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Greece–Russia relations

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Greece-Russia relations
Map indicating locations of Greece and Russia

Greece
Russia

Greco-Russian relations are the bilateral foreign relations between Greece and Russia. The two countries first entered into diplomatic relations in 1828. Both Greece and Russia are members of international organizations and agreements, including the United Nations, Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, and the Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation.

Relations between the governments of the two states deteriorated since the Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation in 2014, when Greece condemned Russian intervention and refused to recognize Crimea as part of Russia.[1] In the summer of 2018 relations deteriorated even further.[2] Since the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine political relations hit a historic low since Russian independence.[3]

Because Greece is a member of NATO, Greek governments have consistently chosen better ties with the USA and its Western allies. Greek people, on the other hand, are more likely to have favorable views on Russia: 57.5% of Greeks said they have a favorable view on the Russian people, while another 67% had a favorable view on Russian President Vladimir Putin, according to a 2017 study by the Greek University of Macedonia. [4]

Greece has an Embassy in Moscow, and three Consulates General: in Moscow,[5] in Saint Petersburg and in Novorossiysk. Russia has an embassy in Athens, and a Consulate General in Thessaloniki.[6]

History

Background

See also: Greek Plan, Orlov revolt, Filiki Eteria, Greeks in Russia, and Greek Operation of the NKVD

Pontic Greeks historically inhabited the northern coast of the Black Sea and Crimea, the latter of which was incorporated into the Russian Empire in the latter half of the 18th century.

Russia assisted the Greeks against the Ottoman rule prior to and during the Greek War of Independence that broke out in 1821. Ioannis Kapodistrias, the first Governor of the First Hellenic Republic, had previously served as Russia's foreign minister. The Russian Empire established diplomatic ties with the Greek State on 6 [N.S. 18 September 1828.[7]

The second queen of modern Greece was born Grand Duchess Olga Constantinovna of Russia, granddaughter of Tsar Nicholas I.

The Kingdom of Greece and the Russian Empire fought for the Allies during the First World War against the Central Powers and Greece fought during Second World War and the Soviet Union fought for the Allies against the Axis powers.

In the autumn of 1920, Soviet Russia, having concluded a friendship treaty with the Government of the Grand National Assembly in March 1921, began to extend material assistance, in both gold and arms, to the Mustafa Kemal's regime in Ankara, thus significantly contributing to the his military success during the war against the Greeks in Asia Minor,[8] where the Greek genocide was completed as a result in 1922.

The USSR and the Kingdom of Greece established diplomatic relations on 8 March 1924.[7] Official relations were frosty in the 1930s, especially under the staunchly-anticommunist authoritarian regime of Greek Prime Minister Ioannis Metaxas. The Percentages Agreement struck by Joseph Stalin and Winston Churchill in Moscow in October 1944, which placed Greece firmly in the British sphere of influence, led to the Soviet Union's noninterference in support of the communist uprising in Athens in December 1944, which was crushed with British help, as Stalin refused to render tangible assistance to the Greek Communists during the Greek Civil War, which they lost in October 1949.[9][10]

Most ethnic Greeks living in Crimea as well as other regions near the Black Sea in the Soviet Union were deported to the east of the country in three waves of forced resettlement in the 1940s. A significant number of Soviet Greeks, especially those living in the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic and other Central Asian Soviet republics, emigrated to Greece in the late 1980s and the early 1990s, shortly prior to the end of the Soviet Union.[11]

According to Western intelligence officials, Greece's society and political establishment have been deeply penetrated by the Soviet and later the Russian espionage agencies.[12]

Diplomatic spat of 2018

In early July 2018, the government of Greece expelled two Russian diplomats and barred the entry of two others, accusing them of undermining Greece's national security. The move was made public, which was seen by experts as unprecedented in mutual relations.[13][14][15] Amid the subsequent acrimonious exchange of official statements, Greece accused the Russian Foreign Ministry of "disrespect for a third country and a lack of understanding of today's world, in which states, regardless of their size, are independent and can exercise an independent, multidimensional and democratic foreign policy".[16] Following Russia's retaliatory move in early August, it was revealed Greece intended to recall its ambassador, Andreas Fryganas, who had been appointed in May 2016.[17][18][19][20]

