List of invasive species in Europe
This is a list of invasive species in Europe. A species is regarded as invasive if it has become introduced to a location, area, or region where it did not previously occur naturally (i.e., is not a native species) and becomes capable of establishing a breeding population in the new location. An invasive species will be one that thrives in its new environment and negatively influences the ecology and biodiversity of that ecosystem. Negative effects can affect also humans, by compromising human health (e.g. vectors of diseases) or socioeconomic systems (e.g. damages to agriculture or forestry).
The term invasive species refers to a subset of those species defined as introduced species. If a species has been introduced but remains local, and is not problematic to human systems or to the local biodiversity, then it cannot be considered to be invasive, and does not belong on this list.
Plants
- Acacia sp. [1]
- Ailanthus altissima (Tree of heaven)[2]
- Alternanthera philoxeroides (alligator weed)[3]
- Amorpha fruticosa (Desert false indigo)[4]
- Ambrosia artemisiifolia (Ragweed)[5][6]
- Asclepias syriaca (common milkweed)[3]
- Baccharis halimifolia (Eastern baccharis)[3]
- Buddleja davidii [7]
- Cabomba caroliniana (fanwort)[3]
- Carpobrotus edulis (Hottentot fig)[8]
- Clematis vitalba (Old man's beard)[9]
- Cortaderia spp. [10]
- Crassula helmsii (Australian swamp stonecrop)[11]
- Eichhornia crassipes (water hyacinth)[3]
- Elodea canadensis (Canadian pondweed)[12][13]
- Elodea nuttallii (Nuttall's waterweed)[3]
- Gleditsia triacanthos (honey locust)
- Gunnera tinctoria (Chilean rhubarb)[3]
- Heracleum mantegazzianum (giant hogweed)[14][15]
- Heracleum persicum (Persian hogweed)[3]
- Heracleum sosnowskyi (Sosnowsky's hogweed)[3]
- Hydrocotyle ranunculoides (Floating pennywort)[16]
- Impatiens glandulifera (Himalayan balsam)[17]
- Lagarosiphon major (curly waterweed)[3]
- Lantana camara [18]
- Ludwigia grandiflora (water-primrose)[3]
- Ludwigia peploides (floating primrose-willow)[3]
- Lysichiton americanus (American skunk cabbage)[3]
- Myriophyllum aquaticum (Parrot feather)[19]
- Myriophyllum heterophyllum (broadleaf watermilfoil)[3]
- Nicotiana glauca [20]
- Oxalis pes-caprae (buttercup oxalis) [21]
- Pennisetum setaceum (crimson fountaingrass)[3]
- Pueraria lobata (kudzu vine)[3]
- Reynoutria japonica (syn. Fallopia japonica) (Japanese knotweed)[22]
- Rhododendron ponticum (pontic rhododendron)[23]
- Robinia pseudoacacia (black locust)[24]
- Rosa rugosa [25]
- Tradescantia fluminensis [26]
Algae
- Caulerpa racemosa (Grape caulerpa)[27]
- Caulerpa taxifolia, Mediterranean clone[28]
Animals
Bryozoans
- Bugula neritina (brown bryozoan)[29]
- Schizoporella errata (branching bryozoan)[30]
- Tricellaria inopinata[31]
Cnidarians
- Cordylophora caspia (euryhaline hydroid)[32]
- Rhopilema nomadica (nomad jellyfish)
Ctenophores
- Mnemiopsis leidyi (warty comb jelly)
Arthropods
Crustaceans
- Balanus improvisus (Bay barnacle)[33]
- Cercopagis pengoi (fishhook waterflea)
- Chelicorophium curvispinum (Caspian mud shrimp)[34]
- Dikerogammarus villosus (Killer shrimp)[35]
- Elminius modestus (Australasian barnacle)[36]
- Eriocheir sinensis (Chinese mitten crab)[37]
- Hemigrapsus takanoi (brush-clawed shore crab)
- Hemimysis anomala (bloody-red mysid)
- imnomysis benedeni (Donau-Schwebgarnele)[38]
- Limnoria lignorum (gribble)[39]
- Orconectes limosus (Spiny-cheek crayfish)[40]
- Orconectes virilis (Virile crayfish)[41]
