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Mahsa Amini protests

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Mahsa Amini Protests
Part of the 2021–2022 Iranian protests, the Iranian Democracy Movement, Iranian protests against compulsory hijab, and the death of Mahsa Amini
Date16 September 2022 – present
Location
Iran
Caused by
Goals
  • Overthrow of the Islamic Republic of Iran
  • Establishment of a Democracy
  • Revoking mandatory requirements in public law
  • Disbandment of Morality Police
  • Ending violence against women in Iran
  • Prosecuting the perpetrators of Mahsa Amini's death
MethodsProtests, demonstrations, riots, roadblocks, barricades, and disobeying of hijab laws in public
StatusOngoing
Parties
Iranian protesters
Lead figures

No centralised leadership

Casualties
Death(s)31+[1][2]
Injuries733+[3]

The Mahsa Amini protests are a series of ongoing protests and civil unrest in Iran that began on 16 September 2022, following the death of Mahsa Amini (Persian: مهسا امینی), who died while in police custody. She was allegedly beaten by the Guidance Patrol, the Islamic "morality police" of Iran, and accused of a fashion violation related to an "improper hijab".[4] The protests began in the cities of Saqqez, Sanandaj, Divandarreh, Baneh and Bijar in Kurdistan province, and later spread to other parts of Iran. These protests spread rapidly after one day and the cities of Tehran, Hamedan, Kermanshah, Mashhad, Sabzevar, Amol, Babol, Isfahan, Kerman, Shiraz, Tabriz, Rasht, Sari, Karaj, Tonekabon, Arak, Ilam, Kish Island and many other cities joined these protests.[5][6]

As of 22 September 2022, at least thirty-one protesters have been killed, making these the most deadly protests since the 2019–2020 protests with more than 1,500 fatalities.[1]

In response to the protests, the government of Iran not only suppressed the protests but also blocked access to apps like Instagram and WhatsApp, and limited Internet accessibility, to reduce the protesters' ability to organize. These may be the most severe Internet restrictions in Iran since 2019, when it was shut down completely.[7]

Background

Main article: Death of Mahsa Amini

Mahsa Amini was a 22-year-old Kurdish Iranian woman who was arrested by the Guidance Patrol on 14 September 2022 because of an "improper hijab." She suffered brain death due to a skull injury after allegedly having been beaten. She died two days later, on 16 September. After her funeral, protests were held in different parts of Iran. A nationwide strike was later called from Kurdistan province to Tehran on 18 September. Iranian Kurdistan parties and civil and political activists from Kurdistan declared Monday a general strike day.[8][9][10]

Timeline

Hours after Mahsa Amini died, a group of people gathered in protest against her alleged murder near Kasar Hospital, where Amini died, and chanted slogans such as "death to the dictator", "Guidance Patrol is a killer", "I will kill, I will kill the one who killed my sister", "I swear by Mahsa's blood, Iran will be free", "Khamenei is a murderer, his government is invalid", and "oppression against women from Kurdistan to Tehran". These protests were met with the suppression and arrest of protesters. A number of women took off and burned their headscarves in response to the attack of the counter-insurgency forces and chanted the slogan "Shameless Daesh".[11][12] Some people honked their car horns in the streets as a protest. Another protest against compulsory hijab-wearing laws took place that evening in Tehran's Argentina Square. Protesters chanted slogans against Iran's sovereignty and compulsory hijab-wearing laws. Released videos of the evening show the violent arrest of some of the protesters. [13][14]

17 September

Beginning on Saturday, after Amini's burial, Saqqez, her hometown, and the city of Sanandaj was the scene of massive demonstrations, where government forces used violent force to disperse protesters. The published picture of Amini's tomb in Saqqez shows the words on a stone above it in Kurdish which later became a public slogan and original code in the protests:

"Zina (Mahsa), you will not die, your name will become a symbol "[15][16]

