Cebocephaly
| Cebocephaly | |
|---|---|
| File:Cebocephaly.png | |
| Cebocephaly in two unrelated infants as a result of 18p- | |
| Symptoms | close set eyes, flat nose, single nostril |
| Causes | genetic conditions, some vertically transmitted infections |
| Diagnostic method | before birth: ultrasound after birth: symptoms, CT scan |
| Prognosis | poor (high mortality) |
| Frequency | 1 in 40,000 deliveries |
Cebocephaly (from Greek kebos, monkey + kephale, head) is a developmental anomaly, part of a group of defects called holoprosencephaly. Cebocephaly indicates the presence of two separate eyes set close together, and a small, flat nose with a single nostril (and no nasal septum). It may be diagnosed before or after birth. It has a very poor prognosis, with most babies dying soon after birth. It is very rare, and may have a prevalence of 1 in 40,000 deliveries.
Signs and symptoms
Cebocephaly causes:
- two separate eyes set close together.[1]
- a small, flat nose with a single nostril.[1]
- ear problems.[2]
- mouth problems (such as microstomia).[1]
The presence of a nasal septum prevents a diagnosis of cebocephaly.[3] It may cause malformations of the sphenoid bone and the ethmoid bone.[1]
Cause
Cebocephaly may be caused by many factors, particularly genetic variations.[4] These include 18p-,[2] 14q deletion,[5] 13q deletion,[6] and some vertically transmitted infections.[7] It is part of a group of defects called holoprosencephaly.[7]
Diagnosis
Before birth, cebocephaly may sometimes be diagnosed using ultrasound.[6][7] After birth, cebocephaly is diagnosed based on the characteristic symptoms.[7] A CT scan may be used to confirm the diagnosis.[7]
Prognosis
Most babies born with cebocephaly die soon after birth.[7]
Epidemiology
Cebocephaly is very uncommon.[8] Some estimates include 1 in 40,000 neonatal deliveries.[1]
History
The word "cebocephaly" is derived from Greek kebos (monkey), and kephale (head).
See also
References
- ^ a b c d e Souza, James P.; Siebert, Joseph R.; Beckwith, J. Bruce (1990). "An anatomic comparison of cebocephaly and ethmocephaly". Teratology. 42 (4): 347–357. doi:10.1002/tera.1420420404. ISSN 1096-9926.
- ^ a b Gorlin, Robert J.; Yunis, Jorge; Anderson, V. Elving (1 April 1968). "Short Arm Deletion of Chromosome 18 in Cebocephaly". American Journal of Diseases of Children. 115 (4): 473–476. doi:10.1001/archpedi.1968.02100010475012. ISSN 0002-922X.
- ^ Som, Peter M. (2011). Head and Neck Imaging (5 ed.). Mosby, Elsevier. pp. 3–97.
- ^ Lazjuk, G. I.; Lurie, I. W.; Nedzved, M. K. (1976-08-01). "Further studies on the genetic heterogeneity of cebocephaly". Journal of Medical Genetics. 13 (4): 314–318. doi:10.1136/jmg.13.4.314. ISSN 0022-2593. PMID 957381.
- ^ Chen, C. P.; Lee, C. C.; Chen, L. F.; Chuang, C. Y.; Jan, S. W.; Chen, B. F. (1997-09-01). "Prenatal diagnosis of de novo proximal interstitial deletion of 14q associated with cebocephaly". Journal of Medical Genetics. 34 (9): 777–778. doi:10.1136/jmg.34.9.777. ISSN 0022-2593. PMID 9321769.
- ^ a b Chen, Chih-Ping; Chern, Schu-Rern; Lee, Chen-Chi; Chen, Li-Feng; Chuang, Chun-Yu; Chen, Ming-Hong (1998). "Prenatal diagnosis of de novo isochromosome 13q associated with microcephaly, alobar holoprosencephaly and cebocephaly in a fetus". Prenatal Diagnosis. 18 (4): 393–398. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0223(199804)18:4<393::AID-PD277>3.0.CO;2-Q. ISSN 1097-0223.
- ^ a b c d e f Kilic, Nizamettin; Yazici, Zeynep (1 September 2005). "A case of holoprosencephaly and cebocephaly associated to torch infection". International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology. 69 (9): 1275–1278. doi:10.1016/j.ijporl.2005.03.018. ISSN 0165-5876.
- ^ Chen, C. P.; Shih, S. L.; Liu, F. F.; Jan, S. W. (1 March 1997). "Cebocephaly, alobar holoprosencephaly, spina bifida, and sirenomelia in a stillbirth". Journal of Medical Genetics. 34 (3): 252–255. doi:10.1136/jmg.34.3.252. ISSN 0022-2593. PMID 9132501.