person	alter ego	another self
devosi	devotion	dēvōtiō	devotion
èkskomunikasi	excommunication	excommūnicātiō	excommunication	excommunicatie	Dutch	excommunication
fakultas	faculty	facultas	faculty				The Dutch loanword faculteit was used before.
forum	forum	forum	public place, marketplace, forum	forum	Portuguese
hosti	sacramental bread	hostia	sacramental bread	hostie	Dutch	sacramental bread
humaniora	humanities	hūmāniōra		humaniora	Dutch
intērnuntius	Papal internuntius	internuntius	intermediary, messenger
kanonis	canonical	canonicus	canonical
kantata	song	cantata		cantada	Portuguese
kardinal	cardinal, an official of Catholic Church	cardinālis	hinge	kardinaal	Dutch	cardinal, an official of Catholic Church
kongrégasi	Congregation	congregātiō	Congregation	congregatie	Dutch	Congregation
konkordat	concordat	concordatum	concordat	concordaat	Dutch	concordat
konsèkrasi	consecration	cōnsecrātiō	consecration	consecratie	Dutch	consecration
konsistori	consistory	consistorium	consistory	consistorie	Dutch	consistory
kualitas	quality	qualitas					Dutch-influenced informal spelling kwalitas is used sometimes. The Dutch word is kwaliteit.
kuria	curia	curia	curia	curia	Dutch	curia
légio	Legion of Mary	legio	legion
nihil	nil, nothing, zero	nihil
nimbus	nimbus	nimbus	nimbus, dark cloud
nota bene	actually, after look carefully, also	nota bene	examine closely
novèna	novena	novēna	novena
oblasi	the offering of worship, thanks etc. to a deity.	oblātiō	offering, gift
oratorium	1. chapel, 2. oratorio, a musical composition	ōrātōrium	place of prayer, oratory	oratorium	Dutch	1. chapel, 2. oratorio, a musical composition
ordo	1. Catholics religious group, 2. a biological taxonomy level	ōrdō	series, class, group
pater	priest	pater	father	pater	Dutch	father (priest)
pidato	speech	pedātō		पदार्थ (padārtha)	Sanskrit	meaning of a word
primas	primate	prīmus	first
rékolèksi	a spiritual retreat	recollectus	to collect again
rèktor	rector	rēctor	leader, director, tutor	rector	Dutch	rector
rosario	prayer beads, especially rosary	rosarium	a rose garden, rosary	rosário	Portuguese	rosary
sakramèn	sacrament	sacrāmentum	sacrament	sacrament	Dutch	sacrament
sakriilegi	sacrilege	sacrilegium	sacrilege
sakristi	sacristy	sacristia	vestry	sacristie	Dutch	sacristy
santa	saint (female)	sāncta	saint (female)	santa	Portuguese	saint (female)
santo	saint (male)	sānctus	saint (male)	santo	Portuguese	saint (male)
sēkulir	secular clergy	saecularis	of the age
sivitas akademika	academic community	cīvitās acadēmica	city's academic
stipèndium	alms (Church)	stīpendium	stipend
tabērnakēl	tabernacle	tabernaculum	tent	tabernakel	Dutch	tabernacle
universitas	university	universitas					The Dutch loanword universiteit was used before.
vigili	vigil	vigil	wake, watching, alert
vikaris	vicar	vicar	vicar