18 September

The people of Sanandaj once again took to the streets on Sunday night to protest against the death of Mahsa and chanted the slogans "death to the dictator", "shame on us, shame on us / our bastard leader", and "death to Khamenei". In protest, a group of women took off their hijabs. According to unconfirmed sources quoted by the BBC, security forces fired on the demonstrators.[17] A number of students from Tehran University held a protest rally on Sunday with placards in their hands.[18] On this day, a heavy presence of security forces was reported in Tehran and Mashhad.[19]

19 September

By the 19th, mobile internet service was down in central Tehran. According to videos on social media, protests continued in downtown Tehran, the northern city of Rasht, the central city of Isfahan, as well as in Western Kurdish territory.[20] According to Hengaw, a Nordic organization that monitors human rights in Iran, three protesters were killed by security forces in Kurdistan province.[21]

A 23-year-old man named Farjad Darvishi was killed by police while protesting in the Waliasr town of Urmia, Iran. He was allegedly shot by police security agents during the demonstration and died on his way to the hospital from his wounds.[22][23][24]

20 September

According to the Voice of America, unconfirmed social media videos showed anti-government protests in at least 16 of Iran's 31 provinces, including "Alborz, East Azerbaijan, Fars, Gilan, Golestan, Hormozgan, Ilam, Isfahan, Kerman, Kermanshah, Kurdistan, Mazandaran, Qazvin, Razavi Khorasan, Tehran, and West Azerbaijan." Protesters in Sari appeared to tear down pictures of the Ayatollah and his predecessor from a city building. Iranian state media reported that three people had been killed in Kurdistan protests.[25] According to Hengaw, two male protesters were killed by security forces in West Azerbaijan, and a female protester was similarly killed in Kermanshah. The prosecutor in Kermanshah denied state responsibility, stating people were being killed by "anti-revolutionary elements". Iranian state media reported a police assistant's death from protesters in the southern city of Shiraz.[21] In the city of Kerman, a woman was filmed removing her hijab and cutting off her ponytail during a protest. Some witnesses interviewed by CNN characterized the day's protests as "flash protests" that sought to form and then disperse quickly before security forces could intervene.[26]

21 September

File:Girls in Iran protest against islamic hijab by cutting their hair.jpg
After the suspicious death of Mahsa Amini, girls in Iran protest by cutting their hair

Women in Sari were recorded burning their hijabs in protest. According to Hengaw, a man allegedly shot by security forces on the 19th died on the 21st.[21] Hengaw stated ten demonstrators total had been killed so far by security forces; Amnesty International stated it had confirmed eight of those deaths so far. Amnesty International also condemned what it called the "unlawful use of birdshot and other munitions" against the protesters. WhatsApp and Instagram, the only mainstream social media and messaging apps permitted in Iran, were restricted; in addition, there was a widespread internet shutdown, especially on mobile networks. Iran's Basij, a state militia, held pro-government counter-rallies in Tehran. In other countries, demonstrations of solidarity with the protesters occurred in countries including Canada, Italy, Sweden, Turkey, and the United States.[27]

According to two semi-official Iranian news agencies, a member of the Basij was stabbed to death in Mashhad.[28]

22 September

Protesters in Tehran and other cities burned police stations and cars.[28] The protests continued despite widespread internet outages throughout Iran.[29] People in different areas of north and south of the capital, Tehran continued their protests with different slogans.[30][31] Also, people protested in different regions of the country in small and big cities and even in areas that did not participate in the protests of previous years. These protests were met with heavy repression by the Revolutionary Guards and the anti-riot police of the Islamic Government of Iran. These forces confronted the people by using tear gas and direct shooting. Many people were injured and killed.[32][33][34]

Slogans

Demonstrators have employed a variety of slogans and placards in these protests, which directly criticize the government of the Islamic Republic of Iran and its leader, Khamenei. Protesters have shown strong opposition to acts of violence against women perpetrated by Iran's Guidance Patrol in particular.[35] "Woman, Life, Freedom" (Template:Lang-fa) is a popular slogan of the protests.[36]

Casualties

According to Iran Human Rights, as of 22 September, 31 people had been killed alongside hundreds of women detained and abused by the authorities.[1] Name and date of killing is shown when possible.

