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Puerto Ricans in Chicago

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Division Street (Paseo Boricua), facing east from Mozart Street, one-half block west of California Avenue.
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Puerto Ricans in Chicago are people living in Chicago who have ancestral connections to the island of Puerto Rico. They have contributed to the economic, social and cultural well-being of Chicago for more than seventy years.

History

The Puerto Rican community in Chicago has a history that stretches back more than 70 years. The first migration to Chicago, in the 1930s, was not from the island of Puerto Rico itself but from New York City. Many settled on State Street just south of the downtown hotels. There only a small number of people joined this migration.

The first large wave of migration to Chicago came in the late 1940s,[1] when many settled in the La Clark neighborhood around Dearborn, La Salle and Clark Streets just north of downtown Chicago. Starting in 1946, many people were recruited by Castle Barton Associates and other companies as low-wage, non-union foundry workers and domestic workers in hotels and private homes. As soon as they were established in Chicago, many were joined by their spouses and families.[citation needed] The Puerto Rican neighborhoods of Wicker Park and Lincoln were one large neighborhood that became divided when the Kennedy Expressway was built in the late 1950s.

By the 1960s, Chicago's Puerto Rican community was displaced by urban redevelopment; they moved north and west to Old Town, Lincoln Park, Lakeview, and Wicker Park, later centering in West Town and Humboldt Park on the city's West Side. They first moved into nearby Lincoln Park just over the Chicago River.[citation needed] Puerto Rican settlement also occurred in Lawndale, also on the city's West Side.

City hall-sponsored gentrification in Lincoln Park began in the early 1960s and was protested by a Lincoln Park Poor People's Coalition led by the Young Lords under the leadership of Jose Cha Cha Jimenez[citation needed]. The Puerto Rican community then moved north and west.

The events of June 12 through 14, 1966, the Division Street riots,[2] constituted the first major Puerto Rican urban rebellion in Chicago. The uprising took place about the time that the Chicago Police Department began taking "precautionary measures" to head off potential unrest of the type that had already occurred in African American centers such as Harlem, Watts and North Philadelphia.[citation needed]

In 1977, the Puerto Rican community came into conflict with the Chicago Police Department again at the Humboldt Park riot.[3]

Present

The Institute of Puerto Rican Arts and Culture

The Puerto Rican community is well established and politically active. With the support of the community, Puerto Rican leaders in Chicago leased the historic Humboldt Park stables near Paseo Boricua to house the Institute of Puerto Rican Arts and Culture.[4] About $3.4 million was spent to renovate the exterior of the building and another $3.2 million for the interior in 2006.[5] The Puerto Rican Arts Alliance is similarly enjoying growth, with expansion to its second location in Avondale in a former firehouse at the intersection of Central Park and Elbridge Avenues.

According to the 2010 census, those of full or partial Puerto Rican descent totaled 102,703, or 3.8% of Chicago's population,[6] which is a decrease from 113,055 in 2000. The size of the community has continued to decline, with the 2019 American Community Survey listing the community at 97,758, or 3.63% of Chicago's population.[7] 53% of Puerto Ricans in Illinois now live outside of Chicago (109,351 out of a total state population of 207,109).[8]

The decline is due to several factors, including economic opportunity, competition with new immigrants, high crime rates, the high cost of living, gentrification, cold weather, and intermarriage (stateside Puerto Ricans have a 38.5% intermarriage rate[9]), with most moving to other states, such as Florida, Wisconsin, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Georgia, the city's suburbs, or returning to Puerto Rico.[citation needed] Puerto Ricans are the city's second largest Hispanic group, after Mexicans (21% of the city's population in 2019).[7]

Most of Chicago's remaining Puerto Rican community is found on the northwest side of the city. The largest numbers of Puerto Ricans live in the Chicago community areas of Humboldt Park, Logan Square, Hermosa, Avondale, Austin, Belmont Cragin, Portage Park, and West Town, with Humboldt Park being their cultural and commercial center.[10][11] As of the 2010 Census, areas immediately west and north of the actual Humboldt Park (Chicago park) have the largest numbers of Puerto Ricans in Chicago. Significant Puerto Rican populations also live in Chicago's suburbs, including Waukegan, Aurora, Cicero, and Elgin.[6]

Paseo Boricua

Main article: Paseo Boricua
Fiesta Boricua on Paseo Boricua.
Paseo Boricua is the first location outside the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico to be granted the right to fly an official Municipal Flag of Puerto Rico.