The Greek Foreign Ministry′s statement on 10 August 2018 stated: ″Since [Russia] began fighting as a comrade in arms with Turkey, providing it with a number of facilitations in the security sector, it appears to be steadily distancing itself from positions befitting the level of friendship and cooperation that has characterized Greek-Russian relations for the past 190 years. It appears not to understand that Greece has its own interests and criteria in international politics".[21] The statement accused Russia of ″attempts to a) bribe state officials, b) undermine its foreign policy, and c) interfere in its internal affairs″.[21]

On 7 December 2018, Greek Prime Minister Alexis Tsipras went to Russia on a working visit, his first visit there in three years.[22] After talks with Vladimir Putin, both leaders expressed hope that the spat between the two countries was in the past, bilateral agreements were signed and international issues like the Cyprus dispute were discussed.[23][24][25][26] Tsipras said that he had expressed to Putin his concern at Turkey buying advanced weapons, such as S-400 missile systems, from Russia.[27][28] Experts noted that Greek-Russian relations were not as they had been prior to the spat because of the growing importance of Greece's strategic military ties with the US, and military co-operation between Russia and Turkey was increasing.[29] On 13 December 2018, in Washington, DC, the Greek Foreign Minister and the American Secretary of State formally launched what they called "the inaugural U.S.-Greece Strategic Dialogue",[30][31] which Greek Acting Foreign Minister Georgios Katrougalos characterised as ″a procedure that shows the upgrading of our relations with that country″[32] and ″the apex of our bilateral relations″.[33]

Prespa agreement

Russia has been accused by certain Greek politicians and parties of having sought to thwart the Prespa agreement, reached in June 2018 between Greece and North Macedonia, which was meant to resolve the dispute over the latter's name and was seen as removing the main obstacle for North Macedonia's accession to NATO.[34]

On 14 January 2019, the Russian Foreign Ministry issued a commentary that referred to the agreement as the "Prespa deal" and stated that the decision by the Parliament of North Macedonia to change the country's name had been imposed from outside and did not reflect the will of the people and came "with an aim of pulling Skopje into NATO as soon as possible". The statement went on to cite "the recent developments in Greece — withdrawal from the government coalition of the Independent Greeks Party leader, Panos Kammenos, coming out against the Prespa accord" as evidence that stability and security in the Balkans was thus being undermined. The ministry suggested that "the issue must be considered by the UN Security Council in accordance with Article 3 of UN Security Council Resolution 845".[35][36] The Russian Foreign Ministry's statement on the Prespa agreement was condemned by Greece, whose official statement concluded by saying, "We express our certitude that Russia, which has for years recognized F.Y.R.O.M as the 'Republic of Macedonia' will respect the sensibilities of the Greek people in using the name Macedonia and will henceforth refer to this country with its new constitutional name, i.e. 'North Macedonia', and most importantly that it will refrain from such statements, which constitute an intervention in Greece's interior affairs".[37][38][39]

2022 diplomatic crisis and reactions

After the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine started, Greece, as one of the EU countries, imposed sanctions on Russia, and Russia added all EU countries to the list of "unfriendly nations".[40]

A diplomatic crisis sparked between Greece and Russia, when the latter's air forces allegedly bombarded two Greek minority villages near Mariupol in Ukraine, during the Russian invasion of Ukraine, killing 12 ethnic Greeks.[41] Greece protested strongly, summoning the Russian ambassador.[42] France's President Emmanuel Macron, and US Secretary of State Antony Blinken,[43] along with Germany,[44] Poland, Sweden[45] and other countries, expressed their condolences to Greece for the massacre, while Moscow denied any involvement, with the Russian embassy claiming a Ukrainian far-right militant organization, the Azov Battalion, was behind the incident. [46] Athens refuted Moscow's claims, announcing evidence of Russian involvement.[47] Following this, Greece's Prime Minister Kyriakos Mitsotakis announced Greece will send defensive military equipment and humanitarian aid to support Ukraine.[48][49][50]

Almost all parties in the Greek parliament have denounced the invasion. [51][52][53]