City Fatalities Name(s) Date Details
Amol 11 22 September [37]
Babol 6
Divandarre 2 Fouad Qadimi, Mohsen Mohammadi 20 September Iran Human Rights Group reports two deaths while other sources report four.[38]
Saqqez 1
Dehgolan 1 Reza Lotfi 20 September [39]
Mahabad 1
Urmia 1 Farjad Darvishi 21 September [40]
Karaj 1
Piranshahr 1 Zakaria Khyal 21 September Video showing his mother singing a Kurdish lullaby on his grave, calling him a "martyr".[41]
Kermanshah 1 Minoo Majidi 22 September [42]
Oshnavieh 1 Amin Maroufi 22 September Kurdistan Human Rights Network reports three deaths: Amin Marefat, Milan Haqiqi, Sadreddin Litani.[43]
Quchan 1 Ali Mozaffari 22 September Saipa Volleyball Team player[44]
Bandar Anzali 1
Nowshahr 1 Hananeh Kia 22 September [45]
Ilam 1 Mohsen Qeysari 21 September [46]
Tabriz 1
Total 32

Internet blackout

In order to prevent photos and videos of the protests from being broadcast on the Internet and to prevent them from reaching the world's leading news agencies, the Iranian government initially cut off Internet networks and social media channels in the cities of Saqqez and Sanandaj for a few days. With the spread of protests throughout Iran, the government of the Islamic Republic cut off the entire Internet throughout Iran.[47] On Twitter, the messaging platform WhatsApp stated that it was working to keep Iranian users connected and would not block Iranian phone numbers.[28]

Reactions

On September 22, CNN's chief international correspondent Christiane Amanpour was scheduled to interview Iranian President Ebrahim Raisi in New York City, following his appearance at the United Nations general assembly. Amanpour planned to speak with President Raisi about several international issues, including the death of Mahsa Amini and the related protests. The long-anticipated interview would have been the first time Raisi spoke with US media on American soil. Forty minutes after the interview was set to begin and before Raisi arrived, an aide to the Iranian leader made a last-minute request and stated that the meeting would not happen unless the journalist wore a headscarf, referring to "the situation in Iran" considering it as "a matter of respect".[48][49][50]

International reactions

Countries

  •  Canada: Foreign minister Mélanie Joly called for "a full and complete investigation into the regime's actions" in the aftermath of Amini's death.[51]
  •  India: Several Irani women demonstrated against the Iranian government and burned their hijabs as a sign of protests.[52]
  •  Turkey: Demonstrations occurred in several Turkish cities, including a protest of a group of Iranians in front of the Iranian Consulate in Istanbul.[53][54]
  •  United States: Secretary of State Antony Blinken condemned the Iranian government in response to Amini's death, tweeting that "[Amini's] death is unforgiveable. We will continue to hold Iranian officials accountable for such human rights abuses".[55]