Paseo Boricua (loosely translated as "Boricua (Puerto Rican) Promenade") is a street section on the West Side of Chicago. It is located on Division Street, between Western Avenue and California Avenue, in the East Humboldt Park section of the West Town neighborhood.[12] Paseo Boricua is a microcosm of the Puerto Rican community.[13][14] It is the only officially recognized Puerto Rican neighborhood in the nation.[citation needed] New York City, with its vast Puerto Rican population, does not have an officially designated Puerto Rican neighborhood.

Flanking this strip on both sides are these fifty-nine-feet-tall Puerto Rican flags made of steel, two gateways that are the bookends of Paseo Boricua.[15][16]

Many businesses are named after Puerto Rican towns.

This street is dedicated to Puerto Rican pride, including a walk of fame with the names of many outstanding Puerto Ricans.

The Humboldt Park Paseo Boricua neighborhood is the flagship of all Puerto Rican enclaves. This neighborhood is the political and cultural capital of the Puerto Rican community in the Midwest.

Over time, Paseo Boricua became a place where Puerto Ricans could go to learn about their heritage. A culture center was established, and local Puerto Rican politicians relocated their offices to Division Street. Recently, the City of Chicago has set aside money for Paseo Boricua property owners who want to restore their buildings' facades.[17]

Visitors can hear salsa, reggaeton, bomba, plena, and merengue music pulsating through the streets and smell the mouth-watering carne guisada puertorriqueña. A couple of grocers have set up shop to help buyers find those hard-to-acquire products from home, such as gandules verde, sazón, and naranja agria.

The area is visually stunning, having many colorful and historically important murals as well as two affordable-housing buildings[18] with facades and colors mimicking the Spanish colonial styles of Old San Juan.[citation needed] A tile mosaic of Puerto Rican baseball slugger Roberto Clemente greets visitors at one end of the street, near the high school that bears his name.

Several times a year, Paseo Boricua is decorated to celebrate important Puerto Rican holidays, such as Three Kings Day, the Puerto Rican People's Parade, Haunted Paseo Boricua, and Fiesta Boricua, with an estimated 650,000 attendees.[citation needed]

Puerto Rican Parade

The Puerto Rican Parade Committee of Chicago has been serving its community for over 40 years. Now in its 48th year, the six-day festival in Humboldt Park has become the largest attended Latino festival in the city of Chicago and in the Midwest.

Education

Roberto Clemente Community Academy

Gina M. Pérez, the author of The Near Northwest Side Story: Migration, Displacement, and Puerto Rican Families, wrote that in Chicago Roberto Clemente Community Academy is known as "the Puerto Rican high school."[19] Jennifer Domino Rudolph, author of Embodying Latino Masculinities: Producing Masculatinidad, wrote that the school "is strongly associated with Puerto Rican cultural nationalism."[20]

Ana Y. Ramos-Zayas, author of National Performances: The Politics of Class, Race, and Space in Puerto Rican Chicago, wrote that the school was portrayed in the media as "the property of Puerto Rican nationalists" and "as part of Puerto Rico."[21]

See also

  • Puerto Rican Day Parade in downtown Chicago.
    Puerto Rican Day Parade in downtown Chicago.
  • Roberto Clemente high school
    Roberto Clemente high school
  • Paseo Boricua Walk of Fame (Roberto Clemente)
    Paseo Boricua Walk of Fame (Roberto Clemente)
  • La Crucifixion de Don Pedro Albizu Campos
    La Crucifixion de Don Pedro Albizu Campos
  • Batey Urbano
    Batey Urbano
  • La Casita De Don Pedro
    La Casita De Don Pedro

References

  • Pérez, Gina M. The Near Northwest Side Story: Migration, Displacement, and Puerto Rican Families. University of California Press, October 4, 2004. ISBN 0520936418, 9780520936416.
  • Ramos-Zayas, Ana Y. National Performances: The Politics of Class, Race, and Space in Puerto Rican Chicago. University of Chicago Press, July 15, 2003. ISBN 0226703592, 9780226703596.