From French

Indonesian word	Indonesian meaning	French word	French meaning	Source word	Source meaning	Source Language	Note	Ref
akur	agree, get along well	accord		akkoord		Dutch
ala	in style of	à la
angkét	inquiry	enquête		enquête		Dutch
apanasē	apanage	apanage	apanage
argot	argot, secret language	argot	argot
arsip	archives	archives		archief		Dutch
atasé	attaché	attaché	attaché	attaché	attaché	Dutch
avant-garde	avant-garde	avant-garde	avant-garde	avant-garde	avant-garde	Dutch
brevet	certificate, patent	brevet	certificate, patent
bugénfil	bougainvillea	bougainville	bougainvillea	bougainvillea	bougainvillea	Dutch
bulat	round	boulette	round
chauvinisme	chauvinism	chauvinisme	chauvinism
didong, didon	French	dis donc!
doblé, dublé	gold-plated work	doublé	to double, duplicate
domisili	domicile	domicile	domicile
drèsoar	buffet	dressoir	dresser, sideboard
entrepeneur	entrepreneur	entrepreneur	entrepreneur	entrepreneur	entrepreneur	English
gala	1. first, 2. festive	galer	(Old) to have fun; to enjoy oneself	gala	ball (formal dance)	Dutch
garnisun	garrison	garnison	garrison	garnisoen	garrison	Dutch
guillotine	guillotine	guillotine	guillotine
impromptu	improvised action	impromptu	improvised action
intrik	intrigue	intrigue	intrigue	intrige	intrigue	Dutch
kulot	shorts	culotte	panties, shorts
kado	gift	cadeau	gift	cadeau, kado	gift	Dutch
kampanye	campaign	campagne	campaign	campagne	campaign	Dutch
karantina	quarantine	quarantine	quarantine	quarantaine	quarantine	Dutch
karoseri	the body of vehicle, car, coach, or bus	carrosserie	bodywork, body (of car)	carrosserie	body, bodywork of a motorized vehicle.	Dutch
klise	cliche	cliché	cliche	cliché	cliche	Dutch
kondèktur	conductor (ticket-related)	conducteur	driver	conducteur	conductor (ticket-related)	Dutch
kornet	cornet, a brass instrument	cornet à pistons	cornet, a brass instrument
kudeta	coup d'état	coup d'état	coup d'état
kupe	train seat	coupé	car
legiun	legion	légion	legion	legioen	legion	Dutch
letnan	lieutenant	lieutenant	lieutenant	luitenant	lieutenant	Dutch
libur	free (from activities)	libre
manuver	maneuver	manœuvre	maneuver	manoeuvre	maneuver	Dutch
mayones	mayonnaise	mayonnaise	mayonnaise
mèmoar	memoirs	mémoire	memoirs
milieu	milieu	milieu	milieu	milieu	milieu	Dutch
monseigneur	monsignor	monseigneur	monsignor	monseigneur	monsignor	Dutch
première	premiere	première	first	première	premiere	Dutch, English
pual	voile	voile	1. veil. 2. sail
restan	remnant, remainder	restant	remnant, remainder	restant	remnant, remainder	Dutch
restoran	restaurant	restaurant	restaurant	restaurant	restaurant	Dutch
sabotase	sabotage	sabotage	sabotage	sabotage	sabotage	Dutch
sepeda	bicycle	vélocipède	bicycle
supir	driver	chauffeur	driver	chauffeur	driver	Dutch
tante	aunt	tante	aunt
tiras	circulation, of newspaper or magazine	tirage
trotoar	sidewalk	trottoir	sidewalk	troittoir

From North Germanic

The North Germanic languages make up one of the three branches of the Germanic languages, a sub-family of the Indo-European languages, along with the West Germanic languages and the extinct East Germanic languages. The language group is sometimes referred to as the "Nordic languages", a direct translation of the most common term used among Danish, Swedish, Icelandic and Norwegian scholars and laypeople.

Indonesian word	Indonesian meaning	North Germanic word	North Germanic Language	North Germanic meaning	Notes	Ref
fjord	fjord	fjord	Danish	fjord	1. fjord is a long, narrow inlet with steep sides or cliffs, created by glacial erosion. 2. borrowing from Dutch fjord, Norwegian fjord, from Old Norse fjǫrðr.
kjökkenmodding(-er)	midden	køkkenmødding	Danish	midden
		kjøkkenmødding	Norwegian

From Russian

Indonesian word	Indonesian meaning	Russian word	Russian Transliteration	Russian meaning	Note	Ref
glasnost	glasnost	гла́сность	glasnost	publicity	In 1986 the term was used by Mikhail Gorbachev as a political slogan for increased openness and transparency in government institutions and activities in the Soviet Union.
Komitet Gosudarstvennoi Bezopastnosti	KGB, Committee for State Security	Комитет Государственной Безопасности	Komitet Gosudarstvennoj Bezopasnosti	KGB, Committee for State Security	The KGB, an initialism for Komitet Gosudarstvennoy Bezopasnosti, translated in English as Committee for State Security, was the main security agency for the Soviet Union from 1954 until its break-up in 1991.
perestroika	perestroika, restructuring of the political and economic system.	перестройка	perestroika	rebuilding
rayon	raion, a type of administrative unit	район	rajón	raion, a type of administrative unit	The term is a loanword from French rayon (lit. honeycomb, departement, radius).
rubel	ruble, a currency unit	рубль	rublʹ	ruble, a currency unit
samovar	samovar, a kind of water boiler	самовар	samovar	samovar, a kind of water boiler
sputnik	sputnik	Спутник	spútnik	sputnik, a fellow traveler, satellite