International organizations

Human rights advocates

After photos and videos of the protests and the responding force shown during the protests, many international human rights groups such as the Iran Human Rights group and the Human Rights Watch group, and the UN Acting High Commissioner for Human Rights Nada al-Nashif, issued statements of concern. The Human Rights Watch group raised specific concerns about reports that seem to indicate authorities using teargas and lethal force to disperse protesters.[58] The United States Department of the Treasury announced sanctions against the Guidance Patrol as well as seven senior leaders of Iran's various security organizations.[59][60]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c "Eʿterāżāt dar Irān; Afzāyeš-e Āmār-e Koštešodegān beh biš az 30 Hamzamān bā Eḫtelāl dar Internet" اعتراضات در ایران؛ افزایش آمار کشته‌شدگان به بیش از ۳۰ نفر همزمان با اختلال در اینترنت [Protests in Iran; The Number of Those Killed has Increased to over 30 People Simultaneously With Internet Blackout]. Iran Human Rights (in Persian). Retrieved 22 September 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  2. ^ "31 Killed In Iran Crackdown On Anti-Hijab Protesters After Custody Death". NDTV. 22 September 2022.
  3. ^ "Hengaw Report No. 6 on the Kurdistan protests, 15 dead and 733 injured". Hengaw. Retrieved 23 September 2022.
  4. ^ Strzyżyńska, Weronika (16 September 2022). "Iranian woman dies 'after being beaten by morality police' over hijab law". the Guardian. Retrieved 22 September 2022.
  5. ^ Mahsa Amini: EU concern over woman who died after being stopped by morality police , euronews, 2022
  6. ^ Reuters (20 September 2022). "Protests flare across Iran in violent unrest over woman's death". Reuters. Retrieved 23 September 2022. {{cite news}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  7. ^ "Iran restricts access to WhatsApp and Instagram in response to Mahsa Amini protests". 21 September 2022.
  8. ^ Protests Spread From Hijab Victim's Hometown To Other cities, Iran International, 2022
  9. ^ Hengaw report No. 2 regarding Saqqez and Sanandaj protests, Hengaw News Agency, 2022
  10. ^ Internet disrupted in Iran amid protests over death of Mahsa, Iran Wire, 2022
  11. ^ Iran: Anti-government protests likely in cities nationwide through at least late September, Crisis24, 2022
  12. ^ iranian protests erupt after death of 22-year-old woman in police custody, DW, 2022
  13. ^ Protests in Iran at death of Kurdish woman after arrest by morality police, The Guardian, 2022
  14. ^ Mahsa Amini: Acting UN human rights chief urges impartial probe into death in Iran, United Nation, 2022
  15. ^ The message written on the tombstone of Mahsa, Iran International (in Persian), 2022
  16. ^ Mahsa Amini's funeral with armed suppression of citizens; "Jina, you will not die, your name will become a symbol, Kayhan London (in Persian), 2022
  17. ^ Mehsa Amini; The second night of protests in Sanandaj and Raisi's contact with Amini's family, (in Persian) 18 Sep 2022
  18. ^ "Taẓāhorāt dar Sanandaǧ, Mahābād va Karaǧ dar Eʿterāż be Marg-e Mahsā Amīni; Vākoneš-hā-ye Gostarde-e Edāme-ye Dārad" تظاهرات در سنندج، مهاباد و کرج در اعتراض به مرگ مهسا امینی؛ واکنش‌های گسترده ادامه دارد [Demonstrations in Sanandaj, Mahabad and Karaj protesting the Death of Mahsa Amini; Wide-Spread Reactions Continue]. Radio Farda (in Persian). 18 September 2022. Retrieved 23 September 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  19. ^ The continuation of protests against the killing of Mehsa Amini and the announcement of public mourning on Sunday and Monday, Iran international, 18 Sep 2022
  20. ^ "Iranians protested in Tehran over a woman's death in police custody". NPR. Associated Press. 19 September 2022. Retrieved 22 September 2022.
