Sial (tribe)
The Sial tribe (also written as Siyal, Syal, Sayal, Seyal) is a tribe [1] [2] in the Punjab region of the Indian subcontinent.
Ethnographic classification
Denzil Ibbetson, an administrator of the British Raj, classified the Sials is a tribe. He believed, like John Nesfield, that the society of the Northwest Frontier Provinces and Punjab in British India did not permit the rigid imposition of an administratively-defined caste construct as his colleague, H. H. Risley preferred. [3]
Following the introduction of the Punjab Land Alienation Act in 1900, the authorities of the Raj classified the Sials who inhabited the Punjab as an "agricultural tribe", a term that was administratively synonymous with the "martial race" classification that was used for the purposes of determining the suitability of a person as a recruit to the British Indian Army.[4]
History
During the fifteenth- and sixteenth centuries, during the period of the Mughal empire, the Sial and Kharal tribes were dominant in parts of the lower Bari and Rachna doabs of Punjab. The 1809 Treaty of Amritsar, agreed between Ranjit Singh, the Sikh leader, and the British, gave him a carte blanche to consolidate territorial gains north of the Sutlej river at the expense both of other Sikh chiefs and their peers among the other dominant communities. In 1816, the Sial chief of Jhang, in Rachna doab, was ousted, having previously been forced to pay tribute to Singh for several years.[5] The Sials in Jhang, as in many other areas of the Punjab, had once been nomadic pastoralists. They did not necessary cultivate all of the land that they controlled and it was the actions of the Sikh empire and, later, the land reforms of the Raj administration that caused them to turn to cultivation.[6]
Popular culture
The Heer Ranjha and Mirza Sahiban, epic poems of Punjabi literature are pieces of fictional writing which refer to the Sials, who were the dominant tribe at the time. The two heroines, Heer is depicted as young and independent-minded daughter of a Sial chieftain in revolt against traditional tribal conservatism.[7] Heer is portrayed as a Sial Jat while Sahiban is also from a Jat family.[8][9][10]
References
- ^ Jat Sial have only been reported in Pakistan
- ^ Sial tribe are a branch of Jatt originating predominantly from the Jhang District of northern Punjab, Pakistan.
- ^ Bayly, Susan (2001). Caste, Society and Politics in India from the Eighteenth Century to the Modern Age. Cambridge University Press. pp. 139–141. ISBN 9780521798426.
- ^ Mazumder, Rajit K. (2003). The Indian Army and the Making of Punjab. Orient Blackswan. pp. 104–105. ISBN 9788178240596.
- ^ Grewal, J. S. (1998). The Sikhs of the Punjab. Cambridge University Press. pp. 4, 102–10 248. ISBN 9780521637640.
- ^ van den Dungen, P. H. M. (1968). "Changes in Status and Occupation in Nineteenth Century Panjab". In Low, Donald Anthony (ed.). Soundings in Modern South Asian History. University of California Press. pp. 72–74.
- ^ Mirza, Shafqat Tanvir (1991). Resistance Themes in Punjabi Literature. Lahore: Vanguard Books. pp. 9–17.
- ^ Shackle, Christopher (1992). "Transition and Transformation in Varis Shah's Hir". In Shackle, Christopher; Snell, Rupert (eds.). The Indian Narrative: Perspectives and Patterns. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 243. ISBN 978-3-44703-241-4.
- ^ Bhindra, Pritpal (2002). Bhindra, Pritpal; Singh, Chattar (eds.). Chritro pakhyaan: tales of male-female tricky deceptions from Sri Dasam Granth, Volume 1. p. 199. ISBN 978-8-17601-484-7.
You go to the domain of humanity and take birth into the family of Sial Jat
- ^ Khan, Hussain A (2004). Re-Thinking Punjab: The Construction of Siraiki Identity. Lahore : Research and Publication Centres. p. 130. ISBN 978-9-69862-309-8.
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