Notes

  1. ^ "Puerto Ricans". www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org. Retrieved 2020-04-02.
  2. ^ Newhart, Elizabeth (29 December 2016). "A Brief History Of Puerto Ricans In Chicago". Culture Trip. Retrieved 2020-04-02.
  3. ^ Lowe, F., &, Blakley, D (June 5, 1977). "Humboldt Park riot". Chicago Tribune – via Proquest.
  4. ^ "nmprac.org". nmprac.org. 15 July 2015. Retrieved 12 August 2017.
  5. ^ "City funds to assist conversion of Humboldt Park stables". chicagotribune.com. 22 October 2006. Retrieved 21 July 2016.
  6. ^ a b "2010 Census". Medgar Evers College. Archived from the original on 2010-06-11. Retrieved 2010-04-13.
  7. ^ a b "B03001 HISPANIC OR LATINO ORIGIN BY SPECIFIC ORIGIN - Chicago - 2019 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates". U.S. Census Bureau. July 1, 2019. Retrieved February 4, 2021.
  8. ^ "B03001 HISPANIC OR LATINO ORIGIN BY SPECIFIC ORIGIN - Illinois - 2019 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates". U.S. Census Bureau. July 1, 2019. Retrieved February 4, 2021.
  9. ^ Aquino, Gabriel Puerto Rican Intermarriages: The Intersectionality of Race, Gender, Class and Space State University of New York at Albany, ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 2011
  10. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-04-09. Retrieved 2014-09-14.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  11. ^ Velazquez, Mirelsie (1 January 2014). "Solidarity and empowerment in Chicago's Puerto Rican print culture". Latino Studies. 12 (1): 88–110. doi:10.1057/lst.2014.3. S2CID 144089152.
  12. ^ "Chamber of Commerce". paseoboricua.org. Retrieved 2020-04-02.
  13. ^ Paseo Boricua: Un Pedacito de Patria en Chicago Archived 2008-05-10 at the Wayback Machine
  14. ^ Paseo Boricua. Lonely Planet.
  15. ^ Paseo Boricua. Hispanic Magazine. May 2003.
  16. ^ "Eduardo Arocho: Planting a Flag for Puerto Ricans". WTTW Chicago. 2017-10-02. Retrieved 2020-04-02.
  17. ^ Soto, Jose (6 December 2018). "Paseo Boricua Arts Building Gains Support from City of Chicago | Puerto Rican Cultural Center". Retrieved 2020-04-02.
  18. ^ "Paseo Boricua in Chicago, Illinois". Affordable Housing Online. Retrieved 2020-04-02.
  19. ^ Pérez, p. 157.
  20. ^ Rudolph, Jennifer Domino. Embodying Latino Masculinities: Producing Masculatinidad. Palgrave Macmillan, August 6, 2012. ISBN 1137022884, 9781137022882. p. 46.
  21. ^ Ramos-Zayas, p. 233.

Further reading

  • Betancur, John J. "The settlement experience of Latinos in Chicago: Segregation, speculation, and the ecology model." Social Forces 74.4 (1996): 1299-1324.
  • Burwell, Rebecca, et al. "The Chicago Latino Congregations Study (CLCS): Methodological Considerations" (University of Notre Dame, Institute for Latino Studies, Center for the Study of Latino Religion, 2010).
  • Cruz, Wilfredo. Puerto Rican Chicago (Images of America). Arcadia Publishing, February 2, 2005. ISBN 1439631549, 9781439631546.
  • Farr, Marcia. Latino language and literacy in ethnolinguistic Chicago (Routledge, 2005).
  • Fernández, Lilia. Brown in the Windy City: Mexicans and Puerto Ricans in Postwar Chicago (2012). excerpt
  • Mumm, Jesse Stewart. "When the white people come: Gentrification and race in Puerto Rican Chicago" (PhD diss. Northwestern University, 2014).
  • Padilla, Felix M. Latino ethnic consciousness: the case of Mexican Americans and Puerto Ricans in Chicago (University of Notre Dame Press, 1985).
  • Pallares, Amalia, and Nilda Flores-González, eds. ¡ Marcha!: Latino Chicago and the immigrant rights movement (University of Illinois Press, 2010).
  • Paral, Rob, et al. "Latino demographic growth in metropolitan Chicago." (University of Notre Dame, Institute for Latino Studies, Center for the Study of Latino Religion, 2004) online.
  • Rinaldo, Rachel. "Space of resistance: the Puerto Rican cultural center and Humboldt Park" Cultural Critique 50 (2002): 135-174.
  • Roberts, Emma González. Understanding Paseo Boricua: why the preservation of Chicago's Puerto Rican enclave matters (Thesis Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2021). online
  • Rúa, Mérida M. A grounded identidad: Making new lives in Chicago's Puerto Rican neighborhoods (Oxford University Press, 2012) excerpt
  • Toro-Morn, Maura, Ivis García Zambrana, and Marixsa Alicea. "De bandera a bandera (from flag to flag): New scholarship about the Puerto Rican diaspora in Chicago." Centro Journal 28.2 (2016): 4+.


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