- Pacifastacus leniusculus (Signal crayfish)[42]
- Palaemon elegans (rockpool shrimp)[43]
- Paralithodes camtschaticus (Red king crab)[44]
- Percnon gibbesi (Sally Lightfoot crab)
- Pontogammarus robustoides[45]
- Procambarus clarkii (Louisiana crawfish)[46]
Insects
- Adelges piceae (balsam woolly adelgid)[47]
- Aedes albopictus (tiger mosquito)
- Agrilus planipennis (emerald ash borer)[48]
- Aleurodicus dispersus (spiralling whitefly)[49]
- Aphis spiraecola (green citrus aphid)[50]
- Aproceros leucopoda (elm zigzag sawfly)[51]
- Aromia bungii (red necked longicorn)[52]
- Bemisia tabaci (silverleaf whitefly) [53]
- Cacyreus marshalli (geranium bronze)[54]
- Cameraria ohridella (horse-chestnut leaf miner)
- Ceratitis capitata (Mediterranean fruit fly)[55]
- Chilo suppressalis (striped rice stem borer)[56]
- Cinara cupressi (Cypress aphid)[57]
- Corythucha ciliata (sycamore lace bug)[58]
- Cryptotermes brevis (West Indian drywood termite)[59]
- Ctenarytaina eucalypti (blue gum psyllid)[60]
- Cydalima perspectalis (box tree moth)[61]
- Dendroctonus micans (great spruce bark beetle)[62]
- Diabrotica virgifera (Western corn rootworm)
- Dreyfusia nordmannianae (silver fir adelges)[63]
- Drosophila suzukii (spotted wing drosophila)[64]
- Dryocosmus kuriphilus (chestnut gall wasp) [65]
- Epiphyas postvittana (light brown apple moth)[66]
- Frankliniella occidentalis (western flower thrips)[67]
- Gilpinia hercyniae (European spruce sawfly)[68]
- Harmonia axyridis (Asian lady beetle)[69]
- Hypogeococcus pungens (cactus mealybug)[70]
- Icerya purchasi (cottony cushion scale)[71]
- Lasius neglectus (invasive garden ant)
- Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Colorado beetle)[72]
- Leptocybe invasa (blue gum chalcid)[73]
- Lilioceris lilii (scarlet lily beetle)
- Linepithema humile (Argentine ant)[74]
- Lysiphlebus testaceipes[75]
- Megastigmus spermotrophus (Douglas-fir seed chalcid)[76]
- Opogona sacchari (banana moth)[77]
- Monomorium pharaonis (Pharaoh ant)
- Paratrechina longicornis (longhorn crazy ant)[78]
- Paysandisia archon (castniid palm borer)[79]
- Pheidole megacephala (big-headed ant)[80]
- Phoracantha semipunctata (Australian Eucalyptus longhorn)[75][81]
- Phyllonorycter issikii (lime leaf miner)[82]
- Rhagoletis cingulata (eastern cherry fruit fly)[83]
- Scaphoideus titanus (American grapevine leafhopper)[84]
- Thaumastocoris peregrinus (bronze bug)[85]
- Trialeurodes ricini (castor bean whitefly)[86]
- Vespa velutina nigrithorax (Yellow-legged Asian hornet)
- Vespula germanica (European wasp)[87]
- Vespula vulgaris (common wasp)[88]
- Xyleborus perforans (island pinhole borer)[89]
- Xylosandrus germanus (black timber bark beetle)[90]
Chordates
Ascidians
- Microcosmus squamiger[91]
- Polyandrocarpa zorritensis[92]
- Styela clava (Stalked sea squirt)[93]
Amphibians
- Lithobates catesbeianus (American Bullfrog)
- Xenopus laevis (African clawed frog)
Birds
- Acridotheres tristis (common myna)[94]
- Alopochen aegyptiacus (Egyptian goose)[95]
- Amandava amandava (red avadavat) [75] http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/22719614/0
- Branta canadensis (Canada goose)
A Canada goose in Cambridge, England - Corvus splendens (House crow)
- Estrilda astrild (common waxbill)[75] http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/22719574/0
- Estrilda troglodytes (black-rumped waxbill)[75] http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/22719570/0