From Italian

Indonesian word	Indonesian meaning	Italian word	Italian meaning	Note
a prima vista	at first sight	a prima vista	at first sight, (music) Sight-read.
a tempo	according to original tempo	a tempo	time, on time, in time
accelerando	A tempo mark directing that a passage is to be played at an increasing speed.	accelerando	accelerating
aggiornamento	bringing up to date, modernization	aggiornamento	bringing up to date, modernization
allargando	(music) decreasing in tempo; getting slower.	allargando	to broaden
allegretto	(music) should be played rather fast and lively	allegretto	cheerful
arrivederci	farewell, goodbye, see you later	arrivederci	farewell, goodbye, see you later
campanilla	bell tower	campanile	bell tower
cantabile	passage is to be played in a lyrical manner	cantabile	singable, capable being sung
cavatina	an operatic song in slow tempo	cavatina	an operatic song in slow tempo
(celana) palazo		palazzo
che sarà, sarà	whatever happens, happens	che sarà, sarà	whatever happens, happens	1. che sarà, sarà is not a grammatically correct Italian phrase, but rather borrowed from English che sara sara, in turn a popular phrase constructed from Italian words. The grammatically correct Italian phrase is quel che sarà, sarà.
con amore		con amore
con dolore		con dolore
con molta passione		con molta passione
cosa nostra	cosa nostra, Sicilian Mafia	cosa nostra	cosa nostra, Sicilian Mafia; lit. our thing
crescendo	An instruction to play gradually more loudly	crescendo	An instruction to play gradually more loudly
da camera		da camera
da capo	(musical) from the beginning	da capo	(musical) from the beginning
da capo al fine	(musical) from the beginning to the end	da capo al end	(musical) from the beginning to the end
decrescendo	to play gradually more softly.	decrescendo	to play gradually more softly.
dolce far niente		dolce far niente
fortissimo	played very loud.	fortissimo	played very loud.
ghetto	concentrations of other ethnicities and then non-ethnic groups	ghetto	concentrations of other ethnicities and then non-ethnic groups
il duce	the Leader	il duce	the Leader
incognito	without being known; in disguise	incognito	without being known; in disguise
larghetto	Slower than adagio but not as slow as largo; nearly andantino.	larghetto	Slower than adagio but not as slow as largo; nearly andantino.
lento	(music) very slow.	lento	(music) very slow.
lingua franca	lingua franca	lingua franca	lingua franca (“Frankish language”)	Lingua franca is a common language used by people of diverse backgrounds to communicate with one another, often a basic form of speech with simplified grammar.
mezzo		mezzo
mezzo forte		mezzo forte
razia	raid	razzia	raid
vivere pericoloso		vivere pericoloso	to live dangerously

See also

• List of English words of Indonesian origin
• List of loanwords in Malay
• Loan words in Sri Lankan Tamil
• Indonesian history
• Differences between Malay and Indonesian

References

Bibliography

• de Vries, Jan W., Grijns, C.D. and Santa Maria, L. 1983 Indonesian : a check-list of words of European origin in Bahasa Indonesia and traditional Malay Leiden : Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde. ISBN 90-6718-004-1.
• Badudu, J.S; Kamus Kata-kata Serapan Asing Dalam Bahasa Indonesia; Kompas, Jakarta, 2003
• Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, Jakarta, Balai Pustaka: 1999, halaman 1185 s.d. 1188 berisikan Pendahuluan buku Senarai Kata Serapan dalam Bahasa Indonesia, Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, Jakarta, 1996 (dengan sedikit penyaduran tanpa mengubah maksud dan tujuan seseungguhnya dari buku ini).

External links

• Indonesian Etymology Database
• SEAlang Library – Orthography search engine on Loan-Words in Indonesian and Malay