  21. ^ a b c "Iran unrest: Women burn headscarves at anti-hijab protests". BBC News. 21 September 2022. Retrieved 22 September 2022.
  22. ^ "Death of protesters in September; Farjad Darvishi was killed by security forces". Kurdpa. Retrieved 21 September 2022.
  23. ^ Heidar, Y. (20 September 2022). "Šahīd Farǧād Darvišī bā Faryād-e "Šahīd Ne-mī-mīrad" be Ḫāk-e Seporde šod" شهید فرجاد درویشی با فریاد شهید نمی‌میرد به خاک سپرده شد [The Martyr Farjad Darvishi was Buried Accompanied by the Lamentation "A Martyr Does Not Die!"]. Iran Freedom Organization (in Persian).{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  24. ^ KHRN (21 September 2022). "Anti-riot forces kill woman protestor in Kermanshah | Kurdistan Human Rights Network". KHRN. Retrieved 21 September 2022.
  25. ^ "Iran Protests Against Woman's Death in Hijab Case Spread to 16 Provinces". VOA. 20 September 2022. Retrieved 22 September 2022.
  26. ^ "Iranian women burn their hijabs as hundreds protest death of Mahsa Amini". CNN. 21 September 2022. Retrieved 22 September 2022.
  27. ^ "Internet restricted in Iran as protests spread". ABC News (Australia). 22 September 2022. Retrieved 22 September 2022.
  28. ^ a b c Reuters (22 September 2022). "Iranian protesters torch police stations as unrest over woman's death spreads". Reuters. Retrieved 22 September 2022. {{cite news}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  29. ^ Iran blocks capital’s internet access as Amini protests grow, The Guardian, 23 Sep 2022
  30. ^ Mobile internet disrupted in Iran during protests - Netblocks, Reuters, 22 Sep 2022
  31. ^ Iran protests rage as Mahsa Amini's father says authorities lied, CNN, 23 Sep 2022
  32. ^ Mahsa Amini: Protester death toll rises amid unrest in Iran over woman's death in police custody, euronews, 23 Sep 2022
  33. ^ Protests over woman's death claim more lives in Iran - BBC, BBC News, 22 Sep 2022
  34. ^ Protests Intensify in Iran Over Woman Who Died in Custody, NY Times, 23 Sep 2022
  35. ^ "Peyvastan Dānešǧūyān-e Irān be Eʿterāżāt-e Mardomī ʿAlīye Qatl-e Mahsā Amīnī" پیوستن دانشجویان ایران به اعتراضات مردمی علیه قتل مهسا امینی [Iran's University Students are Joining Popular Protests against the Murder of Mahsa Amini]. Al-Arabia Farsi (in Persian). 20 September 2022. Retrieved 23 September 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  36. ^ "Ḫašm-e ʿOmūmī az Ǧānbâḫtan-e Mahsā Amīnī; Moʿtareżān-e Šoʿār "Zan, Zendegī, Āzādī" sar Dādand" خشم عمومی از جان‌باختن مهسا امینی؛ معترضان شعار «زن، زندگی، آزادی» سر دادند [Public Outcry over the Death of Mahsa Amini; Protestors Chanted the Slogan "Woman, Life, Freedom"]. Radio Farda (in Persian). Retrieved 23 September 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  37. ^ "ʿAlāraqm Ǧū-ye Šadid-e Amniyatī; Tadāvom-e Eʿterāżāt dar Šešomīn Rūz" علیرغم جو شدید امنیتی؛ تداوم اعتراضات در ششمین روز - خبرگزاری هرانا [In Spite of the Atmosphere of Violent Security [Crackdown]; Continuation of Protests for Day Six]. Human Rights Activists News Agency (in Persian). 22 September 2022. Retrieved 22 September 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  38. ^ "Manbaʿ-e Moṭṭaleʿ be Irān Internešnāl: Čahār Moʿtareż dar Dīvāndarre bā Golgūle-ye Ǧangī-ye Mamūrān Košte Šodand" منبع مطلع به ایران اینترنشنال: چهار معترض در دیواندره با گلوله جنگی مأموران کشته شدند [Reputable Source to Iran International: Four Protestors were killed by Shots Fired by Soldiers in Divandarre]. Iran International (in Persian). Retrieved 22 September 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  39. ^ "Sevvomīn Rūz-e Eʿterāżāt-e Mardomī be Qatl-e Žīnā Amīnī; Eʿtesāb-e Gostarde-ye Bāzāryān va Kasabe dar Šahr-hā-ye Moḫtalef-e Kord-e-stān/Košte Šodan-e Dast-e Kam Čahār Nafar va Zaḫmī