Mitsotakis' decision to send military equipment to Ukraine was however heavily debated; only New Democracy and KINAL were in favor. On the other hand, the majority of Greek people did not approve of sending the weapons; according to a recent poll, 63% of Greeks believe that the action puts relations with Russia at risk, while only 33% agree on providing Ukraine with military equipment. Almost 1 in 2 Greeks are of the view that all sides (i.e. Russia, Ukraine, the US, and the EU) carry a responsibility for the invasion.[54]

The diplomatic crisis between the two countries continues as the invasion is in progress. On March 6th, Russian Foreign Ministry spokeswoman Maria Zakharova accused Greece of anti-Russian propaganda, which goes against the countries' historical ties.[55] The Greek Ministry of Foreign Affairs described Zakharova's statements as "unacceptable".[56]

Military cooperation

President Vladimir Putin with President Prokopis Pavlopoulos in 2016

Greece is one of the few pre-1990 NATO member countries (alongside Germany for a time) that makes extensive use of Russian weapons. Greece first received many Soviet-era surplus weapons, such as BMP-1 armoured fighting vehicles, RM-70 rocket launchers, ZU-23-2 anti-aircraft guns and SA-8 anti-aircraft missile systems from the former East German National People's Army inventory in the early 1990s. Since then, Greece has additionally procured the TOR M-1 and S-300 anti-aircraft missile systems (the latter originally destined for Cyprus), the Kornet-E anti-tank missile, AK-74M assault rifles and ZUBR hovercraft. The militaries of both countries also participate in programmes of military cooperation in the Aegean Sea and the Eastern Mediterranean Sea, as well as giving military support and training to countries that they have close relations with, such as Armenia, with Greece often accepting Armenian military officials in the Hellenic Military Academy.

Economic relations

Burgas-Alexandroupoli pipeline

The Burgas-Alexandroupoli pipeline was proposed in 1993–1994 by several Russian and Greek companies.[57] In 1994, for construction of the pipeline Greece and Bulgaria signed a bilateral agreement, followed by a memorandum of cooperation, signed by Greece and Russia.[58]

In February 1998, a Greek consortium for pipeline construction named Bapline was established, and in May 1998, a memorandum of creation of the Transbalkan Oil Pipeline Company was signed.[58] In 2000, a technical specifications and an economic evaluation of the project were prepared by the German company ILF.[57] A joint protocol for preparing the pipeline's construction was signed by the three countries in January 2005.[59]

The political memorandum between both governments was signed on 12 April 2005. An inter-governmental agreement on the project was agreed on 7 February 2007, and it was signed on 15 March 2007 in Athens, by the involved ministers of the three countries, under the presence of their leaders, Vladimir Putin (Russian president), Sergei Stanishev (Bulgarian prime-minister), and Kostas Karamanlis (prime-minister of Greece).[60][61]

The agreement establishing the international project company was signed in Moscow on 18 December 2007 and the company, called Trans-Balkan Pipeline B.V., was incorporated in the Netherlands on 6 February 2008.[62][63] Construction of the pipeline was scheduled to start in October 2009, and was estimated to be completed by 2011.[64] In 2011, the project was definitively terminated.

Trade

Since 2014, mutual trade between the countries has been in steady decline.[65]

Religious and cultural ties, mutual perceptions

Religious ties between the two nations with majorities of both countries adhering to the Eastern Orthodox Church, have played a major role in fostering bilateral relations. Since its formation in 1994, the Athens-based Interparliamentary Assembly on Orthodoxy has become a relevant institution in promoting exchange and cooperation.

Agreements

The following agreements are in place:[66]

  • Friendship and Cooperation Agreement (1993)
  • Agreement on Economic, Industrial, Technological, and Scientific Cooperation (1993)

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Relations of Greece and Russia.