- Euodice cantans (African silverbill)[75] http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/22719761/0
- Euplectes afer (yellow-crowned bishop)[75] http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/22719164/0
- Leiothrix lutea (Red-billed leiothrix)[96]
- Myiopsitta monachus (Monk parakeet)
- Oxyura jamaicensis (Ruddy duck)[97]
- Phasianus colchicus (common pheasant)[75] http://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/70470
- Ploceus cucullatus (village weaver)[75] http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/22718921/0
- Ploceus melanocephalus (black-headed weaver)[75] http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/22718949/0
- Psittacula krameri (Rose-ringed parakeet)[98]
- Threskiornis aethiopicus (African sacred ibis)
Fish
- Alburnus alburnus (common bleak)[99]
- Ameiurus melas (Black bullhead (catfish))[100]
- Australoheros facetus (Chameleon cichlid)[75]
- Carassius auratus (goldfish)[75] [101]
- Carassius gibelio (Prussian carp)[102]
- Cyprinus carpio (common carp)[75]
- Esox lucius (northern pike)[75] [103]
- Fundulus heteroclitus (mummichog)[75]
- Gambusia holbrooki (eastern mosquitofish)[104]
- Hypophthalmichthys nobilis (bighead carp)[105]
- Lepomis gibbosus (Pumpkinseed sunfish)[100]
- Leuciscus leuciscus (common dace)[106]
- Micropterus salmoides (Largemouth Bass)[100]
- Neogobius fluviatilis (monkey goby)
- Neogobius melanostomus (round goby)
- Oncorhynchus mykiss (rainbow trout)[75][107]
- Perccottus glenii (Chinese sleeper)[108]
- Pseudorasbora parva (stone moroko)
- Rutilus rutilus (common roach)[109]
- Sander lucioperca (Sander lucioperca)[75][110]
Mammals
- Ammotragus lervia (Barbary sheep)[111]
- Axis axis (chital)[112]
- Callosciurus erythraeus (Pallas' squirrel)[113]
- Callosciurus finlaysonii (Finlayson's squirrel)[114]
- Capra hircus (feral goat)[115]
- Castor canadensis (North American beaver)[116]
- Cervus nippon (sika deer)
- Equus asinus (donkey)[117]
- Felis catus (feral cat)[118]
- Lepus europaeus (European hare)[119]
- Muntiacus reevesi (Reeves's muntjac)
- Mustela furo (ferret)[120]
- Myocastor coypus (coypu, nutria)
- Neogale vison (American mink)
- Nyctereutes procyonoides (raccoon dog)[113]
- Ondatra zibethicus (muskrat)[113]
- Ovis aries (sheep)[121]
- Ovis aries musimon (European mouflon)[122]
- Procyon lotor (common raccoon)[113]
- Rattus norvegicus (brown rat)
- Rattus rattus (black rat)
- Sciurus carolinensis (grey squirrel)[113]
- Tamias sibiricus (Siberian chipmunk)[113]
Reptiles
- Chamaeleo chamaeleon (common chameleon)[75][123]
- Trachemys scripta elegans (Red-eared slider)
- Pelodiscus sinensis (Chinese softshell turtle)
- Lampropeltis californiae (California Kingsnake)[124][125]
Molluscs
- Arion vulgaris (Spanish slug)[126]
- Deroceras invadens (tramp slug)[127]
Marine
- Arcuatula senhousia (Asian date mussel)
- Brachidontes pharaonis (variable mussel)
- Crassostrea gigas (Pacific oyster)
- Crepidula fornicata (Common slipper shell)
- Ensis directus (American jack-knife clam)
- Petricolaria pholadiformis (false angel wing)[128]
- Pinctada radiata (Atlantic pearl-oyster)[129]
- Rapana venosa (Veined rapa whelk)[130]
Freshwater
- Corbicula fluminalis[131]
- Corbicula fluminea (Freshwater bivalve mollusk)[132][133]
- Dreissena polymorpha (Zebra mussel)
- Dreissena rostriformis bugensis (Quagga mussel)[134]
- Potamopyrgus antipodarum (New Zealand mud snail)
- Sinanodonta woodiana (Chinese pond mussel)[133]
Annelids
- Ficopomatus enigmaticus (Australian tubeworm)[135]