Šodan-e Biš az 85 Nafar dar Natiǧe-ye Tīr-andāzī-ye Nīrūhay-e Mosallaḥ-e Ǧomhūrī-ye Eslāmī-ye Irān" سومین روز اعتراضات مردمی به قتل ژینا امینی؛ اعتصاب گسترده بازاریان و کسبه در شهرهای مختلف کردستان / کشته شدن دست‌کم چهار نفر و زخمی شدن بیش از ۸۵ نفر در نتیجه تیراندازی نیروهای مسلح جمهوری اسلامی ایران [Day Three of Public Protests Against the Murder of Žina Amini; Widespread Strike by Market Sellers and Businessmen in Various Cities Across Kurdistan / At least Four People were Slain and 85 Injured as the Result of Shots Fired by the Armed Forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran]. Kurdistan Human Rights Network (in Persian). 19 September 2022. Retrieved 22 September 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  40. ^ "Šabake-ye Ḥoqūq-e Bašar-e Kordestān: Farǧād Darvišī, Moʿtareż-e 23 Sāle Ahl-e Orūmiye, Košte Šod" شبکه‌ حقوق‌بشر کردستان: فرجاد درویشی، معترض ۲۳ ساله اهل ارومیه، کشته شد [Kurdistan Human Rights Network: Farjad Darvishi, a 23-Year-Old Protester from Urmia, was Slain]. Iran International (in Persian). 20 September 2022. Retrieved 22 September 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  41. ^ "Košte Šodan Yek Novǧavān va Yek Ǧavān dar Eʿterāżāt-e Pīrānšahr va Orūmiye" کشته شدن یک نوجوان و یک جوان در اعتراضات پیرانشهر و ارومیه [One Teenager and One Young Person Slain During Protests in Piranshahr and Urmia]. Hengaw Organization for Human Rights (in Persian). Retrieved 22 September 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  42. ^ "Edāme-ye Eʿterāż-hā ʿAlīye Ḥokūmat dar Irān dar Rūz-e Panǧ-šanbe bā Voǧūd-e Qatʿ-e Gostarde Internet" ادامه اعتراض‌ها علیه حکومت در ایران در روز پنج‌شنبه با وجود قطع گسترده اینترنت [Continuation of Protests Against the Government of Iran continue on Thursday during of Widespread Internet Shut-Offs]. Iran International (in Persian). Retrieved 22 September 2022.
  43. ^ "Čahār Šahrvand Šāmel Yek Kūdak dar As̱ar-e Tīr-andāzī-ye Nīrū-hā-ye Żedd-Šureš va Basīǧ dar Šahr-hā-ye Orūmiye va Ošnavīye Košte Šodand" چهار شهروند شامل یک کودک در اثر تیراندازی نیروهای ضدشورش و بسیج در شهرهای ارومیه و اشنویه کشته شدند [Four Citizens, Including a Child, were Slain by Anti-Insurgency and Basij Forces in the Cities of Urmia and Oshnavieh]. Kurdistan Human Rights Network (in Persian). 21 September 2022. Retrieved 22 September 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  44. ^ "Košte Šodan Bāzikon-e Tīm-Vālibāl-e SĀĪPĀ dar Eʿterāżāt-e Qučān" کشته شدن بازیکن تیم والیبال سایپا در اعتراضات قوچان [SAIPA Volleyball Team Player Slain during Quchan Protests]. IranWire (in Persian). Retrieved 22 September 2022.
  45. ^ "News Today Update : Hanane Kia has also been killed by Iranian forces. The international community should take note of violence and massacres of women in Iran and Afghanistan.#حنانه_کیا #IranProtests #MahsaAmini". Amarket News Co. 22 September 2022. Retrieved 22 September 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  46. ^ "Košte Šodan Yek Šahrvand dar Eʿterāżāt-e Īlām" کشته شدن یک شهروند در اعتراضات ایلام [One Citizen Slain during Ilam Protests]. Hengaw Organization for Human Rights (in Persian). Retrieved 22 September 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  47. ^ Iranians see widespread internet blackout amid mass protests, AP News, 21 Sep 2022
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  59. ^ Gottbrath, Laurin-Whitney (22 September 2022). "U.S. sanctions Iran's morality police over death of woman in custody". Axios. Retrieved 22 September 2022.
  60. ^ "Treasury Sanctions Iran's Morality Police and Senior Security Officials for Violence Against Protesters and the Death of Mahsa Amini". United States Department of the Treasury. 22 September 2022.
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