References

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  2. ^ "Greece accuses Russia of bribery and meddling in its affairs". TheGuardian.com. 11 August 2018. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
  3. ^ "Greek PM condemns Russian attack, says Greece energy supply secure". Reuters. 24 February 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
  4. ^ Newsroom. "Poll shows Greek attitudes towards Russia uneven | eKathimerini.com". www.ekathimerini.com. Retrieved 2022-10-17. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  5. ^ Генеральное Консульство в Москве
  6. ^ Генеральное консульство России в Салониках
  7. ^ a b Межгосударственные отношения России и Греции. Справка
  8. ^ «Международная жизнь», 1963, № 11, p. 148.
  9. ^ Nachmani, Amikam; Nachmani, Professor in the Department of Political Studies Amikam (1990). International Intervention in the Greek Civil War: The United Nations Special Committee on the Balkans, 1947-1952. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 3–5. ISBN 9780275933678.
  10. ^ David Carlton. Churchill and the Soviet Union (Manchester University Press, 2000), p. 120.
  11. ^ Panagoula Diamanti-Karanou, "Migration of ethnic Greeks from the former Soviet Union to Greece, 1990-2000: Policy decisions and implications." Southeast European and Black Sea Studies 3.1 (2003): 25-45.
  12. ^ Is Putin Playing Puppetmaster in Greece? The Daily Beast, 7 August 2015.
  13. ^ Греция показала свое истинное отношение к России vz.ru, 11 июля 2018.
  14. ^ Greece, Russia to expel diplomats in Macedonia tussle ahead of NATO summit Reuters, 11 июля 2018.
  15. ^ Greece 'orders expulsion of two Russian diplomats' BBC, 11 July 2018.
  16. ^ Ministry of Foreign Affairs announcement on statements from the spokesperson of the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Hellenic Republic, 18 July 2018.
  17. ^ Greece recalls envoy from Russia in worsening spat Vatican News, 11 August 2018.
  18. ^ Russia expels Greek diplomats in retaliatory move Reuters, 6 August 2018.
  19. ^ Греция отзывает посла из Москвы и заменит его новым - источник Nezavisimaya Gazeta, 10 August 2018.
  20. ^ Источник: посол Греции в РФ покинет Москву в конце сентября TASS, 15 August 2018.
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  36. ^ Комментарий Департамента информации и печати МИД России в связи с принятием Собранием Республики Македонии поправок в конституцию. mid.ru, 14 January 2019.
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  56. ^ "Απάντηση του εκπροσώπου του Υπουργείου Εξωτερικών σε ερώτηση δημοσιογράφου αναφορικά με τις πρόσφατες δηλώσεις της εκπροσώπου του ρωσικού Υπουργείου Εξωτερικών (06.03.2022) - Ανακοινώσεις - Δηλώσεις - Ομιλίες". www.mfa.gr (in Greek). Retrieved 2022-03-06.
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  58. ^ a b Peggy Papakosta. "Everybody wins". Bridge Magazine. Archived from the original on 2007-09-28. Retrieved 2007-02-15.
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  65. ^ По святым местам: Что ввело Путина во гнев перед паломничеством на Афон Lenga.ru, 28 May 2016.
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Further reading

  • Averoff-Tossizza, Evangelos. By Fire and Axe: The Communist Party and the Civil War in Greece, (1944-1949) (1978).
  • Chambers, Conall. "Halting the Iron Curtain at the Mediterranean: The Greek Civil War and the Origins of the Truman Doctrine." (2016). Online
  • Frary, Lucien J. "Russian interests in nineteenth-century Thessaloniki." Mediterranean Historical Review 23.1 (2008): 15–33.
  • Frary, Lucien J. Russia and the making of modern Greek identity, 1821-1844 (2015). online review
  • Gerolymatos, André. The Balkan Wars: Conquest, retribution and rebellion from the Ottoman Era to the Twentieth Century and beyond. (2002).
  • Kuniholm, B.R. The Origins of the Cold War in the Near East: Great Power Conflict and Diplomacy in Iran, Turkey, and Greece (1980),
  • Nachmani, Amikam. "Civil War and Foreign Intervention in Greece: 1946-49." Journal of Contemporary History 25.4 (1990): 489–522.
  • Prousis, Theophilus Christopher. Russian Society and the Greek Revolution (1994) on the 1820s
  • Roberts, Geoffrey. "Moscow's Cold War on the Periphery: Soviet Policy in Greece, Iran, and Turkey, 1943—8." Journal of Contemporary History 46.1 (2011): 58–81. online[dead link‍]
  • Tasoulas, Argyrios. "Greek–Soviet relations 1959–1962: the Greek response to the Kremlin’s challenge." Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies 45.1 (2021): 92-109. [1]
  • Ulunian, Artiom A. "Soviet Cold War Perceptions of Turkey and Greece, 1945-58." Cold War History 3.2 (2003): 35–52.
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