- Lumbricus terrestris (common earthworm)[136]
- Marenzelleria neglecta (red gilled mud worm)[137]
Nematodes
- Anguillicoloides crassus (swim bladder worm)[138]
- Globodera rostochiensis (yellow potato cyst nematode)[139]
Platyhelminthes
- Arthurdendyus triangulatus (New Zealand flatworm)
- Australoplana sanguinea (Australian flatworm)
- Bothriocephalus acheilognathi (Asian tapeworm)[140]
Fungi
- Clathrus archeri (Berk.) Dring
- Hymenoscyphus fraxineus (T. Kowalski) Baral, Queloz, Hosoya (ash dieback disease)
- Ophiostoma ulmi (Dutch elm disease)
European priorities
Different initiatives have been promoted in order to prioritize species among this long (and ongoing) list. Some examples are:
- "100 of the Worst Invasive Species of Europe". Delivering Alien Invasive Species Inventories for Europe (DAISIE) - http://www.europe-aliens.org/default.do
See also
- List of invasive alien species of Union concern (official list pursuant to Article 12(1) of the EU Regulation 1143/2014 on Invasive Alien Species).
References
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- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p List of Invasive Alien Species of Union concern, European Commission. Retrieved on 1 May 2018
- ^ EPPO List of invasive alien plants Archived 2010-04-17 at the Wayback Machine. European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization. Retrieved on 2009-04-10.
- ^ Ambrosia artemisiifolia (common ragweed). CABI, Invasive Species Compendium. Retrieved on 2020-04-27
- ^ Ambrosia artemisiifolia. Gyűjtő Zsolt SAPIENTIA Hungarian University of Transilvania Faculty of Sciences and Arts, Cluj-Napoca. Retrieved on 2010-11-30.
- ^ Buddleja davidii (butterfly bush). CABI, Invasive Species Compendium. Retrieved on 2020-04-27
- ^ Alien range of Carpobrotus edulis. ISSG Global Invasive Species Database. Retrieved on 2009-03-03.
- ^ Invasive Species Compendium. "Clematis vitalba". Retrieved 31 October 2011.
- ^ "Herba de la pampa".
- ^ Most Unwanted: New Zealand pigmyweed Archived 2009-04-08 at the Wayback Machine. Invasive Species Ireland. Retrieved on 2009-04-10.
- ^ Barrat-Segretain, M. 2001. [Invasive species in the Rhône river floodplain (France): replacement of Elodea canadensis michaux by E. nuttallii St. John in two former river channels]. (Abstract). Archiv für Hydrobiologie 152(2):237-251.
- ^ Poulis, Georgios; Zervas, Dimitrios (2017-12-20). "First confirmed record of Elodea canadensis Michx. (Hydrocharitaceae) in Greece". Hacquetia. 16 (2): 175–179. doi:10.1515/hacq-2017-0001. ISSN 1854-9829.
- ^ Heracleum mantegazzianum distribution in Europe. ISSG Global Invasive Species Database. Retrieved on 2009-03-03.
- ^ http://mediambient.gencat.cat/ca/05_ambits_dactuacio/patrimoni_natural/esp%3C/ref%3Eecies_%3C/ref%3Eexotiques_invasores/llista-especies/llista-especies-catalogades/flora/julivert-gegant/ [dead link]
- ^ Maguire, C.M., Cosgrove, P.J. and Kelly, J. 2008.Floating Pennywort (Hydrocotyle ranunculoides) Management Plan[permanent dead link]. Invasive Species Ireland. Retrieved on 2009-04-10.
- ^ Impatiens glandulifera alien range. Global Invasive Species Database. Retrieved on 2009-04-10.
- ^ Lantana camara (lantana). CABI, Invasive Species Compendium. Retrieved on 2020-04-27
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- ^ Nicotiana glauca(tree tobacco). CABI, Invasive Species Compendium. Retrieved on 2020-04-27
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- ^ "Misèria".
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- ^ Alien range of Caulerpa taxifolia. ISSG Global Invasive Species Database. Retrieved on 2009-03-03.
- ^ "Bugula neritina (brown bryozoan)". Invasive Species Compendium (ISC). CAB International.
- ^ "Datasheet Schizoporella errata (branching bryozoan)". Invasive Species Compendium (ISC). CAB International.
{{cite web}}: line feed character in|title=at position 10 (help) - ^ "Datasheet Tricellaria inopinata". Invasive Species Compendium (ISC). CAB International.
{{cite web}}: line feed character in|title=at position 10 (help) - ^ "Cordylophora (euryhaline hydroid)". Invasive Species Compendium (ISC). CAB International.
- ^ "Bay barnacle (Balanus improvisus)" (PDF). Främmande arter i svenska hav. Retrieved April 18, 2010.
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- ^ http://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/109096
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- ^ http://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/108853
- ^ http://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/109146
- ^ Holdich, D. and Black, J. 2007. The spiny-cheek crayfish, Orconectes limosus (Rafinesque, 1817) (Crustacea: Decapoda: Cambaridae), digs into the UK[dead link]. Aquatic Invasions 2(1):1–16.
- ^ The virile crayfish, Orconectes virilis (Hagen, 1870) (Crustacea: Decapoda: Cambaridae), identified in the UK. Ahern, Daniel, et al. 2008. Aquatic Invasions 3(1):102-104. Retrieved on 2008-12-03.
- ^ Pacifastacus leniusculus alien range. Global Invasive Species Database. Retrieved on 2009-04-10.
- ^ http://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/70617
- ^ Invasive Alien Species Fact Sheet: Paralithodes camtschaticus. North European and Baltic Network on Invasive Alien Species. Retrieved on 2009-04-10.
- ^ http://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/119602
- ^ Procambarus clarkii alien range. Global Invasive Species Database. Retrieved on 2009-04-10.
- ^ http://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/3268
- ^ "Agrilus planipennis (emerald ash borer)". Invasive Species Compendium (ISC). CAB International. Retrieved 2022-08-14.
- ^ http://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/4141
- ^ http://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/6221
- ^ "Aproceros leucopoda (elm zigzag sawfly)". Invasive Species Compendium (ISC). CAB International. Retrieved 2022-08-14.
- ^ http://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/118984
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- ^ http://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/95206
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- ^ Piquet, Julien C.; López-Darias, Marta (2021-12-08). "Invasive snake causes massive reduction of all endemic herpetofauna on Gran Canaria". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 288 (1964): 20211939. doi:10.1098/rspb.2021.1939. PMC 8651408. PMID 34875190.
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- ^ http://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/121099
- ^ http://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/108908
- ^ http://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/108219
- ^ 100 of the worst invasive species in Europe
- ^ http://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/109136
- ^ Morais, P.; et al. (2009). "The Asian clam Corbicula fluminea (Müller, 1774) in the Guadiana River Basin (southwestern Iberian Peninsula): Setting the record straight" (PDF). Aquatic Invasions. 4 (4): 681–684. doi:10.3391/ai.2009.4.4.14.
- ^ a b Popa, O.; Popa, L. O. (2006). "Sinanodonta woodiana (Lea, 1834), Corbicula fluminea (O. F. Müller, 1774), Dreissena bugensis (Andrusov, 1897) (Mollusca: Bivalvia): Alien invasive species in Romanian fauna" (PDF). Travaux du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle "Grigore Antipa". 49: 7–12.
- ^ Katharina C. M. Heiler, Sascha Brandt, Christian Albrecht, Torsten Hauffe, Thomas Wilke: A new approach for dating introduction events of the quagga mussel (Dreissena rostriformis bugensis). In: Biological Invasions. Online First.
- ^ http://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/108338
- ^ http://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/109385
- ^ http://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/108340
- ^ http://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/93709
- ^ http://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/27034
- ^ http://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/91669
External links
- "European Alien Species Information Network". EASIN. Joint Research Centre. Retrieved 2021-10-12.